Leam best practices for stating & interpreting dimensions’ tolerances Based on the ASME Y14.5M 2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard Faculty : Ashish Aggarwal Mobile 9873191528, 9643002507 E-mall_ashish1528a@email.com Introducing the Trainer Ashish Aggarwal > Vendor Development (local and abroad) Advisor, MACE Manesar Y eat 37 years of Experience Mob: 9873191528, 9643002507 Email: ashish1528a@qmail.com 10/12/2021‘Sheet Metal part manufacturing Process ‘Yield Improvement in Stamping process Productivity Improvement in Stamping Preventive Maintenance of Press Dies ‘Stamping Die Maintenance (Overview of Sheet metal Part Mfg. Process New Die Development Management Lean Quick Change over SMED ProcessS Neoprene Improvement Ashish Aggarwal, 9643002507, 9873191528, cemall: ashish1528a@gmall.com GD&T BASICS: Innovative Training for Technical Professionals » Specialized knowledge is gained from GDNT course strengthen professional skill set and help advancement in your career > Very use full for carrier growth of WEtsieune saint wie es sass tat} CNC Machinist Vie Ae tut ness mas Quality Engineers Pear ae Agee a AE) ieee ae sit Gees IVs IGraduate Engineer Trainee ear ee Ane GUN aecrsei sane) Standard Room Inspectors 10/12/2021GD&T Fundamentals Overview Course Content » Identify the benefits of GDNT Geometric characteristic symbols used in GD&T and understand their meaning. » Interpret feature control frames and apply them on drawings. |. Interpret and apply modifiers in feature control frames s Interpret Datum Reference Frames - primary, secondary, and tertiary }.. Understand the function of datum targets , Interpret different examples of GD&T applications from drawing examples. = i HOULD WE USE > Dimensional tolerances apply independently one from another, with no reference system to control the variations between features, > Very difficult, or impossible, to evaluate the interaction between parts at assembly. > By introducing the reference system, DRF (Datum Reference Frame), is used to create relationships between the different features of a product, based on a functional analysis. > In situations of high production volume, while procuring most parts and other components on a global market of suppliers. Complete interchangeability of the parts at assembly is required “No GD&q = No Interchangeability”. 10/12/2021____ Background The concept of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) was introduced by Stanley Parker from Scotland in the late 1930's Not used to any degree until World War II (WW II) because until then the vast majority of products were made in-house. The designer could discuss with the manufacturing personnel (die designer, foundry foreman, machinist, and inspectors) During WW II companies had to “out source” parts because of the large quantity and tight schedule == 10/12/2021Background + The parts did not assemble and/or did not function properly hence had to be fixed or scrapped. + GD&T was the solution to this major problem. GD&T provides a designer the tools to have clear and consistent instructions as to what is required. + Iteliminates ambiguities, everyone that is involved with the part will not have to interpret the dimensioning. "Coordinate vs GDNT M [Drawing concept| Coordinate Tolerance Geometric Tolerance | Condition Condition i Square or rectangular tolerance | * Can use diameter symbol to allow round Irolerance zone| _20nes for hole locations tolerance zones inte Results Results pe |= Less tolerance available forhole, | * 57% more tolerance for hole locations Higher manufacturing costs * Lower manufacturing costs Condition Condition * Tolerance zone ised insize | * Use of MMC modifier allows tolerance zones to increase under certain conditions _ [Results Results Funetional parts scrapped. * Functional parts used. Higher operating costs Lower operating costs 1| i Condition Condition * Implied datum allows choices for |* ‘The datum system communicates one set up set up when inspecting the part | for inspection Fase of | Results Results Multiple inspectors mayget | * Clear instructions for inspection Inspection | aitferent resuts * Eliminate disputes over part acceptance * Good parts serapped * Bad parts accepted ia 10/12/202110/12/2024Clear Dimensional Objectives - Bonus tolerance and optimized design » GD&T incorporates additional sources of variation » This includes Bonus Tolerance and Material Conditions. Nominal (teue) axis position cic Penny a Per) oer ro Preeti ee rit Accompanies the ee eas aie konewe 5402507, £67919698 oat even asada 10/12/2021Advantages of GD&T ‘*Have multiple sources on various parts of an assembly. “Make valid engineering calculations. sHave common parts across similar assemblies. *Design subassemblies in different locations andhave them function correctly, *Do tolerance analysis to study the effect of parttolerances on the assembly. “Use state of the art software tools to analyze parts inan assembly. *Use state of the art software tools to inspect the parts. “Reduce the risk caused by vague specifications. “saves money 10/12/2021calcein (neurones Size Form XN Location 2 Orientation ASME Y14.5M — 2009 Structure + Scope, Definitions, and General Dimensioning General Tolerancing and Related Principles + Symbology + Datum Referencing + Tolerances of Location ‘Tolerances of Form, Profile, Orientation, and Rungut a gn ms HE er nea on un 10/12/2021pute What is Dimension and Tolerances? Before an object can be built, complete information about both the size and shape of the object must be available The exact shape of an object is communicated through orthographic drawings Which are developed using standard drawing practice For proper application of GD&T you must have a thorough understanding of the function of the part within an assembly. information