MASONRY , DOORS AND

WINDOWS FIXING PLASTERS,

SHUTTERS, FLOOR AND TILING,
PAINTING
Painting Techniques
Painting is normally carried out for the following reasons:
•Protecting surfaces from insects, rain, solar radiation and
other external factors
•Simpler Maintenance : Well painted surfaces are easier to
keep clean and safe
•Increasing the visual appeal of a surface
•Waterproofing
•Increasing surface durability

01. Base – Base is the main constituent that

forms a bulk of the paint. It forms the body of the
paint.
02. Colouring Pigment – pigments are
insoluble powders of very fine particle size. They
impart colour and opacity to the paint.

03.Inert Filler or Extender

Fillers are used to impart various physical properties other than colour
i.e. opacity or texture or simply to make handling of paint better. They
not only make the paint more durable but also reduce the costly base in
paint, thereby making the paint economical.
04. Vehicle or Binder
A vehicle is also referred to as the binder or resin that holds the paint
together. It also binds the paint to the surface to which it is applied.
Further, this ingredient allows the paint to spread uniformly.

05. Solvent or Thinner

Solvent or thinner increases the fluidity of the paint. It makes the paint
workable by increasing the spreading capacity of paint. Thinner helps to
penetrate into the porous surfaces, thereby making the paint smooth and
easy to work with.

06. Additives
Additives are usually added in small quantities in different types of
paints used in building and construction. It changes the properties of
paint. These are also added to improve the paint properties, such as
colour opacity, pigment dispersion, and stability.
07. Types Of Paint
Oil Paint
• White lead is used as a base.
• Applied in three coats: primer, undercoat and finish coat
• Has mat and glossy finishes, while being durable and affordable.
• Easy to apply, and easy to clean.
• Commonly used in walls, doors, windows and metal structures.

Cement Paint
• Available in powder form and mixed with water to achieve paint
consistency.
• Durable and waterproof
• Commonly used in rough internal and external surfaces.
• Takes a long drying time, typically 24 hours.
• Must be applied in two coats to prevent dampness issues.
Enamel Paint

• Forms hard and glossy coatings, which are easily cleaned.

• Waterproof and chemically resistant
• Good coverage and color retention.
The following are some common uses of enamel paint:
•Interior and exterior walls
•Wood trims, doors, and flooring
•Windows
•Stairs
•Surfaces like wicker, masonry, concrete, plaster, glass, and metals.
•Limitations - Slow drying , requiring a titanium coating before
application.
Bituminous Paint
•Made from dissolved asphalt or tar, which gives it a characteristic black
color.
•Waterproof and alkali-resistant, but not suitable for applications where
it will be exposed to the sun, since it deteriorates.
•Bituminous paint is commonly used in underwater ironworks, concrete
foundations, wooden surfaces and iron pipes. It also helps provide rust
resistance when applied in metals.

Aluminium Paint
•This type of paint is produced by mixing aluminium particles with oil
varnish. It is resistant to corrosion, electricity and weather exposure.
Aluminum paint is commonly used for metals and wood, and some
specific applications are gas tanks, oil tanks, water pipes and radiators.
Anti-Corrosive Paint
•Anticorrosive paint is characterized by its chemical resistance, as
implied by its name. It is made from linseed oil, zinc chrome and fine
sand. Anticorrosive paint has a black color, and it is durable and
affordable. It is normally used for metallic surfaces and pipes.

Synthetic Rubber Paint

This paint is made from dissolved synthetic resins, and can include
pigments. It has a moderate cost and its main benefits are chemical
resistance, fast drying and weather resistance. Synthetic rubber paint is
used for concrete surfaces in general, and this includes fresh concrete.
Plastic Paint
This paint uses water as a thinner, and it is available in a wide range of
colors. It dries very quickly and offers high coverage. The following are
some common applications:

•Walls and ceilings of auditoriums, showrooms, display rooms, etc

•Slabs
•Decks

Cellulose Paint
Cellulose paint is produced from celluloid sheets, amyl acetate and
photographic films. This type of paint is characterized by its quick
drying, smooth finish and hardness, while offering resistance to water,
smoke and acids. Thanks to its properties, cellulose paint is commonly
used in cars and airplanes. surfaces can be easily cleaned and washed
once the paint has dried.
The main disadvantage of cellulose paint is its high price.
Silicate Paint
Silicate paint is made from a mixture of silica and resinous substances.
Its performance benefits include good adhesion, hardness, heat
resistance, and being chemically unreactive with metals. Therefore, this
type of paint is commonly used in metal structures.

Casein Paint
This paint is made from casein mixed with white pigments. It is
available in powder and paste form, and pigments can be added. Casein
paint is commonly used to paint walls, ceilings and wood.

“The reasons to use paint in construction include visual appeal, surface

durability, chemical protection and pest protection. Each type of paint is
designed for specific applications - adequate paint selection can
reduce project costs while improving performance.

