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1.5 Forces
1.5.1 Effects of Forces

Physics Test # 3
Topic 1.2: Motion

Date:17-10-2023(Tuesday)

Robila Imran 1
 and use the equation
m
ρ=
V
2 Describe how to determine the density of a
liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an
irregularly shaped solid which sinks in a liquid
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(volume by displacement), including appropriate
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Determine inobject
whether an these slides
floats based on 4 Determine whether one liquid will float on
density data another liquid based on density data given that
please refer to class notes for full the liquids do not mix
understanding

1.5 Forces

1.5.1 Effects of forces

Core Supplement
1 Know that forces may produce changes in the 9 Define the spring constant as force per unit
size and shape of an object extension; recall and use the equation
F
k=
x
2 Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs 10 Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’
for an elastic solid and describe the associated for a load–extension graph and identify this point
experimental procedures on the graph (an understanding of the elastic
limit is not required)
3 Determine the resultant of two or more forces 11 Recall and use the equation F = ma and know
acting along the same straight line that the force and the acceleration are in the
same direction
4 Know that an object either remains at rest or
continues in a straight line at constant speed
unless acted on by a resultant force
5 State that a resultant force may change the 12 Describe, qualitatively, motion in a circular path
velocity of an object by changing its direction of due to a force perpendicular to the motion as:
motion or its speed
(a) speed increases if force increases, with mass
and radius constant
(b) radius decreases if force increases, with mass
3 and speed constant
(c) an increased mass requires an increased force
to keep speed and radius constant
mv 2
(F = is not required)
r
continued
Forces can change speed

Can make an object move

12 [Link]/igcse Back to contents page

Can speed up or slow down an object

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Forces can change direction

Forces can change size or shape

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Forces can change size or shape

Extension as a Result of Applied Load

Hooke’s Law
The stretching force is directly proportional to the extension if the elastic limit is
not exceeded.
Stretching force ∝ extension
F∝X
F = kX
K is spring constant(stiffness of the spring)
K=F/x
Units: N/m

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[Link]

Limit of proportionality
A point where proportionality between force and extension
stops obeying Hooke’s Law .

Hooke’s law region

10

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11

Q7/M22/P22
4

7 A metal wire is loaded up to the limit of proportionality.

Which statement is correct?

A Hooke’s law is not obeyed when the load is increased from zero to this point.
B When the load is increased beyond the limit of proportionality, the diameter of the wire will
increase.
C When the load is removed, the wire returns to its original length.
D Up to the limit of proportionality, there is no change in the shape of the wire.
C
8 The diagram shows a uniform metre rule, MN, pivoted at its midpoint P.

M P N

12 W1 W2

Two weights, W1 and W2, are hung either side of the pivot.

The rule remains balanced.

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Which row is correct?

direction of resultant direction of resultant

moment about point M force on the rule
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6 An experiment is done to determine the spring constant for a spring.

Q6/S19/P22 Different loads are hung from the spring and its length is measured for each different load.

The graph shows how its length varies with load.

4.0
weight of
load / N 3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 4 8 12 16 20
length of
spring / cm B
What is the value of the spring constant?

A 0.20 N / cm B 0.25 N / cm C 4.0 N / cm D 5.0 N / cm

7 A beam is pivoted at its centre of mass.

13
It is acted upon by two forces, 10 N and 5.0 N, as shown.

25 cm
4
15 cm
7 The extension / load graph for a spring is shown. The unstretched length of the spring is 15.0 cm.

Q7/M19/P22 3 pivot
extension / cm 10 N 5.0 N

What is the resultant moment about the pivot?

2
A 25 N cm anticlockwise
B 25 N cm clockwise
C 1
175 N cm anticlockwise
D 175 N cm clockwise

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
load / N

When an object of unknown weight is suspended on the spring, the length of the spring is
16.4 cm. C
What is the weight of the object?

A 0.55 N B 0.67 N C 3.5 N D 4.1 N

© UCLES 2019 0625/22/M/J/19

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8 A box of mass 2.0 kg is pulled across the floor by a force of 6.0 N.

The frictional force acting on the box is 1.0 N.

What is the acceleration of the box?

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A 0.40 m / s2 B 2.5 m / s2 C 3.0 m / s2 D 3.5 m / s2

9 Which moving body has a resultant force acting on it?

A a diver rising vertically through water at constant speed

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understanding
6 The graph shows how the length of a spring changes when the stretching force is increased.

30
Q6/W18/P22
length of 25
spring / cm
20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
force / N D
In the Hooke’s law region, what is the spring constant for this spring?

