SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY climate.

Specifically, volcanic gas

CLIMATE CHANGE like carbon dioxide (CO2), a
CBET-01-301P greenhouse gas, can contribute to
global warming. However, sulfur
Weather Vs. Climate dioxide, a volcanic gas, can cause
● Weather - an atmospheric condition global cooling.
that occurs locally over short Nevertheless, according to
periods of time. reports, volcanoes' contribution of
● Climate - a long-term average of C02 emission is equivalent to 1% of
temperature, humidity, and rainfall anthropogenic emissions.
patterns throughout a region or
even to a global scale, over several b. Solar Variation. The Sun is a
seasons, years, or decades. fundamental source of energy that
is instrumental on Earth’s climate
CLIMATE CHANGE system. Undoubtedly, variation on
According to NASA, climate change solar energy output has an impact
refers to the long-term and significant on climate change. But, these
change in the temperature and weather variations are only a fraction of a
patterns on Earth for a continuous period of percent (0.1% over an 11-year
time. sunspot cycle, to be exact).
Although it may seem logical to
Global Warming vs. Climate Change think that the Sun affects global
● Global Warming - long-term rising climate, it is just a tiny factor
temperature or warming of the compared to other causes of climate
planet. change.
● Climate Change - encompasses
global warming, but refers to a 2. Persistent Anthropogenic Changes or
broader range of changes that are Human Acts
happening to our planet. a. Burning of fossil fuels. As fossil
fuels are burned, it releases large
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE amounts of carbon dioxide which
1. Natural Internal Process will later be trapped in our
a. Volcanic Activities. During major atmosphere, causing global
volcanic eruptions, large amounts of warming. Despite the fact that it
gasses, aerosols, droplets and ash was harmful to our planet, it is still
were released to the atmosphere helpful in generating electricity, to
and Earth’s surface, which can affect
 power transportation, in industrial person produces about four tons of carbon
processes, etc. dioxide each year. But, accordingly, CO2
emissions per capita in the Philippines are
b. Deforestation. As trees were cut equivalent to 1.37 tons per person (based
down and damaged, more carbon on a population in 2022).
dioxide, that was initially stored, is “The country's total greenhouse gas
released into the atmosphere and emissions reached 204.33 teragrams of
less carbon dioxide will be absorbed C02 equivalent in 2020.”
in the future. - Philippines Statistics Authority, July
According to MIT Climate, 04, 2024.
since 1850, about 30% of all CO2
emissions have come from EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
deforestation. In addition, it 1. Intense high temperatures
intensifies global warming and 2. Droughts
promotes heat waves as fewer trees 3. Wildfires
release moisture that cools the air. 4. Strong typhoons and floods
In other words, this has serious 5. More tornadoes
implications on climate change. 6. Melting of ice sheets and glaciers
7. Sea level rise
Greenhouse Gasses 8. Warmer ocean water and marine
The main contributor to climate change is heat waves
the increased greenhouse gas 9. Ecosystem stressors
concentrations on Earth due to human 10. Animals migration
activities. 11. Human disease and illness
12. Food security
5 Notorious Greenhouse Gasses
● Carbon Dioxide POLICIES (CREENCIA)
● Methane ➢ International Level
● Surface level ozone Paris Climate Agreement
● Water Vapor It is a legally binding international
● Nitrous oxides and fluorinated treaty to combat climate change
gasses established in 2015. This was supported by
several nations and organizations,
Carbon Footprint especially the United Nations. Since the
A total amount of greenhouse gasses agreement aligned with the achievement of
that are generated by our actions. Sustainable Development Goals of the UN.
Generally, reports said that the average
 The Philippines has entered the
agreement in 2017, as supported by the 3 Key Elements of the Paris Climate
Climate Change Commission. Agreement, according to the United
In this agreement, it provides guidelines Nations.
and frameworks on how nations can 1. Limit temperature rise to 1.5° C.
develop and formulate a plan for climate 2. Review countries commitments to
mitigation and adaptation efforts. cutting emissions every five years.
It works on a 5 year cycle, in which each 3. Provide climate finance to
country submits a National Climate Action developing countries.
