A

Thesis report
On
“IMPLEMENTATION OF SFCL IN DFIG BASED WIND
ENERGY SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION”

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the award of degree
Of
Master of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
Specialization
Control and Instrumentation
By
Dhanavath RamuNaik
(Reg. No. 2016EE10)
Under the Guidance
Of
Dr. Navneet Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor, EED

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ALLAHABAD-211004, INDIA
JUNE 2018
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work entitled “Implementation of SFCL in DFIG Based

Wind Energy System and its application” is the result of research work carried out by me

in Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology

Allahabad, India for the award of the Master of Technology Degree, under the supervision

of Dr. Navneet Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical

Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, India. I have not copied from any other sources except

where due reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text. The data presented

in this study has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree.

Date: Dhanavath Ramu Naik

Place: MNNIT, Allahabad (2016EE10)

ii
MOTILAL NEHRU NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ALLAHABAD - 211004, U.P.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis progress report entitled “Implementation of SFCL in

DFIG Based Wind Energy System and its application” submitted to the Motilal Nehru

National Institute of Technology, Allahabad by Mr. Dhanavath Ramu Naik with

Registration No. 2016EE10 for the programme of Master of Technology in Electrical

Engineering Department of Control and Instrumentation specialization, is a bona fide

record of research work carried out by him.

Dr. Navneet Kumar Singh

(Assistant Professor, EED)

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank and offer gratitude to Allah for blessing protecting and

guiding me throughout this period.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my most sincere gratitude to my

academic advisor Dr. Navneet Kumar Singh for his guidance, encouragement, and

patience from the very beginning, without which this work would not have been possible. I

have learned from him not only the necessary skills and techniques for scientific research,

but more importantly, the correct way of scientific thinking and attitude.

I am, also, very grateful to Dr.Asheesh Kumar Singh and Dr.Vijaya Bhadauria,

all of whom are my M. Tech. thesis committee members, for their guidance and

suggestions on my research.

I, would like to express my appreciation to research scholars Mr. Maloth Naresh,

Mr. Manoj Bagoria and Mr. S K Riyaz Ali, Mr. Rahul Singhal, Mr. Rakesh Kumar Ojha,

Ms.Shalini Singh who provided me with valuable help in experimental work.

My deep gratitude also goes to my parents, who raised me well and provided me all

the possible resources to help realize my dreams since childhood.

Finally, I would like to thank Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru

National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India for the support.

Date: Dhanavath Ramu Naik

Place: MNNIT, Allahabad (2016EE10)

iv
 ABSTRACT
Now-a-days, due to the integration of wind farm network with the existing grid the fault

current levels are increasing day-by-day. Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is

the most probable device to rapidly limit the fault current and also provides reliable

operation to the system under the fault condition. It also enhances protection device

capacity and overall system stability and reliability. Therefore it is important to analyze the

performance and characteristics of SFCL in a DFIG based wind farm. In this paper, a

resistive type SFCL used in DFIG based wind energy system for limiting the fault current

is proposed. Basically, this model considers SFCL internal electromagnetic behavior by

pairing its internal resistance and the current density characteristics based on the E-J power

law. First we analyze and study the performance of designed SFCL by applying in a simple

three-phase transmission line system. The simulated SFCL model is implemented in a

DFIG Based Wind Energy System, a three-phase to ground fault current limiting scenario

is explored for wind farm based network. And the results show that the SFCL is an

effective device in limiting the fault currents approximately ranging 50-60%. In this paper,

a wind farm with a capacity of 10 MVA is modelled for simulation purpose.

v
Dedicated

To

My father

vi
 Table of Contents

Declaration ............................................................................................................................. ii

Certificate.............................................................................................................................. iii

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ iv

Abstract .................................................................................................................................. v

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. vii

List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... ix

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... x

List of Abbreviation .............................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER-1 .......................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Motivation ............................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Superconducting Technology ................................................................................. 3

