Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering UNIT II -EC-II

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UNIT-II

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

SYLLABUS:

Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers, General characteristics of

negative feedback amplifiers, Effect of Feedback on input and output characteristics,
Voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt feedback amplifiers with
discrete components and their analysis

LECTURE PLAN

S. No. Topic to be covered Periods

required

1 Concept of feedback, classification of feedback amplifiers 1

2 General characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers 1

3 Voltage Series feedback amplifier and its analysis 1

4 Voltage Shunt feedback amplifier and its analysis 1

5 Current Series feedback amplifier and its analysis 1

6 Current Shunt feedback amplifier and its analysis 1

7 Related Problems 3

09
Total

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FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

In a “Feedback Amplifier”, a portion of the output signal is fed back to the input of the
amplifier.

Feedback Concept:

A block diagram of an amplifier with feedback is shown in fig. below.

By means of a suitable sampling network, output voltage (or) current is applied to the input
through a feedback two-port network is shown in above fig.
At the input the feedback signal is combined with the signal source through a mixer
network and is fed into the amplifier.

Feedback Network:

Feedback network is usually a passive two-port network which may contain resistors,
capacitors and inductors. Very often it is simply a resistive configuration.

Sampling Network:

There are two types of sampling networks.

i) Voltage Sampling Network

ii) Current Sampling Network

The output voltage is sampled by connecting the feedback network is shunt across the
output. The output current is sampled by connecting the feedback network in series across the
output.

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Mixing Network:
The commonly used series input and shunt input connections are shown below.

Ideal Single-Loop Feedback Amplifier:

A - Gain of the amplifier

β - Feedback ratio
Xf - βXo β=Xf /Xo
Af - Gain of the amplifier with feedback

There are two types of feedbacks.

i) Positive feedback
ii) Negative feedback

i) Positive Feedback:

If the feedback signal Xf is in phase with input signal Xs, then the type of feedback is said
to be positive (or) regenerative feedback.

Therefore, for positive feedback, Xi=Xs+Xf

Xs=Xi-Xf
Xo
A= ⇒ X o = AX i
Xi
Xf
β= ⇒ X f = β Xo
Xo

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Xo Xo
A
= f ⇒
Xs Xi − X f

Dividing with Xi both numerator and denominator

Xo
Xi
Af =
Xf
1−
Xi
A
A =
f 1 − Aβ
Here Af > A

The product of the open loop gain and the feedback factor is called the Loop gain = Aβ.

If Aβ = 1 then Af=∞, Hence the gain of the amplifier with positive feedback is infinite and
the amplifier gives an a.c. output without a.c. input signal. Thus the amplifier acts as an oscillator.

Positive feedback increases the instability of an amplifier, reduces the bandwidth and
increases the distortion and noise.

ii) Negative Feedback:

If the feedback signal Xf is out of phase with input signal Xs, then the type of feedback is
said to be Negative (or) de-generative feedback.

Therefore, for Negative feedback, Xi = Xs-Xf

Xs = Xi+Xf
Xo
A= ⇒ X o = AX i
Xi
Xf
β= ⇒ X f = β Xo
Xo
Xo Xo
A
= f ⇒
Xs Xi + X f
Dividing with Xi both numerator and denominator
Xo
Xi A
Af = A =
Xf f 1 + Aβ
1+
Xi

Here Af < A

If Aβ >> 1 then A f ≈ 1 , where β is a feedback ratio. The gain may be made to depend
β
entirely in the feedback network.

If the feedback network contains only stable passive elements, the gain of the amplifier
using Negative feedback is also stable.

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General characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers:

i) Stability to the gain:

The transfer gain of the amplifier is not constant as it depends on the factors such as
operating point, temperature, e.t.c. This lack of stability in amplifiers can be reduced by introducing
negative feedback.

If Aβ>>1, then
A A 1
A
= = =
f 1 + Aβ Aβ β

The gain is dependent only on the feedback network.

