Building Materials and construction-V

AR 8621, UNIT III –Finishes, 12 periods

Paints and finishes in buildings. Their different types, composition, characteristics and uses. Types to include enamels,
distemper, plastic emulsion, polyurethane, special paints such as fire retardant, luminous and bituminous paints. Preparation of
surface and application for different paints/ finishes. Gypsum and POP finishes. Current innovations.

Understanding of product literature/ shop drawings. Site visits with documentation in the form of sketches/ photos.

PAINT - A coloured substance which is spread over a surface and dries to leave a thin decorative or protective
coating.

Qualities of Good Paints: Following are basic qualities of good paints.

(1.) Good Hiding Power:

It should be capable of covering the existing surface of material uniformly and thoroughly.

(2.) Color:
After its use on outer surfaces, they are exposed to the atmosphere. Due to the exposure to the atmosphere, it may
be effected by rain or various types of radiation from sunlight, which will cause bad effects on its ‘Color.’ Good paints
must maintain its color under all these conditions or in any other circumstance.

(3.) Resistance:
Paints should be chemically inert to the atmosphere. This is essential if it has to protect the underlying surface of a
metal.

(4.) Easy Application:

They might have to be used over wide surface areas.

It is, therefore, necessary that it should be of such a nature that can be spread easily, smoothly, and uniformly.

(5.) Economical in Cost:

Types of Paint should be selected according to the construction, and its cost should be as low as possible. Costly
paints should not be used in common constructions.

Components of Paint: Paints are prepared by intimately mixing various components in proper proportions. Following
are essential components of paint.

(1.) The Vehicle:

It is actually an oil which is dried on exposure to air. Hence it is also called a drying oil. Such oil is unsaturated in
composition. On exposure to air, it gets saturated (and hence dries out). The drying oil or the vehicle has the capacity
to keep the pigment and other components of paint in suspension or solution.These ingredients get deposited in the
film, made by the drying oil on the surface of an object.

The most commonly used vehicle or drying oils are: Linseed oil, dehydrated castor oil, bleached oil, and fish oil.
Driers are those substances which are added to drying oils to accelerate the rate of drying. They act as catalysts in
the oxidation process of the drying oils.
The linoleats, resinates, and naphthalenes of metals like lead, magnesium, and vanadium are commonly used drier.

(2.) Base:
A base is a solid substance that forms the body of the paint.It consists of a very fine powder of a suitable material
such as white lead, red lead, iron oxide, and titanium oxide, etc.

The base material makes the paints film harder, stronger, elastic, and safe against cracking and moisture. It makes
the paint stable against Ultra Violet Rays as well.
 (3.) The Pigments:
It is a coloring material added to the above components in order to impart a desired shade and color. Pigment is
added in a finely powdered state.

In White color paints:  White Lead, Titanium White, Lithophone are used as a pigment.
In Red Color: Red Lead, Venetian Red, Chrome Red, Natural Red Oxides of Iron are used as a pigment.
In Yellow Color: Chrome Yellow, Zinc Chromate, Yellow Ochres are used as a pigment.
In Brown Color: Oxides of Iron is used as a pigment.
In Blue Color: Pursian Blue, Paris Blue, Ultramarine, Cobalt Blue are used as a pigment.

(4.) Solvents (Paint Thinner):

They are also called Paint thinner, which reduces the viscosity of the paints to a great extent.
Solvents (paint thinner) or added to paints in order to make its application easy, smooth, and uniform.

Petroleum, spirits, turpentine and coal tar hydrocarbons are some of the commonly used solvents or paint thinner.