1.4 Superconductors to Sfcl’s ....................................................................................... 4

1.5 Super Conducting Fault Current Limiter ................................................................ 5

1.5.1 SFCL Characteristics ............................................................................................... 5

1.5.2 (T-B-J) Characteristics of Superconducting Material.......................................... 6
1.6 Proposed Objectives ................................................................................................ 8

CHAPTER-2 .......................................................................................................................... 9

LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER-3 ........................................................................................................................ 13

vii
RESISTIVE SUPER CONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITER .............................. 13

3.1 Resistive SFCL ..................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Simulation modelling of a SFCL in matlab/ Simulink ......................................... 14

CHAPTER-4 ........................................................................................................................ 17

SIMULATION AND RESULTS ........................................................................................ 17

4.1 Simulation Model and Analysis of Application of a Resistive SFCL in Three-

Phase Transmission System ............................................................................................. 17

4.2 Simulation Model and Analysis of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based WECS. .. 19

4.2.1 Simulation of proposed model of SFCL in a DFIG based wind energy system ... 19

4.2.2 Simulation Results for the implementation of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based

wind energy ...................................................................................................................... 20

4.2.3 Basic DFIG Connected in Wind Energy system ................................................... 21

CHAPTER-5 ..................................................................................................................................... 25

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK.......................................................................................... 25

5.1 Conclusion and Future Work ............................................................................................. 25

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 26

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Practical Application of FCL .................................................................................. 1

Figure 2 (T-B-J) characteristics of superconductor element ................................................. 6

Figure 3 Simulink model of Resistive in a Test-Bed Micro-grid ........................................ 10

Figure 4Resistive type SFCL. .............................................................................................. 13

Figure 5 block diagram of Single-phase Resistive SFCL model ......................................... 14

Figure 6 Simulation of single-phase Resistive SFCL. ........................................................ 15

Figure 7 the Schematic Proposed Model of a Resistive SFCL used in the DFIG Based

Wind Turbine Energy generation System ............................................................................ 16

Figure 8 Simulation Model of a Resistive SFCL in a Three-Phase Transmission line. ...... 17

Figure 9the simulation waveforms of current in a three-phase transmission line: (a) without

SFCL; (b) with SFCL. ......................................................................................................... 18

Figure 10 block diagram of SFCL connected in a DFIG based wind energy system.......... 19

Figure 11 Simulation of proposed model of SFCL in a DFIG based wind energy system . 19

Figure 12Simulation Results for the implementation of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based

wind energy (a) without SFCL; (b) with SFCL. .................................................................. 20

Figure 13 Basic DFIG based in Wind Energy system [5] ................................................... 22

Figure 14 Equivalent rotor circuit of the DFIG during grid faults. (a) Forced, (b) Natural

response ............................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 15 Simulation Results for the DFIG based Wind Turbine ....................................... 23

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Classification of the Different Types of Superconductors. ...................................... 8

Table 2 Percentage of Current limitation in a three-phase transmission line system ......... 19

Table 3 the Percentage of Current limitation of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based wind

energy system ...................................................................................................................... 21

x
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HTS High Temperature Superconductor

SFCL Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

FCL Fault Current Limiter

B Magnetic Flux Density (Wb/m2)

Ec Critical Electric Field Intensity, (V/m)

Ic Critical Current, (A)

J Current Density, (A/m2)

Jc Critical Current Density, (A/m2)

Δt Temperature Gradient, (K)

n Power Factor In Power Law,

(Which Depends on the HTS Material)

T Actual Temperature, (K)

Tc Critical Temperature, (K)

T0 Initial Temperature, (K)

E0 Initial Electric Field, (V/m)

R Load Resistance, Ω

L Inductance, H
xi
xii
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The increase in demand for electricity has led to an increase in the size of generating

system and an interconnected distribution network, called electric grids, which poses

complexity in increasing anomalous work. Conventional fault limiters like circuit-breakers,

fuse are cannot be used in the integrated power network, since increasing of the fault

current levels above their rated current breaking capacity. This increased fault current will

result in the replacement of a large number of protective devices in power systems, such as

fuse, transformers and circuit breakers.