If the feedback network contains only stable passive elements, the improvement in stability
is achieved.
A
The gain of the amplifier with negative feedback is A =
f 1 + Aβ
Differentiating with respect to the ‘A’, we get

dA f (=
1 + Aβ ) − Aβ 1
=
dA 2 2
(1 + Aβ ) (1 + Aβ )
dA f A
=
dA (1 + Aβ ) A (1 + Aβ )
dA f Af
=
dA A (1 + Aβ )
dA f dA 1
= ⋅
Af A (1 + Aβ )
dA f
Where Af = fractional change in amplification with feedback.

dA
= fractional change in amplification without feedback.
A
The fractional change in amplification with feedback divided by the fractional change with out
feedback is called the Sensitivity.
dAf
Af 1
Sensitivity = =
dA 1 + Aβ
A
The reciprocal of sensitivity is called “Desensitivity”. D= (1+Aβ)

Increase of Bandwidth:

The product of voltage gain and bandwidth of an amplifier without feedback and with
feedback remains the same. i.e., Af. (B.Wf) = A. (B.W)
1
For Negative feedback amplifier the voltage changes by the factor ; so its bandwidth
1 + Aβ
would be increased by (1+Aβ).

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Therefore, for negative feedback amplifier the upper cut-off frequency f2f is increased by
factor (1+Aβ) and the lower cut-off frequency is decreased by (1+Aβ).

Therefore, f2f = f2(1+Aβ)

f1
f1 f =
1 + Aβ
Frequency Distortion:

If the feedback network does not contain reactive elements, the overall gain is not a
function of frequency. Under such conditions frequency and phase distortion is substantially
reduced.
Noise and Non-Linear distortion:

Signal feedback reduces the amount of noise signal and non-linear distortion. Suppose that
a large amplitude signal is applied to a stage of an amplifier so that the operation of the device
extends slightly beyond its range of linear operation and therefore the output signal is slightly
distorted.

By introducing negative feedback, the input signal is increased by the same amount by
which the gain is reduced, so that the output signal amplitude remains the same.
D
Therefore, by introduction of negative feedback the distortion will reduce to Df =
1+ β
1
and with the use of negative feedback, the noise is reduced by a factor of .
1 + Aβ
Problems:

1. An amplifier has an open loop gain of 800 and a feedback ratio of 0.05. If the open loop
gain changes by 20% due to temperature, find the percentage change in closed loop gain.

Solution:
Given A = 800
β = 0.05

dA dA f
= 20%
= 0.2 =?
A Af

dA f dA 1
= ⋅
Af A (1 + Aβ )
dA f 0.2
=
Af 1 + 800 × 0.05

dA f dA
0.2 0.2 f
= = = 4.8 × 10−3 = 0.48%
Af 1 + 40 41 Af

2. An amplifier has voltage gain with feedback is 100. If the gain without feedback changes by
20% and the gain with feedback should not vary more than 2%. Determine the values of
the open loop gain ‘A’ and feedback ratio ‘β’.
Solution:
Given Af = 100

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dA f
dA
= 20%
= 0.2 = 2%
= 0.02
A Af
A=? Β=?

dA f dA 1
= ⋅
Af A (1 + Aβ )

1
0.02
= 0.2 ×
(1 + Aβ )
(1+Aβ) = 10
We know that the gain with feedback is

A
Af =
1 + Aβ
A
100 = A= 1000.
10

1+Aβ=10
Aβ = 9
β = 9/1000 (A=1000)

β = 0.009

3. An amplifier has midband gain of 125 and a bandwidth of 250kHz.

i) if 4% negative feedback is introduced, find the new band width and gain.
ii) if band width is restricted to 1MHz, find the feedback ratio.
Solution:
Given A = 125
Bandwidth (B.W) = 250 KHz
β = 4% = 0.04
BWf = ?

i) BWf = (1+Aβ) B.W.

= (1+125x0.04) x 0.25x103
= 1.5 MHz
ii) BWf = 1MHz = 106 Hz
β=?
BWf = (1+Aβ) B.W.
106 = (1+125.β) x 25x103
1+125β = 1000/250 = 4
125β = 3
β = 3/125 = 0.024.

4. An amplifier has a mid-frequency gain of 100 and a bandwidth of 200 KHz.

i) What will be the new band width and gain if 5% negative feedback is introduced.
ii) What should be the amount of negative feedback if the band width is to be
restricted to 1MHz?

