tat G

Gbe anaNcmpy at oud qxG= (a.b) ;a, be 6?

Thau a

:4x4G

(a, b)

Exl:
a

":RxR- R, lab) =ab ER

t12) 2)-1-22éR
(2,3)
(4,c H(2 23=6 eR
(us-4s =2o ék
 ofeatan 4'on te set of nahakal uuabee N
Ex2+ The
4:NXNNt t (ob)= atb eN
+(2.3)= 213 =5eN
+(3s)= H512 eN
+(1,2)= 1+2z3 eN
The eferaion ' n te
biasy ofetin:
-NXN’N
-(2)3) =2-3 =fN [Meíl,2,2.-1

4:
GxG-Gt *(a,b) = E
ab G

(N, +) (z+
(N,-)x
 eby at aud by' be a biuany
en G
Thue (s, *) à said to be groufoid

Ya,beGa*b e4

ehawe N=fh2, 3, --- , 4'

twe

Ni cloed wde addihen.

a, beN atb eN

aet aud 'x

(O Cese aus tasbe G (a* b) eG

 (3)

Auoclive s a, b, ce G hen

fet E= ?2, 4, 6,8,---

Ae
ie ta, beE’atb e t

Auo ciafie auo The addikon a eve

aADcialive
to,b,c eE
(atb) +c= at(bt c)

Movod tot Gbe a

neu - ea py t andiy' be

Cletuue law
Axociehive tauw to b,céG (a* se =
 a
monoid 2 )(N, Huce
1eN elMet ou oeN
teur Ausciative
mlipiaho dee eloved )Nis
abeN eNto,b )
taw Claune
weusid (N,)i that ho to
Tan
--- 3,
N,2, haue ne
he isb,' ushee movoid a å )(N, Ahat Kkove
the i Theue
S)
2) AOoh
ntty et aud *? itis auy

jaklte

2Asciohie aus? Aa, byce

(a* b) c

YaeG au eleet et G
t axe =a = e a

Counlehive tan Aa, be G

ab = bya
 Ly
0()
Nok3) o(4)=ite.

b Shew ut e set I all

ie T=
--3,-2,,0, 1, 2,3, M
ifinite abelia
Giee I-?--y-4-3, -2,l, 0, l2,3. ---f
Hhon to <lostat
(I,+) á an abelen guef.
clav taw
is ahe
)Iis Soeed wdu addiHeu.
taibycEI, e hav
= at(bte)
3

atO a= Ota

idaity
 Jat (-a)=0= (-a) +al
eaclh elewet þoue oddiive iuvoee
Caimalie
Casudahive fa ta,be T
T
Tatb bta te

gksu wndue oddiioe (+).

’at ko= --,-3, -2,-, o, 1, 2, 3,--- -? be Hae at

mou- ze40 Keal wbos. Theu al )
abeliau haHeat (Ro,") s

ta, b e Roab Ko
) Rois loned ud
Asociaive fas mulliplicalier
Malijlialon o
asociahve.
Afa,b, c eRo have
1(a-b). c = a.b.c))
3
elet 1eRo
st a-= a = lal

taeto au elemet eRo

st a =1=1a
elaweut faus mliplakue
Cewwtahve aus ta,b eRo we bove ab=b-a
Thaw (Ro, ) is

to,beTo ’ abeTo
Associaive to,b, ceo (ab).c= a(.c)

st a-1 a 1:a

2e To but
tae o eIo
wudh adition
 tristeues

a b = ath t ) | a, beT akTU-2olb,.

2021

. a , beI’ ab e I

Auocishe lawr
tar tot a, b, LEI
Nos (ax b) +c= (atbt) C
atbtc+|t|= athtct 2
& a+(bxc) == a+
as (b+ct)

Eistue y duit t ebe te

aye a

terl
ax ( ) = at(-) +} = a