Now the problems with over current usually arise while expanding of the existing

system. Large transformers lead to higher failure rates, which in turn requires replacing the

existing bus and switching equipment due to a changed failure rate. Alternatively, an

existing bus can be tripped and also continues tripping of transformers or other devices will

happen. Another alternative is to use a larger transformer having high-impedance, which

leads to a deterioration in voltage regulation to the customers connected on the same bus.

Figure 1 Practical Application of FCL

1
 1.2 Motivation

Conventional protection devices used in the protection of high short circuit currents in

power systems represent fuses, air core reactors and the circuit breaker, and so on. Fuse

dis-connects all isolated section of the system during a fault and has to be replaced

manually. The air core reactors constantly reduces voltage drop and increases the losses.

The circuit breakers have a certain operating delay time that allows to quench a fault.

SFCL is self-excited and a fault-tolerant device, if superconducting currents capable of

handling damage when it enters the superconducting state and the normal state is

recovered. FCL are capable of limiting the fault up to acceptable level of protection for the

transmission line and decrease the load on the circuit breakers. Therefore, the

implementation of SFCL into such integrated power networks is a prominent alternate. It is

important to design a SFCL and analyze its performance for the implementation in the

DFIG integrated power system

Desirable Features of the Ideal FCL are:

 Exhibits zero impedance during normal state (less loss, no reactive voltage drop).

 Ensure fast and "perfect" discrimination between the overcurrent condition and the

real event of the fault.

 During a fault, quickly reduce the rate of rise of current during the first half of the

cycle to reduce peak to peak current to an acceptable level.

 Accomplish FCL voltage expansion so that the associated voltage level of dielectric

insulation of the existing system does not exceed.

 Enable continues current flow to ensure co-ordination of protection after a fault to

quench and isolate during the fault.

2
  Instant and automatic recovery at full load current or even in fault conditions.

 Security failure: This feature explains the FCL will continuously limit the fault

current, even if its primary mechanism fails.

 Less effect on existing protection scheme.

 Reliable operation (i.e., absence of fault limiting actions), which indicates no

degradation or aging effect of active elements (for example, HTS elements in

SFCL).

 Less maintenance.

 Less weight and compact in size.

1.3 Superconducting Technology

The concept of using superconductors for the transfer of electrical energy and the

limitation of maximum currents was associated with the highly linear properties. The

limiting behavior of the current depends on its non-linear characteristics to changes in

temperature, magnetic field, and current. An increase in any of these three parameters can

lead to transition between the superconducting and normal operating regions. Increasing in

the current can cause the superconductor to heat produced can’t be locally detached. This

additional heat is transmitted alongside the conductor, which leads to an increase in the

temperature of the neighboring sections. After starting, the cooling procedure is often quick

and uncontrolled.

Although it does not control the initial cooling process, it is possible to measure the

temperature and temperature of the entire area and materials. Though, the cooling process

can be used in the construction of superconducting components. There are manycharters

showing the theoretical ways of using the phenomenon to control over-current flow.

3
Nonetheless, efforts to develop concepts in commercially practical production have also

contributed to some training programs and small work models. Most of these models can

interfere with trade efficiency (for example, size, performance and reliability, load or

upgrade costs). Most SFCL models use the first cycle. However, it often happens because

each SFCL model has its own methods for controlling superconductors to maintain limited

functions.

The current limit (SFCL) inside High to eliminate the flow problem is the lack of

new alternative solutions. This quickly increases the reliability and durability of the power

system by reducing vacuum. Superconducting materials are a common method, which can

be used well as FCL. The high-temperature superconductor second-generation (2G), the

position of the nitrogen's steam (77a) is located near a critical temperature, the study is

here.