(5.) Extenders:
They are also called fillers. A  Filler is a substance which can be added to paints to increase its bulk volume without
effecting its useful properties. These materials ( Fillers ) are necessarily inert towards other components of paint.
Commonly used extenders are: Chalk, gypsum, barite, silica and magnesium silicate.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
 By the level of specific layer of the paint itself:
Primers
Sealants
Topcoats
The primers are the first layers of paint applied on the surface, the primers are designed and formulated to protect
the surface against oxidation and corrosion and to be the basis for a good anchorage and adhesion for
subsequent layers of paint.
Sealants are the layers of paint that are located between the primers and topcoats, are generally used when apply
putty, to seal and isolate putty to finish coat as well as improve adherence and support for the following layers of
paint.
Topcoats refer to the entire set of paints that are used to colour the surface, are paints which are to be resistant to
abrasion, ultraviolet light, chemicals, moisture, etc. ... due that kind of paints are in direct contact with the outside.
 By the sector to which it is intended that the application uses:
Paints for the automotive industry
Paints for general industry
Paints for the construction
Decorative paints (home)
The paints are designed according to the sector which will go, for example primers used in the automotive sector
are totally different from the primers used in the manufacture of ships, due to the different functional requirements
(the paints of ships must be very resistant to humid environments and extremely saline) and the different materials
on which the paint is applied (cars widely used aluminium and plastics of different compositions, while ship used
primarily steel).
 By the number of coats applied in the paint system:
Direct paint
Monolayer
Bilayer
Trilayer
Direct paint are those paints that are applied directly on the material or substrate, these paints offer some
resistance to both oxidation and ultraviolet radiation and other external agents, providing directly the colour, gloss
and aesthetic finish.
Monolayers paints are known to the classical application of 2 coats of paint, primer plus enamel, the primer layer
protects the material from oxidation and corrosion and promotes adhesion of the next layer of paint, the top layer
commonly called enamel or direct gloss is provided by the colour, gloss and resistance to light and environmental
agents.
Bilayers correspond to the paint coating system consisting of three layers, primer plus basecoat plus varnish, in
this case the final finish is achieved by means of two different layers, basecoat is the first layer that provides
colour and metallic effect, final transparent varnish layer provides gloss and protection against external agents.
Finally we found trilayers paints, in which the paint application system consists of 4 layers, the first coat of primer
and the last 3 layers correspond to the finish, with the latter three layers is achieved pearlescent or chameleon
effects (colour change depending on the light incidence and the angle at which we see), this type of paints are
used primarily in tuning automotive sector.
By the degree of emission of volatile compounds:
Powder paint
Water-based paint
Paint with high solids content
Solvent-based paint
For ecological reasons and job security, it has developed new ranges of paint that are designed to reduce the
amount of solvents that are emitted and used during mixing, application and curing paint, due it produces a source
of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) harmful to both humans and the environment.
Powder paints are more environmentally friendly due it does not require or contain any concentration of solvents,
water-based paints contain a tiny concentration of solvent which is negligible, follow the high-solids content paints
which require less amount of diluent to the solvent based paints.
By the number of components or containers need to dry or cure the paint:
1-component paint
2-component paint
1-component paints are those paints which not need to be mixed with any hardener so that drying occurs, this
type of paint dried by the action of moisture, ultraviolet light, high temperature, etc. ...
2-component paints are those that need to add a hardener during the mixing process, in order to achieve the
curing of the paint.
By the chemical backbone resin that paint is composed:
Epoxy paints
Polyurethane Paints
Acrylic Paints
Alkyd paints
Polyester Paint
Vinyl paints
Rubber paints
Silicate paints
Silicone paints
Etc ...
Due to the chemistry of the base resin or polymer base, each type of paint provides qualities and characteristics
which can be improved by the addition of the fillers and additives, such as silicone-based paint are paints that
repel water and facilitate cleaning of graffiti, silicate based paints are highly resistant to temperature are thus
resins used in anti-heats paints.
 PAINT FINISHES

Matte paint:

● is the least reflective sheen available

● has a velvety texture
● helps hides imperfections in walls and ceilings
● offers great depth of color
● is generally considered the standard sheen for walls
● can sometimes be difficult to clean

Eggshell and satin paint (satin is slightly glossier than eggshell):

● have some reflectivity

● offer improved durability
● are frequently used in demanding environments, like kitchens and bathrooms, where easy cleanup without a
highly glossy finish is desired

Semi-gloss and gloss paint:

● great for kitchens, doors, window trim, accent walls, and bathrooms
● are the most reflective sheens
● are highly durable and stand up to multiple cleanings
● are traditionally used on baseboards, moldings, and doors
● can make a statement, but also highlight imperfections
What Is Enamel Paint?
Enamel paint is defined more by its qualities than by its content. In the broadest sense, enamel paint means any
solvent-based paint that dries to a hard, vitreous (glass-like) shell. Solvent-based paints are also called oil-based
paints, in contrast with water-based paints.
Enamel paint springboards off of its root words "smelt" or "melt," since true enamel is a glass coating that is melted or
kiln-baked at extremely high temperatures onto metal or ceramics. Note, however, that enamel paint bears no
similarities with the enamel of molten glass, as there is no glass content in this kind of paint. Even traditional baked
enamel finishes, long used for vehicles, have nothing to do with glass. The baking is simply a fast route to eliminating
solvents and VOCs.
In reality, air-dry enamel paints are far softer than true enamels formed in a kiln. Paint manufacturers have further
widened the definition by sometimes attaching the word enamel to water-based paints, thus losing the one ingredient
that usually ties together all enamel paints: solvents.

