PAINTS

INTRODUCTION

• Paints are a mixture of pigments and binders generally available in a liquid

state. Paints form a solid film when applied on a surface. This film protects the
surface from many dangers like corrosion, weathering, chemical attacks, etc.
Timber or metal structures can extend their life by coating them with paint.
They also provide aesthetic appearances to the surfaces. So, paints play a major
role in construction works and projects.
• Paint is the last but the most important stage of construction when it comes to
giving a great finish to a structure. It not only enhances the aesthetic
appearance of the building but also provides a protective layer to the
underneath surface.
Why is Painting Done?
Paints are used to protect metals, timber, or plastered surfaces from the corrosive effects of
weather, heat, moisture or gases, etc. And to improve their appearance.

Painting is done to protect the surface from the effects of weathering, to prevent the wood
from decay and metal from corrosion, to provide a decorative finish and to obtain a clean,
hygienic and healthy living atmosphere
 TYPES OF PAINTS

• Graphite paints
Different types of paints are as follows:
• Plastic paints
• Aluminium paints
• Casein paints
• Asbestos paints
• Cellulose paints
• Anti-corrosive paints
• Enamel paints
• Bituminous paints
• Emulsion paints
• Cement-based paints
• Bronze paints
• Synthetic rubber paints
• Colloidal paints
• Silicate paints
• Oil paints
1. Aluminium Paint
Aluminium paints are made by mixing finely ground aluminium with the spirit or oil varnishes. Spirit
varnish makes the drying period shorter, and oil varnish imparts a slow drying facility. So, varnish
can be used according to the requirement. This type of paint is used for painting wood works,
metallic surfaces, etc. The layer of paint is hardened by the evaporation of spirit or oil. Aluminium
paint has many advantages, such as it is waterproof, resistant to electricity, corrosion, and weathering,
it can be visible in the dark and provides a good appearance.

2. Asbestos Paint
Asbestos paint is a special-purpose paint that is made of fibrous asbestos. It is used for covering
leakage in metal roofs, for patchworks, and for protecting surfaces from acid gases and steam.
Rusting of pouts, flashings, gutters, etc., can also be prevented using asbestos paint coating.
3. Anti-corrosive paints
Anti-corrosive paints are used to resist corrosion. So, this type of paint is widely used for metal
surfaces like pipes, and external structures, which may allow corrosive nature etc. Linseed oil is
generally used as a vehicle and along with it a strong driver is used to make anti corrosive paint. It is
very cheap and lasts longer.
4. Bituminous Paints
Bituminous paints are obtained by dissolving tar or asphalt in petroleum or white spirit. They provide
black appearance to the surface. Bituminous paints are used for metal structures in under water
conditions, iron pipes carrying water. Bituminous paints have good alkali resistant properties.
5. Cement-based Paints
Cement-based paints contain cement as the base material. These paints contain cement, accelerator,
pigment and other additives. They are available in powder form. The paint is obtained by mixing
water with this powder and stirring to the required consistency. Cement-based paint is waterproof and
can be applied on internal or external surfaces.
6. Synthetic Rubber Paints
Synthetic rubber paints are made by dissolving synthetic resins in suitable solvents. By adding suitable
pigments to this mixer, the colour can vary. This type of paint is widely used on cement concrete surfaces like
concrete walls etc. This paint is less affected by rain, sunlight etc. It has good resistant properties against
acids, alkalis and moisture conditions. It dries very quickly and maintains uniform colour throughout the
surface.
7. Silicate Paints
Silicate paint is a mixture of silica and resinous substances. Silica gives good adhesion to the paint, which will
form a hard surface after drying. This surface can resist extreme heat with great resistance. Silicate paints
never react chemically with metals. So, this type of paint can be used in hot conditions and for metal
structures.
8. Graphite Paints
Graphite paint is made of graphite which is in black colour. It is used for painting underground structures like
mines etc. Iron structures are coated with graphite paints.
9. Plastic Paints
Plastic paints contain plastic as the base. Plastic paints dry very quickly, provide a better appearance and have
high covering power. They are used for coating walls, slabs, decks etc.
10. Casein Paints
Casein is a protein that is available in milk curd, is taken and is mixed with white pigments to get casein
paints. It is available in powder form or paste form. Coloured pigments can be used to get the required
colour. Casein paints are used for coating walls, ceilings, wood works etc. But for exterior usage, this paint
should be mixed with driers.
11. Cellulose Paints
Cellulose paints are a special type of oil paint. They are made of celluloid sheets, nitrogen cotton, amyl
acetate and photographic films. In the case of normal oil paints, the layer is hardened by oxidation, but in
this case, the layer is hardened by the evaporation of the solvent. It provides a smooth finish and is not
affected by smoke, water, acids etc. It is very costly and only used for painting aircrafts, motor cars etc.
12. Enamel Paints
The main constituents of enamel paints are metallic oxide, petroleum spirit, oil and resinous matter. Enamel
paint dries very slowly, but after drying, it forms a very hard, impervious and smooth layer. This layer cannot
be affected by acids, alkalis, gas fumes, water, etc. Different coloured enamel paints are available in the
market. So, they are widely used for painting doors, windows, stairs, decks etc.
14. Bronze Paints
Bronze paints are reflective paints that are widely used on radiators. It can be used either for internal
or external metal structures. General vehicle used in bronze paints is nitrocellulose lacquer. Pigments
used are aluminium bronze or copper bronze.
15. Colloidal Paints
Colloidal paints do not contain any type of inert materials. It takes a long period to settle due to its
colloidal properties. When applied on the surface, it settles and penetrates through the body of the
surface.
16. Oil Paints
Oil paints are nothing but normal paints, usually containing a base and vehicle. General base
constituents used for making oil paints are white lead, zinc white, lithopone, red lead and titanium
oxide. General vehicles used in oil paints are linseed oil, tug oil, etc. Along with the base and vehicle,
driers and colour pigments are also used. The driers used may be litharge, red lead, zinc sulphate,
manganese sulphate etc. Oil paints are very economical, and they can be applied in an easy manner.
They are generally applied in three coats of varying composition. So, this type of paint can be applied
to walls, doors, windows, metal structures etc. But the main disadvantage of oil paints is that they are
unsuitable for humid weather conditions.
 CONSTITUENTS OF PAINTS