1.4 Superconductors to SFCL’S

Special features inherited from superconducting current limits (SFCL) supercomputers. It

introduces high circulation, which is used to refer to the source of electrical resistance in

the case of high flow rate streams. The weak and attractive interaction of circulation

electrons is the state of superconductivity. It is believed that this long-term appendix is

responsible for the correct conductivity in the wrong conveyor. In addition to zero

resistance, the ideal superconductor are accurate and re-diameter with diamagnetism. This

particular feature is called the meissener effect, i.e. the lack of magnetic flow in the

quantity of materials in any primary condition.

External power (thermal magnetic, or dynamic) breaks down when the super-

operative state exceeds the special features. As shown in Figure 2, the significant value

4
(temperature, magnetic field and current concentration) reaches the complex surface, the

general metal specifically superconductor.

1.5 Super Conducting Fault Current Limiter

“SFCL is a new power device to automatically limit a fault current to a safe level with

the superconducting property”.

 When superconductor is reaches to critical temperature value or less, the resistance

come to be zero. Though, superconductor loses superconductivity property and

resistance increases rapidly (quench), when over current flows and go above certain

value (critical current value). SFCL device uses this phenomenon.

1.5.1 SFCL Characteristics

 Limit the maximum current limit of the first cycle: the flow below the SFCL yard

level has led a superconducting element to move one step closer to its higher print

state, giving the first cycle the first cycle of the current limit.

 The cleaning barrier is closer to zero. In normal conditions, SFCL acts as an almost

electrical conductor.

 Automatic re-installation: after the fault current limitation process, the SFCL will

resume automatically and is ready to continue with the operation. To restart the

device, no external signals are required, and there is no need to replace any

elements after the failure.

 Continuous Limit option: if necessary, the current flow of electricity from the

barriers to the current and free limit will be provided by the additional inductive or

preventive departments connected in parallel. When the SFCL returns to its

superconducting disruptive state, they provide the DC current limit.

5
  Minimum voltage distortion: SFCL resistant produces a low voltage distortion

when the wrong currents are limited. The current maximum reduction, together

with the regular voltage signals, is the result of the SFCL operation.

 Voltage and current phase: the limitation of current and voltage current will remain

at the moment of operation, which will avoid the fault current.

1.5.2 (T-B-J) Characteristics of Superconducting Material

T 3

2
1

current
ρc=0 J
ρc=ρc(Jc,Tc ,Bc)

B ρc=ρc(T)

Figure 2 (T-B-J) characteristics of superconductor element

If there is a fault occurrence then the current density of the superconductor will

exceeds the critical current density Jc. Figure 2 shows the characteristics of’ the

temperature, magnetic field and current density (T-B-J) of the superconducting element. It

can be realized that the superconducting element can work in three states, designated as 1,

2 and 3 Figure 2. The innermost surface 1 refers to the state of zero resistance. The surface

outside the surface 2 is the normal state of the conductivity, and the transition state is a

particular state between the surface-1 and the surface-2. From the above it is cleared that,

6
increasing of T, B and J exceeds the critical current density (Jc) so, the superconductor

rapidly reaches a high-resistance state. The fault current is limited to a permissible value.

The specific resistance of resistive SFCL Based on the E-J power law considers the

thermal characteristics of the superconducting type material.

The calculation and formula of the resistivity (ρ) of HTS type SFCL is expressed as

0 , (𝐽 < 𝐽𝑐 , 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑐 )
𝜌 = {𝜌𝑐 (𝐽/𝐽𝑐 ) 𝑛−1
, (𝐽 < 𝐽𝑐 , 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑐 ) (1)
𝜌𝐻𝑇𝑆 (𝑇) , (𝑇 < 𝑇𝑐 )

c  Ec / J c 

 (2)
J c  J c0 (Tc  T ) / (Tc  Top ) 


Here, ρc, Tc and Jc are the critical resistivity, the critical temperature and the critical

current density (the subscript c means the critical value for the specific parameter)

respectively. Where Jc0 is the critical current density at 77 K and n is the exponential index

also Top is the operation temperature.