Distemper: is also known as cement paint. This is called so because such kind of paint can be applied directly on
cement walls without any other coating on them. They are a cheaper option and they stay good for more than 5
years. Distempers are used for both interior and exterior walls. The usually need two coatings.

Emulsion Paints: The Emulsion paint give a smoother finish for your walls. This is an oil based paint and it gives a
shine to the walls. Being better in quality, emulsions are a little costlier as compared to distemper paints. They also
last for about 10 years which is very beneficial. These work well in a single coat and are somewhat washable too.
Plastic emulsion paint is water based wall paint. It is based on acrylic and provide a smooth matt finish to the walls.
These paints have gained popularity because of their ease of application, quick drying properties, non-objectionable
odour and good wash ability.

Polyurethane: coating is a layer of polyurethane (a type of polymer) that is applied to a material's surface in order to
protect it. A polyurethane coating can protect the base material from corrosion, weathering, abrasion and other
processes that would degrade the material over time. A polyurethane coating can be glossy or muted, and can be
opaque or transparent.
Polyurethane coatings are considered polymers. They can be very hard and strong, providing exceptional wear
resistance. They can also be more soft and ductile, so that the base material is allowed to stretch without destroying
the coating. Polyurethane coatings are not flammable, so they can be used for some situations where combustion is
occurring in the same environment. Care must be taken to limit the exposure of a polyurethane coating to ultraviolet
light because it can cause the coating to degrade.
Polyurethane coatings are notable for their ability to adhere very well to a wide variety of base materials. Many
polyurethane coatings require no additional processing to cure. They are simply applied and cure upon exposure to
moisture in the air. Some polyurethane coatings also have very fast setting times, and can be applied and set in a
broad range of temperatures. They can be sprayed or rolled onto a base material.

What is fire retardant paint?

The fire-retardant paint helps that fire does not spread in case of fire in a building.  Therefore, it is one of the most
efficient measures to prevent fire spreading rapidly, as it contributes flame and smoke not to spread. Fire-retardant
paint is essential especially when it comes to residential buildings, since containing fire allows people inside the
building to have more time to leave it.

It is important to differentiate fire retardant paint from intumescent paint. The first one avoids the spread of the flame,
while the second one reacts when there is an increase in temperature in the building by swelling and creating a thick
layer of foam that insulates the elements that cover it, containing the fire and preventing it from damaging the
structure of the building.

The main characteristics of fire-retardant paint are as follows:

It reduces flammability and combustion of building materials it coats.

Fire-retardant paint does not prevent fires from occurring, but delays the expansion of fires.
There are different types and, depending on each type, it can be applied on metal, wood, lacquered surfaces, etc.
It is suitable for both indoor and outdoor surfaces.
It can be applied with spray gun, brush or roller.

Luminous paint: or luminescent paint is paint that exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives

off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence. There are three types of luminous
paints.

Radioluminescent paint is a self-luminous paint that consists of a small amount of a radioactive isotope (radionuclide)

mixed with a radioluminescent phosphor chemical. 
clocks and watches now increasingly use phosphorescent rather than radioluminescent substances.
Radioluminescent paint may still be preferred in specialist applications, such as diving watches.

Phosphorescent paint is commonly called "glow-in-the-dark" paint. It is made from phosphors such as silver-

activated zinc sulfide or doped strontium aluminate, and typically glows a pale green to greenish-blue color. The
mechanism for producing light is similar to that of fluorescent paint, but the emission of visible light persists long after
it has been exposed to light. Phosphorescent paints have a sustained glow which lasts for up to 12 hours after
exposure to light, fading over time.

Fluorescent paints offer a wide range of pigments and chroma which also 'glow' when exposed to the long-wave
"ultraviolet" frequencies (UV). These UV frequencies are found in sunlight and some artificial lights, but they—and
their glowing-paint applications—are popularly known as black light and 'black-light effects', respectively.