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Solution:
Given A = 100
Bandwidth (B.W) = 200 KHz
β = 5% = 0.05
BWf = ?
iii) BWf = (1+Aβ) B.W.
= (1+100x0.05) x200x103
= (1+5) x200x103
= 1200x103
= 1.2 MHz
ii) BWf = 1MHz = 106 Hz
β=?
BWf = (1+Aβ) B.W.
106 = (1+100.β) x 200x103
1+100β = 5
100β = 4 β = 0.04.

5. An amplifier has a voltage gain of 400, f1=50Hz, f2=200 KHz and a distortion of 10%
without feedback. Find the voltage gain, f1f, f2f and Df when a negative feedback is applied
with feedback ratio of 0.001.
Solution:
A = 400
f1 = 50Hz
f2 = 200x103 Hz
D= 10% =0.1, β=0.001
A 400
Af
= =
1 + Aβ 1 + 400 × 0.001

400
Af = = 285.7
1.4
f1 50
f1 f
= = = 35.71Hz
1 + Aβ 1.4
f=
2f f 2 (1 + Aβ )

= 200x103x1.4 = 280 KHz

D 0.1
D=
f 1 + A= = 0.0714
β 1.4

Df = 7.14 %

6. An RC coupled amplifier has a voltage gain of 1000. f1=50Hz, f2=200 KHz and a distortion
of 5% without feedback. Find the amplifier voltage gain, f1f, f2f and distortion when a
negative feedback is applied with feedback ratio of 0.01.

Solution:
Given:
A = 1000
f1 = 50Hz

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f2 = 200x103 Hz
D= 5% =0.05,
β=0.01
A 1000 1000
Af
= = =
1 + Aβ 1 + 103 × 10−2 11

A f = 90.9
f1 50 50
f1= =
f 1 + Aβ 1 + 10 × 10
3
=
−2
= 4.54 Hz
11

f=
2f f 2 (1 + Aβ )

= 200x103 (1+10) = 22x105 = 2.2 MHz

D 0.05
Df
= = = 0.455%
1 + Aβ 11

7. An amplifier has a voltage gain of 1000 with negative feedback, the voltage gain reduced to
10. Calculate the fraction of the output that is feedback to the input.
Solution:
Given:
A =1000
Af = 10
β =?
For a negative feedback
A 1000
Af
= = = 10
1 + Aβ 1 + 1000 β
10+104β = 103
1+103β = 102
103β = 99
β = 99/103
β = 99/1000 = 0.099

β = 0.099

8. The gain of an amplifier is decreased to 1000 with negative feedback from its gain of 5000.
Calculate the feedback factor and the amount of negative feedback in dB.
Solution:
Given : A =5000
Af = 10
Β=?
For a negative feedback
A 5000
Af = 1000 =
1 + Aβ 1 + 5000 β
1000+5x106β = 5x103
1+5x103β = 5 5x103β = 4
β = 4/(5x103) β = 0.8x10-3

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β = 0.0008

β in dB = 20log (0.0008) = -61.9382

9. The gain of an amplifier is decreased to 10,000 with negative feedback from its gain of
60,000. Calculate the feedback factor, express the amount of negative feedback in dB.

Solution:
Given: Af = 10,000
A = 60,000
β =?
For a negative feedback
A
Af =
1 + Aβ
60000
10000 =
1 + 60000 β
10000+6x108β = 6x103
1+6x104β = 6
6x104β = 5
β = 5/(6x104)
β = 0.833x10-4
β in dB = 20log (0.833x10-4)
= -81.5870.

10. An amplifier with negative feedback gives an output of 12.5V with a source input of 1.5V.
When feedback is removed, it requires 0.25V input for the same output. Find,
i) Value of voltage gain without feedback.
ii) Value of β

Solution:
Given:
Vo = 12.5V
Vs = 1.5V
V 12.5 25
∴ Af = o = = = 8.33
Vs 1.5 3
Vi = 0.25
Vo = 12.5

Vo 12.5
∴ A= = = 50
Vi 0.25
A
Hence Af =
1 + Aβ
50
8.33 =
1 + 50 β
8.33+8.33x50β = 50
β = 41.67/(8.33x50)
β = 0.1
Vf = βxVo = 1.25V

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Classification of Feedback Amplifiers

Feedback amplifiers can be classified on the basis of two important processes.