The resistivity of the HTS-tape is a function of temperature, as shown in (1):

3.2783  0.07031T 109 .m (77 K  T  180 K )

 HTS (T )   9
(3)
 3.1737  0.06965T 10 .m (T  180 K )

For a HTS superconductor, the mathematical relation between the electric field E and the

current density J of the superconductor can be shown in (2) [2]. It can be observed that with

an increase of current density, the voltage will increase exponentially. The transition speed

of a superconductor state is very fast when the n-value is large.

n
 J 
E  E0   (4)
 J c (Top ) 

7
 Table 1 Classification of the Different Types of Superconductors.

Al 1.3

I Pb 7.3

II-LTS NbTi 8

Tc<30 K Nb3Snz 19

MgB2 39

II-HTS Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 110

Tc ≥30 K Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 85

YBa2Cu3O7 90-94

1.6 Proposed objectives

The objectives to be achieved in this study are:

 Design a Resistive type SFCL and model in a MATLAB/Simulink platform to meet

a specified fault limiting level.

 Study the performance of designed SFCL by applying in a simple three-phase

transmission line system.

 Finally implement the proposed Resistive type SFCL in DFIG based wind energy

conversion system.

8
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The comprehensive literature review of research work, for implementation of SFCL in

DFIG based wind energy system and its application, resistive type SFCL has been used for

the presentation of in this thesis. The main focuses of literature in design the DFIG based

wind energy system, and its application of SFCL. Compared to other applications of

SFCLs, compensation of renewable energy present interesting challenges. The

investigation has studied research papers, relevant books and reputed journals.

[1]. S.R. Khuntia, S.R. Samantaray, “Analysis of resistive SFCL in a test-bed

microgrid”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2015) 6, 883–892,

www.elsevier.com/locate/asej.

In this paper

1. It is observed that DG penetration in existing distribution alters the fault

current during a grid disturbance.

2. The incorporation of renewable energy sources with the larger power grid is

a major problem.

3. The working capability of a resistive SFCL in a micro-grid is analyzed and

tested.

9
 Figure 3 Simulink model of Resistive in a Test-Bed Micro-grid
[2]. EdaraSreelatha., P. Purnachandra Rao, “A New Proposal of SFCL in AC & DC

Micro Grid to Limit the Fault Currents”, IJSER Trans. ISSN (Online): 2347-3878,

Impact Factor (2014): 3.05

 In this paper

 The feasibility analysis results of the positioning of the SFCL has been

presented.

 The influence of Resistive SFCL on the micro grid, and optimum location

for SFCL to get more reduction fault current of wind-farm is discussed.

[3]. Lei Chen, Feng Zheng, Changhong Deng, Shichun Li, Miao Li, Hui Liu, Lin Zhu,

Fang Guo, “Application of a modified flux-coupling type superconducting fault

current limiter to transient performance enhancement of micro-grid,” Science direct

Trans. on Physics, Physica C 518 (2015) 144–148

 In this discussion
10
  A modified flux-coupling type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL)

is presented.

 The SFCL is placed at a location ofcommon coupling (PCC) between the

main power network and the micro-grid.

 The transient-analysis of a micro-grid system is enhanced, and it has

improved the micro-grid fault ride-through (FRT) capability.

[4]. Jiahui Zhu, Xiaodong Zheng, Ming Qiu, Zhipeng Zhang, Jianwei Li, Weijia Yuan,

“Application Simulation of a Resistive Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

(SFCL) in a Transmission and Wind Power System”, The 7th International

Conference on Applied Energy – ICAE 2015, Energy Procedia 75 ( 2015 ) 716 –

721.

