UN IT-I

EC 84 52/ELECTRO N IC CIRCUITS-II
F EED BA CK A M PLIF IERS
 F eedback A m plifiers
.
Feedback: Is the process where by a portion of the output is returned to the input to
form a part of the system excitation.

Open-Loop Amplifier Closed loop Amplifier

 D erivation –open and closed loop
A=
X0 X i = X s + (- X f )
Xi
X0 X0
X0 Af = =
Af =
Xs Xs Xi + X f
X 0 / Xi A
Af = Af =
( Xi + X f ) / X i 1+ X f / X i

Af =
A A
X Af =
1 + Aβ
Xo
1+
f

X o Xi
 Th e General F eedback Equation
• Closed loop and op en loop
• Closed loop gain
xo A
Af ≡ =
x s 1 + Aβ
• F eedback factor͆
• Loop gain A ͆
• A m ount offeedback (1+ A ͆)
 A dvantages ofN egative F eedback
1. G ain Sensitivity – variations in gain is
reduced.
2. Bandwidth Ex tension – larger th an th at of
basicam p lified.
3. N oise Sensitivity – m ay increase S-N ratio.
4 . Reduction ofN onlinear D istortion
5. Control ofIm p edance Levels – inp ut and
outp ut im p edances can be increased or
decreased.
 D isadvantages ofN egative F eedback

Circuit G ain – overall am p lifier gain is reduced

com p ared to th at ofbasicam p lifier.
Block diagram ofa basicfeedback
am p lifier
M easurem ent ofth e outp ut voltage &
current:
 TO PO LO G IES O F THE F EED BA CK
A M PLIF IER:
๴ 1. Series-sh unt feedback
2. Series-series feedback
3. Sh unt-series feedback
4 . Sh unt-sh unt feedback

๴ Th e alternative nom enclature used is as follows:

1. Voltage-series or series-sh unt feedback
2. Current-series or series-series feedback
3. Current-sh unt or sh unt-series feedback
4 . Voltage-sh unt or sh unt-sh unt feedback
 Series-Sh unt or voltage-series
feedback:
• Th e inp ut voltage Viofthe basicam p lifier is the algebraicsum of
inp ut signal Vs and the feedback signal Vo , where Vo is the outp ut voltage.
 Current-Series or Series-Series
F eedback:
• Trans-conductance feedback am p lifier p rovides an outp ut current Io
which is p rop ortional to th e inp ut voltage Vs . The feedback signal is the voltage Vf
, which is added to Vs at the inp ut ofth e basicam p lifier.
Sh unt-series or current-sh unt feedback
• Th e current-sh unt feedback am p lifier, sup p lies an outp ut current Io
which is p rop ortional to th e inp ut current Ii. This m akes it a current am p lifier.
• Th e feedback signal is th e current if the inp ut current ofthe basic
am p lifier is Ii= Is + Ifand the outp ut current is Io = IL.
 Voltage-Sh unt or Sh unt-Sh unt
F eedback
• Th e voltage-sh unt or sh unt-sh unt feedback am p lifier p rovides an
outp ut voltage Vo in p rop ortion to the inp ut current Is. The inp ut current Iiofthe
basicam p lifier is th e algebraicsum ofIs and the feedback current If.
Identify th e circuit(Em itter follower)
Inp ut and O utp ut circuit
Rep lacing th e circuit with
Hy brid p aram eter
 F ind th e op en loop voltage gain

• A v=V o/V s
• V o =h fe IbRe
• V s =Ib (Rs+h ie)
• A v=h feRe/(Rs+h ie) h ie =1.1K Ω,h fe=50
 Calculate ͆
• ͆=V f/V o =1both voltages p resent across Re

Calculate D , A vf, Rif, Rof, R’0f:

D = 1+ ͆A v =2.38
A vf=0.7
Ri =Rs+h ie = 2.1K Rif =Ri D =7 .098 K
Ro & Rof= Infinite.
Identify th e top ology
Inp ut and outp ut Equivalent circuit
Rep lacing active device by ‘h ’
p aram eter
Identify th e top ology
 Current Sh unt- Equivalent circuit

2015-2-18 O scillators By S.M .M eh zabeen

Identify th e top ology
Voltage Sh unt-Equivalent circuit
 F eedback A m p lifier
Inp ut and outp ut Im p edances
• Sum m ary
1. F or a series connection at inp ut or outp ut,
th e resistance is increased by (1+βA ).
2. F or a sh unt connection at inp ut or outp ut,
th e resistance is lowered by (1+βA ).
F eedback A m p lifier