to. 10/12/2021 10Terminology - Dimension o Dimension is the numerical value that defines the size or geometric characteristic of a feature o Basic dimension is the numerical value defining the theoretically exact size of a feature. o Reference dimension is the numerical value enclosed in parentheses provided for information only and is not used in the fabrication of the part. Basic Concepts TIT ode Lid ph © Size dimensions ili } ‘Horizontal a ‘Width — - Vertical R Radius Diameter x Radius a ie © Diameter o Location and Orientation Horizontal —a D> Vertical ean ana Angle / Angle ry sf Y eco! 10/12/2021 1Feature of size (FOS) : > A cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of parallel surfaces, associated with a size dimension. > Likewise for the block with the hole Part Hole dia height init > Block all the way from arrow to arrow for the width and the height. > Also for the hole, there is hole all the way from arrow to arrow. NOT Feature of size : > For the part; the distance~from the bottom to the surface on the left side of of the part has one arrow in the part and the other one hanging out in space. > Also the depth of the slot on the right has one arrow in the part and the other one hanging out in space. » Dimensions that are measured using the probe on the other end of the caliper do not have opposed points and are not features of size, 10/12/2021 12NOT / Feature of size : Mag 1.25 FEATURES WISE K EATURES < Reference to This Standard : ASME Y 14.5 > Where drawings are based on this Standard, this fact shall be noted on the drawings or in a document referenced on the drawing > References to this Standard shall state ASME Y145-2009 @ i200 A AMENDED BT DOE ocrncronne ea TouEARON 0-6-0 === 1 sven pen 5 Musraoonere mess wen cmopreo ono IAHAGD SUMACE FROM MOM C9 MOS eae QO =e a ato ea 10/12/2021 13Reference to This Standard > It's important to specify on a drawing which GD&T standard is used. > If a drawing were to be interpreted according to the wrong standard, misunderstandings could happen. > The standard is normally called out in the standard notes or in the title block N pNOles » (1 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANGES PER ASHE Y145-2008} Z-REMOVE ALL BURRS ANU SARRP EDGES TALESS OTERWRE SPLOFED TRONS Dare ee ieee ae x ut Dern DPM | aoronori23 & “oucoxtD DAM DMOIOTE Notes : Notes in capital letters are intended to appear on drawings - Notes in lowercase letters are explanatory only and are not intended to appear on drawings we 2 2KSR39 NOTES: 1, DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES PER ASME Y14.5-2009 2. REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES, TER ERTS ESTED TERRORS, AE ene [DRAFTER DPM __| 2010/07/23 i DAN — [AUTOS ae yo £0000 cRONEER FUE [2070/07/27 Resins 3 e TaRD ANGLE PROICCTION —Tourfreraiem SAE 4320 er—rcet| 10/12/2021 14Dimensioning and tolerancing shall clearly define engineering intent and shall conform to the following : a. Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except for those dimensions specifically identified as reference, maximum, minimum, or stock (commercial stock size). The tolerance may be applied directly to the dimension (or indirectly in the case of basic dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located in a supplementary block of the drawing format. aaa” i 10/12/2021 15Standard Stock Item + Items whose geometry are already controlled by established industrial or government standards — bars, sheet stock, tubing or structural shapes Channel Angle [See| = b. Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be complete so there is full understanding of the characteristics of each feature. Values may be expressed in an engineering drawing Neither scaling (measuring directly from an engineering drawing) nor assumption of a distance or size is permitted 10/12/2021 16= 75 60 te are 2X SR.39 NCES PER ASME Y14.5-2009 iHARP EDGES 2010/0775 [eroneen Hue [20700727 | i a [——Frererscacverme [J 2s | AMCO DE st c. Each necessary dimension of an end aS Pe @- product shall be shown. | Use of reference Fig: 1-19 Intermediate Reference Dimension dimensions ona Fig.1-20 Overall Reference Dimension drawing should be ieee eee oo minimized. 10/12/2021 710/12/2021 (NN FONDAMENTAU RULES d. Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating relationship of a part and shall not be subject to more than one interpretation. @. The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing methods. For Example, only the diameter of a hole is given without indicating whether it is to be drilled, reamed, punched, or EDM wire cut, Jig grinding. However, in those instances where manufacturing, processing, quality assurance, or environmental information is essential, it shall be specified on the drawing or in a document referenced on the drawing. 18f. Non mandatory processing —_ dimensions shall be identified by an appropriate note, such as “NONMANDATORY (MFG DATA).” Examples of non mandatory data are processing dimensions that provide for finish allowance, shrink allowance, and other requirements, provided the final dimensions are given on the drawing. sei da caren g- Dimensions should be arranged to provide required information for optimum readability. Dimensions should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible outlines. Dimension lines shall be aligned and Where there are several parallel dimension grouped for uniform appearances the numerals should be steed for = easier reading. 10/12/2021 19j- A 90° basic angle applies where center lines of features in a pattern or surfaces shown at right angles on a 2D orthographic drawing are located or defined by basic dimensions and no angle is specified. k. A zero basic dimension applies where axes, center planes, or surfaces are shown on a drawing, and geometric tolerances establish the relationship among the features. 