FEEDBACK

+
AMPLIFIER
S OSCILLATORS
AND
 FEEDBACK
A method of returning a portion of the output
signal into the input end using a feedback
network.
Usually applied in control systems.
One in which a fraction of the amplifier output
is fed back to the input.
The feedback system usually consists of two
parts, the amplifier and the feedback circuit.
 FEEDBACK

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER FEEDBACK TOPOLOGIES
 POSITIVE FEEDBACK
 Regenerate feedback or
regeneration.
 The feedback signal taken from
the output is in phase with the
input signal.
 If the feedback voltage or current
is so applied to increase the
input voltage or current.
 Application: oscillators Where:
Af – gain of the system with
A feedback
Af  A – gain without feedback
1  A β – feedback factor
 Advantages of Positive Feedback
1. Greater Gain
Disadvantages of Positive Feedback
1. Increases Instability
2. Increases noise and distortion
3. Reduces Bandwidth
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
 Degenerative
 If the feedback signal is
combined 180 degrees
out of phase with the
input signal.
 If the feedback voltage A
or current is so applied Af 
to reduce amplifier input 1  A
 Application: Amplifier Where:
Af – gain of the system with feedback
Circuits
A – gain without feedback
β – feedback factor
 Advantages of Negative Feedback
1. Increases stability
2. Reduces noise and distortion
3. Increases bandwidth by a factor of (1 + Aβ)
4. Improve the linearity of the amplifier
5. Stabilize the amplifier
6. Improve the characteristics of the amplifier to
approach the ideal condition.
 Disadvantages Negative Feedback
1. Reduced Gain
 EXAMPLE
In the series parallel feedback amplifier,
Vo = 10V
Vi = 1 mV
Vobeta = 250 mV
calculate:
a. open loop gain of the amplifier
b. gain of the feedback network
c. closed loop gain of the amplifier
d. sacrifice factor
 EXAMPLE
In a negative feedback amplifier,
A = 100
beta = 0.04
Vi = 50 mV
calculate:
a. gain with feedback
b. output voltage
c. feedback factor
d. feedback voltage
 Signal Sources
The signal to be amplified
Can be a Thevenin’s source
Can be a Norton’s source
 Sampling Network
Acquires a portion of the output signal that is
to be fed back to the input
Can be a voltage or current sampling
Sampling Network

Voltage Sampling

Current Sampling
 Voltage Sampling
The feedback network is
connected in shunt across
the output node.
 Current Sampling
The feedback network is
connected in series with the
output loop.
 Mixing Network
Responsible for combining the signal source
with the feedback.
Mixing Network

Series Mixing
Shunt Mixing
 Series Mixing
The feedback network is
connected in series with the
input loop so that the feedback
signals is in the form of voltage.
 Shunt Mixing
The feedback network is
connected in shunt with the
input terminal so that what is
added to the input is current.
AMPLIFIER FEEDBACK TOPOLOGIES

Voltage Series Feedback

Voltage Shunt Feedback
Current Series Feedback
Current Shunt Feedback
 Voltage Series Feedback
Input Impedance (Zif)
Gain

A = Xo/Xi
A = Vo/Vi
A = Av

Where:
Zif  Zi 1  A  Zi – input impedance
of the amplifier
 Voltage Series Feedback
Output Impedance (Zof)

Zo Where:
Zof  Zo – output impedance
1  A of the amplifier
 Voltage Shunt Feedback
Input Impedance (Zif)

Gain

A = Xo/Xi
A = Vo/Ii
A = Rm
Zi
Z if 
1  A
 Voltage Shunt Feedback
Output Impedance (Zof)

Zo
Z of 
1  A
 Current Series Feedback
Input Impedance (Zif)
Gain
A = Xo/Xi
A = Io/Vi
A = Gm

Z if  Z i 1   A 
 Current Series Feedback
Output Impedance (Zof)

Z of  Z o 1   A 
 Current Shunt Feedback
Input Impedance (Zif)
Gain
A = Xo/Xi
A = Io/Ii
A = Ai

Zi
Z if 
1  A
 Current Shunt Feedback
Output Impedance (Zof)

Z of  Z o 1   A 
 Effect of Feedback on Amplifier BW

Lower Cut-off frequency (flf) Upper Cut-off frequency (fuf)

flf  fl / 1   A  fuf  fu 1   A 
 OSCILLATORS
 Circuit that generates repetitive waveform at a
certain frequency which maybe sinusoidal or non-
sinusoidal with only a DC supply at the input.
 Using a positive feedback with a transistor, electron
tube, magnetic amplifier or other amplifying device
produce the oscillations.
 Criteria to Sustain Oscillation
1. Positive Feedback must be employed
2. Barkhausen Criterion must be satisfied
– The loop gain must be equal to unity  A  1
Types Of Oscillators

RC OSCILLATORS
LC OSCILLATORS
OTHER LC OSCILLATORS
 RC OSCILLATORS
Oscillations whose feedback is an RC network

