Feedback

Xs Xi Xo
+
-
Xf

βf

* What is feedback? Taking a portion of the signal arriving at the load and
feeding it back to the input.
* What is negative feedback? Adding the feedback signal to the input so as to
partially cancel the input signal to the amplifier.
* Doesn’t this reduce the gain? Yes, this is the price we pay for using feedback.
* Why use feedback? Provides a series of benefits, such as improved bandwidth,
that outweigh the costs in lost gain and increased
complexity in amplifier design.

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 1

 Feedback Amplifier Analysis

Xs Xi Xo
+
-
Xf

βf

X f   f Xo where  f is called the feedback factor

X o  AX i where A is the amplifier ' s gain, e.g . voltage gain

Xi  X s  X f where X i is the net input signal to the basic amplifier ,

X s  the signal from the source

The amplifier ' s gain with feedback is given by
Xo AX i A A A
Af      A
Xs Xi  X f Xf  f Xo 1  f A
1 1
Xi Xi

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 2

 Advantages of Negative Feedback

* Gain desensitivity - less variation in amplifier gain with changes in

 (current gain) of transistors due to dc bias,
temperature, fabrication process variations, etc.
* Bandwidth extension - extends dominant high and low frequency poles to
higher and lower frequencies, respectively.

 Hf  1   f A  H   Lf 

L
1  f A 
* Noise reduction - improves signal-to-noise ratio
* Improves amplifier linearity - reduces distortion in signal due to gain
variations due to transistors

* Cost of these advantages:

 Loss of gain, may require an added gain stage to compensate.
 Added complexity in design

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 3

 Basic Types of Feedback Amplifiers

* There are four types of feedback amplifiers. Why?

 Output sampled can be a current or a voltage
 Quantity fed back to input can be a current or a voltage
 Four possible combinations of the type of output sampling and input
feedback
* One particular type of amplifier, e.g. voltage amplifier, current amplifier,
etc. is used for each one of the four types of feedback amplifiers.
* Feedback factor f is a different type of quantity, e.g. voltage ratio,
resistance, current ratio or conductance, for each feedback configuration.
* Before analyzing the feedback amplifier’s performance, need to start by
recognizing the type or configuration.
* Terminology used to name types of feedback amplifier, e.g. Series-shunt
 First term refers to nature of feedback connection at the input.
 Second term refers to nature of sampling connection at the output.

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 4

 Basic Types of Feedback Amplifiers

Series - Shunt Shunt - Series

Series - Series Shunt - Shunt

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 5

 Method of Feedback Amplifier Analysis

* Recognize the feedback amplifier’s configuration, e.g. Series-shunt

* Calculate the appropriate gain A for the amplifier, e.g. voltage gain.
 This includes the loading effects of the feedback circuit (some
combination of resistors) on the amplifier input and output.
* Calculate the feedback factor f
* Calculate the factor f A and make sure that it is: 1) positive and
2) dimensionless
A
Af 
* Calculate the feedback amplifier’s gain with feedback Af using 1  f A

* Calculate the final gain of interest if different from the gain

calculated, e.g. Current gain if voltage gain originally determined.
* Determine the dominant low and high frequency poles for the original
amplifier, but taking into account the loading effects of the feedback
network.
* Determine the final dominant low and high frequency poles of the
amplifier with feedback using   1   A  
L
Hf f H Lf
1   f A
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 6
 Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - Ideal Case
* Assumes feedback circuit does not load down the basic
Basic Amplifier amplifier A, i.e. doesn’t change its characteristics
 Doesn’t change gain A
 Doesn’t change pole frequencies of basic
amplifier A
 Doesn’t change Ri and Ro

* For the feedback amplifier as a whole, feedback does

Feedback Circuit change the midband voltage gain from A to Af
A
Af 
1  f A

* Does change input resistance from Ri to Rif


Rif  Ri 1   f A 
Equivalent Circuit for Feedback Amplifier * Does change output resistance from Ro to Rof
Ro
Rof 
1  f A

* Does change low and high frequency 3dB frequencies


 Hf  1   f A  H   Lf 
L
1  f A 

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 7

 Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - Ideal Case
Midband Gain
V A V AV AV AV
AVf  o  V i   
Vs Vi  V f Vf  f Vo 1   f AV
1 1
Vi Vi
Input Resistance
Vi  V f Vi   f Vo
V
Rif  s 
Ii Ii

