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xo A
(eq10.4) gain with feedback: Af
1
xi
1 Ab
loop
gain
amount of
feedback
1
(eq10.5) if assumed that Ab 1: Af
2
b
The General
Feedback Structure
3 Ab
(eq10.6) feedback signal: x f xs
1 Ab
Ab
(eq10.7) input signal: xi x s x f x s
4 xs
1 Ab
Ab
5
(eq10.6) input signal: xi 1 xs
1 Ab
1
(eq10.6)
6 input signal: xi xs
1 Ab
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Gain De-sensitivity
dA
dA f ddd A
A dA ff A
AAf f dA AAdA 1 Ab
f
AA A
AA
dA
dA dA dA11AAbb
1 Ab Ab
11AAbbAAbbAA 1
A
22 A
1
11AAbb
Ab
2
1 Ab 2
AA A
AA 111
A
1 Ab A 1 Ab
11AAbb AA 11AAbb
A
AAff f
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Gain De-sensitivity
Relative change in feedback gain =
relative change in open loop gain
sensitivity function
Sensitivity function usually < 1 Af A 1
Af A 1 Ab
Sensitivity
Function
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Gain De-sensitivity
Example
Numbers:
xi A A 100 30
vs R1 xo
R1 10 k
R2 R 2 1 k
xi A
Some Properties of vs R1 xo
Negative Feedback
R2
A 100 30
Gain De-sensitivity R1 10 k
Example R 2 1 k
R2 1
b
R1 R2 11
– Feedback (loop) gain
100 A 100
T Ab 9 Af 10
11 1 Ab 1 9
– Sensitivity
1 1 Af 1 30
S A f 10 0.3
1 Ab 10 10 10 100
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Bandwidth Extension
xs xi xo xo A s xi
A
A0
A s
1 s
b H
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Bandwidth Extension
Bandwidth Extension
A0 1
Af s
1 b A0 1 s 1 b A
H 0
Low Freq Hf
Gain A f 0
Feedback trades gain for increased bandwidth
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Bandwidth Extension
A0
Hf
AAff 00 Hf H 1 b A0
1 b A0
A0 H
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Bandwidth Extension
Example
1 106 b
1
Af s
11
A s
1 s 11 1 s
4 3.64 105
Some Properties of
Negative Feedback
Bandwidth Extension
Example 6
Bode Diagram
10
4
10
Magnitude (abs)
2
10
1
0
10 b
58 kHz
-2 0 2 4 6
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
The Four Basic
Feedback Topologies
Voltage Amplifiers
Current Amplifiers
Trans-conductance Amplifiers
Trans-resistance Amplifiers
Voltage Amplifiers
ii
Input resistance
Ri
Ro
vs vi
Av i vo
Rif
g mvi
ii vs
Output resistance io
vo vi Ri
Rof
Ro Av i vo
io vs
vo vo Avi
io g mvi
Ro Ro Rof
b vo
vi b vo
vo 1 Ab
Ro
Rof
io 1 Ab
Ro
Shunt sampling decreases output resistance
Figure 2: Examples of a feedback voltage amplifier. All these circuits employ series–
shunt feedback. Note that the dc bias circuits are only partially shown.
Summary: Series-shunt
connection
Series-shunt
A
– Gain decreased Af
1 Ab
Ro
– Output resistance Rof
decreased 1 Ab
Summary
Table 1
Summary of
Feedback Analysis
Method
The key feedback parameter are the loop gain (Ab.), which for
negative feedback must be a positive dimensionless number, and
the amount of feedback (1+Ab.). The latter directly determines
gain reduction, gain desensitivity, bandwidth extension, and
changes in input and output resistances.