Phase Shift Oscillator

Wien Bridge Oscillator
 RC OSCILLATORS: Phase Shift Oscillator
 An RC oscillator that makes use of
3 RC circuit as feedback network.
 Each of the tree RC circuits in the 1 0.41
Resonant frequency  
feedback loop can provide a 2RC 6 2RC
maximum phase shift approaching
90 degrees.
 Oscillation occurs at the frequency
where the total phase shift
through the three RC circuits is
180˚
 The inversion of the op-amp
provides an additional of 180˚ to
meet the requirement for
oscillation of 360˚ phase shift
around the feedback loop.
 EXAMPLE
It is desired to design a phase shift
oscillator using an FET having gm = 5000
uS, rd = 40 k ohms and a feedback circuit
value of R = 10 k ohms. Select the value of
C for oscillator operation at 1kHz and Rd
for a = 29 to ensure oscillator action.
RC OSCILLATORS: Wien Bridge Oscillator

An RC oscillator that uses a Wien bridge circuit

as its feedback network.

1
Resonant frequency 
2RC
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the resonant frequency of the
Wein Bridge Oscillator if
R1 = R2 = 51 k ohms
C1 = C2 = 0.001 uF
Rf = 300 k ohms
Rin = 100 k ohms
 LC OSCILLATORS
Oscillator whose feedback is an LC network.

Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator
Clapp Oscillator
LC OSCILLATORS: Hartley Oscillator
An oscillator with a tapped inductor

Note: L2
A
L1
to assure start up
1 of oscillation
Resonant frequency 
2 LtC
Where: Lt  L1  L2
LC OSCILLATORS: Colpitts Oscillator
 Uses a tapped capacitor in 1
its feedback Resonant frequency 
2 LCt
 Approximately frequency of
oscillation is established by Where: C1C2
the values of C1C2 and L Ct 
C 1  C2

Note: C1
A
C2
to assure start up
of oscillation
 LC OSCILLATORS: Clapp Oscillator
 An improvements of Colpitts 1
oscillator Resonant frequency 
2 LCt
 Designed for a more stable
oscillation Where: 1
Ct 
1 1 1
 
C1 C2 C

Note: C1
A
C2
to assure start up
of oscillation
OTHER LC OSCILLATORS

Armstrong Oscillator
Pierce Oscillator
OTHER LC OSCILLATORS: Armstrong Oscillator

 Oscillator that employs a transformer in parallel with a

capacitor.
 Type of LC feedback oscillator that uses transformer coupling
to fed back a portion of the signal voltage.
 It is sometimes called a “tickler” oscillator in reference to the
transformer secondary.
 It has a disadvantage in terms of size and cost
 The frequency of oscillation is set by the inductance of the
primary winding in parallel with a capacitor
OTHER LC OSCILLATORS: Armstrong Oscillator

1
Resonant frequency 
2 LpriC
 OTHER LC OSCILLATORS: Pierce Oscillator
 An oscillator in which a piezoelectric crystal is connected in a
tank circuit between the input and output.
 Crystal-controlled oscillator
 The most stable and accurate type of feedback that uses
piezoelectric crystal in the feedback loop to control the
frequency.
 Crystal can be Quartz, Rochelle salt and Tourmaline
 Operates in the principle of piezoelectric effect.
 Piezoelectric effect is a crystal property that is when a
changing mechanical stress is applied across the crystal to
cause it to vibrate, a voltage develops at the frequency of
mechanical vibration.
OTHER LC OSCILLATORS: Pierce Oscillator
Review Questions
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of a
cascaded amplifier?

a. Double each amplifiers gain

b. Each amplifiers gain is increased
c. Increased overall gain
d. Total gain is decreased
2. What happens to the input resistance of an
amplifier employing voltage-series feedback?

a. It is increased
b. It remains the same
c. It is decreased
d. Equals infinity
3. What happens to the output resistance of an
amplifier employing voltage-shunt feedback?

a. It is increased
b. It remains the same
c. It is decreased
d. Equals infinity
4. If the gain of an amplifier without feedback is
10 and with negative feedback is 8, then the
feedback fraction is

a. 0.025
b. 0.9
c. 0.8
d. 0.225
5. Type of feedback employed in oscillations

a. Negative
b. Zero
c. Positive
d. Capacitive
6. The condition that product of the feedback
fraction and the open-loop gain should be 1
for oscillation is known as

a. Positive feedback
b. Barkhausen criterion
c. Negative feedback
d. Osci requirement
7. _____ is the characteristic of an oscillator that
enables it to sustain oscillation after removal
of the control stimulus

a. Momentum
b. Fly-wheel effect
c. Damping
d. Forced oscillations
8. _____ is the progressive decay with time in
the amplitude of the free oscillation in a
circuit.

a. Decrement
b. Pulse decay time
c. Damping
d. Dancing
9. An LC oscillation that employs a tapped
capacitor in parallel with an inductor

a. Armstrong oscillator
b. Hartley oscillator
c. Clapp
d. Colpitts oscillator
10. The energy of an oscillator can be sourced by
_____

a. Coupling a small coil close to the tube

b. Capacitive or inductive coupling from tuned
circuit
c. Inserting a resistor in the grid circuit
d. Connecting capacitors across the supply
11. An LC oscillator that employs a tapped
inductor in parallel with a capacitor.