Painting is often regarded as an aesthetic improvement for buildings, but

it brings many technical advantages as well. These include chemical
protection and easier maintenance.”
SHUTTERS
A window shutter is a solid and stable window covering usually
consisting of a frame of vertical stiles and horizontal rails. Set within
this frame can be louvers, solid panels, fabric, glass and almost any
other item that can be mounted within a frame.

There are two main types of shutter: solid (filled in) and louvered
(slatted). Often a combination of both can be seen, such as solid with a
louvered top. Both types can be placed either internally or externally,
and can be used as a covering for windows, doors or conservatories.

Types of shutters
There are several types of shutters.

Window shutters are generally pairs of hinged panels fixed inside or

outside a window that can be closed for security, or privacy. Window
shutters are also designed to keep out the light and to prevent the
passage of heat.

Window shutters can be solid panels made from almost any material that
can be fitted within a frame. They can be horizontally or vertically
louvred and fashioned so they are fixed or operable.
Roller Shutters

Roller shutters are another type of window shutter that can also be used
on doors or windows. These can be referred to as security shutters,
coiling doors, roller doors or sectional overhead doors. These devices
are made up of numerous horizontal strips that are connected with
hinges. Roller shutters can be motorised or operated by hand.

Fire Shutter

In terms of life safety, a fire shutter can be part of a fire protection

system. A fire shutter is a type of roller shutter designed to restrict the
spread of smoke and fire. These shutters can close automatically if a fire
is detected.
TYPES OF EXTERIOR SHUTTERS
FLOOR AND TILING
What , Where and Why
Tiles are hard wearing thin plates used to cover walls , countertops and floors
etc , using a wide variety of materials from ceramic ,wood,glas,natural stone,
baked clay etc. they are usually used as the final finish to surfaces and is
therefore directly related to the aesthetic of the space and experience of the
user. The finish should be elegant , neatly arranged beautiful and durable.
Types of tiles

Ceramic tiles

Produced by mixtures of clay , earth and water and pressing them under
high pressure in desired shape at high temperatures. There are two main
type of ceramics

Porcelain tiles

Harf , dense ceramic tiles with low water absorption . the most popular
type being the glazed kind. They have a higher density than other tiles
and therefore more difficult to cut through. Their density also allows for
very low water absorption and is widely used in wet areas of the
building.
Vitrified tiles
The less dense ceramic tiles with higher water absorption. They have
additives in the production stage like quartz, feldspar and silica which
make the surface vitreous.
Vitrified tiles are more suited for high traffic areas. They can also be
glazed with many different designs and surface textures printed on them.

Granite tiles
Produced from the natural stone granite they are very durable and
aesthetically pleasing. They have natural flecks and minor “ defects“ in
them. The particular mix of me=inerals found in granite give it unique
colour, textures and pattern movements found in all different varieties of
granite.
Marble tiles
Another natural stone made by the metamorphic crystallization of
limestone . the natural composition makes them not to appear uniform
but rather have “veins” running in interesting patterns across the surface.
Marbles have high porosity but treated with polish , shine and a sealant
they become much more durable. They are more expensive and
associated with luxury. It also requires more maintenance than other
tiles.
Quality of tiling.
To fix any problems in a specific design of tiles requires a full
dismantling and re-application. Therefore investing in good quality
materials and workmanship pays off in the long run, Right quality of
materials
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT . choose tiles that are not chipped at he
edges or cracked prior to installation. Appropriate tiles of appropriate
thickness should be applied in spaces according to human traffic and
specific use of the space. Making sure there are no factory defects on the
tiles is extremely important as two sets of the same tiles being in a
different texture, shade or even dimensions would spell a lot of trouble.
Tiles come in grades from 1 to 5.
The adhesives and fasteners / cement used should also be of superior
quality and have adequate strength .

Workmanship
Tilers are in grades of skill, carefulness , equipment/tools and
experience which all should be testament to the commitment to quality
work. It takes a lot of patience to throw a straight line of tiles without
any misalignment or uneven grouting space.
To carry and use the right equipment is also testament to have to achieve
the designs we need that might not be possible with a manual tile cutter.
Quality of supervision
Supervision and monitoring is still imperative no matter how
good the tiler is . Tilers doing management work might not
adhere to proper quality work to prioritize speed or to reduce
fatigue which should be avoided using a supervisor.

Tilign pattern /layout

Many common tiling patterns exist but the common ones are

Herringbone pattern
Brickbond pattern Diagonal pattern

Block /stacked pattern

Modular pattern
Plaster fixing for doors and windows

PlasterFix is an acrylic-based, fibre re-enforced crack and joint filler that is easy to use on all
minor to medium-sized cracks and joints, to provide a sound and ready to paint surface. It
seems to me your problem requires a normal plaster mix to level your existing plaster.

