INTRODUCTION TO PAINT

Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that,

after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is
most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture. Paint can be
made in many colors—and in many different types. Paint is typically stored,
sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid. Most paints
are either oil-based or water-based and each has distinct characteristics.
For one, it is illegal in most municipalities to discard oil-based paint down
household drains or sewers. Clean-up solvents are also different for water-
based paint than they are for oil-based paint. Water-based paint and oil
based paints will cure differently based on the outside ambient temperature
of the object being painted (such as a house.) Usually, the object
being painted must be over 10 °C (50 °F), although some manufacturers of
external paints/primers claim they can be applied when temperatures are
as low as 2 °C (35 °F)

Factors That Affect How Long Your

Paint Lasts
While exterior paint generally lasts 5-10 years, there are a number of
factors that may affect your paint’s longevity. Each gets discussed
below in further detail.

Surface Material
The longevity of exterior paint is directly proportional to the surface
material that gets painted. In essence, certain materials hold paint
better and longer than others. Wood, aluminum and stucco are the
most common exterior paint surfaces.
• Wood surfaces generally hold their paint for 5-7 years.
• Aluminum siding tends to hold its paint for roughly 5 years.
• Stucco consists of cement, sand and limestone. It naturally
holds color better than other materials and can last 7-10 years
or longer.
• Paint on a brick exterior can last 10 or more years.
• Newer materials such as cement 􀀃berboard are engineered to
hold paint longer than 10 years.

Sunlight
It is a well-known fact that sunlight causes fading. In high and directly
sunlit areas, you may notice fading, bubbling, and cracking well before
shaded and protected areas.

Weather
Weather most certainly affects the longevity of exterior paint. High
humidity and wind areas can cause fading, premature aging and aid in
the growth of mold. Dust and debris from winds can also lead to paint
chipping. Application of paint in inclement weather or extreme
temperatures can negatively affect exterior paint longevity.
Home Material
Homes constructed with newer materials have been engineered to
hold paint better than other surfaces. Older homes made from wood
can change how well they hold their paint as the wood changes over
time. Understanding the surface that will get painted and how to best
prepare it significantly helps maximize the paint’s life.

Primer
While it might seem redundant to essentially “paint twice,” the use of a
quality primer can extend the longevity of your exterior paint and save
you money on paint.
A primer seals the grain of a wooden surface which allows the paint to
adhere better. The better the paint adheres to the surface, the less the
chances of premature aging, cracking, fading, and bubbling. Primer is
also great to fill in rough surfaces or the pores of many materials to
allow for smoother surfaces, leading to better paint adhesion and
coverage. The better the coverage, the less the amount of paint
required. The use of a primer in exterior painting can extend the life of
the paint, and it can save time and money.
Painting Techniques
Painting on a poorly prepared surface or one that lacks proper
preparation will likely lead to decreased longevity in exterior paint.
Surface preparation techniques utilized by painting professionals
include stripping, sanding, evening out of the surface, surface repairs,
and cleaning and preparing ways to preserve and protect your pets,
home decor, electrical outlets, and faucets, and landscaping.
Techniques used when applying paint include hand painting (brush,
roller, sponge), detailed measuring, taping for sharp lines and color
separation, spray painting.

 TYPES OF PAINT
 Emulsion paint
 Satin paint
 Oil paint
 Car paint
 Screeding paint
 Spray paint
 Marble paint

i.Emulsion paints : Emulsion is a high quality, smooth, matt finish Styrene

Acrylate emulsion paint with good opacity, It consists essentially of liquid

Styrene Acrylate and synthetic resin combined with selected pigments and
extenders, and has been formulated to meet requirements for interior and
exterior decoration, after an emulsion paint is applied, the water evaporates
and the polymer particles pack closely and fuse together to form a continuous
film, the use of water rather than an organic liquid means that emulsion
paints produce fewer volatile organic compounds (VOC ) when they are used.

Emulsion is particularly useful in industrial environment and private

residence, When used for kitchens and bathrooms, it will withstand frequent
washing down Emulsion may be applied to rough cast, pebble dash, old
tyroleen finish, old stipple finish, cement paint (gloss, oil, emulsion), calcium
silicate bricks, concrete bricks and blocks, asbestos cement sheet, asbestos
insulating boards (interior), gypsum plaster (interior) and expanded polystyrene
tiles and sheets (interior), Emulsion is not recommended for exterior
application to common bricks unless they are dry and the construction affords
protection from moisture penetration.

