Operational Amplifier

OP-AMP
An Operational Amplifier or op-amp is a voltage
amplifying device designed to be used with external
feedback components such as resistors and
capacitors between its output and input terminals. It is
a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a
differential input and usually a single-ended output.
~OP-AMP~
~OP-AMP HISTORY~
o First developed by John R. Ragazzine in 1947 with
vacuum tube

o In 1960 at FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR

CORPORATION, Robert J. Widlar fabricated Op-Amp
with the help of IC Fabrication Technology

o In 1968 FAIRCHILD introduces the Op-Amp that was to

become the industry standard
 ~OP-AMP ~
Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device
which consists of two high impedance inputs. One of the
inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative
or “minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-
inverting Input, marked with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).
A third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output
port which can both sink and source either a voltage or a
current.
~OP-AMP~
~OP-AMP PIN CONFIGURATION~

In a typical Op Amp there will be 8 pins. These are:

Pin1 – Offset Null Pin5 – Offset Null
Pin2 – Inverting input INV Pin6 – Output
Pin3 – Non inverting input Non-INV Pin7 – Positive supply
Pin4 – Ground- Negative supply Pin8 – Strobe
 ~OP-AMP OPERATION~
The amplifier’s differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input with
voltage (V+) and an inverting input with voltage (V−). Ideally, an op-amp
amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, also called
differential input voltage. The output voltage of the op-amp Vout is given by
the equation

Vout = AOL (V+ – V–)

where AOL is the open-loop gain of the amplifier.

In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the amplification factor,

known as the amplifiers gain (A) multiplied by the value of the input signal.
 ~GAIN CLASSIFICATION~
• Voltage gain – Voltage in and voltage out

• Current gain – Current in and Current out

• Transconductance – Voltage in and Current out

• Trans resistance – Current in and voltage out

 ~IDEAL OP-AMP PARAMETER~
• Open Loop Gain, (Avo)
Infinite – The main function of an operational amplifier is to amplify the input
signal and the more open loop gain it has the better. Open-loop gain is the gain of
the op-amp without positive or negative feedback and for such an amplifier the
gain will be infinite but typical real values range from about 20,000 to 200,000.
• Input impedance, (ZIN)
Infinite – Input impedance is the ratio of input voltage to input current and is
assumed to be infinite to prevent any current flowing from the source supply into
the amplifiers input circuitry ( IIN = 0 ). Real op-amps have input leakage currents
from a few pico-amps to a few milli-amps.
•Output impedance, (ZOUT)
Zero – The output impedance of the ideal operational amplifier is assumed to be
zero acting as a perfect internal voltage source with no internal resistance so that it
can supply as much current as necessary to the load. This internal resistance is
effectively in series with the load thereby reducing the output voltage available to
the load. Real op-amps have output impedances in the 100-20kΩ range.
 ~IDEAL OP-AMP PARAMETER~

• Bandwidth, (BW)
Infinite – An ideal operational amplifier has an infinite frequency response and
can amplify any frequency signal from DC to the highest AC frequencies so it is
therefore assumed to have an infinite bandwidth. With real op-amps, the
bandwidth is limited by the Gain-Bandwidth product (GB), which is equal to the
frequency where the amplifiers gain becomes unity.

• Offset Voltage, (VIO)

Zero – The amplifiers output will be zero when the voltage difference between the
inverting and the non-inverting inputs is zero, the same or when both inputs are
grounded. Real op-amps have some amount of output offset voltage.
~IDEAL OP-AMP PARAMETER~

Parameters Symbol Ideal Op-Amp Practical Op-Amp

Open Loop Gain AOL Infinity 100 dB
Input Impedance ZIN Infinity 2MΩ
Output Impedance ZOUT 0 75Ω
Offset Voltage VIO 0 1mV
Bandwidth BW Infinity Depends on input signal frequency
 ~OP-AMP CIRCUIT~