The various constituents of paints are as follows:

• Base
• Vehicle
• Pigment
• Thinner
• Dryer
Base
• A base is a solid substance in a form of fine powder, forming the bulk of a paint. It is generally a
metallic oxide. The type of base determines the character of the paint and imparts durability to
the surface painted. Various bases commonly used are: (i) White lead, (ii) Red lead, (iii) Oxide
of Zinc (Zinc white), (iv) Oxide of iron, (v) Titanium white, (vi) Antimony white, (vii)
Aluminium powder, and (viii) Lithophone. For a detailed description and characteristics of
these, reference may be made to Author’s book ‘Building Materials’.
• A base in a paint provides of opaque coating to hide the surface to be painted.
Vehicle or carrier or binder
• These are liquid substances which hold the different ingredients of a paint in liquid
suspension.
• The carrier or vehicle makes it possible to spread the paint evenly on the surface.
• The vehicles generally in use are (1) various forms of linseed oils (such as raw linseed oil,
boiled linseed oil, pale boiled linseed oils, double boiled linseed oil and stand oil, (ii) tug
oil, and (iii) poppy oil, and (iv) nut oil.
• Raw linseed oil is thin, but it takes a long time to dry. Boiled linseed oil is thicker. For
delicate work, however, only raw linseed oil is used along with driers and poppy and nut
oil. It is used for interior work.
• Double boiled linseed oil dries very quickly and is suitable for external work. It requires
thinning agent like turpentine. Tug oil is used for preparing paints of superior quality.
Colours in poppy oil last longer.
Drier
• Driers are used to accelerate the process of drying and hardening, by extracting oxygen from
the atmosphere and transferring it to the vehicle.
• However, driers reduces the elasticity of the paint; they should not be used in the final coat.
Driers may be in the form of soluble driers or paste driers.
• Liquid driers are finely ground compounds of metals such as cobalt, lead, manganese dissolved
in a volatile liquid. Paste driers consist of compounds of the above metals mixed with large
percentages of inert fillers such as barytes, whiting etc., and then ground in linseed oil.
• The inert fillers serve the following purposes: (i) reduce the cost of paint, (ii) improve
durability, (iii) modify the weight, and (iv) prevent shrinkage and cracking. However, these are
termed as adultrants, and their weight should not exceed one-fourth the weight of the base.
Litharge (PbO), red lead (Pby Os) and sulphates of zinc and manganese are also used as driers.
Litharge is most common in use but in general lead drier should not be used with zinc paints.
Colouring pigment
• Colouring pigments are added to the base to have different desired colours. Pigments can be
divided into the following divisions
(i) Natural colours: Ochres, umbers, iron oxides.
(ii) Calcined colours: Lamp black, Indian red, carbon black, red lead.
(iii) Precipitates: Prussian blue, chrome green, chrome yellow.
(iv) Lakes: Prepared by discolouring barytes or china clay with the help of suitable dyes.
(v) Metal powders: Powders of aluminium, bronze, copper, zinc, etc.
Thinner
• Liquid thinner is added in the paint to
1. Increase fluidity
2. Making paint more smooth
3. Help penetration into porous surfaces
• Common thinner used is turpentine (made by distilling gum from a number of pine trees)
PAINTING PROCESS
 WHY IS PRIMER USED BEFORE
PAINTING?