Bitumen paint: Bitumen paint is mixture of bitumen with white sprit including stabilizer additives and viscosities stuff.
Bitumen paint is using for painting of concrete, cement, wood and steel structure. The bitumen paint is using as prime
coat and sealant.

How apply bitumen paint on surface.

When you applying bitumen pain on surface it should be free of dust and debris. The surface should be free of oil and
moisture before using.

It is better to wait 4-12 hours to get fully.

Steps for Paint Surface Preparation:

People tend to put a lot of emphasis on paint finishes. Of course, the importance of a new and sparkling paint film of
a well chosen color can't be over stated. After all, this is what they will be looking at after the paint has dried. But if
this look of a freshly painted home is to last, one must not underestimate the importance of proper surface
preparation.
Listed below are preparation steps for both interior and exterior paint jobs. These steps do not cover all of the
possible circumstances that one can encounter on a painting project, only the more common ones.

Interior Paint Preparation Steps

o Wash the walls if accumulated dirt is a problem. Any household detergent will work. Use TSP (Tri Sodium
Phosphate) for grease or a heavy build-up of cigarette smoke. If you use powdered TSP, be sure to rinse it
off with water. Use chlorine-based bleach on mildew.
o Using a scraper or a spackle blade, remove all loose paint and sand down the rough ridges where the paint
has broken off. Dig out any cracks a fraction of an inch on both sides so as to form a 'V' shape. This
increases contact area for your patching material to adhere to.
o Apply spackle to cracks, holes and heavy paint ridges. Two thin patch coats are always better than one thick
coat. Spackle that's too thick tends to shrink and crack as it dries. In deep holes and cracks, I like to use
"Fix-All" for the first patch coat. "Fix-All" is difficult to sand so keep it in the crack or hole, slightly recessed
below the surface of the wall, then follow it up with a thin coat of spackle.
o If the existing wall has something other than a smooth texture, your patch should match that texture as
closely as possible. You can create a stippled effect by dabbing the surface with a sponge or stiff bristle
brush while the patching material is still tacky. You can also roll a coat of stipple paint or thinned out joint
compound on top of a dry patch.
o Use latex caulk to seal joints around door jambs, window casings and baseboards. Wide and deep cracks
may require more than one application. Use a damp rag to wipe off any excess caulk.
o Sand all glossy surfaces or treat them with liquid sandpaper. This provides a roughened surface or "tooth"
for good adhesion of a subsequent coat.
Primer Application
No matter what type of surface you're painting, it has to be clean, free of loose or cracked paint, rust scale, oil,
grease, dirt, mildew and chemical residue before application of primer.
Primer or undercoat has two main purposes:

1. to seal the substrate in order to prevent the chemistry in the substrate from migrating into and interfering
with the chemistry of the finish coat;
2. to help bind the finish coat to the surface being painted.

There is a specialty primer for just about every type of surface - wood, masonry, metal, etc. Essentially, the primer
serves as a foundation that supports the finish coat. Understanding this should help you understand the importance
of primer. The best primer available is going to be your best choice for any paint job.
Exterior Paint Preparation Steps
Before any other work is begun, check for leaks and any moisture getting into the substrate. Repair any roof leaks,
gutters, windows and leaky plumbing. Damp basements and other excessively humid interior rooms are other
common sources of moisture in the substrate. Use vents and dehumidifiers as necessary. Unless the source of
moisture in the substrate is found and eliminated, the quality of your paint job will be compromised.

o All exterior surfaces will need to be washed to remove mildew, dirt and excessive chalking. Consider using a
power washer if there are more than 500 square feet of surface to wash.

Mildew has a blotchy and powdery appearance. It is a living organism that's common in damp areas which
get little sunlight. Any surface that has mildew must be completely sterilized before painting. Wash the
mildewed surface with a mixture of one quart of household bleach in a gallon of water.

Chalking is loosely-bound powder that forms on the surface of paint. Chalking happens when paint binder is
destroyed by sun and moisture. Scrape, sand and wash off all chalking before primer application.
o On stucco, thoroughly scrape off loose paint. Repair all cracks and holes. Fill gaps around windows, door
casings, or where two materials meet such as at the foundation line or where wood meets masonry. Use
caulk or elastomer-based patch to fill these cracks. (Elastomer is a polymer with the property of high
elasticity. The term derives from elastic polymer.)