1. Sampling of output signal, i.e., either the output voltage is sampled (or) output
current is sampled.
2. Mixing of source signal and feedback signal i.e., the feedback network and the input
terminals of the basic amplifiers are in series (or) in parallel.
Based on the above feedback processes, the feedback amplifiers can be four types.

1. Voltage – Series feedback amplifier.

2. Current – Series feedback amplifier.
3. Voltage – Shunt feedback amplifier.
4. Current – Shunt feedback amplifier.
Effect of negative feedback upon input and output resistances
Voltage – Series Feedback Amplifiers:

A block diagram of voltage-series feedback is shown in fig. below in which a portion of the
output voltage through the feedback network is applied in series with the input voltage of the
amplifier resulting in an overall gain reduction.

This amplifier is also called as “Voltage Amplifier”.

If there is no feedback, the voltage gain of the amplifier is AV = Vo/Vi
The voltage feedback factor ‘β’ is given by β = Vf/Vo
Where Vf is the feedback voltage
Vo is the output voltage.
If a feedback signal Vf is connected in series with the input then,

Vi = Vs-Vf
Vo = AV Vi
Vo= AV (Vs-Vf)
Vo= AV (Vs-βVo) ( Vf = βVo)
Vo = AV Vs – AV βVo
Vo+ AV βVo= AV Vs Vo (1+ AV β) = AV Vs
Vo AV
=
Vs 1 + AV β
The voltage gain of the amplifier with feedback is given by, AVf = Vo/Vs
AV
∴A =
Vf 1 + A β
V

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Input and Output Impedances:

Voltage – Series feedback circuit for the calculation of input and output resistances is
shown in fig. below.

By neglecting source resistance Rs

AR
Vo = AV Vi where AV = v L
Ro + RL
Where Av represents the open circuit voltage gain without feedback and AV represents the voltage
gain without feedback taking the load RL into account.

Av = lim AV
RL →∞

The input impedance of the amplifier without feedback is Ri = Vi/Ii

The input impedance of voltage-series feedback amplifier is Rif = Vs/Ii
V
Consider Ri = i
Ii
Vs − V f
Ri =
Ii
(V=i Vs − V f )
V − β Vo
Ri = s
Ii
(V f = βVo )
Vs − β . AV Vi
Ri =
Ii
(Vo = A Vi )
V

i Vs − AV β Vi
Ii R=

i Vs − AV β Ii Ri
Ii R=

Ii Ri + AV β Ii Ri = Vs

(1 + AV β ) Ii Ri =
Vs

Vs
= Ri (1 + AV β )
Ii

∴ R = Ri (1 + AV β )
if
Therefore, for voltage-series feedback amplifier, the input impedance is increased by a
factor (1+AV β).

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For the measurement of output resistance, the load resistance RL is disconnected and the
voltage source Vs is set to zero. Then an external voltage ‘V’ is applied across the output terminals,
which delivers the current ‘I’.

The output resistance Rof with feedback is given by, Rof = V/I
With Vs=0, by applying KVL to the input side Vi=-Vf

Applying KVL to the output side, we get

V = IRo+ Av Vi

V = IRo – Av Vf (Vi=-Vf)

V = IRo – Av βV (Vf=βV)

V+ Av βV = IRo

V(1+ Av β) = IRo
V Ro
=
I 1 + Av β
R
∴ R =o
of 1 + Av β
The output impedance of the amplifier with negative feedback for voltage-series amplifier is
decreased by a factor (1+ Av β).

The shunt connection of feedback network at the output reduces the output resistance. The
series connection of the feedback network at the input increases the input resistance.

Current – Series Feedback

A block diagram of current-series feedback is shown in fig. below. In this feedback the
output current Io returning to the input as a voltage proportional to Io and is in series opposition to
the applied signal Vs.

Feedback factor β = Vf/Io

This type of amplifier is also called ‘Transconductance Amplifier”.
If there is no feedback, the gain of the amplifier, GM = Io/Vi
If feedback signal Vf is connected in series with the input, GMf = Io/VS

Vi = Vs-Vf
Io = GM Vi
Io= GM (Vs-Vf)

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Io= GM (Vs-βIo) (Vf = βIo)

Io(1+ GM β)= GM Vs

Io GM
=
Vs 1 + GM β
GM
G =
Mf 1 + G β
M
GM
Therefore, for current series feedback the gain G =
Mf 1 + GM β
Input and Output Impedances

Current–Series feedback circuit for the calculation of input and output resistances is shown
in fig. below.