ii. Texcote Paints (Powertex): Powertex is a high textured interior and

exterior finish designed to give patterned finish on the backings when
applied with patterned Roller, it consists of selected pigments and
extenders, Styrene Acrylic synthetic resin, medium aggregates derived from
granite and other chemical additives, It combines aesthetic values with durability,
good adhesion properties and weather Proof. Power texis used for interior and
exterior decoration of residential and commercial buildings(business centres
inclusive), It may be applied to sand finishes, old stipple finish, concrete
bricks and blocks, stock and facing bricks, calcium silicate bricks, asbestos
cement panels and asbestos insulating board (internal).
Gloss and Satin: Gloss is a high gloss finish essentially made from non-
yellowing and unsaponifiable alkyd resin, selected light fast pigments and
other chemical additives, It combines protection and durability with
aesthetic values, a very hardwearing finishing paint, gloss is used mainly on
wooden and metal surfaces, Satin is used in the same way as gloss but is
slightly less shiny and is increasingly popular, especially for interior
woodwork, Both solvent-based of gloss and satin paints are available, Almost
all gloss and satin paints are suitable for interior or exterior use, Some glosses
are formulated especially for exposed exterior surfaces, Gloss is generally applied
as a single coat over one or two coats of primer.
3.6 COMPONENTS OF PAINTS

Typically, there are five main components in a paint: pigments, binders,

solvents, extenders, and additives.

 Solvent : In the most basic sense, the liquid component of a paint

is simply responsible for transporting the binder and pigment to the substrate
surface, The type of liquid depends upon the other components of the given
paint, Oil-based paints, for example can use a basic paint thinner or Kerosene
as the primary liquid, Latex-based (emulsion) paints, on the other hand, tend to
use water as their liquid.
 Extenders : These pigments are the filler used in paint pigment, they
make up the balance of the powder component of the paint, they do not hide as
well as primary pigments and have a significant impact on the overall
characteristics and performance of a paint, including hiding, durability and
retention of color as they assist in mildew prevention, some example of
extenders are (Zinc Oxide, Aluminium silicate or Kaolin, Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3), Titanium Dioxide(TiO2) , Magnesium Silicate or Talc).
 Additives : Small amounts of other compounds are added to paint to improve

its properties. Thickeners, for example, are additives that help thicken the paint to

make application easier so that the paint covers the wall with a thicker layer of

paint to hide what is underneath (e.gNatrosol (Hydroxyethyl Cellulose), Buffer

solution, marble dust, sharp sand, Sodium), Surfactants help disperse pigments

within the paint, ensuring the coat is even and stays in place providing UV

protection from the sun fading the paint (e.g, Titanium Oxide (TiO 2)), Co-solvents
help the binder film formation and help prevent paint damage from occurring if the

paint is frozen, and also make application easier by lengthening the amount of time

the paint can be open before and Biocides are preservatives which help prevent

mildew, and also fight bacterial growth when paint is applied in moist areas such

as the bathroom (e.g ROCIMA 520S TDS, DOWICIL 75, BIOBAN 655, and B19

e.t.c), when paint is applied Surfactants help prevent paint components from

separating, The more additives, the higher the quality of the paint.

 Pigment : Pigments are fine powders that are spread throughout the paint

film and help hide the surface underneath and may also provide color, A paint’s

pigment plays a large

role in determining color and appearance. Some pigments also provide added bulk,

helping to thicken a paint when needed (e.g Black pigment, Blue pigment, Green

pigment, Red pigment, White pigment, Yellow pigment, e.t.c)

Binder : In a paint mixture, the binder is responsible for providing adhesion,

binding the pigment, and also gives the paint resistance properties which make the
final coating tough and durable. The binder itself is clear and glossy, but the
presence of pigment interferes with this quality. Depending on the ratio of pigment
to binder, or the PVC (pigment volume concentration) the paint can assume
varying levels of glossy finish. Paints with the glossiest finish often have a typical
PVC of 15 percent, while the most matte paints have a PVC anywhere from 40 to
80 percent. Paints with less gloss have more binder per unit of pigment, and tend to
be more durable. Example of binders are, (Alkyd or Synthetic Resin, Poly Vinyl
Acrylic) e.t.c. .
Qualities of a good paint

1. Hiding power: A good paint should be able to cover the existing surface of
material uniformly and thoroughly.
2. Colour: After its use on outer surface, they are exposed to the atmosphere.
Hence, it may be affected by rain or various types of radiation from sunlight,
which causes bad effects on the colour. A good paint must maintain its colour
under all these conditions or any other circumstances.
3. Easy Application: They must have to be used over wide surface areas.
4. Economic in Cost: Types of paint should be selected according to the
construction and its cost should be as low as possible.