10/12/2021 20(UFONDAMENTAU RULES i, Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions and tolerances are applicable at 20°C (68°F) in accordance with ANSI/ASME B89.6.2. Compensation may be made for measurements made at other temperatures. > One of the basic principles of metrology is that a part dimension changes with temperature because of thermal expansion. > Since 1931 industrial lengths have been defined as the size at 20°C. ratearm pone “ [NFONDAMENTADRULES: > Many people have thought it was, in some sense, arbitrary. > In actuality, decision was the result of 20 years of thought, discussion, and negotiations > International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) unanimous adoption of 20 °C as the reference temperature on April 15, 1931. ® Incorporated into ISO system as the first standard of the SO systems (ISO 4) in 1951, 10/12/2021 21Why Temperature is important > Two mating parts of different materials, say steel and brass, will actually be their nominal size at 0 °C. > If the parts are, assembled at 20 °C, the parts will grow by their coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) > CTE of steel is about 12 x 10-6/°C and brass is about 24 x 10- 6/°C, the brass will expand more than the steel part and assembly may not be possible. > Since parts are assembled at around room temperature it would seem practical to have the part length measurement refer to the assembly temperature as closely as possible, ©. Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing level where they are specified, A dimension specified for a given feature on one level of drawing (e.g,, a detail drawing) is not mandatory for that feature at any other level (e.g., an assembly drawing). p. Where a coordinate system is shown on the drawing, it shall be right-handed unless otherwise specified. Each axis shall be labeled and positive direction shall be shown. 10/12/2021 22GENERAL + This Section establishes the symbols for specifying geometric characteristics and other dimensional requirements on engineering drawings + Symbols shall be of sufficient clarity to meet the legibility and reproducibility requirements of ASME Y14.2M + Symbols shall be used only as described herein 10/12/2021 2310/12/2024 Geometric Characteristic Symbols Geometric Characteristic Symbols [contrat a Tolerance ae Description oes a nt Parle ant Mandatory | Surfaces Surface Profile Control ry Not Parallel Mandatory Lines 24[Controt Required Tolerance Feature of size [contrat Description Type Symmetry Required Required Required Parallel Plane or ytindrical CMlindricat Zone Feature of size RFS. Required RFS Required 10/12/2021 25[cont io Geometric Characteristic Symbols ro Description Tolerance Zone Parallel RFS Lines Required Required Parallel RFS, Required a Cylinders Required Datu Plane @& Sau) Datum Target © Least Material Condition Datum in GOAT is theoretical exact plane, axis or point from Where GDAT tolerances are referenced to, Datum target isa point, Line or and avea that is used to define the datum, “L" Symbol in GD&Tis a feature of size symbol. It dascrivas ‘a dimensional o size condlton where the least amount of material exists within given dimensional tolerance 10/12/2021 26GU) _| se syose conreateanrectsmnmtet néecter Maximum Material Condition pe a Reece ar recs rae awe Zone Free State condition is used for non rigid parts such a8 ‘ubber or foam parts. This symbol in GD&T indicates no force except gravitational pull should be applied in this Free State | region during measurements ‘This symbol in GDB indicates only the Tanget Plete of the of the controlled surface should be witha this tolerance Limits. SQUARE REFERENCE ARC LENGTH DIMENSION ORIGIN BETWEEN ALL AROUND ALL OVER 10/12/2021 27DIMENSION ORIGIN FEATURE CONTROL FRAME CONICAL TAPER COUNTERBORE ‘SPOTFACE COUNTERSINK DIMENSION NOT TO SCALE NUMBER OF PLACES ARC LENGTH SPHERICAL RADIUS SPHERICAL DIAMETER CONTROLLED RADIUS BETWEEN 10/12/2021 28Datum Feature Symbol a. The datum feature symbol is applied to the feature surface outline, extension line, dimension line, or feature control frame Placed on the outline of a feature surface, on an extension line of the feature outline Fig. 3-3. Datum Feature Symbols on a Feature Surface and an Extension Line Where the datum feature is not on the visible surface, the leader line may be shown as a dashed line. Basic Dimension Symbol Basic dimensions : 1 Can be used to define the theoretically exact location, orientation, or true profile of part features or gage information. 2 Basic Dimension define part features must be accompanied by a geometric tolerance. » Define gage information do not have a tolerance shown on the print. 10/12/2021 29Between Symbol + Tolerance or other specification apply across multiple features + For example, the tolerance applies only between G and H. G and H may be points, lines, or features. G aT H Between symbol Fig 315 Counterbore or Spatace Sybot Counter bore Symbol Indicating a counter bore shall be as shown al “es in Figs 3-15 eonuen Symbol shall precede, with no space, the —— J iB ® Za dimension of the counter bore. ‘Spot face Symbol ee i Indicating a spot face shall be as shown in ae Figs, 1-41 and 3-15. The symbol shall precede, with no space, the dimension of the spot face. oy Countersink Symbol Fig.3-16 Countersink Symbol Indicating a countersink shall be as shown - 05,90, in Fig. 3-16. The symbol shall precede, iia ey with no space, the dimensions of the =" 77 countersink Sie Z 10/12/2021 30Depth Symbot 994-08 520 Depth Symbol Dimension applies to the depth of a ptr eymtot feature is to precede that dimension with the depth symbol Square Symbol Single dimension applies to a square shape 9 shall be to precede that