Gm Ro
I o = GM Vi where GM =
Ro + RL
Where Gm represents the short circuit transconductance without feedback and GM represents the
transconductance without feedback taking the load RL into account.

Gm = lim GM
RL → 0

The input impedance of the amplifier without feedback is Ri = Vi/Ii

The input impedance of current-series feedback amplifier is Rif = Vs/Ii
V
Consider Ri = i
Ii
Vs − V f
Ri =
Ii
(V=i Vs − V f )
Ri = s
V − β Io
Ii
(V f = β Io )
Vs − β .GM Vi
Ri =
Ii
( Io = G Vi )
M

Ii Ri + GM β Ii Ri = Vs

(1 + GM β ) Ii Ri =
Vs

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Vs
= Ri (1 + GM β )
Ii

∴ R = Ri (1 + GM β )
if
Therefore, for current-series feedback amplifier, the input impedance is increased by a
factor (1+ GM β).
The output impedance with current-series feedback can be determined by applying a signal
‘V’ to the output with Vs shorted out, resulting in a current I, the ratio of V to I being the output
impedance.

The output impedance Rof with feedback is given by, Rof = V/I
With Vs=0, by applying KVL to the input side Vi=-Vf  Vs = 0
The current I due to the voltage V is given by
I = (V/Ro) + Gm Vi
I = (V/Ro) – Gm Vf
I = (V/Ro) – Gm βI (Vf=βI)

IRo (1 + Gm β ) = V

V
I (1 + Gm β ) =
Ro
V
= Ro (1 + Gm β )
I
Rof Ro (1 + Gm β )
=
For current-series feedback the output impedance increases by (1+ Gm β).

Voltage – Shunt Feedback Amplifiers

In this feedback amplifier a part of the output voltage is fed back in parallel with the input
voltage through the feedback network.
The feedback current If is proportional to the output voltage Vo. A block diagram of
voltage-shunt feedback amplifier is shown in fig. below.

If
The feedback factor β=
Vo
Voltage-Shunt feedback amplifier is called as “Trans-resistance Amplifier”.
If there is no feedback the transresistance gain of the amplifier RM =Vo/Vi.

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The gain of the amplifier with feedback is, RMf = Vo/Is

But, Ii=Is-If
Vo = RM Ii
Vo= RM (Is-If)
Vo= RM (Is-βVo) where (If = βVo)
Vo+ RM βVo = RM Is
Vo(1+ RM β)= RM Is

Vo RM
=
I s 1 + RM β
Therefore for voltage-shunt feedback amplifier the gain,

RM
R =
Mf 1 + R β
M
Input and Output Impedances

Voltage-Shunt feedback circuit for the calculation of input and output resistances is shown
in fig. below.

Rm Ro
Vo = RM Ii where RM =
Ro + RL
Where Rm represents the open circuit trans-resistance without feedback and RM represents the
trans-resistance without feedback taking the load RL into account.

Rm = lim RM
RL →∞

The input impedance of the amplifier without feedback is Ri = Vi/Ii

The input impedance of Voltage-Shunt feedback amplifier is Rif = Vi/Is
Consider
V
Ri = i
Ii
( I=i Is − I f )
Vi
Ri =
Is − I f

Ri =
Vi
I s − β Vo
( I f = βVo )

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Vi
Ri =
I s − β .RM Ii
(Vo = R Ii )
M

Ri I s − RM β Ii Ri =
Vi

Ri I s= Vi + RM β Ii Ri

Ri I s= Vi + RM β Vi (Vi = Ii Ri )
i I s Vi (1 + RM β )
R=

Vi Ri
=
I s 1 + RM β

R
∴R = i
if 1 + R β
M

Therefore, for Voltage-Shunt feedback amplifier, the input impedance is increased by a

factor (1+ RM β).

The output impedance with Voltage-Shunt feedback can be determined by applying a signal
‘V’ to the output with Vs shorted i.e., Vs=0.