 For negative feedback, were the fed-back voltage is in “anti-phase” to the input the
overall gain of the amplifier is reduced.
 For positive feedback, were the fed-back voltage is in “Phase” with the input the
overall gain of the amplifier is increased.
 By connecting the output directly back to the negative input terminal, 100% feedback
is achieved resulting in a Voltage Follower circuit with a constant gain of 1 (Unity).
 Changing the fixed feedback resistor ( Rƒ ) for a Potentiometer, the circuit will have
Adjustable Gain.
 ~OP-AMP CIRCUIT~

 By adding more input resistors to either the inverting or non-inverting inputs Voltage

Adders or Summers can be made.
 Voltage follower op-amps can be added to the inputs of Differential amplifiers to
produce high impedance Instrumentation amplifiers.
 The Differential Amplifier produces an output that is proportional to the difference
between the two input voltages.
 ~OP-AMP CIRCUIT~

 The Integrator Amplifier produces an output that is the mathematical operation of

integration.
 The Differentiator Amplifier produces an output that is the mathematical operation of
differentiation.
 Both the Integrator and Differentiator Amplifiers have a resistor and capacitor
connected across the op-amp and are affected by its RC time constant.
 In their basic form, Differentiator Amplifiers suffer from instability and noise but
additional components can be added to reduce the overall closed-loop gain.
 ~OP-AMP APPLICATION~
Phase Shifter - Op-Amp is used for direct coupling procedure and so DC voltage level
at the emitter terminal increases from phase to phase. This rapidly increasing DC level
is likely to shift the operating point of the upcoming stages. Thus to move down the
increasing voltage swing, this phase shifter is applied.The phase shifter performs by
adding a DC voltage level to the output of fall stage to pass the output to a ground level.
 ~OP-AMP APPLICATION~
Voltage to Current Converter - An op-amp with a negative feedback is generally used
for voltage to current conversions. Below you can see the circuit diagram. We are not
going into the details here, just we will discuss the circuit given below. The voltage is
applied to the non-inverting terminal and the output is feedback to the inverting
terminal. It is also grounded using a resistor.
 ~OP-AMP APPLICATION~
Current to Voltage Converter - Op-amp can be used as a current to voltage converter.
All we need is a feedback resistance connected to the output of the op-amp. The current
source is fed into the inverting terminal and the non-inverting terminal is grounded.
Here the output voltage is proportional to the input current. As an ideal op-amp has
infinite resistance, the current cannot flow through the op-amp. The current flows
through the feedback resistance and the voltage across it depends on the current source.
 ~OP-AMP APPLICATION~
Half Wave Rectifier - During the positive cycle of voltage, diode D2 is reversed biased as
the positive signal is inverted by the op-amp. So there will be no output. However,
during the negative cycle of the input voltage, the diode D2 is forward biased and
conducts.
 ~OP-AMP Disadvantages~
Most Op-Amp are designed for low power operation

Most commercially Op-Amp shuts off when the load

resistance is below specific level


 ~LM741~

The LM741 devices are general-purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved
performance over industry standards like the LM709. It is intended for a wide range of
analog applications. The high gain and wide range of operating voltage provide superior
performance in integrator, summing amplifier, and general feedback applications. The
LM741 can operate with a single or dual power supply voltage. The LM741 devices are
direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439, and 748 in most applications.
~LM741~
Pin Function
 ~LM741~
Schematic Diagram
 ~LM741~
Feature Description
 Overload Protection - The LM741 features overload protection circuitry on the
input and output. This prevents possible circuit damage to the device.

 Latch-up Prevention - The LM741 is designed so that there is no latch-up

occurrence when the common-mode range is exceeded. This allows the device to
function properly without having to power cycle the device.

 Pin-to-Pin Capability - The LM741 is pin-to-pin direct replacements for the

LM709C, LM201, MC1439, and LM748 in most applications. Direct replacement
capabilities allows flexibility in design for replacing obsolete parts.