CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The aim of this study to design and develop a Non-Inverter Window-Type Air

Conditioning Trainer that enhances students' electrical troubleshooting skills. By integrating

practical learning into the curriculum, this study seeks to provide a cost-efficient, hands-on

tool that enhances students' ability to diagnose, repair, and maintain non-inverter window-

type air conditioners. This prototype will serve as a practical training resource, offering

students the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios within air

conditioning systems to real-world applications in air conditioning systems. The

methodological framework of the study shows the steps that the researchers are to follow as

shown in Figure 1.

Research and Data

Collection

Design and
Prototype Planning

Prototype
Construction and
Component
Assembly

Testing and
Evaluation

Final
Implementation and
Training

Figure 1. Methodological Framework

3.1. Design

After conducting research on non-inverter window-type air conditioners, an initial

design for the training prototype is created. This design incorporates key components like

compressors, fan motors, thermostats, and safety features to ensure functionality and

reliability. This prototype is intended to provide a hands-on learning experience for students,

enhancing their troubleshooting skills while maintaining affordability and suitability for

educational purposes. Figure 3.1.1 presents the isometric view of the SketchUp design for

the prototype, highlighting the various components and their respective placements within the

layout.

Figure 3.1.1 Isometric View of the Prototype Design

 The overall design of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer, as

shown in Figure 3.1.1 is the result of thorough research and analysis, incorporating

recommendations from existing studies to ensure optimal efficiency and functionality.

3.1.2 Detailed Design and Exploded View of the Prototype

The Detailed Design of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer

illustrates the arrangement and connections of essential components like the Compressor,

Evaporator Coil, Condenser Coil, and Fan Motor. These parts are set in an open-frame

design, making them easily visible and accessible for training purposes. The exploded view

also shows how the Control System and Temperature Sensors interact, closely mimicking the

layout of a real air conditioning unit. By incorporating terminal cords with banana plugs,

students can connect and disconnect components, gaining hands-on experience in wiring and

electrical troubleshooting. This setup ensures a practical, realistic learning experience for

system analysis and maintenance. Figure 3.1.2.1 illustrates the design in an exploded view,

with the various components clearly labeled.

Figure 3.1.2.1 Presents a detailed exploded view of the Prototype Design.

1. Compressor 5. Fan Motor

2. Evaporator Coil 6. Control System

3. Condenser Coil 7. Filter

4. Capillary Tube
 The following are the components to be used in the assembly of the Non-Inverter

Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer for Electrical Troubleshooting as depicted in the

exploded view of the prototype design.

Figure 3.1.2.2

3.1.3 Cooling Mechanisms

3.1.3.1 Compressor

The compressor is a key component that pressurizes the refrigerant, enabling the

cooling cycle in the air conditioning system. It is connected to the evaporator and condenser

coils to circulate the refrigerant throughout the system. Placed near the bottom of the unit for

efficient cooling, it operates at 220V and is crucial for maintaining the desired temperature.

Without the compressor, the air conditioning unit cannot function properly, making it

essential for the prototype’s cooling operation.

 3.1.3.2 Evaporator Coil

The evaporator coil, made of copper or aluminum, absorbs heat from the air inside the

room and is connected to the refrigerant lines within the air handler unit. It plays a vital role

in the cooling process by lowering the air temperature before it circulates, ensuring efficient

heat transfer for optimal cooling. The coil operates at a maximum temperature of 40°F to

45°F and its size is determined by the unit size and cooling capacity.

3.1.3.3 Condenser Coil

Condenser Coil is a critical component in the cooling system that releases heat from the

refrigerant by condensing high-pressure refrigerant gas into liquid form, which is achieved by

dissipating heat into the surrounding air. Connected to the compressor and evaporator coil

through refrigerant lines, it is typically placed outside the air conditioning unit to enhance

heat dissipation. Made from copper or aluminum, the condenser coil is designed to handle

high-pressure refrigerants. Its primary role is essential for efficient cooling, and its proper

placement ensures optimal performance.

