APP Elec II CH - 1

Feedback Amplifier
Chapter 1
ECEG 2113 – Applied Electronics II
1
DMU ECEG2113 CH_ 8 – Feedback Amplifier @ 2010
What is an amplifier?
 An amplifier or electronic amplifier is an electronic device
 increase the power of a signal.
 increases the amplitude of a certain electronic signal but should not alter the
shape of a signal .
 Feedback is one of the fundamental processes in electronics. It is defined as
the process whereby a portion of the output signal is fed to the input signal in
order to form a part of the system-output control.
 Feedback is the fundamental concept in the design of a stable amplifier and
an unstable oscillator circuit.
 Feedback is used to make the operating point of a transistor insensitive to
both manufacturing variations in as well as temperature.
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INTRODUCTION
 A feedback amplifier is one in which a fraction of the amplifier output is fed back
to the input circuit.
 This partial dependence of amplifier output on its input helps to control the
output.
Types of Feedback amplifiers
(i) Positive feedback:

 If the feedback voltage (or current) is so applied as to increase the input voltage
(i.e. it is in phase with it), then it is called positive feedback.
 Other names for it are : regenerative or direct feedback.
 Since positive feedback produces excessive distortion, it is seldom used in

amplifiers.
(ii) Negative feedback:
 If the feedback voltage (or current) is so applied as to reduce the amplifier input
(i.e. it is 180°out of phase with it), then it is called negative feedback.
 Other names for it are : degenerative or inverse feedback.
 Negative feedback is frequently used in amplifier circuits.

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Advantage of Feedback System:
 The feedback system has many advantages especially in the control of
 impedance levels,
 bandwidth improvement, and
 in rendering the circuit performance relatively insensitive to manufacturing as
well as to environmental changes.
These are the advantages of negative or degenerative feedback in which the signal
feedback from output to input is 180 out of phase with the applied excitation. It
increases bandwidth and input impedance, and lowers the output impedance.
CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BLOCK DIAGRAMS:
 The block diagram of a basic feedback amplifier consists of five basic elements.
1. Input signals
2. Output signals
3. Sampling Network
4. Comparison or Summing Network.
5. Basic Amplifier
4
Block diagram of a basic feedback amplifier
Block diagram of a basic feedback amplifier

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Basic elements of feedback amplifier:
1) Input Signal:
The signal source is modeled either by a voltage source Vs in series with a

resistance Rs , or by a current source Is in parallel with a resistance Rs.
2) Output Signal:
The output can either be the voltage across the load resistance or the current
through it. It is the output signal that is desired to be independent of the load
and insensitive to parameter variations in the basic amplifier.
3) Sampling Network:
The function of the sampling network is to provide a measure of the output

signal, i.e., a signal that is proportional to the output. This configuration is
called shunt connection (a).
(b) the output current is sampled and the output port of the feedback
network is connected in series with the load. This is a series connection.
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4. Comparison or Summing Network:
The two very common networks used for the summing of the input and feedback
signals.
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The amplifier input signal Vi is proportional to the voltage

difference Vs –Vf that results from the comparison. A differential
amplifier is used for comparison as its output voltage is
proportional to the difference between
the signals at the two inputs.
A shunt connection is shown in (b) in which the source current Is

and feedback current If are compared. The amplifier input current
Ii is proportionaltothedifferenceIs If .
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5. Basic Amplifier:
The basic amplifier is one of the important parts of the feedback
amplifier.
The circuit amplifies the difference signal that results from
comparison and this process is responsible for de-sensitivity and
control of the output in a feedback system.
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Advantages of Negative Feedback:
1. Increases the input impedance of the voltage amplifier.

2. The output impedance can be lowered by negative feedback.
3. Increases the frequency response and the bandwidth
4. Increases the linear range of operation of the amplifier.
5. Negative feedback causes reduction in noise.
6. distortion is reduced.
7. highly stabilized gain
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Calculations of Open-loop gain, Closed-loop gain, and Feedback
factors:
A=feedback factor
 =feedback ratio
(1± A )=loop gain
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Topologies of the Feedback Amplifier:
There are four basic amplifier types. Each of these is being approximated by
the characteristics of an ideal controlled source. The four feedback topologies
are as follows:
1.Voltage-series or series-shunt feedback