dimension with the £ sen J ee square symbol G3 Dimension Origin Symbol Dimension Origin Symbol ay ristot / Toleranced dimension between 20403 ‘two features originates from one of these features and not the other + 4 296 ted its Lal All Around Symbol Profile tolerance applies to surfaces all around the true profile ae 5] 8] Allaround in the view shown isa circle located at the junction of the leader from the feature control frame All-Over Symbol Symbol indicates that a profile tolerance or other specification J 2 ]005] A] 8] Allover shall apply all over the three dimensional profile of a part 5 10/12/2021 3110/12/2021 Feature Control Frame + A feature control frame is a rectangle divided into compartments containing the geometric characteristic symbol followed by the tolerance value or description, modifiers, and any applicable datum feature references + Where applicable, the tolerance is preceded by the diameter or spherical diameter symbol and followed by a material condition modifier. [538] eometie characteristic XN ‘Tolerance ston \ [e074 Go) Diameter symbcembatsbmtfatral condtion 5 ‘mmrtomgernten SYTDO! Geometric tolerance symbol Tolerance value Primary datum Tertiary datum | | >0. 10) A|B\C@™) t Datum modifier Secondary datum Tolerance modifier Diameter symbol 32Feature Control Frame Incorporating One Datum Feature Reference > Where a geometric tolerance is related to a datum, this relationship is indicated by entering the datum feature reference letter in a compartment following the tolerance. > Where applicable, the datum feature reference letter is followed by a material boundary modifier. -Matertal condilon Goomatic ca) cheracterale 1 om sett aymbol faa L1g005 @]c@) crameter most!) Logum worse nae wires > Where a datum is established by two or more datum features (eg., an axis established by two datum features) all datum. feature reference letters, separated by a dash, are entered in a single compartment. (a) One Multiple datum datum feature - primary reference 10/12/2021 33Feature Control Frame Houses GD&T Symbols The frst compartment i ‘Tho second compartment always contains always contains one of the tolerance Information: ‘the fourteen geometric | ' ~The tolerance value cheraclatatic symbols [C7] 02 Modif that describe the tolerance ‘conditions: Fle TA ‘The third, fourth, and fith compartments (when used) aivays ‘contain datum information Sea G [ual RULES AND CONCEPTS OF GD&T Feature of Size Material Conditions Two Basic Rules 10/12/2021 34Maximum Material Conditio’ What Is M) “M” stands for “maximum material condition" (MMC) This symbol indicates the application of maximum material requirement. To apply the maximum material requirement to a dimension M is written after the size tolerance in the feature control frame Maximum Material Condition > The maximum material condition is used when designing two mating parts. Example : Taking a shaft designed to fit into a bore as an example > This specification ensures that the shaft actually fits into the bore under the maximum material condition (MMC! > While also preventing excessively strict size tolerance from being applied in order to avoid cases where the shaft does not fit into ‘the bore. 10/12/2021, 35@—-| Mexinum j— Size Minimum Sie A Minimum This Is @) Size el Maximum | Size ‘HOLE ast Material Condition Symbol: © Category: Feature of Size Definition: > Least material condition is a feature of size symbol that describes a dimensional or size condition where the least amount of material (volume/size) exists within its dimensional tolerance. + Least Material Condition is one side of the dimensional limits on a part, + Other side of the tolerance range would be the MMC. 10/12/2021 36RULES AND CONCEPTS OF GD&T INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL CONDITION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ctual Mating Envel 10/12/2021* ENVELOPE REQUIREME! 3 Envelope of Perfect Form > The envelope requirement means that the maximum allowable size for a part must be within the same range as the maximum size > This means the perfect zone made in the maximum material condition for the size tolerance indicated in a drawing > Target must exist inside the zone of the maximum material size. ‘Asien Aggarwal, 0642002507, 6679191628, era ashieht628a@onallcam > Ashape of perfect form that encompasses the actual feature. > Smallest circumscribed cylinder for external FOS. 10/12/2021 38ENVELOPE REQUIREMENT What Is (E)? To apply the envelope requirement to a dimension ©®is written after the size tolerance > “E® stands for “envelope,” and this symbol indicates that ifa part conforming to size tolerance is within the envelope of perfect form > Envelope has the maximum material size, the part passes this requirement » If not, the part has failed to fulfill the requirement. — 4 2020.18, RULES AND CONCEPTS OF GD&T Two general rules in ASME Y14.5M 1.-The first rule establishes default conditions for features of size 2. The second rule establishes a default material condition for feature control frames. 10/12/2021 39RULES AND CONCEPTS OF GD&T Rule #1 > Rule #1 is referred to as the “Individual Feature of Size Rule.” > Itisa key concept in geometric tolerancing. » Rule #1 is a dimensioning rule used to ensure that features of size will assemble with one another. > When Rule #1 applies, the maximum boundary (or envelope) for an external FOS is its MMC. > The minimum envelope for an internal FOS is its MMC. egrne, Pwr Variations of Form (Rule #1 The form of an individual regular feature of size is controlled by its limits of size * The surface or surfaces of a regular feature of size shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form at MMC * This boundary is the true geometric form represented by the drawing. Ashish Agana, 9643002507, 9573101526, eral: ashish'S78a@gmalloon 10/12/2021 40RULES AND CONCEPTS OF GD&T 108 Rule #1 boundary i sat | “Amount of reat Hoight Form Error Allowed 108 quntcy ° 107 01 108 02 105 03 104 oa 103 os 102 (UMC) 08 ed (b) Where the actual local size of a regular feature of size has departed from MMC toward LMC, a local variation in form is allowed equal to the amount of such departure. (c) In cases where a geometric tolerance is specified to apply at LMC, perfect form at LMC is required. 