 3.1.3.4 Capillary Tube

The capillary tube is a small narrow tube that controls the flow of refrigerant between

the condenser and evaporator coils crucial for the system's cooling performance. It reduces

the refrigerant's pressure and temperature, allowing the system to absorb heat efficiently.

Located between the condenser and evaporator, it works using pressure differences instead of

power. Its size ranges from 0.8mm to 1.2mm in diameter, without it the air conditioner

wouldn’t work properly.

3.1.4 Air Circulation

3.1.4.1 Centrifugal Evap Blower

The Centrifugal Evaporator Blower helps circulate air through the evaporator coil to

spread cooled air inside the room. It is connected to the evaporator coil and powered by the

system's electrical circuit. It usually operates on 220V AC and 0.5HP, with an airflow

capacity of 500-600 CFM. This component is essential for proper airflow and efficient

cooling, ensuring the air conditioning system works effectively. Without it, the air wouldn’t

circulate, and cooling would be inefficient.

 3.1.4.2 Propeller Fan

The propeller fan helps move air over the evaporator or condenser coils to improve

heat exchange and cooling. In the prototype, it blows cool air into the room by connecting to

the evaporator coil. Powered by a 220V AC motor, it ensures good airflow, keeping the

system from overheating and making the cooling process more effective.

3.1.5 Electrical Control System

3.1.5.1 Capacitors

Capacitors are electrical components used to store and release energy, helping stabilize

voltage levels and filter out noise in the circuit. Typically placed near the power supply and

sensitive components like the microcontroller, capacitors ensure smooth current flow and

protect the system from voltage spikes. They are usually electrolytic or ceramic, with voltage

ratings ranging from 25V to 50V and capacitance between 10µF to 100µF. Capacitors play a

crucial role in filtering and stabilizing electrical signals, ensuring the proper operation of the

prototype without distortion.

 \

3.1.5.2 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a protective electrical component designed to automatically disconnect

power in case of an overload or short circuit, preventing damage to the system. Typically

connected in series with the power supply, it is placed near the main power source or within

the power distribution panel. As a safety device, circuit breakers are rated by their current and

voltage capacities, usually ranging from 10A to 20A for low-voltage systems.

3.1.5.3 Thermostat Switch

The thermostat switch regulates the air conditioner's temperature by controlling the

compressor based on room temperature. It connects to the control panel and compressor,

usually placed near the evaporator coil. Specifications: Voltage: 220V AC, Current Rating:

10A, Temperature Range: 16°C to 30°C. It ensures energy efficiency by turning the
compressor on and off to maintain a consistent temperature, contributing to optimal cooling

performance.

3.1.5.4 Air Switch

The air switch controls the fan and airflow in the air conditioning system. It is located in

the control panel and connects to the fan and air swing motor. By detecting airflow, it

regulates the fan's operation. Its specifications may include "Output: 120V AC, 5A." The air

switch is essential for efficient airflow and overall system performance in the prototype.

3.1.5.6 Air Swing Motor

The air swing motor is a small motor that controls the movement of the louvers to

adjust airflow direction in an air conditioner. Powered by 12V DC with an output of 0.2-1A,

it connects to the control panel for user adjustments. It ensures even air distribution by
swinging the louvers horizontally or vertically, improving comfort and cooling efficiency in

the system.

3.1.5.7 Shrouded Banana Plugs

Banana plugs are single-wire electrical connectors used for secure and connecting wires

to equipment, ideal for testing and troubleshooting purposes. In the prototype, they connect

the control panel to testing tools or power sources, enabling efficient and reusable

connections. With a current capacity of 10-30A and a 4mm standard size, they play a vital

role in ensuring smooth system functionality.

3.1.5.8 Banana Sockets

Banana sockets are electrical connectors designed to securely hold banana plugs,

providing a reliable interface for connecting wires to equipment. In the prototype, they serve

as the connection points on the control panel, linking various components to testing tools or

power sources. With a standard 4mm size and a current capacity of 10-30A, these sockets
ensure stable and efficient electrical connections, supporting the system’s functionality and

enhancing ease of testing and troubleshooting.

