PROJECT FILE
Gaurav memorial international School
CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
ADITYA RAJ Ms.SONIYA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aditya raj, of 12 S-1, has
successfully completed the Chemistry project file on
“Van’t Hoff Factor”.
This project was submitted as part of the academic
requirements for Chemistry in the academic year 2024-
25 and reflects their effort, understanding, and
research into the topic.
The work has been reviewed and approved by
Ms.Soniya, under whose guidance the project was
completed.
Ms.Soniya
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all
those who helped me successfully complete this
practical file on the Van 't Hoff factor.
Firstly, I would like to thank my chemistry teacher,
Ms.Soniya , for their guidance, encouragement, and
valuable insights throughout the preparation of this
file. Their expertise and patience played a significant
role in enhancing my understanding of the topic.
I am also grateful to my school for providing the
necessary resources and laboratory facilities that
enabled me to carry out the experiments and compile
this file effectively.
Lastly, I extend my thanks to my friends and family for
their support and encouragement during the
completion of this project.
This project has been a valuable learning experience,
and I am deeply appreciative of everyone who
contributed to its success.
Aditya Raj
12 S-1
INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Apparatus and Chemicals Required
4. Experimental Setup
5. Procedure
6. Observations
7. Calculations
8. Result
9. Conclusion
10.Precautions
INTRODUCTION
The Van 't Hoff factor, denoted by the symbol i, is a
measure of the number of particles into which a
compound dissociates or associates in solution. It is
significant in determining the effect of solutes on
colligative properties such as boiling point elevation,
freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering,
and osmotic pressure.
Theory
The Van 't Hoff factor is defined as:
i = Observed Colligative Property / Theoretical
Colligative Property
For electrolytes:-
Dissociation: The factor is greater than 1, as the solute
breaks into ions (e.g., NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-,
so i ~ 2).
Association: The factor is less than 1, as molecules
combine to form larger particles (e.g., CH3COOH
associates in benzene)
Apparatus and Chemicals Required
1. Thermometer (accuracy 0.1°C)
2. Beaker
3. Stirring rod
4. Analytical balance
5. Solvent (e.g., water or benzene)
6. Solutes (e.g., NaCl, glucose)
7. Freezing point apparatus(or boiling point apparatus)
Procedure
1. Weigh a known quantity of solute using an analytical
balance.
2. Add the solute to a known volume of solvent in a
beaker.
3. Record the freezing or boiling point of the pure
solvent.
4. Record the freezing or boiling point of the solution.
5. Calculate the depression in freezing point (Delta Tf)
or elevation in boiling point (Delta Tb).
6. Use the formula for colligative properties to
determine the Van't Hoff factor
OBSERVATIONS
Mass Mass Observed ΔTf/ΔTb
Solvent Solute of of Freezing/Boiling (°C) Calculated
Solvent Solute Point (°C) | i
(g) (g)
NaCl 50 5 -1.86 3.72 2
Water
Benzene CH3COOH 50 5 -0.65 0.65 0.5
Calculations
Example Calculation
For NaCl:
Depression in freezing point (Delta Tf)
Delta Tf = Tf_solvent - Tf_solution
Delta Tf = -1.86 - (-3.72) = 1.86
Van 't Hoff factor
i = Delta Tf_observed / Delta Tf_theoretical
i = 3.72 / 1.86 = 2
RESULTS
The Van 't Hoff factor for:-
NaCl: 2 (complete dissociation into ions)
CH3COOH: 0.5 (partial association in benzene)
Conclusion
The experiment successfully determined the Van 't
Hoff factor for different solutes. It showed that
electrolytes dissociate in solution (i > 1), while some
compounds associate depending on the solvent used (i
< 1).
Precautions
1. Use clean and dry apparatus.
2. Measure temperature accurately using a calibrated
thermometer.
3. Avoid contamination of the solution.
4. Stir the solution gently to ensure uniform mixing.
5. Weigh the solute and solvent precisely