a. Armstrong
b. Hartley
c. Clapp
d. Colpitts
12. A variation of Colpitts oscillator which
employs a small capacitance in addition to the
two capacitors to reduce the effect of stray
capacitance.

a. Armstrong oscillator
b. Hartley oscillator
c. Clapp
d. Wein Bridge oscillator
13. Oscillator that employs a transformer in
parallel with a capacitor

a. Armstrong oscillator
b. Hartley oscillator
c. Clapp
d. Colpitts oscillator
14. An oscillator in which a piezoelectric crystal
is connected in a tank circuit between the
input and output.

a. Clapp
b. Armstrong
c. Colpitts
d. Pierce
15. It is a measure of the ability of an oscillator
to maintain a constant frequency and
amplitude.

a. Stability
b. Figure of merit
c. Quality factor
d. Sensitivity
16. It is the ability of some material to convert
electrical energy to mechanical energy and
vice versa.

a. Magnetostricitvity
b. Piezoelectricity
c. Coercitivity
d. Conductivity
17. What determines the resonant frequency of
a crystal?

a. External components
b. The temperature of the crystal
c. The size and thickness of the crystal material
d. The hermitic seal
18. Which of the following exhibits the best
piezoelectric activity?

a. Carbon
b. Quartz
c. Rochelle salt
d. Tourmaline
19. Which of the following is the toughest?

a. Carbon
b. Quartz
c. Rochelle salt
d. Tourmaline
20. Which of the following is the least
expensive?

a. Diamond
b. Quartz
c. Rochelle salt
d. Tourmaline
21. A Quartz crystal is made up of what kind of
material?

a. Carbon
b. SiO2
c. Ceramic
d. Lead
22. An oscillator that employs 3RC sections to
produce a 180° feedback phase shift

a. RC phase shift oscillator

b. Hartley oscillator
c. Wien bridge oscillator
d. Colpitts oscillator
23. It is a low-distortion, tunable, high-purity sin
wave generator for frequencies of 5 Hz to 500
kHz.

a. RC phase shift oscillator

b. Hartley oscillator
c. Wien bridge oscillator
d. Colpitts oscillator
24. What is the oscillator of radar receiver?

a. Detector
b. Product detector
c. Hartley oscillator
d. Klystron oscillator
25. Circuits that generates non-sinusoidal
waveform that is designed to have one, two or
no stable output state.

a. Converter
b. Clipper
c. Rectifier
d. Multivibrator
26. A type of Multivibrator that has no stable
state

a. Monostable
b. Bistable
c. Astable
d. Zerostable
27. An oscillator that uses the charge / discharge
characteristic of a capacitor or inductor to
produce an oscillating output

a. Relaxation oscillator
b. Phase shift
c. Bistable
d. Crystal
28. A filter that uses amplifier such as transistor
and op-amp as one of its components

a. Active
b. LPF
c. Passive
d. BPF
29. Frequency wherein the power gain is one-
half of the maximum possible power gain for a
given amplifier

a. Beamwidth
b. Center frequency
c. Bandwidth
d. Cutoff frequency
30. Change in frequency by a factor of 2?

a. Decade
b. Fascade
c. Octave
d. Octane
31. Change in frequency by a factor of 10?

a. Decade
b. Fascade
c. Octave
d. Octane
32. Rate of transition from pass band to stop
band or vice versa.

a. Decay rate
b. Band rate
c. Transition rate
d. Roll-off state
33. It’s the range of frequency a circuit allows to
pass through

a. Pass band
b. Band pass
c. Stop band
d. Band stop
34. The _____ the Q of a circuit, the narrower is
its bandwidth.

a. Higher
b. Lower
c. Selective
d. Broader
35. Another name for band reject filter

a. Notch
b. Tuned circuit
c. Stop band
d. BPF
36. Find the half-power bandwidth of a resonant
circuit which has a resonant frequency of 1.8
MHz and a Q of 95

a. 18.9 kHz
b. 189 Hz
c. 58.7 kHz
d. 1.89 kHz
37. Filter that is characterized by a relatively flat
passband and slow roll-off rate

a. Butterworth
b. Elliptic
c. Chebyshev
b. Notch
38. Filter that is characterized by ripple at the
passband and fast roll-off rate

a. Butterworth
b. Elliptic
c. Chebyshev
b. Notch
39. An LC circuit resonates at 2000 kHz and has a
Q of 100. Find the lower and upper cut-off
frequencies.

a. 1980 kHz, 2020 kHz

b. 1950 kHz, 2050 kHz
c. 1990 kHz, 2010 kHz
d. 1900 kHz, 2100 kHz
40. What is the resonant frequency of a circuit
when L is 1 microhenry and C is 10 picofarads
are in series?

a. 50.3 MHz
b. 15.9 MHz
c. 15.9 kHz
d. 50.3 kHz
 END

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