Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ECN-311: Principles of Digital Communications
Instructor Name: Dr. Anshul Jaiswal
Teaching Assistant: Gunjit Arora and Akhilesh Kumar Savita

TUTORIAL-6
1. Two 4-ary signal constellations are shown below. It is given that Φ1 and Φ2 constitutes an orthonormal
basis for the two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in both the constellations are equiprobable.
Let 𝑁0 ⁄2 denote the power spectral density of white Gaussian noise.
(a) Obtain the ratio of the average energy of constellation-1 (C1) to the average energy of constellation-
2 (C2)
(b) Also, comment on probability of error of C1 and C2.

Figure .1

2. Consider the four-phase and eight-phase signal constellation shown in Fig. 2.

(a) Determine the radii 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 of the circles such that distance between two adjacent points in the two
constellation is 𝑑.
(b) From the result of part (a), determine the additional transmitted energy required in the 8-PSK signal
to achieve the same error probability as the four-phase signal at high SNR, where the probability of
error is determined by error in selecting adjacent points.
 Figure .2

3. A message signal of 10 cos 2𝜋 × 104 𝑡 is given to 10-bit PCM system. A signal is received at the input of
optimal receiver with amplitude 10 mv and frequency 1 MHz. The signal is corrupted with white noise
𝑁0
of PSD =10−9W\Hz.
2
i) Find the error probability and transmission bandwidth if the local oscillator has a phase shift of 00 with
the input signal, for modulated scheme used is
(a) ASK
(b) PSK
(c) FSK
ii) Find frequency spacing in FSK for a given 𝑓1 =2MHz, 𝑓0 =1MHz.

4. A binary sequence of 1001 is transmitted by Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation with
reference bit ‘0’.
(a) Find the phase sequence of resulting signals using EX-OR gate.
(b) Find the phase sequence of resulting signals using EX-NOR gate.
(c) Also, try to decode the transmitted binary sequence of part (a) and part (b).
Repeat the above with reference bit ‘1’.