10/12/2021 41Final Notes: Bonus Tolerance > Remember, if MMC is referenced in the feature control frame, the bonus tolerances are allowed > For a hole, the larger the diameter, (closer to the LMC) the more bonus tolerance you have for your true position > Bonus tolerance = Actual/ measured hole size - MMC hole size » Opposite is true for a a pin, where the smailer the pin means you have more bonus tolerance. Ashish Aggarwel, 9643002507, 9873191828, email: ashish1528a@gmall.com Form Control Does Not Apply (Exceptions to Rule #1) The control of geometric form prescribed by limits of size does not apply to the following: (a) stock, such as bars, sheets, tubing, structural shapes, and other items produced to established industry or government standards that prescribe limits for straightness, flatness, and other geometric characteristics. 10/12/2021 42Form Control Does Not Apply (Exceptions to Rule #1) The control of geometric form prescribed by limits of size does not apply to the following: (b) Parts subject to free-state variation in the unrestrained condition. In simple terms, Rule #1 does not apply to flexible parts that are not restrained. Inspecting a Feature of Size (Go Gage) When inspecting a FOS that is controlled by Rule #1 > Both its size and form need to be verified MMC size > Rule #1 envelope can be verified with a Go gage. > A Go gage is a gage that is intended to fit into (for an internal FOS) or| fit over (for an external FOS) the FOS. > AGo gage is made to the MMC limit of the FOS and has perfect form. > Go gage can verify the MMC limit and Rule #1 form envelope of a FOS > To fully verify the Rule #1 effects, a Go gage must be at least as long as the FOS it is verifying. ~~ 10/12/2021 4310/12/2021 Ayswe ct lasiolst [re aTne 8 2 5 S 6 BSSSS] BERR SEE] ESI. BESSON ‘Gage Length —i a 3/2 B| 6 | Minimum Break of Comer Pilot Diameter —1 4410/12/2024 Pe aiecur tates enn sar Prt Lengn —— sedalinosti| — a5 [ota ES] Y ey ert KK Li GDNT Rule #2- Regardless of Feature Size 45Symbol: None — Always Implied default condition (abbreviated: RFS) Category: Feature of Size Definition: > Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) is the default condition of all geometric tolerances by rule #2 of GD&T and requires no callout. > Regardless of feature size simply means that whatever GD&T callout you make, is controlled independently of the size dimension of the part GDNT Rule #2 According to ASME14.5M Rule 2 states: > “For all applicable geometric tolerances, Regardless of Feature of Size (RFS) applies with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying symbol ( MMC or LMC }is specified. > Maximum Material Condition M, or Least Material Condition L,, must be specified on drawing where it is required.” nant 87 Tt a oe 10/12/2021 46age, ° Siren q Datum Feature vs Datum Plane: | > The datum features are the features (surfaces) on the part that will be contacted by the datum simulators. > A datum plane is a datum simulator such as a surface plate, CMM table. DATUM FEATURE, (ACTUAL SURFAGE OF PART) DATUM PLANE SURFACE PLATE DATUM FEATURE SIMULATORD 10/12/2021 a7Datum feature vs Datum axis > A datum plane is the datum simulator such as a surface plate. > A datum axis is also the axis of a datum simulator such as a three (3) jaw chuck or an expandable collet (adjustable gage). DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR (ADJUSTABLE GAGE? DATUM FEATURE }\—patun axis (CENTERLINE OF ADJUSTABLE GAGE Aheight gage measures the height of an object from the simulated datum surface of a surface plate. datum (surface plate) Note: the datum feature rests on the simulated datum. the heights measured from the simulated datum and not from the datum feature. 10/12/2021 48> Each datum is a planer surface, a perfectly planer surface is theoretical > Three points define a plane, two points define a line. > After the primary datum is located using three points > Secondary datum will typically use two points to define a line. > The only degree of freedom remaining can be constrained by a single point on the tertiary (third) datum, 10/12/2021 49>In a standard datum scheme : * 6 points fully locate a part or assembly * 3 for the primary * 2 for the secondary * 1 for the tertiary datum. PRIMARY DATUM > Primary locating datum which is shown as a plane. > Once the part is placed on the granite surface, only three points of it will be actually contacting the granite. > No surface can be perfectly flat (the granite nor the part), means only the lowest three points of the part will be touching the highest three points of the Terman} granite where these intersect. See ee any [FIRST DATUM PLANE 10/12/2024 5010/12/2021 Secondry Datum > Similar principles apply to datum B. A planer surface can be used to locate datum B SECOND DATUM PLANE > which means two Soa undefined points will be touching the planer 1 surface. Perfectly planer surface is theoretical and can never be achieved > Let's imagine this plane as a nice flat granite surface. > Once the part is placed on the granite surface, only three points of it will be actually contacting the granite. 