Plan or Nationally Determined
Contribution (NDC). These action plans ➢ National Level
enumerate how nations will combat and R.A 9729 or Climate Change Act of 2009
mitigate climate change and how they will An act aimed at integrating climate
achieve to decrease their C02 emission. As change considerations into government
submitted, it will be examined to ensure policy through the establishment and
that it is feasible, to strengthen climate development of a strategic framework and
goals, and to monitor improvements. program for climate change, creating a
Climate Change Commission for this
Main goal: Limit rapid increase of global purpose, and addressing related matters.
temperature by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Climate Change Commission
“The Climate Change Commission (CCC),
Paris Climate Agreement Framework an independent and autonomous body,
1. Finance. Developed nations were shall be the lead policy-making body of the
encouraged to extend financial aid government, tasked to coordinate, monitor
to developing nations as funds are and evaluate the programs and action
important to execute national plans of the government relating to climate
climate action plans. change as per R.A. 10174.”
2. Technical. To fully realize - Department of Budget and
technology development and Management
transfer for both improving
resilience to climate change and R.A 10174 or The People's Survival Fund
reducing GHG emissions. It is an annual fund established for local
3. Capacity Building Support. To government units and accredited
emphasize on climate-related local/community organizations to develop
capacity-building between and implement climate change mitigation
developed and developing nations.
and adaptation projects to effectively This Act established the PHILIPPINE
address the progressive climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL CODE which makes
provisions for the protection of the
Green Climate Fund environment.
Global fund established to serve Paris
Agreement and Kyoto Protocol to support TITLE I: AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
paradigm shifting low emission and climate TITLE II: WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
resilience projects and programs in TITLE III: LAND USE MANAGEMENT
developing countries. TITLE IV: NATURAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
National Climate Change Action Plan of TITLE V: WASTE MANAGEMENT
2011-2028
It is formerly known as the national TITLE I: AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
climate change framework strategy, which The purpose of this is to achieve and
assesses the current climate change risk maintain such levels of air quality as to
the country is facing and outlines the protect public health; to prevent injury
NCCAP’s strategic direction for 2011 to and/or damage to plant and animal life and
2028. property, and promote the social and
economic development of the country.
Priorities
1. Food Security ● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749 —
2. Water sufficiency PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF
3. Ecological and Environmental stability 1999
4. Human security Aims to achieve and maintain
5. Climate-friendly industries and services ambient air quality standards
6. Sustainable energy throughout the Philippines.
7. Knowledge and capacity development
TITLE II: WATER QUALITY
➢ Local Level MANAGEMENT
The Local Climate Change Action Plan It is the purpose of this Title to prescribe
A LCCAP is the action plan formulated management guidelines aimed to protect
by local governments to address climate and improve the quality of Philippine water
change concerns. resources.

PHILIPPINES POLICIES ● REPUBLIC ACT 9275 —

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT
OF 2004
 Aims to protect the Philippines's country's fishery and aquatic
water bodies from pollution from resources for the exclusive use and
land-based sources and other enjoyment of the Filipinos.
sources.
Chapter II: Wildlife
TITLE III: LAND USE MANAGEMENT ● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147 —
Its purpose is to provide a rational, WILDLIFE RESOURCES
orderly and efficient acquisition, utilization CONSERVATION AND
and disposition of land and its resources in PROTECTION ACT
order to derive therefrom maximum Aims to conserve and protect
benefits. wildlife species as well as their
habitats in promoting ecological
● NATIONAL LAND USE ACT balance and enhance biological
(PROPOSED / NOT YET ENACTED) diversity.
It is proposed to govern the
management and execution of a Chapter III: Forestry and Soil
comprehensive land use system. Conservation
● PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 705
TITLE IV: NATURAL RESOURCES — REVISED FORESTRY REFORM
MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
The purposes of this Title is to provide Aims to protect, develop and
the basic policy on the management and rehabilitate forest lands and to
conservation of the country's natural ensure their continuity in productive
resources to obtain the optimum benefits condition.
therefrom and to preserve the same for the
future generations. Chapter IV: Flood Control and Natural
Calamities
Chapter I: Fisheries and Aquatic ● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10121 —
Resources PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK
● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8550 — THE REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE OF ACT OF 2010
1998 Aims to serve as the lead agency
Aims to achieve food security and for disaster-related programs in the
to ensure the management and Philippines such as in developing
conservation of the fishery and the comprehensive guides for DRR
aquatic resources in the Philippines. efforts nationwide.