If Vs=0, Is=0 Then Ii+If =0

The output impedance Rof with feedback is given by, Rof = V/I
With Is=0, Ii=-If Ii=-βV
, Applying KVL to the output side, we get

V = IRo+ Rm Ii
V = IRo – Rm βV
V+ Rm βV = IRo
V(1+ Rm β) = IRo
V Ro
=
I 1 + Rm β
R
∴ R =o
of 1 + Rm β
For Voltage-Shunt feedback the output impedance decreased by (1+ RM β).
Note: The shunt connection of feedback network at the input and output of amplifier tends to
decrease the input and output impedances.

Current-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

A block diagram of current-shunt feedback amplifier is shown in fig. below. In this feed
back the output current Io returning to the input as a current If in parallel with the input current Ii.

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Feedback factor β = If/Io

Current-shunt feedback amplifier is called as “Current Amplifier”.
If there is no feedback, the gain of the amplifier AI = Io/Ii.
The gain of the amplifier with feedback is AIf=Io/Is
But Ii=Is-If
Io = AI Ii
Io= AI (Is-If)
Io= AI (Is-βIo) (If = βIo)
Io= AI Is-AβIo`
Io(1+ AI β)= AI Is

Io AI A
= A = I

Is 1 + AI β If 1 + A β
I

A
Therefore for Current-shunt feedback amplifier the gain, A = I
If 1 + A β
I

Input and Output Impedances

Current-Shunt feedback circuit for the calculation of input and output resistances is shown
in fig. below.

AR
I o = AI Ii where AI = i o
Ro + RL
Where Ai represents the short circuit current gain without feedback and AI represents the current
gain without feedback taking the load RL into account.

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Ai = lim AI
RL → 0

The input impedance of the amplifier without feedback is Ri = Vi/Ii

The input impedance of Voltage-Shunt feedback amplifier is Rif = Vi/Is
V
Consider Ri = i
Ii
 I=
i Is − I f
Vi
Ri =
Is − I f

Ri =
Vi
I s − β Io
( I f = β Io )
Ri I s − β Ri I o = Vi
Ri I s − β Ri AI Ii = Vi

Ri I s − AI β Vi =
Vi (Vi = Ii Ri )
Ri I s= Vi + AI β Vi

i I s Vi (1 + AI β )
R=

Vi Ri
=
I s 1 + AI β

R
∴ R =i
if 1 + A β
I

Therefore, for Current-Shunt feedback amplifier, the input impedance is increased by a

factor (1+ AI β).
The output impedance with Current-Shunt feedback can be determined by applying a signal
‘V’ to the output with Vs shorted i.e., Vs=0.
If Vs=0, Is=0
With Is =0, Ii+If =0, Ii=-If
The output impedance Rof with feedback is given by, Rof = V/I
The current I due to the voltage V is given by
I = (V/Ro) + Ai Ii
I = (V/Ro) – Ai If (Ii=-If)
I = (V/Ro) – Ai βIo (If=βIo)
I+ Ai βI = V/Ro
I(1+ Ai β) = V/Ro

V
= Ro (1 + Ai β )
I
Rof Ro (1 + Ai β )
=

For current-shunt feedback the output impedance increases by (1+ Ai β).

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11. Calculate the gain, input impedance, output impedance of voltage series feedback amplifier
having A=300, Ri=1.5kΩ, Ro=50kΩ and β=1/12.

Solution:
Given: A = 300
Ri = 1.5kΩ
R0 = 50kΩ
β = 1/12

For a voltage-series feedback amplifier

A
A =
f 1 + Aβ
Rif Ri (1 + Aβ )
=
Ro
Rof =
1 + Aβ
300 300 ×12
=A = = 11.5
f 1 + 300 1
12 ( ) 312

1.5 × 103 1 + 300 1 

Rif =
 12  ( )
= 1.5X103(1+25)
= 1.5X103x26
= 39kΩ

50 ×103 50
R = = ×103 =1.92k Ω
of
( )
1 + 300 1  26
 12 

12. An amplifier has a value of Rin=4.2kΩ, AV=220 and β=0.01, determine the value of input
resistance of the feedback amplifier.
Solution: Given:
Rin=4.2kΩ AV=220 β=0.01

A 220 220 220

A =
f 1 + Aβ
Af
= = =
−12
= 68.75
1 + 220 × 10 1 + 2.2 3.2

Rif = 4.2 × 103 (1 + 2.2 ) = 4.2 × 3.2 × 103 = 13.44k Ω

20