10/12/2021 56OEM ET cs > No surface can be perfectly flat (the granite nor the part) > Means only the lowest three points of the part will be touching the highest three points of the granite > Since no two parts are identical these three exact points that touch the granite, and therefore locate the part, will not be the same from part to part. When to use Datum cele + When not practical to use the entire surface as a datum plane. + When part may rock or wobble as the datum feature contacts the datum plane + Only a portion of the feature is used in the function of the part + Basic dimensions should be used to describe the location of datum targets, which assures that there will be minimum variation between gages. 10/12/2021 57When.to use Datum Targets: aber) parts, When to use Datum Targets: > Datum targets are datum simulators such as spherical pins or round flat bottom pins or three (3) jaw chucks or centers > Used for inspecting parts that are not round or straight or flat or very large > If the part was not flat which would result in an unstable scenario and conflicting results > If the datum feature is large a datum simulator that contacts the entire feature would be extremely expensive to produce. > The datum targets are the datum planes and datum axis to create an inspection fixture and or a manufacturing fixture. 10/12/2021 5810/12/2021 eyFastening two plates together may require that a bolt fit through a clamped plate hole and engage a threaded hole in the base plate. > When the clamped plate has significant thickness, the angle of the threaded holes in the base plate should be further limited to make sure assembly is possible. > Projected Tolerance Zones were created for this type of situation, > Projected Tolerance Zone controls the (threaded in this case) hole axis parameters for a given distance outside the material. [A bolt will not assemble through a thick plate ifthe threaded hole is on too [much of an angle > On the figure, the tolerance cylinder is inside the part. > The bolt centers itself on the threads in the threaded hole. > As the bolt extends through the cover while tilted as much as the tolerance will allow, Shsteaeaggratoon 10/12/2021 60|Project Tolerance zone: » On the figure, the tolerance zone is projected from the top of the base to the top of the-cover. > The axis of the hole, and therefore the axis of the bolt, stays within the tolerance cylinder as it goes through the clearance hole in the cover and there is no conflict between the bolt and the side of the clearance hole in the cover. 6x1 Sons Ts8eAD {[a020/4)6) Tangent plane modifier : > The tangent plane modifier (circled T) can save money by only controlling the high points of a surface, rather than every point: 2 toe lenge pane e201) 18208 a > Mating part will contact the top of our part, and we only care about the angle at which the mating part sits > In that case, we don't need the surface to be flat within 0.2, since our mating part will only fee! the higipihis.anyhow. 10/12/2021 6110/12/2021 ax. 1. Form Tolerances 2. Profile Tolerances 3. Orientation Tolerances 4, Location Tolerances 5. Run out Tolerances. Che J Seen 62Tolerances of Form — L/ Straightness Flatness (ASME Y14.5M- 2009, 6.4.1) (ASME Y14.5M- 2009, 6.4.2) Circularity Cylindricity (ASME Y14.5M- 2009, 6.4.3) (ASME Y14.5M- 2009, 6.4.4) Tolerances of Form » Surface straightness > Straightness is a 2-Dimensional tolerance that is used to ensure that a partis uniform across a surface or feature. > Straightness can apply to either a flat feature such as the surface of a block, or it can apply to the surface of a cylinder along the axial direction. Drawing callout Means this, we ps u 0080" 10/12/2021 6310/12/2024 Inspection Methods Axis straightness is aa vas Eso vas eS eo fons ssl Ta eed ox amin paced : ov = Ce ee cc Nemuaeet a Somat own ttc eae anne =Description NA Datum Parallel Plane Tolerance Zone | NA Flatness ag aE + In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone hoe defined by two parallel planes P71 separated by the specified Tr reea ea tolerance value. Trance Zone + All points on the surface must lie Po mes 7 , within the limits of size and the ar Ti flatness limit. + Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. + The flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. 10/12/2021 65Grrgesoeig esate To be used as primary datum feature aie Aflatness contret could be used on this surface toimpravo. measurement Accuracy trom us this surface as a primary CT) datum feature ci %» ularity GD&T Symbol: [O Ooo Relative to Datum: No MMC or LMC applicable: No Description: > The circularity symbol is used to desoribe how close an object should be to @ true circle > Circularity is @ 2-Dimensional tolerance that controls the overall form of a circle ensuring itis not too oblong, square, or out of round. > Roundness is independent of any datum feature and only is always less than the diameter dimensional tolerance of the part. > Circularity essentially makes a cross-section of a cylindrical or round feature > Itdetermines if the circle formed in that cross-section is round, 10/12/2021 66ie] Fe yanaNg GD&T Tolerance Zone: > Two concentric circles, one inner and one outer, in which all the points within the circular surface must fall into. > The tolerance zone lies on a plane that is perpendicular to the central axis of the circular feature. Gauging / Measurement > Circularity is measured by constraining a part, rotating it around the central axis while a height gauge records the variation of the surface > The height gauge must have total variation less than the tolerance amount. When Used: > Circularity is a very common measurement and is uses in all forms of manufacturing. > Any time a part needs to be perfectly round such as a rotating shaft, or a bearing, circularity is usually called out. > GDA&T symbol very often on mechanical engineering drawings. 