Vi 

 Ri 1   f AV 
 R 
 i

Output Resistance
It
V  AV Vi
Vt It  t
Ro
But Vs  0 so Vi  V f

and V f   f Vo   f Vt so

It 
Vt  AV  V f

 
Vt  AV  f Vt  
Ro Ro



Vt 1  AV  f 
Ro
V Ro
so Rof  t 
It 1  AV  f  
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 8
 Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - Ideal Case

Low Frequency Pole 

 A


 o   Ao 

 1 L   
Ao A    Ao  1   f Ao  A fo
For A   then A f      s      

1 L 1   f A     L    L  1    Lf 
s  Ao  1  s   f Ao  1    1 



 
 1   f Ao  s 
1   f   s 
  
1 L
 s 
Ao L
where A fo   Lf 
1   f Ao 1   f Ao Low 3dB frequency lowered by feedback.

High Frequency Pole

 
 
 Ao 
 s   Ao 
 
 1   1   f Ao 
Ao A   H  Ao   A fo
For A   then A f       
s 1   f A     s   s   
1 1    f Ao  1  s 
H 
1   f
Ao 
  H 
1 
 
  H 1   f Ao     Hf



 s 
1
 H 
 

where A fo 
Ao
1   f Ao

 Hf   H 1   f Ao  Upper 3dB frequency raised by feedback.

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 9

 Practical Feedback Networks
Vi
Vf
* How do we take these
loading effects into account?
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003
* Feedback networks consist of a set of resistors
 Simplest case (only case considered here)
Vo  In general, can include C’s and L’s (not
considered here)
 Transistors sometimes used (gives variable
amount of feedback) (not considered here)
* Feedback network needed to create Vf feedback
signal at input (desirable)
* Feedback network has parasitic (loading) effects
including:
* Feedback network loads down amplifier input
 Adds a finite series resistance
 Part of input signal Vs lost across this series
resistance (undesirable), so Vi reduced
* Feedback network loads down amplifier output
 Adds a finite shunt resistance
 Part of output current lost through this shunt
resistance so not all output current delivered to
load RL (undesirable)
Ch. 8 Feedback 10
 Equivalent Network for Feedback Network
* Need to find an equivalent network for the
feedback network including feedback effect
and loading effects.
* Feedback network is a two port network
(input and output ports)
* Can represent with h-parameter network
(This is the best for this particular feedback
amplifier configuration)
* h-parameter equivalent network has FOUR
parameters
* h-parameters relate input and output
currents and voltages
* Two parameters chosen as independent
variables. For h-parameter network, these
are input current I1 and output voltage V2
* Two equations relate other two quantities
(output current I2 and input voltage V1) to
these independent variables
* Knowing I1 and V2, can calculate I2 and V1 if
you know the h-parameter values
* h-parameters can have units of ohms, 1/ohms
or no units (depends on which parameter)

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 11

 Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - Practical Case
* Feedback network consists of a set of resistors
* These resistors have loading effects on the basic
amplifier, i.e they change its characteristics, such as
the gain
* Can use h-parameter equivalent circuit for feedback
network
 Feedback factor f given by h12 since
V Vf
h12  1  f
V2 I 0 Vo
1

 Feedforward factor given by h21 (neglected)

 h22 gives feedback network loading on output
 h11 gives feedback network loading on input
* Can incorporate loading effects in a modified basic
amplifier. Basic gain of amplifier AV becomes a new,
modified gain AV’ (incorporates loading effects).
* Can then use feedback analysis from the ideal case.

Rif  Ri 1   f AV ' Rof 

AV ' Ro
AVf 
1   f AV ' 1  AV '  f 
L
 Hf  1   f AV ' H  Lf 
1   f AV '
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 12
 Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - Practical Case
Summary of Feedback Network Analysis
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003
* How do we determine the h-parameters
for the feedback network?
* For the input loading term h11
 Turn off the feedback signal by
setting Vo = 0.
 Then evaluate the resistance seen
looking into port 1 of the feedback
network (also called R11 here).
* For the output loading term h22
 Open circuit the connection to the
input so I1 = 0.
 Find the resistance seen looking into
port 2 of the feedback network (also
called R22 here).
* To obtain the feedback factor f (also
called h12 )
 Apply a test signal Vo’ to port 2 of the
feedback network and evaluate the
feedback voltage Vf (also called V1
here) for I1 = 0.
 Find f from f = Vf/Vo’
Ch. 8 Feedback 13
 Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - Practical Case
Summary of Approach to Analysis
* Evaluate modified basic amplifier (including
Basic Amplifier loading effects of feedback network)
 Including h11 at input
 Including h22 at output
 Including loading effects of source resistance
Practical Feedback Network
 Including load effects of load resistance
* Analyze effects of idealized feedback network using
feedback amplifier equations derived

