Integration
Pure Mathematics - 2
Revision of Differentiation
Differentiation
𝑑𝑦 Application differentiation
To find differentiation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
To find
𝑑𝑥
Function increasing, >0
𝑑𝑥
1. Algebraic Function
2. Exponential Function
3. Logarithmic Function 𝑑𝑦
4. Trigonometric Function
Function decreasing, <0
𝑑𝑥
Equation of Tangent 𝑑𝑦
Stationary Point, =0
Equation of Normal 𝑑𝑥
Nature of Stationary Point
Nature of Stationary Point
Maximum
𝑑2 𝑦
Minimum
<0 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
>0
𝑑𝑥 2
To find integration
Infinite Integral
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥𝑑 𝑥 = +𝑐 where, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑛+1 1
𝑥𝑎 + 𝑏 = × +𝑐 where, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1 𝑎
Definite Integral
𝑏
𝑏 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑎dx = =𝐼 𝑏 −𝐼 𝑎
𝑛+1 𝑎
𝑛+1 𝑏
𝑏 𝑛 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 1
𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = × =𝐼 𝑏 −𝐼 𝑎
𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑎
Integration Overview
Integration
𝑏
Indefinite Integral 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 Definite Integral 𝑛 𝑥 𝑎
To Find the Equation of Curve To Find the Area and Volume of
𝑑𝑦 given Curve
where already given by
𝑑𝑥
= ⋯ . 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = ….
Area and Volume between one
line and one curve
General Equation
Area and volume between two
Particular Equation curve
Different Between Differentiation and
Integration
Differentiation Integration
• 𝑦 •
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑥𝑑 3
𝑑𝑦
• 𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦
• 𝑥𝑑 2
𝑑2 𝑦
• 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 • 𝑥𝑑
𝑑3 𝑦
• • 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
Some Example of Integration
𝑑𝑦
1. Find the equation of curve 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥. Given that the curve
passes through at point 1,2 .
Solution
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Taking 𝑡𝑜𝑏 ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
න 𝑑𝑦 = න 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 3 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦= 32 +𝑐
𝑥2
The general equation of curve is 𝑦 = 32 +𝑐
Now, the curves passes through at point 1,2
then
𝑥2
𝑦 = 3 +𝑐
2
1
2 = 3 +𝑐
2
1
c=
2
𝑥2 1
The particular equation is 𝑦 = 3 +
2 2
Area between two curves
Area of above curves – Area of below curves
𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Volume of Revolution
For X – axis For Y – axis
𝑏 2
• 𝜋 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝑎 •
𝑑 2
𝜋 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑐
Integration of Trigonometry Function𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠
= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
1
= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 × + 𝑐
𝑎
1
𝑥𝑎 𝑛𝑖𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 × + 𝑐
𝑎
Some Example
1
𝑛𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 × + 𝑐
3
1
𝑛𝑖𝑠 2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos(2 − 3𝑥) × + 𝑐
−3
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑛𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + × + 𝑐
3 4 2
Integration of Trigonometry Function 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐
𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 + 𝑐
1
× 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑐 + 𝑐
𝑎
1
𝑥𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 × + 𝑐
𝑎
Some Examples
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 × 1 +𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ×2+𝑐
2 2 2
2
1
𝑠𝑜𝑐 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −2𝑥 × +𝑐
−2
1
𝑠𝑜𝑐 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 − 2 × + 𝑐
3
Integration of Trigonometry 𝑐𝑒𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑒𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
2 1
× 𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑠 + 𝑐
𝑎
2 1
𝑥𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑠 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 × + 𝑐
𝑎
Some Example
2 1
𝑐𝑒𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 × + 𝑐
2
2 1
𝑐𝑒𝑠 2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 − 3𝑥 × +𝑐
−3
2 𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + × +𝑐
2 2 1
Further Integration of Trigonometry
Function
1. 𝑛𝑖𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
2
1
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= 1𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑜𝑐 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑥− +𝑐
2 2
𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1
= 𝑥𝑑 2 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑐
2
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥.
2
1
= 𝑥𝑑 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 +
2
𝑥1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
= 𝑐+𝑥 +
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑 = 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑐2
2
−1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1 2
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1
= න 𝑥𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑐 =
2 2 2
……………… =
𝑥2 𝑥2
4. 𝑥𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − 2
2
𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐1− 𝑥2 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑐1−
= 𝑥𝑑 = 𝑛𝑖𝑠
2 2 2
……………… =
𝜋
5. Find the exact value of 0 5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
4
Solution
𝜋
4
න 5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 5 න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
= න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 1 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 4 4
𝜋 0 0 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0 − − 0
4 4
5𝜋
= 5−
4
6. a. Use the expansions of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 𝑥 and
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑥 to show that, 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 ≡ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋
1
b. Hence show that 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
4 .
4
Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
b. Use Part 𝒂
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 4
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 4 4
= න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
= 4 − 4
2 2 0 4 0
1 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 0
2 2 4 4 4
1 1
= −0 − 0−0
2 2
1
=
4
7. Find 𝑛𝑖𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=
2
1
= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2
4
1
= 1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥
4
1 1 1
1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
4 2 2
3 1 1
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
8 2 8
4
3 1 1
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 8
3 1 1
= න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 8
3 1 1
= න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2 8
3 1 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 𝑐
8 4 32
