Aim:

To calculate the Van’t Hoff’s factors of different salts using water as the so

Apparatus required

Electronic balance

China dish

Beaker stirrer

Bunsen burner

Stand

Clamps

Log table

Tripod stand

wire gauze

Thermometer

Chemicals required:

Distilled water

Sodium

Chloride (Na

l) Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)

AmmoniumChloride(NH4Cl)
Van·t Hoff factor:

(named after J. H. Van't Hoff ) is a measure of the effect of a solute upon colligative
properties, such as elevation of boiling point, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure and
freezing point depression .The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual
concentration of particles produced when the substance is dissolved, and the concentration
of a substance as calculated from its mass . For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the
van' t Hoff factor is essentially 1.For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van 't
Hoff factor is equal to the number of discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance. This is
true for ideal solutions only. Sometime ion pairing occurs in solution. At a given instant a small
percentage of the ions are paired and count as a single particle. Ion pairing occurs to some
extent in all electrolyte solutions .This causes deviation from the van’t Hoff factor .The
deviation for the van’t Hoff factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple
charges.

When solute particlesassociateinsolution,

i
is less than 1. (
e.g.
ethanoicacid in benzene, benzoic acid in benzene)
y
When solute particlesdissociateinsolution,
i
is greater than 1. (
e.g.
sodiumchloride in water, potassium chloride inwater, magnesium chloride in water)
y

When solute particles neither dissociatenor associate in solution,

i
equals 1. (
e.g.
Glucose in water)

Boiling-point elevation:
Boiling-point elevation
describes the phenomenonthat the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another
compound is added, meaning that asolution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent.This happens
whenever a non-volatile solute, such as asalt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water.
T
b
=
K
b
·
m
solute
·
i

N
on integer
i
factors result from ion pairs in solution,which lower the effective number
of particles in thesolution.Together with the formula above, the boiling-
pointelevation can in principle be used to measure the degreeof dissociation or the
molar mass of the solute. This kindof measurement is called
ebulli
oscopy
(Greek "boiling-viewing").

E
rror and correction of t
h
ermometer
:

The thermometer, like any such measuringdevices may have error in its reading.This may be due to1.

The scale may not be graduatedproperly.2.

The mercury may be impure and hencemay not expand properly.3.

There may be other faults also with it.That error may be removed if we apply the end correction
tothermometer reading.
W
e record thermometer reading ofmelting point of ice at room temperature.If the temperature reading comes out
then the error is x
º
C
and correction is ²x
º
C

P
rocedure:
Measuring t
h
e mass of solute andsolvent

Take a clean, dry and empty beaker.

y

M
easure the weight of the beaker withthe help of balance
y

Now pour some distilled water into thebeaker and again weigh the beaker bysubtracting this mass
from initial massof beaker
y
W
e get mass of solvent(water).
y

Now , add some salt to the beaker andshake the beaker so as to dissolve thesalt in water and again
weigh thebeaker.
y

This calculated mass when subtractedfrom the mass of the beaker will givethe mass of the salt dissolved.

D
etermination of boiling point of solvent:
y

Take some water (solvent) in a beaker and setit on a wire gauze placed on a tripod standabove
the burner .
y

L
ower the thermometer into the solution , suchthat the bulb of the thermometer is completelyimmersed in the
water and clamp it in position.
y

L
ight the burner to heat the water .
y

A
s heating progresses, at some time thetemperature becomes constant.
y

This temperature is the boiling point solvent.

D
etermination of boiling point of t
h
esolution
:
y
Take the solution in the beaker and set it on awire gauze placed on the tripod stand abovethe
burner.

L
ower a thermometer
in the solution such
thatit·s bulb is
completely
immersed in the
solutionand clamp it
in position.
y

L
ight the burner to
heat the
solutiondeterminatio
n of error in
the thermometer
:

y
Take a clean beaker
and dry it.
y

P
ut crushed ice into
the beaker.
y

L
ower a thermometer
into the ice and
clamp itin position.
y

Note the
temperature when
ice starts melting.
y
This temperature is
equal to the error in
thereadings in the
thermometer
andcorresponding c
orrection is negative
of it.

D
etermination
of error in t
h
et
h
ermometer:
o
Take
C
lean beaker and dry
it
o

P
ut crushed ice into
beaker
o
L
ower a thermometer
into the ice
andclamp it in
position
o
Note the
temperature when
ice startsmelting
o

This temperature is
equal to the error
inthe readings in the
thermometer
andcorresponding
correction
is negative ofit

O
bservation:
S
olvent used=water
E
nd error and
correction in the
thermometer
o

O
bserved melting poin
t of ice = 3
ºC
o

R
eal melting point of i
ce = 0
ºC

E
rror in reading = -3
ºC

C
orrection e = 3
ºC

S
olute used=
S
odium chloride(Na
C
l)a)
M
ass of solute
and solventb)
M
ass of beaker x = 95
gm c)
M
ass of beaker+solve
nt y =135 gmd)
M
ass of beaker+solve
nt+solute z= 1
4
0 gme)
M
ass of solvent
W
a =y-x=
4
0 gmf)
M
ass of solute
W
b=z-y=5 gm
1.

