BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

LABORATORY MANUAL

BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS
(BME-202)
Semester Spring 2024

Student Name

Student ID

Batch

Lab Instructor
Engr. Abdul Moiz

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.

BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

Index
S. No. Date Objective Sign
Lab 1

Lab 2

Lab 3

Lab 4

Lab 5

Lab 6

Lab 7

Lab 8

Lab 9

Lab 10

Lab 11

Lab 12

Lab 13

Lab 14

Lab 15

EXPERIMENT 01

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

OBJECTIVE

To construct an inverting amplifier using operational amplifier and determine the effect of
feedback resistor and input voltage on amplifier’s gain.

EQUIPMENTS

 Operational amplifier (op-amp).

 Resistors.
 DC Power supply.
 Function generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Breadboard
 Wires
 Multimeter.

THEORY

Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC
amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform
mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation. An operational
amplifier, or op amp, is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier which is DC coupled and
contains a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. An op amp produces an output
voltage which is often several times larger than the voltage difference between its input
terminals. The differential inputs of an operational amplifier consist of a V− input and a V+
input. Op amps amplify the voltage difference in between the two, i.e. the differential input
voltage.

Figure 1.1: Operational Amplifier

An Operational Amplifier is a three-terminal device which consists of two high impedance

inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or “minus” sign,
(–). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive or “plus” sign (+).

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

An “ideal” or perfect operational amplifier is a device with certain special characteristics such as
infinite open-loop gain AO, infinite input resistance R IN, zero output resistance ROUT, infinite
bandwidth 0 to ∞ and zero offset (the output is exactly zero when the input is zero).

There are a very large number of operational amplifier IC’s available to suit every possible
application from standard bipolar, precision, high-speed, low-noise, high-voltage, etc., in either
standard configuration or with internal Junction FET transistors.

Operational amplifiers are available in IC packages of either single, dual or quad op-amps within
one single device. The most commonly available and used of all operational amplifiers in basic
electronic kits and projects is the industry standard μA-741.

Figure 1.2: Pin configuration of Op-amp 741

Inverting Operational Amplifier

The Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration is one of the simplest and most commonly
used op-amp topologies.
As the open loop DC gain of an operational amplifier is extremely high we can therefore afford
to lose some of this high gain by connecting a suitable resistor across the amplifier from the
output terminal back to the inverting input terminal to both reduce and control the overall gain of
the amplifier. This then produces and effect known commonly as Negative Feedback, and thus
produces a very stable Operational Amplifier based system.
Negative Feedback is the process of “feeding back” a fraction of the output signal back to the
input, but to make the feedback negative, we must feed it back to the negative or “inverting
input” terminal of the op-amp using an external Feedback Resistor called R f . This feedback
connection between the output and the inverting input terminal forces the differential input
voltage towards zero.
This effect produces a closed loop circuit to the amplifier resulting in the gain of the amplifier
now being called its Closed-loop Gain. Then a closed-loop inverting amplifier uses negative
feedback to accurately control the overall gain of the amplifier, but at a cost in the reduction of
the amplifiers gain.

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

This negative feedback results in the inverting input terminal having a different signal on it than
the actual input voltage as it will be the sum of the input voltage plus the negative feedback
voltage giving it the label or term of a Summing Point. We must therefore separate the real input
signal from the inverting input by using an Input Resistor R¿.
As we are not using the positive non-inverting input this is connected to a common ground or
zero voltage terminal as shown below, but the effect of this closed loop feedback circuit results
in the voltage potential at the inverting input being equal to that at the non-inverting input
producing a Virtual Earth summing point because it will be at the same potential as the grounded
reference input. In other words, the op-amp becomes a “differential amplifier”.

Figure 1.3: Basic configuration of Inverting Op-amp

In the above inverting amplifier circuit, the operational amplifier is connected with feedback to
produce a closed loop operation. When dealing with operational amplifiers there are two very
important rules to remember about inverting amplifiers, these are: “no current flows into the
input terminal” and that “V 1 always equalsV 2”. However, in real world op-amp circuits both of
these rules are slightly broken.
This is because the junction of the input and feedback signal (X) is at the same potential as the
positive (+) input which is at zero volts or ground then, the junction is a “Virtual Earth”. Because
of this virtual earth node, the input resistance of the amplifier is equal to the value of the input
resistor, R¿ and the closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier can be set by the ratio of the two
external resistors.
We said above that there are two very important rules to remember about Inverting Amplifiers or
any operational amplifier for that matter and these are.

 No Current Flows into the Input Terminals

 The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V 1 = V 2 = 0 (Virtual Earth)

The Closed-Loop Voltage Gain of an Inverting Amplifier is given as:

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

V out −R f
Gain A v = =
V¿ R¿

And this can be transposed to give V out as:

−R f
V out = ∗V ¿
R¿

The negative sign in the equation indicates an inversion of the output signal with respect to the
input as it is 180o out of phase. This is due to the feedback being negative in value. The equation
for the output voltage V out also shows that the circuit is linear in nature for a fixed amplifier gain
as V out =V ¿∗Gain. This property can be very useful for converting a smaller sensor signal to a
much larger voltage.

For DC Analysis
LAB TASK 01
construct an inverting amplifier using an operational amplifier and determine the effect of
feedback resistor on amplifier gain.
Instruction:

 Gather all materials needed for the task.

 Build the inverting amplifier circuit using the opamp and resistors.
 Connect the input signal to the inverting input of the opamp and measure the output
 Vary the value of the feedback resistor (Rf) and measure the output gain.
 Draw inference based on your observations.

Circuit Diagram

Calculations

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

Observations
Table 1: Effect of feedback resistor on gain

Vin (V) Rin (Ω) Rf (Ω) Vout(theo) (V) Vout(exp) (V) Av(theo) Av(exp)

Inference

LAB TASK 02
construct an inverting amplifier using an operational amplifier and determine the effect of input
voltage on amplifier gain.
Instruction:

 Gather all materials needed for the task.

 Build the inverting amplifier circuit using the opamp and resistors.
 Connect the input signal to the inverting input of the opamp and measure the output
 Vary the value of the input voltage (Vin) and measure the output gain.
 Draw inference based on your observations

Circuit Diagram
Calculations
Observations
Table 2: Effect of input voltage on gain

Vin (V) Rin (Ω) Rf (Ω) Vout(theo) (V) Vout(exp) (V) Av(theo) Av(exp)

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

Inference
For AC (Sinusoidal) Analysis
Note: Repeat task 1 and 2

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

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BME-202 Biomedical Electronics

Post Lab Tasks

Question 01
Design an inverting amplifier that has a gain, G= -100V/V.

Question 02
Design an inverting amplifier whose gain cannot be equal to zero.

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