• There are different types of primers (wood primer, stain blocking primer, drywall and
masonry primer) available in the market according to the surface we are going to
paint. Also, It is not always necessary to use a primer prior to painting.
• The purpose of the primer is to give
• On Masonry Walls – To give a smooth and consistent finish. Walls may have
efflorescence problems (white batches). Using efflorescence resistant primers will
enhance the paint appearance.
• On Wood – To give better adhesion between the wood surface and the paint.
• On Metal – To give better bonding and for protection from the moisture & corrosion
• Why is Putty Used in Painting?
• Putty is used after applying primer on the surface. It is used on walls to
overcome any plastering undulations (imperfections) on the wall and give
a neat finish.
• Act as protective layers on walls. We can repaint the same wall without
doing putty again.
• Fills minute pores
 INTERIOR WALL PAINTING
• Pre Painting Process
• Ensure sufficient curing has been done to the walls. Minimum 7-21 days. Check the surface for any
leakage or dampness.If you found any such problems rectify them before starting to paint. Allow
them to dry
• Fill up any cracks. It should be treated with recommended crack filling process.
• Fill up any nail holes with primer and cover the switch box with sand.
• Make sure to remove all the movables from the room. If you can’t, place it in the center of the room
and cover them.
• Ensure to cover the floorings.
• Surface Preparation
• Cleaning – Clean the wall area. It should be free from dust.
• Ensure to scrub off all the old paintings and loose plaster batches If you are painting an old wall
surface.
• Scrub with sand papers to give a dry finish.
Painting
• Caulking – Fill up the door and windows sidewall cracks by caulking process.
• Primer – Apply one coat of Primer.
• Putty – Apply one coat of putty. The putty paint will give a smooth finish to the wall and rectify
any undulations on the wall surface.
• Paint – After finishing putty ask electrical people to fix switch box. Once switch boxes are fixed to
ensure to cover them up to avoid paints splattered all over them. Apply 2 coats of paint.
 EX TERIOR WALL PAINTING

Surface Preparation
• Ensure the wall had sufficient curing time. 35 -50 days.
• Ensure the wall is fully dried. Avoid painting on wet walls.
• Ensure the openings of drainage pipes and scaffolding gaps are filled.
• Make sure to cover the doors and windows to avoid paint splatter all over them.
Painting
• Exterior Wall Primer – Apply one coat of recommended exterior wall primer.
• Paint – Apply 2 coats of paint. Allow 4-6 hours of time between the coats.
 PAINTING ON WOOD

Painting
• Make sure to remove any dust and dirt.
• Scrub the old wood finishes by sand paper.
• Wood Primer (1st Coat) – Mix the thinner with the wood primer to the recommended ratio and apply one
coat. Allow them to dry (6-8 hours)
• Putty – Generally 2 coats of primer will be applied on woods. Apply one coat of Putty or Lambi and
allow them to dry.
• Wood Primer Primer (2nd Coat)– Sand the applied the surface and start to paint the second coat of putty.
• Enamels – Now apply the enamel on the wood surface. Allow them to dry.
• Paint – Now apply 2 coats of paint on the surface
 PAINTING ON METAL SU RFACE

Surface Preparation
• Clean the metal surfaces by water to wipe off any dirt and grease or oil things.
• Ensure that the metal surface is free from rust.
• Sand the surface with sandpaper.
• Scrub off rust from the metal
Painting
• Metal Primer – Apply one coat of metal primer. Allow them to dry
• Sanding – Sand the primer and make sure the surface is clean
• Enamel – Apply 2 coats of recommended enamels. Make sure to give proper time to dry between
coats