 In this paper,

 An electro-magnetic model of a bifilar-resistive SFCL is presented.

 It is based on E-J power law considering the thermal characteristic of

superconducting tape.

 A simulation model for a resistive type SFCL comprised of YBCO tapes is

developed using Matlab /Simulink software.

[5]. Ali Azizpour, Mehdi Hosseini and Mahmoud SamieiMoghaddam, “Enhancement

Fault Ride-Through Capability of DFIG by Using Resistive and Inductive SFCLs”,

World Applied Sciences Journal 31 (5): 878-883, 2014, ISSN 1818-4952, DOI:

10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.05.1935.

11
  In this paper,

 The implementation of resistive and inductive SFCL has been suggested to

improve the fault ride through (FRT) capability of wind turbine generation

system (WTGS).

 It limit the rotor and stator fault current and reduce the voltage sag during

fault.

[6]. M. Panneerselvam, Dr.P. Prakasam, J. K. Chithra, “Implementation of an Effective

Fault Current Limiter for 1.5 MW DFIG in Wind Power Systems”, International

Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), ISSN: 0975-4024, Vol 6 No 2 Apr-

May 2014.

 When fault occurs in the network, stator-current increases and a voltage dip

will presents at the generator terminals and excessive rotor current will flow.

This will cause failure of the rotor side converter (RSC) of the DFIG

system.

 In this paper,

 A superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) has been proposed to

improve the stability of the wind system.

 The proposed SFCL has quicker response and minimum recovery period

when compared to other conventional protective devices.

12
 CHAPTER-3

RESISTIVE SUPER CONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITER

3.1 Resistive SFCL

Resistive superconducting current limiters (SFCL) are made-up of HTS material

which provides more effective and reliable operation under the faults. And it characterized

by a high critical current density and a quick transition from superconducting to normal

state. SFCL is connected in series with source and load as shown in Figure 4. Initially, the

current flows through the Rsc and dissipates low heat energy under the normal state. If the

current exceeds the critical current value, the resistance of the Rsc rises rapidly. Due to the

rapid increase in the resistance the critical temperature (Tc)of the superconductor exceeds

and the superconductor Rsc gets transition from normal to superconducting state, and the

short-circuit current decreases abruptly. This process is called suppression of fault by

superconductors. When the fault is detected, the Rsc restores its superconducting state.

Rsc Isc
ILine Load
CB

DC Rsh/Lsh

Figure 4Resistive type SFCL.

The shunt connected resistive or inductive element Rsh/Lsh is necessary to avoid

voltage dip during cooling process, to regulate the current limit and to prevent over voltage

due to fast current limitations. They are subject to overheating during cooling process.

13
 • Resistive FCL offers significant advantages over a saturated / inductive core in

terms of compactness, simplicity and performance during failure.

• The behavior of the current resistor current limiter is largely determined by the

length of the superconductor and the type of material used.

3.2 Simulation modelling of a SFCL in matlab/ Simulink

Initially, the flowing current RMS value is measured by the RMS block and this value is

matched with the SFCL characteristics table. If the flowing current is exceeds the tripping

current level, then the SFCL resistance reaches to the high impedance level at a pre-defined

time as a response time. Lastly, when the flowing current gets reduced to the acceptable

level of the triggering current level, then the SFCL resistance reaches to the low or normal

impedance level. After this the system hold for the moment of recovery and enters the

normal operating state. The first-order filter is used to reduce the harmonics.

Output voltage
Current control block
Mesurement

First order output

Current Voltage Filter
input Mesurement Calculation
SFCL
RMS Characteritic
Block Table

Figure 5 block diagram of Single-phase Resistive SFCL model

14
 Figure 6 Simulation of single-phase Resistive SFCL.
Fig. 5 shows the Simulink/MATLAB model of single-phase Resistive SFCL. The four

major parameters reflect the modeling of a single-phase resistive type SFCL are:

•  Threshold current = 550A

• Transition time = 2 msec

•  Minimum or low impedance = 0.01 ohms and maximum or high impedance = 20 ohms

•  Recovery time = 10 msec

Its operating voltage is 25 kV.