3.2 Development

The development phase of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer

focuses on assembling key components to simulate air conditioning systems, using terminals

for modular, interactive training. The open-frame design incorporates transparent sections to

display cross-sectional views, enhancing the learning experience. For easy mobility, wheels

or handles are added to the base, allowing easy transport between classrooms, workshops,

and labs. The assembly process is guided by principles of thermodynamics and refrigeration

cycles to ensure functionality and provide hands-on learning opportunities.

3.2.1 Flow Charts

Power Supply Protection and

Safety

Electrical and
Cooling Mechanisms
Control System

Air Circulation

Figure 3.2.1.1

The flowchart depicts the operation of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning

Trainer, starting with the power supply converting AC to the necessary voltage. The control
system manages temperature, while sensors track and regulate the process. Cooling is

provided by the compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve, with built-in safety

features. The open-frame design allows easy access for troubleshooting and hands-on

learning.

3.2.2 Schematic Diagram

Figure 3.2.2.1

The prototype utilizes an open-frame design, offering easy access to and visibility of the

components for students to examine and troubleshoot. Terminal cords are cut and connected

to banana sockets, creating a modular system that allows simple wiring connections for

training. The banana plugs act as quick-connect points, enabling students to easily connect or

disconnect key components such as the evaporator coil, condenser coil, compressor, fan,

filter, capacitor, and control panel. Color-coded wires are used to help identify connections,

making it easier for students to follow the setup and reducing the risk of errors. The banana
jack sockets serve as power distribution points where the banana plugs are inserted,

establishing secure electrical connections between components. This design promotes hands-

on training by replicating real-world electrical setups and providing students with the

opportunity to work with actual connections, gaining a deeper understanding of how each

component functions within the air conditioning system.

3.2.3 Dimensions of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer

Figure 3.2.3.1

The prototype's dimensions are carefully designed to provide easy access to its

components for practical learning. The length, width, and height are balanced to
accommodate key components and ensure ease of use for training purposes. The open-frame

structure allows for a clear view of internal components, while the overall size is optimized

for portability and effective use in various classroom, workshop, and lab environments. These

dimensions are intended to provide students with a hands-on learning experience, ensuring

accessibility and flexibility in different settings.

3.3 Implementation

This section describes the procedures for testing the prototype to assess its functionality

and performance. The implementation phase will involve practical tests to verify that the

system operates as intended, with a focus on the efficiency of the main components,

temperature control accuracy, and the stability of electrical connections. The prototype will

be tested under various conditions to simulate real-world scenarios, evaluating its

effectiveness as an educational tool. Additionally, feedback from both instructors and students

will be gathered to pinpoint areas for improvement and ensure the system aligns with the

learning objectives. The testing process will include checking the thermostat's temperature

regulation, fan motor functionality, sensor precision, and simulating electrical faults for

troubleshooting evaluation.
3.4 Evaluation

The evaluation phase aims to assess the prototype’s performance and its effectiveness in

electrical troubleshooting training. This includes testing the system’s functionality and

reliability to ensure it accurately reflects real-world scenarios. Feedback from both students

and instructors will be gathered to measure its educational value, particularly in improving

troubleshooting and system maintenance skills. Based on the results, modifications will be

made to enhance the prototype’s design and its effectiveness as a training tool.

3.4.1 Research Design

The proposed study will use a developmental research approach to create and assess a

Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer designed to enhance practical learning

for BS in Energy Systems and Management students. The research will start with a needs

analysis to identify deficiencies in current air conditioning systems training, with a focus on

hands-on troubleshooting, identifying components, and understanding system operations.