Apparatus Involved
 Big Bowl
 Industrial mixer
 Weighing balance
 Beaker
 Small bowl

List of Chemicals For Paint Production

Water
Calcium carbonate (Base matrix)
Titanium dioxide (Titan)
P. V. A
Nitrosol/ Bermacol
Ammonia
Colourite
Hydrosol

Genipour
silicate

FUNCTIONS OF THE ABOVE LISTED CHEMICALS FOR PAINT PRODUCTION

WATER : Water is used in mixing all the chemicals / materials together. In order
to achieve homogeneous mix, Soft and clean water is recommended with a
normal water temperature.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: This is the base matrix of emulsion and texture paint,
meaning that without calcium carbonate there is no emulsion and texture paint.
They are two types of calcium carbonate, they are Delomite which has the
formula of CaMg(CO3)2 and Calcite which is CaCO3. Impurities makes calcite to be
off-white.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE: This chemical is popularly known as TITAN, it’s makes your
paint looks shining. it’s mostly used when producing brilliant white paint. Note;
Titan is still useful when producing other colour but more significant in brilliant
white paint. It enables paint to have proper coverage. It is an odourless white
powder with PH of 7.5. it occurs in crystalline forms.

P. V. A : The full name of this chemical is Polyvinyl Acetate, is a GUM that help
your paint to stink together and to stink to the wall of the building. your paint will
be stain free if you use the adequate proportion of the gum. It is prepared from
the polymerization of vinyl acetate. It's Chemical formula is (C4H6O2)n
AMMONIA: These chemicals are very corrosive and they serve the same function.
they are preservative, they prevent the paint from decaying and increase the
paint durability. It is a colourless gas with pungent smell. It is easily liquefied due
to its strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. It is very soluble in water. It's
formula is NH3.

NITRO SOL/ BERMACOL These chemicals also serve the same function. they
increase the paint viscosity i.e it’s a thickener and also increase paint durability.

HYDRO SOL: This agent brighten your paint colour and it’s also used to correct
dullness in paint. It is also a dispersant, which prevents the agglomeration of the
pigment particle and therefore forms an integral part of the formulation.

GENIPOUR: this is an extender; it’s help your paint to spread over a large area
when painting.
Apparatus Involved
 Big Bowl
 Industrial mixer
 Weighing balance
 Beaker
 Small bowl

List of Chemicals For Paint Production

Water
Calcium carbonate (Base matrix)
Titanium dioxide (Titan)
P. V. A
Nitrosol/ Bermacol
Ammonia
Colourite
Hydrosol

Genipour
silicate

FUNCTIONS OF THE ABOVE LISTED CHEMICALS FOR PAINT PRODUCTION

WATER : Water is used in mixing all the chemicals / materials together. In order
to achieve homogeneous mix, Soft and clean water is recommended with a
normal water temperature.

CALCIUM CARBONATE: This is the base matrix of emulsion and texture paint,
meaning that without calcium carbonate there is no emulsion and texture paint.
They are two types of calcium carbonate, they are Delomite which has the
formula of CaMg(CO3)2 and Calcite which is CaCO3. Impurities makes calcite to be
off-white.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE: This chemical is popularly known as TITAN, it’s makes your
paint looks shining. it’s mostly used when producing brilliant white paint. Note;
Titan is still useful when producing other colour but more significant in brilliant
white paint. It enables paint to have proper coverage. It is an odourless white
powder with PH of 7.5. it occurs in crystalline forms.

P. V. A : The full name of this chemical is Polyvinyl Acetate, is a GUM that help
your paint to stink together and to stink to the wall of the building. your paint will
be stain free if you use the adequate proportion of the gum. It is prepared from
the polymerization of vinyl acetate. It's Chemical formula is (C4H6O2)n
AMMONIA: These chemicals are very corrosive and they serve the same function.
they are preservative, they prevent the paint from decaying and increase the
paint durability. It is a colourless gas with pungent smell. It is easily liquefied due
to its strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. It is very soluble in water. It's
formula is NH3.

NITRO SOL/ BERMACOL These chemicals also serve the same function. they
increase the paint viscosity i.e it’s a thickener and also increase paint durability.

HYDRO SOL: This agent brighten your paint colour and it’s also used to correct
dullness in paint. It is also a dispersant, which prevents the agglomeration of the
pigment particle and therefore forms an integral part of the formulation.

GENIPOUR: this is an extender; it’s help your paint to spread over a large area
when painting.

SILICATE: This is usually used in the production of brilliant white paint, it’s make
the paint to be very tough and strong.

Quantity of Reagents Required

1. 25kg of CaCO3
2 . 2kg of PVA
3. 125g of Bermacol
4. 250g of Titan
5. 25CL of Hydrosol
6. 250g of Silicate
7. 2OL of water
8. 25CL of NH3
9. 50CL of Genipour
Procedures
 In a big bowl, pour in 20 litres of water
 Dissolve titan thoroughly in the water
 Dissolve Silicate thoroughly in the water
 Dissolve calcium in the same bowl
 Pour in PVA and stir constantly
 Pour in Genipour and stir thoroughly
 Pour in hydrosol and stir thoroughly
 Dissolve Bermacol separately in a smaller bowl and pour into the
production container
 Add ammonia and stir constantly for 10 minutes before the application.