10/12/2021 67Final Notes: > Circularity in GD&T is sometimes also referred to as Roundness > Since it is a 2-Dimensional tolerance sometimes multiple sections of the same feature must be measured to ensure that the entire length of a feature is within roundness. » Usually, two or three measurements are taken to ensure the part meets roundness for each segment of the part. Circularity FORM CONTROL Circularity <=» napa eho bach eee een a) 10/12/2021 6810/12/2021 In this example the entire surface must ras lie within a tolerance zone defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified tol lue. e specified tolerance value. = All points on the surface must lie within [= i| the limits of size and the cylindricity til a limit. Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a composite control of form which includes circularity (roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature. The Cylindricity symbol is used to describe how close an object conforms to a true cylinder. Drawing Callout: Cylindricity is a 3-Dimensional [oe tolerance that controls the overall form of a cylindrical feature to ensure that it is round enough and straight enough along its axis 69When Used: > Cylindricity is a fairly common callout for shafts, pins and any critical cylindrical element. > When a part needs to be both round and straight along its axis, such as a sliding shaft, or a dynamic locating pin, cylindricity is usually called out. > Cylindricity GD&T symbol very often in automotive drawings and mechanical systems. 10/12/2021 7010/12/2021 Example: > Abushing that was to be pressed into a housing, the bushing would take the form of the housing bore when inserted. > To ensure that the bushing maintains its round shape, and wears evenly along its surface, the housing bore needs to be very cylindrical. > To do this without GD&T you would need very tight dimensions on the diameter of the bore > Which may be very hard to control when being machined (and expensive) SSaee 71Tolerances of Profile fond Profile ofa Lit (ASME Y14 5411904, 6.6.20) ie Profile ofa Surface (ASME ¥14.5M-1994, 6.5.22) PROFILE TOLERANCES There are two types of profile controls: Profile of a Surface 7) Profile of a Line + Profile of a surface is considered the most powerful control in the geometric tolerancing system. + It can be used to control the size, location, orientation, and form of a part feature. + Profile of a surface or line can be used to tolerance planar surfaces, cylinders, cones, .cumyes,and irregular curves. 10/12/2021 72Profile of Line ay | 0.030 |A|B GD&T Symbol:_ |) Relative to Datum: Optional MMC or LMC applicable: No 1] 2 Description: > Profle ofa ine describes a tolerance zone usually ofa curved shape. > Profile of a line is a 2-Dimn. tolerance range, can be applied to any linear tolerance. > Ifitis called out on a surface, like a radius on a part ~ profile of a line would specify how much that cross-section could vary from a true curved radius. > Profile of a line takes a cross section at any point along the surface and sets a tolerance zone on either side i:thé profile. Profile of Line ‘GD&T Tolerance Zone: > 2-Dimensional tolerance zone existing of two parallel curves that follow the contour of the true surface profil. > The application on where the tolerance zone applies can be specified on the drawing > This tolerance zone may or may not be referenced by a datum. Wo parallel tines 10/12/2021 73Profile of Line Gauging / Measurement: > Profile of a line is measured using a gauge that is referenced to the true profile at the given specific cross-section. > Because there are an infinite amount of 2D cross-sections of any part, the number or locations of measurement points can be specified on the drawing. > Profile is usually measured using a CMM for more complex geometries. amano Profile of Line Relation to Other GD&T Symbols: > Profile of a line is of course closely related to profile of a surface. > The difference being that profile of a line takes only the measurement at a specific cross-section and does not take into account the variance of one cross-section to the next. > Profile of a line can also be thought to be similar to straightness or circularity. > All three tolerance symbols specify how much a cross-section can vary whether in a straight line, a circle or in a custom profile shape. > They all have a tolerance zone existing of parallel lines surrounding the measured profile in a 2-Dimensional cross-section. 10/12/2021 74Profile of Line Om When Used: > Acommon use of line profile would be if you were comparing a curving surface such as the hood of a car, or an airplane wing. > With an airplane wing, each cross-section would need to be a different profile shape and require multiple measurements to ensure at each location the profile tolerance is met. > Both profiles of a line or profile of a surface can be called out on ‘such surfaces. Profile of Line Line Profile Application Zee te 10/12/2024 75Profile of Line ID Example: [oz] Acurved surface that R50 would need to be in if f 150 specification along all of ts ni cross-sections as shown k1s.0—4 Ap u CNM pogin weh Saat awe te ‘texte pole Profile of Line Final Notes to Remember: Used with Surface Profile: > Sometimes profile of a line is used in conjunction with profile of a surface. > In these cases, the line profile tolerance will be tighter than the surface tolerance. > This ensures that along any specific cross section of the profile, the profile remains true > While also ensuring that each cross section of the part would be within a wider tolerance range when compared together. 