Fig.2 shows the SFCL model developed in Simulink/MATLAB. Implementation of

Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based WECS

Due to the rapid growth of renewable energy generation in modern years, the

number of wind-farms connected to power grids has increased to a large extent. Here, in

the case of renewable energy generation system SFCL will afford an appreciated part for its

current limiting characteristics when connected to an integrated electrical network. Hence,

15
the DFIG based WT-energy generation system was developed in a Matlab software. The

Resistive SFCL applied to a wind turbine energy generation system shown in Figure 7.

And the simulation model of Resistive SFCL connected in a DFIG based wind power

system shown in Figure 10.

11kV
1 2
11kV/690kV
Transmission line SFCL
G Location DFIG

Transformer
Three-phase
Bus Fault
Wind Turbine

Ground
Load
Figure 7 the Schematic Proposed Model of a Resistive SFCL used in the DFIG Based

Wind Turbine Energy generation System

16
 CHAPTER-4

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Simulation Model and Analysis of Application of a Resistive SFCL in

Three-Phase Transmission System

A three-phase Resistive SFCL model is installed a practical three–phase transmission line

system for simulation and performance analysis in a DFIG based WECS.

Figure 8 Simulation Model of a Resistive SFCL in a Three-Phase Transmission line.

From figure 8, the simulation model consists of a source of power generation, a load and a

Resistive SFCL. A three-phase to ground fault trips or occurs at a time of 0.2 s and lasts till

a time of 0.4 s in the simulation. SFCL and its shunt resistance were connected in series

with the load to shield the entire system or other electrical overcurrent equipment if a

malfunction or fault is occurred.

17
 Time Series Plot:
4000
Ia
Ib

Current without SFCL

2000 Ic

-2000

-4000
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
Time (seconds)

(a)
Time Series Plot:
300
Ia
200 Ib
Current_with SFCL

Ic
100

-100

-200

-300
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
Time (seconds)

(b)

Figure 9 the simulation waveforms of current in a three-phase transmission line: (a)

without SFCL; (b) with SFCL.

From figure 9 the simulation results of current wave-forms of a three-phase transmission

line system with and without SFCL in the event of a three-phase to ground fault is shown.

Figure 9(a) shows that when SFCL is not used in the transmission energy system, the peak

of the three-phase fault current is reaching about 3.9 kA. Though, when using SFCL for the

same distribution/transmission system has a maximum fault current of only about 2.1 kA.

Hence, SFCL effectively suppress the maximum fault current by approximately about

56.41%, as shown in Table 2.

18
 Table 2Percentage of Current limitation in a three-phase transmission line system

Peak value of Peak value of Effect of SFCL

Item current under current during and percentage of

normal operation fault occurs fault limitation

Without SFCL 200 A 3900 A No Effect

With SFCL 200 A 2100 A 53.84%

4.2 Simulation Model and Analysis of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based

WECS.
TF-1
Conventional
Fault SFCL
Plant
Location

Industrial Domestic
Load Load
TF-2

DFIG

Wind Energy
System

Figure 10 block diagram of SFCL connected in a DFIG based wind energy system
4.2.1 Simulation of proposed model of SFCL in a DFIG based wind energy system.

Figure 11 Simulation of proposed model of SFCL in a DFIG based wind energy system

19
 4.2.2 Simulation Results for the implementation of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG
based wind energy

(a)

(b)

Figure 12 Simulation Results for the implementation of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based

wind energy (a) without SFCL; (b) with SFCL.

As shown in Figure 10, the power of the wind turbine supplies power to a main load. A

three-phase to ground fault arise at 0.2 s and extinguish at 0.4 s on the transmission line

between the turbo-generator and the load. Three-phase SFCL is placed on the load side of

the wind generator to shield the generator by over-current problem due to a short circuit.

