OP-AMPS

Dr.Zahira Tabassum
Associate Professor
Dept. of ECE
An Opamp is a direct coupled high gain amplifier
consisting of one or more differential amplifier stages
followed by a level translator and an output stage.
It is available as a single integrated package.
It is a versatile device that can amplify dc as well as ac
signals and was originally designed to perform
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and integration. Hence the name Op-
Amp.
With inclusion of few feedback components, they can
be used as active filters, oscillators, comparators,
regulators etc
 Block Diagram
 An Opamp is a multistage amplifier, it can be represented by
block diagram shown in Fig.

 The input stage is a dual input, balanced output differential

amplifier The 2 i/p are inverting and non- inverting i/p
terminals. This stage provides most of the voltage gain of the
OP-AMP and also decides the input resistance of the Opamp.
Intermediate stage: This is usually another differential
amplifier. The input stage drives the stage. The stage is a
dual input unbalanced output differential amplifier.
Level- shifting stage: Due to direct coupling used
between the 1st 2 stages, the input of level shifting stage
is an amplified signal with some non – zero dc level.
Level shifting stage is used to bring dc level to zero volts
with respect to ground.
Output stage: This stage is normally a push pull
complementary output stage. It increases the magnitude of
output voltage and raises the current supplying capability
of OP-AMP. It also ensures that the output resistance of
OPAMP is low.
 Schematic Symbol
 It has 2 input terminals labelled as
inverting and non inverting terminal.
One output terminal V0.
 An ac input signal applied to (+)
terminal input produces an inphase
signal at the output.
 An ac input signal applied to (-)
terminal input produces a 180 0
out of phase signal at the output.
 The output V0 = A(V1-V2)

where V1 is voltage at (+) terminal and

V2 is voltage at (-) terminal .
A is the large signal open loop voltage gain
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF OP-AMP
Input Offset voltage
 Input Offset current
 Input bias current
Differential Input resistance
Open loop Voltage gain
CMRR
Output resistance
Power supply rejection ratio
Slew rate
Gain
Output offset voltage
1. Input Offset voltage(Vio): It is defined as the voltage that
must be applied between the two input terminals of an
OPAMP to null or zero the output.
The input offset voltage of IC741 Op-Amp is 6mv
2. Input Offset Current (Iio):The algebraic difference
between the currents flowing into the two input terminals
of the Op-Amp.
Iio =Ib1-Ib2
The input offset current of IC741 Op-Amp is 200nA
3. Input Bias Current(IB): The average value of the two
currents flowing into the Op-Amp input terminals.
IB =( Ib1+Ib2 )/2
The input bias current of IC741 Op-Amp is 500nA
4. Differential Input resistance(Ri):It is the equivalent resistance
measured at either the Inverting or Non-Inverting Input terminal
with the other Input terminal grounded.
The Differential Input Resistance of IC741 Op-Amp is 2MΩ
5. Open Loop Voltage Gain (A) :It is the ratio of output voltage
to the differential input voltage.
i.e A = Vo/Vd where Vd =V1~V2
The Open loop Voltage gain of IC741 Op-Amp is typically
200,000
6. Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR) :It is the ratio of
differential voltage gain Ad to the Common mode voltage gain
Ac.
It is denoted by CMRR = Ad/Ac
Ad = A and
Ac is common mode gain= Vocm/Vcm
Acm is very small and Ad is large, hence CMRR is large
and it is expressed in decibels(db).
CMRR of IC741 Op-Amp is 90dB
The higher the value of CMRR, the better is the matching
between the input terminals or it implies that the opamp
has a better capability of rejecting common mode signals.
7. Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio(SVRR): It is defined as
the the change in the opamps input offset voltage caused
due to variations in the supply voltages.
i.e SVRR= Vio/ V Typical value is 150V/V.
8. Slew Rate: It is defined as the maximum rate of change
of output voltage with time.
SR =dVo/dt|maximum V/s
9. Output Resistance(R0):It is the equivalent resistance that is
measured between the output terminal and ground.
Typical value is 75.
10. Gain-Bandwidth Product(GB): It is the bandwidth of an
Op-Amp when voltage gain is unity.
The Gain of IC741 Op-Amp is 1MHz.
Ideal Opamp: An ideal opamp has the following
characteristics:
 Infinite voltage gain
 Infinite input resistance
 Zero output resistance
 Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero.
 Infinite bandwidth
 Infinite CMRR
 Infinite Slew rate
 Equivalent circuit of Op-Amp
The fig shows the equivalent circuit of an opamp. It
helps in analysing the basic operating principles of
opamp and the effects of feedback
arrangements.
Vo=AVd=A(V1V2)

Non-Inverting
i/p

Inverting i/p
 Open Loop Configurations
The term open-loop indicates that no feedback in any form is
fed to the input from the output.
When connected in open – loop, the op-amp functions as a
very high gain amplifier.
There are three open – loop configurations of op-amp
namely ,
i. Differential Amplifier
ii. Inverting Amplifier
iii. Non-Inverting Amplifier
 The above classification is made based on the number of
inputs used and the terminal to which the input is applied.
The op-amp amplifies both ac and dc input signals. Thus, the
input signals can be either ac or dc voltage.
 Differential Amplifier: In this configuration, the inputs are applied
to both the inverting and the non-inverting input terminals of the op-
amp and it amplifies the difference between the two input voltages.
 Figure shows the open-loop differential amplifier configuration.
The input voltages are represented by V i1 and Vi2.
The source resistance Ri1 and R i2 are negligibly small in
comparison with the very high input resistance offered by
the op-amp, and thus the voltage drop across these source
resistances is assumed to be zero.
The output voltage V0 is given by

V0 = A(Vi1 – Vi2 ) where A is the large

signal voltage gain.
The output voltage is equal to the voltage gain A times the
difference between the two input voltages.
This is the reason why this configuration is called a
differential amplifier.
In open – loop configurations, the large signal voltage
gain A is also called open-loop gain A.
 Inverting Amplifier: In this configuration the input signal is
applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp and the
non-inverting input terminal is connected to the ground.
 Figure shows the circuit of an open – loop inverting
amplifier.
 The output voltage is 1800
out of phase with respect to
the input.
Hence, the output voltage V0 is
given by,
V0 = -A Vi
Non-inverting Amplifier: The input signal is applied to
the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp and the
inverting input terminal is connected to the ground. Figure
shows the open – loop non- inverting amplifier.
The input signal is amplified by the open – loop gain A and
the output is in-phase with input signal.

V0 = A Vi