AV '
AVf 
1   f AV '

Rif  Ri '1   f AV '

Ro '
Rof 
Modified Basic Amplifier 1  AV '  f 
L
 Hf  1   f AV ' H  Lf 
1   f AV '
* Note
Idealized Feedback Network  Av’ is the modified voltage gain including the
effects of h11 , h22 , RS and RL.
 Ri’, Ro’ are the modified input and output
resistances including the effects of h11 , h22 , RS
and RL.

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 14

 Example - Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

* Two stage amplifier

* Each stage a CE
amplifier
* Transistor
parameters
Given: 1= 2 =50,
rx1=rx2=0
* Coupled by
capacitors, dc biased
separately
* DC analysis:
I
I C1  0.94 mA, g m1  C1  36 mA / V ,
VT
1
DC analysis for each stage can be done separately r 1   1.4 K
g m1
since stages are isolated (dc wise) by coupling capacitors.
I
I C 2  1.85 mA, g m2  C 2  71 mA / V ,
VT
2
r 2   0.7 K
g m2
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 15
 Example - Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
* Redraw circuit to show
 Feedback circuit
 Type of output sampling
(voltage in this case = Vo)
 Type of feedback signal to input
(voltage in this case = Vf)

+
_
Vi

+
+
Vf _ Vo
_

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 16

 Example - Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
Input Loading Effects
R1  h11  R f 1 R f 2
Vo=0
 0.1K 4.7 K
 0.098K

Output Loading Effects

R2  h22  R f 1  R f 2
I1=0
 4.7 K  0.1K  4.8K

Amplifier with Loading Effects

R1 R2
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 17
 Example - Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
* Construct ac equivalent circuit at midband frequencies including
loading effects of feedback network.
* Analyze circuit to find midband gain
(voltage gain for this series-shunt configuration)

R1 R2

R2

R1

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 18

 Example - Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
Midband Gain Analysis

Vo  Vo  V 2  Vo1  V 1  Vi1 
AVo  
V

 V

 V

 V

 V


Vs  2  o1   1  i1  s 
Vo
V 2
  
  g m 2 RC 2 R2  71mA / V 4.9 K 4.8 K  172  V 2
Vo1
 1 since rx 2  0

Vo1
V 1
  
  g m1 RC1 R12 R22 r 2  36mA / V 10 K 47 K 33K 0.7 K  22.8 
V 1 I 1r 1 r 1 1.4 K
    0.22
Vi1 I 1r 1   I 1  g m1V 1  R1 r 1  1    R1 1.4 K  51 0.098 K 
V I r   I 1  g m1V 1  R1
Ri1  i1   1  1  r 1  1    R1  1.4 K  51 0.098 K   6.4 K
I 1 I 1

Vi1 Ri1 R11 R21 6.4 K 150 K 47 K 5.4 K

    0.52
Vs Rs  Ri1 R11 R21 5 K  6.4 K 150 K 47 K 10.4 K
Vo
AVo     172 1  22.8 0.22  0.52   449
Vs
AVo ( dB )  20 log 449  53dB

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 19

 Midband Gain with Feedback
* Determine the feedback factor f

Xf Vf Rf1 0.1K
f      0.021
Xo Vo ' Rf 1  Rf 2 0.1K  4.7 K

* Calculate gain with feedback Avf

 f AVo  449(0.021)  9.4
AVo 449 449
AVfo     43.1
1   f AVo 1  449(0.021) 10.4
AVfo (dB)  20 log 43.1  32.7 dB
* Note
 f Avo > 0 as necessary for negative feedback
 f Avo is large so there is significant feedback. For f Avo  0, there is almost no
feedback.
 Can change f and the amount of feedback by changing Rf1 and/or Rf2.
 NOTE: Since f Avo >> 0  f AVo  449(0.021)  9.4
1 Rf1  Rf 2 Rf 2 AVo A 1 1
AVfo    1 AVfo   Vo    47.6
f Rf1 Rf1 1   f AVo  f AVo  f 0.021
AVfo (dB)  20 log 47.6  33.6dB
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 20
 Input and Output Resistances with Feedback

