19EEC234: ANALOG

CIRCUITS
Syllabus
• Unit I:

• Feedback Amplifiers: the general feedback structure, properties of negative

feedback, basic feedback topologies, the series-shunt feedback amplifier, the
series-series feedback amplifier, shunt-shunt and shunt-series feedback
amplifiers, determining loop gain.

• UnitII:
Oscillators: basic principles of sinusoidal oscillators, op amp RC oscillator
circuits, LC and crystal oscillators.Power amplifiers: Classification of output
stages, classA output stage, class B output stage, class AB output stage,class C
output stage.

• Unit III:
Operational Amplifiers: The ideal op-amp, the inverting and non-inverting
configuration, difference and instrumentation amplifiers, summing, scaling and
averaging amplifiers, integrators, differentiators, logarithmic amplifiers, V/I and
I/V converters, Comparator, regenerative comparator, Astable and Monostable
multivibrators, Triangular wave generator
Syllabus-contd..

• Unit IV:

IC Timers (555): Introduction, Description of functional diagram, Monostable

operation, Astable operation. Active Filter Design: LPF, HPF, BPF, BEF, all-pass
filters. Voltage Regulators: Fixed voltage Regulators, Adjustable voltage
Regulators.

• Unit V:
Data Converters: Introduction, DAC characteristics, digital to analog
conversion process, voltage output DACs, multiplying DAC, 8-bit digital to
analog converter DAC-08. Analog to Digital Converters: ADC characteristics,
integrating ADC, successive approximation ADC, Flash converters: Principle of
operation, conversion time.
Books:

• Text Book(s):
1.Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, Arun N. Chandorkar,
Microelectronic Circuits, 6/e, Oxford University Press, 2013.
2.D Choudhury Roy, Shail B. Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits,
New Age International, 2003.
3.Ramakanth Gayakward, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated
Circuits, 4/e, Pearson Education, 2007.
Books

• References:
•  Behzad Razavi, Fundamentals of Microelectronics, 2/e, Wiley
Student Edition, 2013.
1.R.F Coughlin, F.F Driscoll, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated
Circuits, 6/e, Pearson Education, 2008.
2.S. Salivahanan, V.S. KanchanBhaskaran, Linear Integrated
Circuits, Tata Mc- Graw Hill, 2008.
3.Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and
Analog Integrated Circuits, 3/e, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 2002.
 1st Module
Feedback Amplifiers
Introduction

• Feedback plays a major role in almost all the electronic circuits. It is

used to improve the performance of the amplifier invariably.
• In the process of feedback, some part of output is sampled and fed
back to the input of the amplifier.
• Therefore we have two signals at the input. One is input signal and
the other is fed back signal. Both these signals may be in phase or out
of phase.
Contd..

• When both the signals at the input are in phase, the feedback is
called positive feedback. When signals are out of phase, then the
feedback is called negative feed back.
 Advantages of negative feedback
• Desensitize the gain: that is, make the value of the gain less
sensitive to variations in the values of circuit components, such
as might be caused by changes in temperature.
• Reduce nonlinear distortion: that is, make the output
proportional to the input (in other words, make the gain
constant, independent of signal level).
• Reduce the effect of noise: that is, minimize the contribution to
the output of unwanted electric signals generated, either by the
circuit components themselves or by extraneous interference.
• Control the input and output resistances: that is, raise or lower
the input and output resistances by the selection of an
appropriate feedback topology.
• Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier
Block diagram of feedback amplifier
Sampling network
Sampling network

• There are two ways to sample the output, according to the sampling
parameter, either voltage or current.
• The output voltage is sampled by connecting the feedback network in
shunt across the output as shown in the fig (a).
• The output current is sampled by connecting the feedback network in
series to the output section as shown in fig (b).
Mixer network
Mixer network

• Like sampling, there are two ways of mixing feed back signal to the
input signal. These are series input connection and shunt input
connection.
• In series mixing or voltage mixing, the sampled signal is connected in
series with the input.
• In shunt mixing or current mixing, the sampled signal is connected in
parallel to the input signal.
Transfer ratio (or) gain with feedback
(or )closed loop gain
Loop Gain
Advantages and disadvantages of negative
feedback
Contd..
Desensitivity of Gain
Contd..
Cut off frequencies with feedback
Lower cut off frequency
Contd….
Upper cut off frequency
Contd…
Bandwidth
Four feedback topologies

• Based on the quantity to be amplified (voltage or current) and on the

desired form of output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories.
• In the following, we shall review this amplifier classification and point
out the feedback topology appropriate in each case.
Contd..
Contd..
Contd…

• The four basic feedback topologies:

(a) voltage-mixing voltage-sampling or series–shunt
or Voltage series topology
(b) current-mixing current-sampling or shunt–series
or Current Shunt topology
(c)voltage-mixing current-sampling or series–series
or Current Series topology
(d) current-mixing voltage sampling or shunt–
shunt or Voltage Shunt topology.
Effect of negative feed back on four
topologies
Analysis steps
Series-shunt feedback topology
Series-shunt feedback topology
Input resistance
Contd…
Output resistance
Contd…
Contd……
Ideal amplifier
Contd…
Summary of the rules for finding the A circuit and 
for the voltage-mixing voltage-sampling case
• The actual input and output resistances of the feedback amplifier
usually exclude Rs and RL. These are denoted Rin and Rout and can
be easily determined as
Rin = Rif – Rs
Rout=1/(1/Rof-1/RL)
Example
Series-series feedback topology (as per sedra
smith)
Input resistance
Output Resistance
Ideal amplifier
Practical situation
Finding the A circuit and  for the voltage-mixing current-
sampling (series–series) case
The actual input and output resistances of the feedback amplifier
usually exclude Rs and RL. These are denoted Rin and Rout and can
be easily determined as
Rin = Rif – Rs
Rout = Rof – RL
Practical example circuit
Shunt-shunt feedback topology (as per sedra
smith)
Input Resistance
Output Resistance
Ideal Amplifier
Practical Situation
• Input resistance and output Resistance thus given as,

Rin=1/(1/Rif-1/Rs)
Rout=1/(1/R0f-1/RL)
Practical Example
Shunt-Series feedback Topology (as per sedra
smith)
Input Resistance
Output Resistance
• Input resistance and output Resistance thus given as,

Rin=Rif-Rs
Rout=1/(1/R0f-1/RL)
Comparison between four feedback
topologies
Determining the loop gain (Aβ)