UNIT –I FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND STABILITY

 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF FEEDBACK

 Part or some fraction f o/p. is taken back to the input side through some network is
called as feedback.
 The network is called as Feedback network.
 Based on the o/p taken from the source, it is of two types.
- Voltage amplifier : o/p from voltage source
- Current amplifier : o/p from current source.

 TYPES OF FEEDBACK
 There are two types of feedback.
 Positive feedback:
The o/p taken is in phase with the i/p and it is added with the i/p
 Negative feedback
The o/p taken is out of phase with the i/p and it is subtracted from i/p
 NEED FOR FEEDBACK
 To provide better stability to the circuit, the feedback is done.
 CE config is the most commonly used config in amplifiers due to the following
reasons:-
 High current gain
 High voltage gain
 High power gain.
 STRUCTURE OF FEEDBACK

BASIC

AMPLIFIER

A= = open loop gain (gain with out feedback)

 Fb signal, Xf =β fb ratio β =

Closed loop gain , Af =

For –ve feedback, Xi =Xs-Xf

[degenerative or inverse feedback ] = Xs – β Xo
= Xs- β . AXi
Xs = Xi [1 + β A]

Af= =

Af = the gain is reduced by the factor 1 + βA.

For + ve Feedback, Xi = Xs + Xf
[Regenerative (or) Xs + βXo
Direct feedback ] Xs+ β.Axi
Xs=Xi [1 ± β . A]

Af = = =

Af = the gain is reduced by the factor 1 – β A

 If | β A | = 1

Af =

Af = ∞
 With out any i/p, circuit generates the o/p.
 It is called as oscillator.
 βA = Loop again
 1- βA = Desensitivity (or) return difference.

 = sensitivity.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

  Improved stabiltity
 Decreased distortion
 Reduced noise
 Increased Bandwidth
 Reduced gain
(i) Improved stability :

w.k.t, Af = ------ 1

diff 1 w.r.to ‘A’

= =

dAf =

÷ by Af

= dA. .

Change in gain with out feedback

Change in gain with feed back.

 Change in gain without feedback is reduced by the factor 1 + βA, thus stability is improved .
(ii) Decreased distortion :
 Let Df = Distortion with feedback
 D = Distortion without feedback,
Assume Df = x.D
 Fraction of o/p distortion is fed back to the i/p is βXD.
 After Amplification , we get βAxD
New distortion, Df = D- βAxD
Df=D-βADf
D=Df(1+βA)
 Df=

 The distortion without feedback is reduced by the factor 1 + βA

(iii) Reduced noise
 Let Nf= Noise with feedback
N= Noise without feedback
 Assume Nf = xN
 Fraction of o/p. noise is fed back to i/p is βxN.
 After amplification , we get βAxN
 New distortion , Nf= N-βAxN
Nf= N- βANf

Nf=

 The noise without fb is reduced by the factor 1+βA.

(iv) Increased Bandwidth
 Gain at lower cut off frequency without

Feedback, A =

 Gain at upper cut – off frequency without

Feedback, A =

Bw= f2-f1
Bwf=f2’-f1’

w.k.t .Af =

 For Lower cut off Freq,

  Af =

For Upper cut off freq,

Take

(v) Reduced gain

Xi = Xs-Xf
= Xs – βxo.
=Xs –βAxi
Xs =Xi[1+βA]

Af =

Af =

 The gain is reduced by the factor 1 + βA.

Feedback topologies :
  Voltage series feedback topology
 Voltage shunt feedback topology
 Current series feedback topology
 Current shunt feedback topology.
(a)Voltage – series feedback topology

Equivalent circuit

Af= . A= ,β=

Gain : -

Af=

Vs – Vf = Vi
Vs = Vi + Vf = Vi + β Vo
Vs= Vi + β AVi
Vs= Vi(1+ βA)

Af= ,

Af=

 Input impedance :-
 Ri =

Rif = =

Rif =

Rif = Ri ( i+ βA)
 Output Inpedance :-

Rof = | Vs= 0

 From the equivalent circuit,

Vo = Io Ro + Avi
 W.k.t, Vs= Vf+ Vi
Put Vs= 0
Vf= -vi
Vo= IoRo – Avf
Vo = IoRo – AβVo
Vo [1 + βA] = IoRo

= = Rof

Rof =

INFERENCE :
 Gain without feedback is reduced by 1 + βA
 I/P impedance without feedback is increased by 1 + βA.
 O/p impedance without feedback is decreased by 1 + βA
Practical circuit Example :-
 Emitter follower. i,e common collector.
(b) Voltage – Shunt feedback topology

Equivalent circuit :-
A= . Af = .β=

Gain : -

Af =

Is = Ii+ If = Ii+ βVo

Is = Ii+ βAIi = Ii( 1 + βA)

Af =

Af = => A ↓ by 1 + β A.

 I/p impedance :

Ri=

Rif= =

Rif = => Ri ↓ by 1 + βA.

 o/p impedance

Rof = | Is=0

Vo = Io Ro + AI i
Is=0
Ii=-If
Vo=IoRo- AIf
=IoRo – Aβ Vo
Vo( 1 + βA) = Io Ro

Rof= =
 Rof = => Ro ↓ by 1 + β A

Example : Practical Ckt :-

 CE Amplifier with collector base bias circuit.
 Inverting amplifier.

(c) Current series feedback topology

Equivalent Circuit:-

A= Af= β=

Gain :-

Af =

Vi= Vs- Vf; Vs = Vi+ Vf

= Vi + βIo
Vs =Vi + βAVi = Vi ( 1 + βA)

Af =

Af = = A ↓ by 1 + βA

 I/P impedance :
 Ri =

Rif =

Rif =

Rif = Ri( 1 + βA) => Rif is ↑ by (1 + βA)

o/p impedance :

Rof = | I Vs =0

Io= + Avi

Vs = Vi + Vf
Vs = 0 Vi = - Vf.

Io = - Avf

= - A β Io.

Io( 1+ βA) =

Rof = = Ro (1 + βA)

Rof = Ro ( 1 + βA) => Rof is ↑ by ( 1 + βA)

Example - Practical circuit : -
Common emitter Amplifier with un bypassed RE
(d) Current Shunt Feecback topology

Equivalent circuit
A= Af= β=

Gain :

Af =

Is= Ii+ If
= Ii + βIo
Is = Ii + βAIi
Is= Ii(1 + βA)

Af=

Af= => A is ↓ b 1 + βA.

I/P Impedance :-

Ri =

Rif =

Rif= => Ri is ↓ by 1 + RoA.

O/P Impedance : -
 Rof = | Is = 0

Io= + A Ii

Is= Ii + If
Put Is=0
Ii = - I f

Io = - AIf

Io= - Aβ Io

Io + A βIo =

Io(1+ βA) =

Rof = = Ro ( 1 + βA)

Rof = Ro( 1 + βA) => Ro is ↑ by ( 1 + βA)

Practical circuit Example :-
Two stage CE simplifier with that emitter of 2nd transistor is connected to base of 1st one through Rf
feedback resistor.
Practical circuit Analysis