* Determine input Ri and output Ro resistances with loading effects of feedback network.
Ri  RS  RB1 Ri1 Ro  R2 RC 2

 5K  38.5K 6.4 K  10.5 K  4.9 K 4.8K  2.4 K

* Calculate input Rif and output Rof resistances for the complete feedback amplifier.
Rif  Ri 1   f AVo  Rof 
Ro

2.4 K
 0.23K
1   f AVo 10.4
 10.5K 1  449(0.021)  109.5K

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 21

 Equivalent Circuit for Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
* Voltage gain amplifier
* Modified voltage gain, input
and output resistances
 Included loading effects of
feedback network
 Included feedback effects
of feedback network
 Include source resistance
effects
* Significant feedback, i.e.
f Avo is large and positive
 f AVo  449(0.021)  9.4
AVo A 1
AVfo   Vo 
1   f AVo  f AVo  f
V 
AVfo   o  
AVo
 43.1  
Rif  Ri 1   f AVo  109.5 K 
Rf1  Rf 2
 1
Rf 2
 47.6
V
 S f 1   A
f Vo Rf1 Rf1
Ro
Rof   0.23K
AVfo (dB)  20 log 43.1  32.7 dB 1   f AVo AVf ( dB)  20 log 47.6  33.6dB

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 22

Low Frequency Poles and Zeros for Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

* Six capacitors:
 Input and output coupling capacitors C 1 and C5
 Emitter bypass capacitors C 3 and C4
 Interstage coupling capacitors C 2
 Feedback coupling capacitor C6
* Analyze using Gray-Searle (Short Circuit) Technique one capacitor at a time
* Find dominant low frequency pole (highest frequency one)

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 23

 Example - Input Coupling Capacitor’s Pole Frequency

V
RxC1  x  RS  RB1 Ri1
Ix
where
V I r   I 1  g m1V 1  R1
Ri1  i1   1  1
I 1 I 1

 r 1  1    R1  1.4 K  51 0.098K   6.4 K

so
RxC1  RS  RB1 Ri1  5 K  35.8 K 6.4 K  10.4 K
1 1
 PL1    19.2 rad / s
R xC1C1 10.4 K 5F
Equivalent circuit for C1
Note that there are some loading effects of
the feedback network on this pole
frequency. In Ri1 the feedback resistors
determine R1
R1  R f 1 R f 2

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 24

 Example - Interstage Coupling Capacitor’s Pole Frequency

V
RxC 2  x  RC1  RB 2 r 2
Ix
 10 K  19.4 K 0.7 K  10.7 K
so
1 1
 PL 2    18.7 rad / s
Equivalent circuit for C2 RxC 2C2 10.7 K 5F

Note: No RE2 since

C4 shorts it out.

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 25

 Example - Feedback Coupling Capacitor’s Pole Frequency

V
RxC 6  x  RC 2  R2
Ix
 4.9 K  4.8 K  9.7 K
so
1 1
 PL6    20.6 rad / s
RxC 6C6  9. 7 K  5  F
Equivalent circuit for C6

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 26

 Example - Emitter Bypass Capacitor’s Pole Frequency
Vx Vx
REx  I E1 
Ix RE1
Vx    I 1   r 1  Rs RB1   I1R1
At node E I x  I E1  I 1  g m1V 1  0 so

 Vx 
 Ix  R 
I 1    E1

1  g m1r 1 
 
At node E ' I E1  I x  I1  0 so

 V 
I1  I E1  I x    I x  x  so Vx becomes
 RE1 
Equivalent circuit for C3
Vx    I 1   r 1  Rs RB1   I1R1
 Vx 
 Ix  R   V 
  r 1  Rs RB1   E1
  R1  I x  x 
1  g m1r 1   RE1 
 
 r  Rs RB1  V 
  1  R1  I x  x 
IE1  1  g m1r 1  RE1 
Rearranging, we get

R xC3 
Vx

 r 1  Rs RB1  R1 1  g m1r 1   R  0.2 K
Ix  r 1  Rs RB1   R1  RE1 1  g m1r 1   E1
1 1
 PL 3    100 rad / s
RxE1C E1 0.2 K  50 F 
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 27
 Example - Emitter Bypass Capacitor’s Pole Frequency