2. Current-series or series-series feedback
3. Current-shunt or shunt-series feedback
4.Voltage-shunt or shunt-shunt feedback
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(1) Voltage amplifiers with voltage-series feedback:
The input voltage Vi of the basic amplifier is the algebraic sum of input signal
Vs and the feedback signal Vo , where Vo is the output voltage.
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(2) Current-Series or Series-Series Feedback:
Trans-conductance feedback amplifier provides an output current Io
which is proportional to the input voltage Vs . The feedback signal is
the voltage Vf , which is added to Vs at the input of the basic
amplifier.
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(3) Current amplifiers with current-shunt feedback
•The current-shunt feedback amplifier, supplies an output current Io which is

proportional to the input current Ii .This makes it a current amplifier.
•The feedback signal is the current if the input current of the basic amplifier is
Ii = Is + If and the output current is Io = IL.
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(4) Voltage-Shunt or Shunt-Shunt Feedback
•The voltage-shunt or shunt-shunt feedback amplifier provides an output
voltage Vo in proportion to the input current Is. The input current Ii of the basic
amplifier is the algebraic sum of Is and the feedback current If .
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Amplifier Negative Feedback
In voltage feedback, the input terminals of the feedback network

are in parallel with the load, and the output voltage appears at the
input terminals of the feedback block.
•Whereas in current feedback, the input terminals of the feedback network are in
series with the load, and the load current flows through the input of the feedback
block.
•As a result, a simple test on the feedback type is to open-circuit or short-circuit

the load. If the feedback signal vanishes for an open-circuit load, then it is
current feedback. If the feedback signal vanishes for a short-circuit load, it is
voltage feedback.
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Effect of negative feedback on GAIN
1. In series voltage feedback, input signal is voltage and output voltage is
sampled, so it is natural to model the amplifier as a voltage amplifier.
2. Amplifier employing series current feedback is modeled as a

transconductance amplifier.
3. Amplifier employing parallel voltage feedback is modeled as a

transresistance amplifier.
4. Amplifier employing parallel current feedback is modeled as a current

amplifier.
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Negative feedback on input impedance
For series feedback, the following model can be used for analysis of input
impedance (the output x could be either voltage or current)
If the input impedance of the open-loop amplifier is Ri, then the closed-
loop impedance is
so, series feedback (either current or voltage) increase the input
impedance.
Similarly, the effect of parallel feedback on input impedance can be
analyzed using a similar model, the closed-loop input impedance would
then be
so, parallel feedback decrease the input impedance
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Negative feedback on output impedance
For voltage feedback, (it could be As a summary, negative feedback

either series or parallel feedback), the tends to stabilize and linearize gain,
closed-loop impedance is which are desired effects.
For a certain type of amplifier,
so, voltage feedback decrease the negative feedback tends to produce
output impedance an ideal amplifier of that type.
Similarly, for current feedback (either For example, series voltage
series or parallel feedback), the feedback increases input
closed-loop impedance is impedance, reduces output
impedance, which gets closer
so, current feedback increase the to an ideal voltage amplifier.
output impedance So, negative feedback should be
used in amplifiers circuits.
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https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-
feedback-amplifier-and-what-are-
its-applications
 Applications of negative feedback amplifier :
 They are used in almost all electronic amplifiers.
 They are used in the regulated power supplies.
 They are used in amplifiers(amplifiers having a large
bandwidth).
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Feedback Amplifier

ECEG 2113 – Applied Electronics II

(i) Positive feedback:

 Since positive feedback produces excessive distortion, it is seldom used in

 Negative feedback is frequently used in amplifier circuits.

Block diagram of a basic feedback amplifier

The signal source is modeled either by a voltage source Vs in series with a

The function of the sampling network is to provide a measure of the output

The amplifier input signal Vi is proportional to the voltage

A shunt connection is shown in (b) in which the source current Is

1. Increases the input impedance of the voltage amplifier.

1.Voltage-series or series-shunt feedback

•The current-shunt feedback amplifier, supplies an output current Io which is

In voltage feedback, the input terminals of the feedback network

•As a result, a simple test on the feedback type is to open-circuit or short-circuit

2. Amplifier employing series current feedback is modeled as a

3. Amplifier employing parallel voltage feedback is modeled as a

4. Amplifier employing parallel current feedback is modeled as a current

For voltage feedback, (it could be As a summary, negative feedback

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