It also aims to limit the access of the
 Formed the National Disaster To set guidelines for waste management
Risk Reduction and Management with a view to ensuring its effectiveness; To
Council. prevent environmental damage and
unnecessary loss of valuable resources of
Chapter V: Energy Development the nation through recovery, recycling and
● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9513 — re-use of wastes and waste products; and
RENEWABLE ENERGY ACT OF
2008 ● REPUBLIC ACT 9003 —
Aims to encourage the ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
development and utilization of MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
renewable energy resources. Aims to encourage proper
segregation, collection, storage,
Chapter VI: Conservation and Utilization treatment and disposal of waste for
of Surface and Ground Waters the protection of public health and
● PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1067 environment.
— THE WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES CONSERVATION (YUMEN)
For the appropriation, control and DEFINITION :
conservation of water resources and Conservation refers to the efforts made to
to also define the extent of the protect and preserve our natural resources
rights and obligations of water and ecosystems.
users and owners including the It aims to maintain the balance between
protection and regulation of such human activities and the environment
rights. ensuring sustainable living for generations.
Conservation involves various activities
Chapter VII: Mineral Resources like reducing pollution, conserving energy
● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7942 — and protecting endangered species.
PHILIPPINE MINING ACT OF 1995 It also focuses on preserving natural
It governs all mining operations habitats such as forest, wetlands, and coral
and related rights in the Philippines, reefs to maintain biodiversity.
specifically exploration,
development, and utilization of IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION
natural resources conservation 1. Avoid exploitation of natural
through a partnership of the resources.
government and private sector. 2. To keep balance in our ecosystem.
TITLE V: WASTE MANAGEMENT 3. To prevent human-caused natural
disasters.
 4. To reduce the impact of global Marine conservation focuses on the
warming. preservation and sustainable management
of marine ecosystems. It aims to protect
TYPES OF CONSERVATION marine biodiversity, prevent overfishing,
1.Environmental Conservation: Protecting and mitigate the impacts of pollution and
Our Natural Environment climate change on our oceans and seas. By
Environmental conservation focuses on implementing measures such as marine
safeguarding the natural environment from protected areas and sustainable fishing
degradation caused by human activities. It practices, we can ensure the health and
involves preserving ecosystems, protecting resilience of marine ecosystems. Marine
biodiversity, and promoting sustainable conservation is crucial for maintaining the
practices. By conserving our natural well-being of marine species and the
environment, we can mitigate the negative livelihoods of coastal communities.
impacts of pollution, deforestation, and
habitat destruction. This type of 4. Human Conservation :Balancing Human
conservation plays a crucial role in Activities and Nature
maintaining the health and functionality of Human conservation involves finding a
our ecosystems. balance between human activities and the
preservation of nature. It recognizes that
2. Animal conservation: Safeguarding our humans are an integral part of ecosystems
precious wildlife. and aims to promote sustainable practices
Animal conservation aims to protect and that minimize negative impacts on the
preserve endangered species and their environment. Human conservation
habitats. It involves efforts to prevent the encompasses responsible resource
extinction of vulnerable animals and management, sustainable agriculture, and
promote their long-term survival. Animal eco-friendly technologies. By adopting
conservation organizations work tirelessly sustainable lifestyles and practices, we can
to protect habitats, combat poaching, and coexist harmoniously with nature and
raise awareness about the importance of ensure a healthier planet for future
preserving wildlife. By safeguarding our generations.
precious wildlife, we can maintain the
delicate balance of ecosystems and prevent EXISTING CONSERVATION PROJECTS TO
the loss of biodiversity. FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Planting trees and restore forest

3. Marine Conservation : Preserving our Example:
oceans and seas
 Plant-A-Tree Program and Urban Add: The Philippines relies heavily on the
reforestation in US electricity and natural gas acquired from
One -Tree Planted in Australia the Malampaya gas field. This reserve is
Watershed forest restoration in Brazil expected to run dry in 2027, causing an
energy crisis. The nation must now choose
2. Coral and marines restoration between transitioning to renewable energy
Example : or exploring new fields in the gas-rich
Reef Restoration in Dominican Republic South China Sea.
Coral restoration in Philippines
CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS
3. Reducing carbon emissions The causes behind the energy crisis
Example: can never be blamed on a single factor. This
Carbon Neutral Government in British global problem can be attributed to the
Columbia following according to the publications of
Blue Carbon projects Virginia, North the World Energy Organization.
America
1. Overconsumption. This is a result of
ENERGY CRISIS (CAGARA) too much use of fossil fuels such as
A country's prosperity and oil, gas, and coal.
development are indicated by its 2. Overpopulation. The human
sustainable and reliable energy source, population steady increase leads to
which includes petroleum, natural gas, coal, more demands to energy resources.
renewable energy, and nuclear power. 3. Poor infrastructure. The continued
Non-renewable sources like crude oil, use of outdated equipment in
natural gas, and coal. maintaining old infrastructures
limits energy production.