Classification based on types of finishes

Smooth cast finish Scrapped finish

Textured finish
Pebble finish
Rough cast finish
Machine applied finish
of plaster widely used for building
construction
Sanla (Neeru) finish plaster for. internal
surfaces in cement mortar. Sand face plaster for external surfaces in
cement mortar.
Proportions to be used -
A rough guideline for cement and sand mix proportions is as follows.
For internal ceilings = 1:4
For Internal walls = 1:6
For external walls 1st coat = 1:5 For external walls 2nd coat = 1:5
TYPES OF PLASTER
The different types of plaster can be classified based
on ingredients used and the proportion of binding
materials.
TYPES OF FINISHES
Classification based on ingredients used.
Cement plaster
Lime Plaster
Mud plaster

Classification based on types of finishes

Smooth cast finish Scrapped finish
Textured finish
Pebble finish
Rough cast finish
Machine applied finish
Types of plaster widely used for building construction
Sanla (Neeru) finish plaster for internal surfaces in cement mortar Sand
face plaster for external surfaces in cement mortar.
Proportions to be used -
A rough guideline for cement and sand mix proportions is as follows.
For internal ceilings = 1:4
For Internal walls = 1:6
For external walls 1st coat = 1:5 For external walls 2nd coat = 1:5
Classification based on proportion of binding material
(Cement/lime : Sand)

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN FOR

SCAFFOLDING OF EXTERNAL PLASTER
See that the scaffolding is in plumb & not inclined.
Ensure that every junction of the scaffolding is well tied.
Holes in masonry for bamboo support should be made at skirting level,
as far as possible. to avoid leakage/seepage in wall from the holes.
Scaffolding erection should be carried out with the help of skilled
workmen, so that the structure possess the required stability.
Ensure that all the planks laid for making the platform on scaffolding
are strong enough to take the mason's load. In case two masons are
required to work at one place, then put double plank instead of one.
MASONRY

Masonry consists of building structures from single units that are laid and bound together with mortar. Brick, stone and concrete
blocks are the most common materials used in masonry construction.

Advantages of Masonry Construction

These general advantages apply for all types of masonry units (brick,
stone or concrete blocks):

Masonry is non-combustible, so improves fire protection for the building and its occupants. Fireplaces are commonly made of
masonry for the same reason.
Masonry offers a high resistance against rotting, pests, weather, and natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornadoes.
Masonry structures provide an attractive rustic or elegant look for a home or building
Being durable and resistant, mansory can withstand large amounts of compressive weight loads.
Masonry units increase the thermal mass of a building.
Masonry buildings have longer lifespans than any other building type.
Using masonry in your construction improves its resale value.
Masonry doesn’t rot, and insects such as ants and termites can’t destroy its structure.
Using this method in construction costs less in terms of labor and materials as compared to using wood.
Limitations of Masonry Construction

involves heavy materials such as bricks, stone and concrete blocks.

Masonry activities cannot be done during heavy rain or freezing
conditions, since mortar will be severely affected.
specialized manpower may be necessary.
 Brick Masonry
does not require highly skilled labor
lightweight (lower dead loads),cheaper than stones and concrete blocks
Brick walls are thinner, and units can be adhered with different types of
mortar, depending on structural requirements.
Cons: Bricks have a low resistance against tension and torsion loads,
making them more susceptible to seismic damage.
Plasterwork is required as finishing, which raises construction costs.
 STONE MASONRY

Pros: Stone masonry is the most durable, strong and weather resistant,
thanks to the natural durability of the material.
Stone is recommended for buildings with high foot traffic, since it does
not bend or dent.
 main advantages of stone is its aesthetic look, with a variety of colors,
sizes and textures - the design possibilities are endless. Finally, stone
masonry requires little maintenance and repairs, thanks to its durability.
Cons: Stone walls are thick and heavy, reducing floor space. It also has
a high self-weight, combined with low flexural strength, tensile strength
and seismic resistance. time-consuming and it requires skilled workers,
since it cannot be altered, repaired or relocate easily. When using stone
masonry, a careful installation will make the final structure safer for
occupants.
 CONCRETE MASONRY

Pros: Concrete blocks are resistant against weather, pests, mold, and fire.
Transporting concrete blocks can be quite expensive, but this material can be
found locally in most cases.
Concrete blocks are available in many sizes, finishes and colors. These units can
also be manufactured to meet any set project requirements, and some concrete
blocks are made using recycled materials. In addition, concrete blocks have good
insulating properties against heat, sound and moisture.
Cons: Large concrete blocks are heavy and difficult to handle, requiring more
manpower. Concrete blocks also increase the amount of steel required in
reinforced cement concrete structures. The price of concrete blocks can vary
depending on the region, cement costs and availability. Plumbing issues are harder
to solve when they occur in a concrete masonry structure, since they can cause
internal flooding. Concrete blocks must be cut open in this case, leading to
material waste and expensive reparations. An effective drainage system is very
important when dealing with concrete block masonry.