This study will examine how the prototype, which incorporates key air conditioning

components, helps students develop diagnostic and maintenance skills relevant to power

systems and electrical engineering. The prototype's effectiveness will be evaluated based on

its ability to engage students, enhance their practical skills, and provide a cost-effective,
scalable educational tool. Evaluation will include feedback from students and instructors and

practical assessments to determine the success of the training tool. Ultimately, the research

aims to improve learning outcomes by giving students hands-on experience with real-world

systems, boosting their proficiency in air conditioning maintenance and troubleshooting.

3.4.2 Research Locale

The study will be conducted at the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTP) in Cagayan de Oro City. USTP offers a range of engineering and

technology programs, including the Bachelor of Science in Energy Systems and Management

(BSESM), which is the primary focus of this research. The Non-Inverter Window-Type Air

Conditioning Trainer will be developed and tested in this setting, providing BSESM students

with practical learning opportunities in air conditioning systems, troubleshooting, and

maintenance.

3.4.3 Sampling Participants

The study will involve fifteen faculty members and experts, along with thirty students.

Participants will be selected from the College of Technology's Bachelor of Science in Energy

Systems and Management (BSESM) program, as well as students enrolled in renewable

energy courses from other programs at the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTP). These participants will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of

the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer and its impact on students' practical

learning experiences.
3.4.4 Research Instrument

In developing the research instruments, efforts will be made to ensure their validity by

consulting with experts in air conditioning systems and troubleshooting, particularly those

with experience in non-inverter systems. A preliminary survey will be conducted to assess the

existing knowledge and hands-on skills of students who lack traditional laboratory experience

in air conditioning systems. This survey aims to identify gaps in students' theoretical

understanding and practical abilities in air conditioning maintenance and troubleshooting.

The research instrument, which evaluates the Content Quality, Instrument Quality, and

Technical Quality of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning Trainer, will be based

on an adapted framework from previous studies.

A 5-point Likert scale will be used to measure the trainer's effectiveness and its acceptability

among students and instructors.

3.4.5 Table. The Five Point Likert Scale Ratings, Scale Ranges and Adjectival Ratings to

Evaluate the Trainer

Range Qualitative Description Interpretation

5-4.20 Strongly agree The trainer operates flawlessly with no
significant technical issues. It is easy to
use, provides reliable performance, and is
ideal for training purposes. Minimal
maintenance is required.

4.19- 3.40 Agree The trainer generally functions well, with

occasional minor issues that don’t interfere
significantly with its performance. It
requires minimal maintenance and remains
functional in a training environment.
3.39- 2.60 Neutral The trainer’s performance is average, with
occasional disruptions or minor
malfunctions that may slightly affect
operation. Maintenance is required more
often, but it remains manageable for use in
training.
2.59- 1.80 Disagree The trainer’s performance is below
expectations, with frequent malfunctions
and inconsistent operation. Regular
maintenance is necessary, and it may not
be fully reliable for practical use in
training.
1.79- 1.0 Strongly Disagree The trainer is unreliable, with frequent
 technical issues disrupting training
sessions. It requires constant maintenance
and fails to provide consistent, stable
performance, making it difficult to trust in
a learning environment.

3.4.6 Data Gathering Procedure

To evaluate the effectiveness of the Non-Inverter Window-Type Air Conditioning

Trainer, a survey questionnaire will be utilized. The data collection process will involve

gathering feedback from students and faculty members regarding the trainer's usability,

functionality, and educational value. In addition to the survey, a needs assessment will be

conducted to identify specific gaps in the current training methods for air conditioning

systems. Experts in energy systems and air conditioning technology will also be consulted to

provide insights into the trainer’s design and performance. The adopted survey will assess the

trainer's performance based on the following criteria:

a) Component Accessibility

b) Training Effectiveness

c) System Performance

d) Usability and Practical Application

3.4.7 Data Analysis

The performance data obtained during testing will be analyzed to assess the effectiveness of

the system for training purposes. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and error

analysis will be used to evaluate the accuracy and dependability of the system’s performance.
3.4.8 Mean and Standard Deviation

The mean and standard deviation will be calculated from the performance data to evaluate the

system's consistency and overall functionality, providing insights into its accuracy and

reliability for meeting training objectives.