10/12/2021 76Profile of Line + The controlled surface is not related to datums, so can be located. anywhere within the limits of size. f alee = cethatitoos at nad eres ance Freaoe =| 05 Feaaaa| fsons—=| file of a Surface GD&T Symbol: [ Relative to Datum: Optional MMC or LMC applicable: No 8 A eae > Profile of a surface describes a 3-Dimensional tolerance zone around a ‘Joos TATS Description: surface > Entire surface (where the radius is) has to fall within the tolerance zone. > Profile controls all the points along the surface within a tolerance > Any point on the surface would not be able to vary inside or outside by more than the surface profile tolerance 10/12/2021 7Profile of a Surface GD&T Tolerance Zone: 3-Dimensional tolerance zone existing of 2 parallel surface curves that follow the contour of the surface profile across the entire length of the surface. This tolerance zone may or may not be referenced by a datum. QJo030 [A]B rt Tcovilt-Mey aryl rl a=) Gauging / Measurement: > Profile is usually measured using a CMM due to the complexity of some of the surfaces that are called out. >The CMM would compare the 3D scan of the profile to the dimensions > If profile surface as a radius, a dial gauge can be used to trace the part with the template Gauge mast {slow von proti Profi is suay messored witha CMM, 10/12/2021 78Profile of a Surface Relation to Other GD&T Symbols: + Profile of a surface is the 3D version of profile of a line. + The difference between them is that profile of a surface would cover the entire required surface, making sure that every point falls in the tolerance zone, not just at a cross-section. Profile of a Surface Profile of a surface : Pheer sire ores Kamae er! east 10/12/2021 79ofile of a Surfa: Surface Profile Application jossticeia Profile of a Surface When Used: > When used with datums it can control every aspect of a feature's geometry which includes size, location, orientation, and form. > Uses could be an airplane wing, complex surfacing designs in automotive engineering > Both profile of a line or profile of a surface can be called out on such surfaces, however, surface profile is more common. > For a curved surface and want to ensure that every point falls within a specific tolerance range, call out profile of a surface. 10/12/2021 80Profile of a Surface Coplanar surfa‘ cu 7 Peo datum ine Profile of a Surface PROFILE TOLERANCES > Unless otherwise indicated, where a profile control (surface or line) is associated with a feature, the tolerance zone is a bilateral tolerance zone with equal distribution. > This is the most common tolerance zone used with profile. > However, when using profile controls (surface or line), three other distributions are permissible: Bilateral tolerance zone (unequal distribution) Unilateral tolerance zone (outside) Unilateral tolerance zone (inside) 10/12/2021 81Profile of a Surface PROFILE TOLERANCES Unequally Disposed Profile Modifier: (U) Objectives: To enable the specification of unequally disposed Surface Profile tolerance zones to be captured in code rather than merely visually in a drawing. Tolerances of Orientation ete Angularity. (ASME Y14.5M-1994 6.6.2) ale Perpendicularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994 6.6.4) ho Parallelism (ASME Vaated) se 10/12/2021 82GD&T Symbol = {Z[oow [A Relative to Datum: Yes MMC or LMC applicable: Yes (Uncommon) {gq A = ak Description: > Angularity describes the specific orientation of one feature to another at a referenced angle. > It can reference a 2D line referenced to another 2D element > More commonly it relates the orientation of one surface plane relative to another datum plane in a 3-Dimensional tolerance Zone. GDA&T Tolerance Zone: > Two parallel planes or lines which are oriented at the specified angle in relation to a datum. > All points on the referenced surface must fall into this tolerance zone. > Angularity does not directly control the angle of the referenced surface; it controls the envelope (like flatness) that the entire surface can lie. 10/12/2024 83gularity. mui =< Relation to Other GD&T Symbols: » Perpendicularity and Parallelism are actually refined forms of Angulatity > Perpendicularity describes angularity at 90° and parallelism describes it at 0° > All of these are profiles of orientation and are used in same way > When you call out any of the orientation symbols, flatness is implied (Surface variation between two parallel planes = Flatness) > However the biggest difference is that orientation callouts (angularity) are measured with respect to a datum, where flatness is not with respect to datum. When Used: > Angularity helps contro! any feature that is at an angle to another datum surface. > Anytime you have a critical feature which mates with other parts at an angle, angularity can be used to help control the angle and flatness of the mating surfaces. > Many stamped parts that have bent features use angularity > To ensure that the 3D surface formed by the stamping operation that is formed always is controlled and encased in a tolerance zone. 10/12/2021 8410/12/2021 jTolerances of Orientation - Perpendicularity His ear symbol: | —L Relative to Datum: Yes MMC or LMC applicable: Yes Special Note: Perpendicularity in GD&T can mean two very different things depending on which reference feature is called out. 1. Surface Perpendicularity is a tolerance that controls Perpendicularity between two 90° surfaces, or features. Surface Perpendicularity is controlled with two parallel planes acting as its tolerance zone. 2. Axis Perpendicularity is a tolerance that controls how perpendicular a specific axis needs to be to a datum. Axis Perpendicularity is controlled by a cylinder around a theoretical perfectly parallel axis. 1. Surface Perpendicularity: Description: > Perpendicularity is a fairly common symbol that requires the referenced surface or line to be perpendicular 4 or 90° from a datum surface or line. > Perpendicularity can reference a 2D line, but more commonly it describes the orientation of one surface plane perpendicular to another datum plane. 85