Vx Vx
REx  IE2 
Ix RE 2
At node E I x  I E 2  I  2  g m 2V 2  0 so
Vx
I x  I E 2  I  2 1  g m 2 r 2    I  2 1  g m 2 r 2 
RE 2
But we also know that
Vx
Vx    I  2   r 2  RC1 RB 2  so I  2  
r 2  RC1 RB 2
so I x becomes
Equivalent circuit for C4

 1
I x  Vx  
1  g m 2 r 2  


 RE 2 r 2  RC 1 R B 2 

Rearranging, we get
Vx  RC1 RB 2 
R xC4   RE 2  r 2  
Ix  1  g m 2 r 2  
IE2 
 10 K 19.4 K 
 4.7 K  0.7 K    0.7 K

 50 
1 1
 PL 4    28.5 rad / s
RxE 2C E 2 0.7 K  50F 
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 28
 Example - Output Coupling Capacitor’s Pole Frequency


RxC 5  RC 2 R f 1  R f 2 
 4.9 K 4.8K  2.4 K
Equivalent circuit for C5 so
1 1
 PL 5    41.6 rad / s
RxC 5C5 2.4 K 10F

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 29

 Zeros for Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier Example
* Coupling capacitors C1, C2 and C5 give zeros
at  = 0 since ZC = 1/sC and they are in the
signal line.
* Emitter bypass capacitors C3 and C4 give a
zero when the impedance ZCE || RE.
1 1 RE
Z C E RE   
 1 1   1  1  sRE C E
     sC 
 RE Z C  R E 
 E   E 
1
Z C E RE   when s 
RE C E
1 1
Z 3    4.3 rad / s
RE1C3 4.7 K  50F 
1 1
Z 4    4.3 rad / s
Vo R E 2C 4 4.7 K  50F 
  g m 2  RC 2  Z C 6  R2  
V 2
1
* Feedback capacitor C6 gives a zero when [ZC6
 
  +R2] || RC2 when
RC 2  Z C 6  R2    1  1 
1  sC6  R2  RC 2   0 or s 
1


RC 2  1
  R2   C6  R2  RC 2 
  sC6   1 1
 z6    20.6 rad / s
 RC 2 1  sR2C6   C6  R2  RC 2  5F  4.8K  4.9 K 
1
1  sR2C6  sRC 2C6 
   
 RC 2 1  sR2C6   1  sC6  R2  RC 2  
ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 30
 Series-Shunt Example - Low Frequency
* Midband Gain Low Frequency Poles Low Frequency Zeros
AVo  449 AVo ( dB)  53 dB  PL1  19.2 rad / s  PL 4  28.5 rad / s  Z 1  0 rad / s  Z 4  4.3 rad / s
 f  0.021 1   f AVo  10.4  PL 2  18.7 rad / s  PL5  41.6 rad / s  Z 2  0 rad / s  PL5  0 rad / s
AVfo  43.1 AVfo (dB)  32.7 dB  PL3  100 rad / s  PL6  20.6 rad / s  Z 3  4.3 rad / s  Z 6  20.6 rad / s

 PL 100 rad / s
Low 3dB Frequency  PL  100 rad / s  PLf    9.6 rad / s
1   f AVo 10.4

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 31

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency

* Substitute hybrid-pi model for

transistor with C and C
* Short all coupling capacitors
and emitter bypass capacitors
* Include loading effects of
feedback network R1 and R2
* Find high frequency poles and
zeros using Gray-Searle (Open
Circuit) Method

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 32

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency Pole - C1
Given: C1 = 15 pF

Vx V 1 Vx
I x  I  1  I s or I s  I x  I  1  I x  since I  1  
r 1 r 1 r 1
Vx
Also I1  I  1 (1  g m1r 1 )  I x  (1  g m1r 1 )  I x
r 1
IS  V  V 
Vx  I s  RS RB1   I1 R1   I x  x  RS RB1    x (1  g m1r 1 )  I x  R1
 r 1   r 1 
Rearranging
Vx r 1  RS RB1  R1 
R xC 1  
I x r 1  RS RB1 (1  g m1r 1 ) R1

I1 1.4 K 5 K 35.8K  0.098 K 


1.4 K  5 K 35.8K  51(0.098 K )
1.4 K (4.49 K )
  0.95K
1.4 K  4.49 K
1 1
 PH 1    7.0 x107 rad / s
R xC 1C 1  0.95 K 15 pF