Cracks of 1/16" wide or larger should be chiseled out a fraction of an inch on both sides so as to form a 'V'.
This increases the contact area for the patching material that you will be using. If you use a non-textured
stucco patching material, texturize the patched area to make it approximate the existing stucco. You can use
a coarse fiber brush, like a scrub brush, for this purpose. Rub the brush over the partially set patch in a
circular motion until the repair looks like the rest of the wall. If you are using elastomer-based patch, take an
old brush, dip it in water and feather out the edges of the patch.

Remove any efflorescence (calcium deposits) with a stiff-bristled brush. Then neutralize the salt with a 5%
solution of muriatic acid. Rinse thoroughly with clear water.

Use good exterior primer or surface conditioner for previously painted stucco. Because of the chemical
reaction that occurs in the newly applied stucco, the new stucco must be allowed to properly cure and then
primed with alkali resistant primer.
o On wood surfaces, thoroughly scrape off all of the loose and cracking paint. Sand it to remove any
remaining loose paint and create a smoother surface. Consider stripping if more then 25% of the coating is
cracked or peeling. In stripping, chemicals or heat is used to completely remove all of the existing coatings
down to the substrate. When multiple coatings are present, stripping may be the best way to prepare the
surface. However, because of the laborious nature of the stripping process, costs vs. benefits will need to be
evaluated. Inject caulking compound into any cracks around windows, doors and all open vertical seams.
Use good quality exterior wood primer.

Note: Do not caulk the horizontal seams between siding planks. Because siding planks overlap each other,
this opening almost never is a source of a leak. On the contrary, caulking of these joints can cause moisture
to be trapped in the substrate.

Note: Never use an inflexible patching material, such as spackling, in a shallow depression of an exterior
surface. This is because exterior surfaces (and wood, in particular) undergo a greater degree of contraction
and expansion due to humidity and heat fluctuation in a substrate. If your patching material does not move
 at the same rate, it will tend to crack and cause premature paint failure. If you must use patching to smooth
out shallow imperfections (like paint ridges), use elastomer based products that will move with the substrate
as it expands and contracts.
o When you're painting iron or steel, the most important thing is good contact between the surface and the
coating. These metals rust when air and moisture get under the protective coating. Rust is like cancer. Once
it is in the metal, it is virtually impossible to get rid of. That's why surface preparation is so important. Use a
good rust inhibitive primer.
o Rusting metal must be sanded to remove loose rust scale, then cleaned and primed with rust inhibitive
primer. Punch in rusting nails to set them slightly below the surface. Spot prime the nail heads with rust
inhibitive primer and fill the nail holes with epoxy filler.
o Galvanized metal comes from the factory with a residue of the manufacturing process that prevents good
paint adhesion. It is best to let galvanized metal surfaces weather for about six months. Weathering tends to
neutralize the surface, making it more ready to accept paint. If you have to paint galvanized metal right
away, etch the surface with a mild acid such as vinegar. Rinse the surface thoroughly and then apply a coat
of galvanized metal primer.

What Is Gypsum?
o Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4:2H20). It is widely used as
a fertilized, in mould, in sculptures and as plaster material.
o Gypsum is a chalk like material and is very light in weight. It is available in crystalline form in nature.
o In recent years, the construction sector has witnessed a number of new trends, technology advancements
and innovations across applications, all aimed at making construction faster and delivering higher
performance. Gypsum although a much older material than the cement & sand plaster has rarely been used
extensively in construction industry. Now a days, Gypsum has proved to be a miraculous material aiding
interior construction due to its properties.

What Is Plaster Of Paris?

o Plaster of Paris is obtained by pulverizing the gypsum (calcium sulphate hemihydrate CaSO4 0.5H2O) which
is heated to a temperature of 150 deg centigrade.
o Upon addition of water, Plaster of Paris (POP) becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again causing the
resultant material to harden. This hardening material can be used to create moulds for casting and in
construction.