M
olecular mass of
solute
M
b = 58.5
2
.

K
b for solvent = 0.52
kg mol
-1

3
.

E
levation of boiling
pointa)

O
bserved boiling poin
t of solvent = 99
ºC
b)

C
orrected boiling poin
t of solvent =102
ºC
c)

B
oiling point of soluti
on =100
ºC
d)
E
levation in boiling p
oint ¨Tb =2
4
.

V
an·t Hoff factori = ¨
Tb*
M
b*
W
a/
K
b*
W
b*1000i = 2 X 58.5
X
4
05 X 1000 X
0.52i = 1.8
V
an·t Hoff factor for
Na
C
l is 1.8

S
olute used=
Z
IN
C

SUL
P
H
A
T
E
(
Z
n
SO
4

)g)
M
ass of solute
and solventh)
M
ass of beaker x = 91
gm i)
M
ass of beaker+solve
nt y =130 gm j)
M
ass of beaker+solve
nt+solute z= 138 gm
k)
M
ass of solvent
W
a =y-x= 39 gml)
M
ass of solute
W
b=z-y=8 gm
5
.
M
olecular mass of
solute
M
b =161.5
6
.

K
b for solvent = 0.52
kg mol
-1

7
.

E
levation of boiling
pointa)

O
bserved boiling poin
t of solvent = 98
ºC
b)

C
orrected boiling poin
t of solvent =101
ºC
c)
B
oiling point of soluti
on =100
ºC
d)

E
levation in boiling p
oint ¨Tb =1
8
.

V
an·t Hoff factori = ¨
Tb*
M
b*
W
a/
K
b*
W
b*1000i = 1 X 161.
5 X 398 X 1000 X
0.52i = 1.5
V
an·t Hoff factor for
Z
n
SO
4
is 1.5

S
olute used=
AMM
O
NI
U
M
C
H
LO
R
I
DE
(NH
4
C
l)m)
M
ass of solute
and solventn)
M
ass of beaker x = 95
.2 gm o)
M
ass of beaker+solve
nt y =1
4
2.3 gmp)
M
ass of beaker+solve
nt+solute z= 1
4
5.3 gmq)
M
ass of solvent
W
a =y-x=
47
.1 gmr)
M
ass of solute
W
b=z-y= 3 gm
9
.
M
olecular mass of
solute
M
b = 53.5
10.

K
b for solvent = 0.52
kg mol
-1

11.

E
levation of boiling
pointa)

O
bserved boiling poin
t of solvent = 98
ºC
b)

C
orrected boiling poin
t of solvent =101
ºC
c)

B
oiling point of soluti
on =100
ºC
d)

E
levation in boiling p
oint ¨Tb =1
1
2
.
V
an·t Hoff factori = ¨
Tb*
M
b*
W
a/
K
b*
W
b*1000i = 1 X 53.5
X
47
.13 X 1000 X
0.52i = 1.65
V
an·t Hoff factor for
NH
4
C
l is 1.65
o
Inference:
It was
experimentally
proved that the
boilingpoint of
water increases on
addition of a
nonvolatile solute.
o

The value of van·t

Hoff factor for1.

Na
C
l = 1.82.
Z
n
SO
4

= 1.503.

NH
4
C
l
= 1.65
o

The
V
ant·s Hoff·s factor
for these salts
wasfound to be
greater than 1 (
O
ne).
o

Hence, the
compounds
dissociates into
ionswhen dissolved
in water.

RESULT
:
S
.No.
Salt
Used
S
o
lv
en
t
Used V
a
n·
t
Hoff·sF
act
or
1. Na
C
l
W
ater 1.82.
Z
N
SO
4

W
ater 1.53. NH
4
C
l
W
ater 1.65
 P
recautions:
y

The
P
ans of the balance
should be clean
dryand dust free as
the mass of dust
may be morethan
sensitivity
y

A
clean and dry beaker
must be used
y
The beaker should
never be heated
directly onthe burner
y

The error in the

thermometer should
bedetermined and
apply
the correspondingco
rrection
y

The Glass case of

beam balance must
be closedwhile
reading is being
taken to
preventdisturbances
due to air droughts
y

O
nly distilled water
must be used
and the saltused
must be pure
B
I
B
LOGRA
PHY
:
o
L
A
B

M
anual ²
S
araswathi
P
ublications
o
C
hemistry Text
B
ook for XIIth N
CE
R
T
P
ublications
o

W
ikipedia , the free
encyclopedia.
o

E
ncarta reference