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 33

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency Pole - C1
V 1  Ve1  I 1  r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1   Given: C1 = 1.2 pF
Also V 1  Ve1  I S  RB1 RS    I x  I 1   RB1 RS 
 RB1 RS 
so I 1  I x  
 r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1   RB1 RS 
and
Vx  Vo1  V 1  Ve1  I 1  r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1  
  R R  r  R 1  g m1r 1   
 I x  B1 S  1 1 
 r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1   RB1 RS 
Node C
So combining with our expression above for Vx  Vo1 we get
Vo1 Vo1
I x  g m1V 1   I x  g m1r 1I 1  0
   
V
RC1 RB 2 r 2 RC1 RB 2 r 2 R xC1  x
Ix
so using I 1   
 RB1 RS  r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1    RC1 RB 2 r 2  rr 1 RR1  RRB1RRS 11ggm1rr1
1 B1 S 1 m1  1
 RB1 RS  Vo1
I x  g m1r 1I x  

 r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1   RB1 RS  RC1 RB 2 r 2
0
   
 35.8K 5K 1.4 K  0.098K (51)  10K 19.4 K 0.7 K  11..44KK 350.098K  35.8K 5K (51)
.8K 5K  0.098K (51)
   
so Vo1   I x 1  g m1r 1 
RB1 RS

  RC1 RB 2 r 2   16.1K
  r 1  R1 1  g m1r 1   RB1 RS    PH 2 
1

1
 5.2 x107 rad / s
RxC1C1 16.1K (1.2 pF )

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 34

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency Pole - C2
Given: C2 = 12 pF

V
RxC 2  x  RC1 RB 2 r 2
Ix
 10 K 19.4 K 0.7 K  0.63K
1 1
 PH 3  
RxC 2C 2 0.63K 12 pF 
 1.32 x108 rad / s

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 35

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency Pole - C2
Given: C2 = 1.4 pF

KCL at C2
Vo Vo
 RC 2 R2   g m2V 2  I x 
 RC 2 R2   g m2 Vx  Vo   I x  0
so

Vo 

  I x  g m 2Vx  RC 2 R2 
1  g m 2 r 2
Also 
Vo  Vx  I x RC1 RB 2 r 2 
so combining we get
V
 
RxC 2  x  RC 2 R2  RC1 RB 2 r 2 1  g m2 RC 2 R2
Ix
   
   
 4.9 K 4.8K  10 K 19.4 K 0.7 K 1  71mA / V 4.9 K 4.8 K   
 111 .5 K
1 1
 PH 4    6.4 x106 rad / s
RxC 2C 2 111 .5 K 1.4 pF 

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 36

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency Zeros - C1 & C2
I2

Vo V
Node C2  I  2  g mV 2   o 0
RC 2 R2
V 2  Vo V  Vo
 sC 2 V 2  Vo 
For CE amplifier, a high frequency zero
But I  2 

ZC 2   2
 1
 sC 

so substituting

occurs when ZH = gm/C  2 

V V
 sC  2 V 2  Vo   g m 2V 2  o  o  0
RC 2 R2
 
g 36 mA / V Rearranging  
V 2 g m 2  sC 2  Vo  sC 2 
1

1
  0
 ZH 1  m1   3.0 x1010 rad / s  R2 RC 2 
C1 1.2 pF and rewriting as a voltage ratio, we get

71 mA / V  
g  
 ZH 2  m 2   5.1x1010 rad / s 1  s 
C 2 1.4 pF   gm2 
 C 2  
V0


 g m 2  sC 2    gm

 
V 2  1 1   1 1 
 sC 2     sC 2   
 R2 RC 2   R2 RC 2 
g
So V0  0 when s  m 2
C 2

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 37

 Series-Shunt Example - High Frequency
* Midband Gain High Frequency Poles High Frequency Zeros
AVo  449 AVo ( dB)  53 dB
 PH 1  7.0 x107 rad / s  PH 3  1.3x108 rad / s  ZH 1  3.0 x1010 rad / s  ZH 2   rad / s
 f  0.021 1   f AVo  10.4
 PH 2  5.2 x107 rad / s  PH 4  6.4 x106 rad / s  ZH 3  5.1x1010 rad / s  ZH 4   rad / s
AVfo  43.1 AVfo (dB)  32.7 dB

High 3dB Frequency  PH  6.4 x106 rad / s  

 PHf   PH 1   f AVo  6.4 x106 rad / s 10.4  6.7 x107 rad / s

ECE 352 Electronics II Winter 2003 Ch. 8 Feedback 38