What Is Gypsum Plaster?

o When dry POP powder is mixed with water it hardens. This material which can be applied over brick, block
or concrete surface to form a smooth surface is called gypsum plaster.
o Earlier, a 6 mm coat of gypsum plaster (termed as POP punning) is usually applied on the top of cement
plaster to give a smooth finish to it before painting. This is a two stage process and involves various
elements like sand, cement and water which has to be mixed onsite. This process is slowly being replaced
by a direct application of single coat of gypsum plaster. In gypsum plaster, readymade POP powder is mixed
with water and applied directly on the wall.
Gypsum Plaster can be applied directly on any brick, solid or hollow blocks, AAC blocks and plaster boards.
Gypsum plaster has good insulation properties, fire resistant and impact resistant. Also, gypsum saves a lot
of time during construction and has superior finish. These properties have clearly drawn attention of real
estate builders and contractors towards choosing gypsum plaster over traditional cement plaster.

Advantages of Gypsum Plaster:

Contractors and Builders started preferring gypsum plaster instead of due to its superior finish and time saving
attributes. Some of the advantages of gypsum plaster are:

1. Ease of Application (Workability): Gypsum can be directly applied over brick/block work without separate
finishing. It is also very easy to apply and level gypsum plaster.
2. No Shrinkage Cracks: Gypsum reaction produces less heat as compared to cement reaction with water. So
there are fewer Shrinkage cracks in gypsum plaster as compared to traditional cement plaster
3. Quick Setting Time: Gypsum sets quickly (i.e., within 25-30 mins). So painting could be started 72 hours
after application of gypsum plaster. Plaster has to be dried up before painting.
4. No curing time required: Unlike Traditional Cement Plaster, Gypsum plaster doesn’t need any curing saving
water and time during construction
5. High Productivity: Reduces time considerably when compared to conventional cement plaster
 6. High Performance: Excellent high strength after drying, Durable and Light weight (Reduces dead load on
structure)
7. Smooth Finish: Perfectly lined, levelled, smooth walls and perfect right angled corners
8. Reduced Supervision: Careful quality checking is required for cement plaster as cement and sand has to be
properly proportioned. In contrast, gypsum plaster doesn’t require same amount of quality checks for
application thus reducing supervision efforts.
9. Readily available raw materials: Gypsum is a ready available material. Natural Sand, which is a raw material
used in Traditional cement plaster, is hard to obtain. It is also banned in multiple states in India
10. Fire resistant:Gypsum plaster is highly resistant to fire
11. Low thermal conductivity: Gypsum has low thermal conductivity. This saves electrical cost for heating
and cooling rooms in a building.
12. Decorative application: It can be easily applied to decorative purposes also and can be mould into different
shapes

Disadvantages of Gypsum Plaster:

1. Gypsum plaster cannot be used for outside walls since they retain dampness. Also gypsum plastering cannot be
done in areas which are continuously damp such as bathroom etc.,
2. Gypsum plaster is costlier than traditional cement mortar plaster (cement and sand) for same thickness of
plaster. But in areas where natural/river sand is not available for construction, cement mortar plastering would
require a 6 mm gypsum layer to finish it making cement plaster more costly.

Storage of Gypsum Plaster At Site:

1. Exposure to water or moisture reduces the setting time and strength of gypsum plaster. So gypsum has to
be stored properly.
2. Gypsum Plaster (POP) bags has to be stored on elevated surface (dry platform) made of
bricks/timber/concrete at site.
3. The minimum shelf life of Gypsum Plaster 3-4 months from the date of manufacture. But if properly stored
gypsum can be use in excessive of 6 months subject to temperature and humidity.
 APPLICATION OF PAINTS/FINISHES IN BUILDING INDUSTRY

&

CURRENT INNOVATIONS

Nanotechnology
The introduction of nanotechnology has played a significant role in the paints and coatings industry. Apart from
developing zero or low VOC content formulations, industry players have gained numerous advantages of this
technology to establish nano paints and coatings with several characteristics. It includes the introduction of ceramic
or metals in various types of formulations. The integration carried out can be in the form of free powder, granules, or
particles which are then inserted in the finished product matrix. The recent innovations in nanotechnology have
enabled paint manufacturers to develop products that can exhibit UV protective or self-healing properties, or even
conduct electricity. Apart from these, these product display qualities such as high resistance to scratch, wear and
tear, and corrosion.
Go green revolution
As a result of increased access to information online, a large number of consumers are now interested in the potential
environmental and health impacts of the chemicals used to make paints and coatings.  This is driving increased
interest in the paint made from organic or recycled materials, and recycled packaging.  For instance, In Canada,
Rona Inc’s ECO Recycled Latex Paint is made from 90% recycled materials and certified by EcoLogo, one of the
largest and best known eco-labeling programs in North America.
Sustainability, renewable materials, waste reduction
Often thought of as an imprecise term, sustainability means different things to different constituencies. Often the
“cradle to grave” concept is followed when determining product sustainability. This concept takes into consideration
factors such as renewable raw materials, low energy demand in manufacturing, waste reduction and product recycle
potential.