Energy crises may lead to questions 4. Unexplored renewable energy
such as, "Will we run out of energy? "Or options. Ignorance of other
"How do we secure our access to energy?" renewable energy sources options
At present, developing countries have high will lead the people to greatly
demands of energy resources in order to depend on non-renewable energy
secure their future economic development. resources.
Unfortunately, environmental risks are 5. Wastage of energy. The energy
associated with accessing energy demands. wasting habits at home such as
An energy crisis is any significant shortage leaving the lights on or leaving
in energy supply to a country or region. electronic gadgets plugged adds
 more problems with the energy renewable energy sources, enhancing
shortage nowadays. energy infrastructure, and implementing
6. Major accidents and natural policies to manage supply and demand.
calamities. Energy supply shortages
may be caused by natural CONNECTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE
calamities, like volcanic eruptions, AND ENERGY CRISIS
floods and earthquakes, and major
accidents. This may result in a Climate Change Impacts on Energy
greater increase in energy prices in Systems
the global market. 1. Extreme Weather: Climate change
7. Wars and attacks. Unsettled wars leads to more frequent and severe
involving Middle East countries may weather events, such as hurricanes,
create major problems for energy heatwaves, and floods. These
consumers due to global shortage. events can damage energy
8. Miscellaneous factors. These infrastructure (power plants, grids,
factors include Political Events, pipelines) and disrupt energy supply
Strikes, Tax hikes, Severe Weather and distribution.
Changes. If the problems arise from 2. Resource Availability: Changes in
oil producing companies, it will climate can affect the availability of
directly cause an energy crisis. natural resources. For example,
altered precipitation patterns can
Historical Examples impact hydropower generation,
- 1970s Oil Crisis: A notable example is the while rising temperatures can affect
oil crises of the 1970s, when OPEC cooling efficiency in thermal power
(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting plants.
Countries) imposed oil embargoes, leading 3. Sea Level Rise: Rising sea levels
to fuel shortages and economic disruptions due to melting ice and thermal
globally. expansion can threaten coastal
- Recent Energy Price Spikes: More recently, energy infrastructure, including
fluctuations in energy prices and supply refineries, power stations, and
disruptions have been influenced by pipelines.
geopolitical tensions and changes in energy
markets. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
In order to find the best solution to
Addressing an energy crisis typically address the current environmental crisis,
involves a combination of improving energy environmental awareness is a number of
efficiency, investing in alternative and
requirements. Here is a list of the current consumers, resulting in poisons and
issues the environment is facing today: sicknesses.
6. Effect on marine life. One of the
1. Air pollution. Toxins from the problems in the world is facing the
factories and vehicles are the increasing amount of carbon in the
primary reason behind the air water. This has a direct effect on
pollution. Urban sprawl, acid shellfishes and microscopic fishes.
deposition, and oil leaks 7. Public health issues. The present
contaminate the groundwater. environmental problems are a great
2. Climate change. The melting of the threat to the wellness of
polar ice, new health issues, humankind, including the animals. If
changes in seasons are some of the left unresolved, this may affect the
many destructive impacts of the life span of both humans and
Climate Change resulting from the animals.
increasing temperature of the 8. Littering and landfills. Improper
earth's surface. waste disposal.
3. Deforestation. The increased 9. Mining. The earth's minerals once
number of human population leads extracted through mining may
to more demands for homes, food release harmful chemicals to the
and materials. The forests are atmosphere. These emissions may
continuously losing in order to pollute the air, water and the soil.
provide these demands.
4. Increased carbon footprint. Human Climate change and energy crisis
activities directly and indirectly are interconnected, requiring a
produce greenhouse gasses. As comprehensive approach including
humans depend on fossil fuels, transitioning to cleaner energy, improving
carbon footprint is increased and efficiency, and implementing effective
this causes destruction to the earth. policies to manage environmental and
5. Genetic modification. The demands practical challenges.
for food due to the increasing
population have been addressed by Written by:
genetic engineering. The humans Cagara, Maria Elena
found a way to modify the genes of Creencia, Khristine Joyce
the plants through this technology. Yumen, Jobelyn
However, these genetically modified
food causes threat to the animal CBET-01-301P
2024