Figure 12(a) shows that when SFCL is not used in the transmission energy system, the peak

of the three-phase fault current is reaching about 1050A. Though, when using SFCL for the

20
same distribution/transmission system has a maximum fault current of only about

875A.Hence, SFCL can effectively limit the peak fault current approximately by 60%, as

shown in Table 3.

Table 3 the Percentage of Current limitation of a Resistive SFCL in a DFIG based wind

energy system

Peak value of Peak value of Effect of SFCL

Item current under current during and percentage

normal operation fault occurs of fault limitation

Without SFCL 1025 1050 No Effect

With SFCL 1025 875 60%

4.2.3 Basic DFIG Connected in Wind Energy system

Fig. 13 shows the schematic diagram of the mixed DFIG connected in Wind-Turbine

generation system. Mainly, it comprises of DFIG-based WT-module and SFCL module.

The DFIG stator is directly allied to the grid through transformer, whereas the DFIG rotor

is coupled with a back-to-back pulse width modulation converter made by rotor side

converter (RSC) and grid side converter (GSC) to control the active and reactive power

into the grid.

21
 Fault

Wind

DFIG Grid

Gear box Diode/PWM DC PWM Coupling

converter Link converter Transformer
DFIG Based Machine Grid
WT System Side Side
converter converter

AC to DC DC to AC
SFCL
Module

Figure 13 Basic DFIG based in Wind Energy system [5]

Rr
Rr
+ +

RSFCL RSFCL
- -

(b)
(a)

Figure 14 Equivalent rotor circuit of the DFIG during grid faults. (a) Forced, (b) Natural
response
From figure 14 the equivalent rotor circuits are shown, here the indices f and n implies

forced and natural responses respectively. The first component of the induced flow Vrof is

relatively small in practice, since it is directly proportional to the slip of S in a DFIG, while

the second component of Vron as the transient component induced by the natural flow, it

could be several times higher than the amplitude of the first component, Since it depends

on the gravity of the arrow and speed of the rotor. From Figure 14 (b), the large induced

Vron transition voltage may be higher than the peak of the output voltage RSC with a high

voltage drop; so it leads to an uncontrolled high fault current.

22
 Figure 15 Simulation Results for the DFIG based Wind Turbine
Thus rise in fault current also disturbs the surrounding equipment by causing a voltage drop

or poor stability and reliability. The SFCL is the most prominent device to reduce the

increase of the fault current. SFCL has less losses during normal operation, but limits the

fault current when operating within a half-period error (8 ms) [1] - [5]. It is necessary to

23
analyze its effects on the power system for applying this SFCL to a real system. To shield

the power system equipment in the event of a power system failure, it is necessary to

measure the short-circuit current. This fault current size is required to correct the power of

the circuit breaker and the protection relay. We investigate the imbalance aspect of the fault

current in the event of an unbalance fault (for example, L-G & L-L-G faults) to check the

effect of the power system while applying a SFCL to the power system.

24
 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion and Future Work

The SFCL of resistive type can limit the first half cycle maximum value of the fault current

effectively by approximately 50-60%. This increases the reliability of the power plant

towards the short circuit fault. The resistive type SFCL seems an effective device to

decrease the fault current up-to the permissible limits. In addition, it avoids the additional

costs of updating or replacing an existing protection system, such as a switch, a circuit

breaker, etc.

Resistive SFCL operating state is affected by its internal electromagnetic behavior.

This packaged SFCL model is more advantageous of using in the integrated power system

consisting of traditional power lines and wind farm networks. Because the fault level in

integrated power network is very high hence, the conventional devices cannot limit the

fault level instead which get damaged. The results of the current simulation are supported

by the proposed model of SFCL and the potential application of SFCL in the DFIG based

wind electrical network.

25
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