Architectural coatings

1. VINNAPAS® vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE) emulsions from Wacker combine excellent cost/performance with low
environmental impact. Made with bio-renewable raw materials, these APEO-free latexes can be formulated into
low VOC interior and exterior paints without co-solvents or plasticizers. The low monomer content allows the
formulation of low odor coatings with less than 10 grams per liter VOC content. Sheen levels from flat to gloss
can be formulated in paints with durability and high resistance to scrub, dirt pick-up, water and abrasion.
2. Concrete coatings are one of the most demanding applications for architectural coatings. Allnex
introduced BECKOPOX® EH 2162 as a unique low viscosity, easily incorporated amine hardener for low VOC
coatings targeting concrete floor finishes. When combined with BECKOPOX® EP 147, this waterborne epoxy
cross-linker is formulated into low VOC coatings with outstanding penetration, enabling improved adhesion to
damp concrete and an enhanced “wet” look finish.
3. Coatings made with BECKOPOX™ EH 2162 are capable of a deep penetrating vibrant “acid stained” look using
a DIY friendly simplified process as primers, mono-coat or multi-layer systems. Physical properties include
exceptional chemical and water resistance with excellent hot-tire pick-up resistance. Extended pot-life of low
VOC formulations enable easy application and may be top-coated with various technologies.
4. Performance improvements can lead to process simplification and reduced environmental impact. ENCOR Flex
192 resin from Arkema was developed specifically for primer-free elastomeric roof coating systems on a wide
variety of roofing membranes.
5. When properly formulated, coatings made with this new resin can even adhere to aged thermoplastic polyolefin
without the use of a solvent-borne primer. Improved roof coatings based on ENCOR Flex 192 Resin can lower
overall system VOC emissions while reducing labor and material costs and increasing service life.
 SOURCES
https://civilseek.com/what-is-paint-definition-properties-components-of-paint/

https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-enamel-paint-4589861

http://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/5777/polyurethane-coating

https://www.explainthatstuff.com/luminescence.html

https://www.academia.edu/26711518/
Document_Title_SURFACE_PREPARATION_and_PAINTING_PROCEDURE_SURFACE_PREPARATION_and_PAI
NTING_PROCEDURE_LIST_OF_CONTENT

http://www.abolinco.com/downloads/downloads/ABOLIN_CO_GUIDE_METAL_SURFACE_PREPARATION.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/gypsum

https://happho.com/gypsum-plaster-advantages-disadvantage/

https://knowledge.ulprospector.com/8947/pc-new-developments-in-resins-and-additives-for-coatings/

https://www.pfonline.com/articles/2020-vision-the-future-of-coatings

https://www.paintingforpainters.com/classification-of-paints.html
 ACTIVITY/DELIVERABLES
● Inviting Guest Lecture from Paint Company on further knowledge sharing.
● During design case study students to note the application of finishes for the particular project,
checklist has been given to follow.
The output of this exercise is expected through sketches.
● Collection of product literature and shop drawings.
● Vocabulary and understanding of various paints and finishes used in the building industry.
 QUESTION PAPER

PART-A
1. What paint is used to prevent rust?
2. What is the difference between Fire retardant, Heat resistant and Intumscent paint?
3. List any 4 good qualities of paint.
4. List the components of the paint.
5. What is the purpose of pigments.
6. Which colour is to be used for blue paint.
7. What is meant by “Vehicle” in Paint?
8. What is the function of “Base” in paint?
9. What is distemper?
10. What is enamel paint?
11. Write 4 advantages of matte finished paint.
12. Write 4 advantages of eggshell/satin finished paint.
13. Write 4 advantages of semigloss/gloss finished paint.
14. Where is bitumen paint used.

PART-B
1. What are the steps involved for surface preparation of paint?
2. What are the various classification of paints?
3. List a few of the current innovation in paints.
4. Explain the components of Paint.
5. List the different finishes of paint and their purpose.
6. Where is gypsum used, also list the advantages and disadvantages of the material.
7. What are the types of luminous paint.