A 0.20 N / cm B 0.22 N / cm C 0.28 N / cm D 0.33 N / cm

15 7 Point X is the centre of mass of a lamina in the shape of a triangle with sides of equal length. The
top of the triangle is cut off along the dotted line shown.

2 (a) State Hooke’s Law.

Q2/W17/P41 ...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

X
(b) For forces up to 120 N, a spring obeys Hooke’s Law.

A force of 120 N causes an extension of 64 mm.

(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw the force-extension graph for the spring for loads up to 120 N. [1]

150
What happens to the centre of mass, X?
force / N
A moves towards the bottom of the page
100
B moves to the left
C moves to the right
D moves towards the top of the50
page

0
0 20 40 60 80
extension / mm

16 Fig. 2.1

(ii) Calculate the spring constant k of the spring.

© UCLES 2018 0625/22/O/N/18

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k = ...........................................................[2]

(c) A student makes a spring balance using the spring in (b). The maximum reading of this
balance is 150 N.
 50

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0
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please refer to class notes for full extension / mm
understanding
Fig. 2.1

(ii) Calculate the spring constant k of the spring.

k = ...........................................................[2]

(c) A student makes a spring balance using the spring in (b). The maximum reading of this
balance is 150 N.

The student tests his balance with a known weight of 140 N. He observes that the reading of
the balance is not 140 N.

Suggest and explain why the reading is not 140 N.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 6]

17
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17 [Turn over

Spring constant with 2 springs

Extension =halves

Extension =2 times or doubles

18

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Inertia and Mass

Inertia is a quality of all objects made of matter that possess mass.
Inertia is the tendency of an object in motion to remain in motion,
or an object at rest to remain at rest unless acted upon by a force.
Mass is a measure of inertia.
Objects of higher mass resist changes in motion more than objects of lower mass.

19

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Newton’s laws of motion

Newton’s laws of motion give us the relations between the forces acting on
a body and the motion of the body.
Newton’s First Law of Motion /Law of Inertia
Objects will remain at rest, or move with a constant velocity unless
acted on by a resultant force

21

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion

with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

22

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 C D

speed
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0 0
0 time 0 time
Q4/S21/P22

4 What is the best description of the meaning of the ‘mass’ of an object?

A the space occupied by the object

B the force that gravity exerts on the object
C the resistance of the object to changes in motion
D the closeness of packing of the molecules in the object
C

23

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass
F= ma
The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the
resultant force applied and is in the direction of the resultant force.

© UCLES 2021 0625/22/M/J/21 [Turn ov

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25

Q6/W18/P23
4

6 An object accelerates from 10 m / s to 30 m / s in 4.0 seconds.

The accelerating force is 150 N.

What is the mass of the object?

A 0.033 kg B 5.0 kg C 7.5 kg D 30 kg

7 The diagram shows a uniform bar of length 120 cm and Dweight W. The bar is pivoted at a po
40 cm from the left end of the bar.

A load of W is suspended from the right-hand end of the bar.

2
A downward force F is applied to the left-hand end of the bar to keep it in equilibrium.
26
0 40 cm 60 cm 120 cm

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pivot bar

F bar’s weight
W
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Newton’s Third Law of Motion
If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts a force
on body A that is equal in size but opposite in direction.

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

the two forces:
• act on two different objects
• are of the same type (eg both contact forces)

Contact force
• It is exerted by the objects on each other when placed in
contact (touching each other).
• It is assumed to act at the centre of point of contact
• It is perpendicular to the surface.
27

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Circular Motion and Centripetal Force

When an object moves in a circle although its speed is constant
the direction is continuously changing.
So
The velocity is continuously changing
The changing velocity in time means the object is accelerating all the time.
The resultant force which causes this acceleration is called
centripetal force.
The centripetal force always acts toward the centre of the circle.
The centripetal acceleration always acts toward the centre of the circle.
The velocity at any point is always at right angle to the circle.

29

The centripetal force (Fc )increases when:

•mass of the object increases. (Fc is directly proportional to mass)
•velocity of the object increases. (Fc is directly proportional to velocity square)
•radius of the circle decreases. (Fc is inversely proportional to radius)

30

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6 A skydiver jumps from a stationary helicopter and reaches a steady vertical speed. She then
opens her parachute.

Which statement about the falling skydiver is correct?

31 A As her parachute opens, her acceleration is upwards.

B As she falls at a steady speed with her parachute open, her weight is zero.
C When she accelerates, the resultant force on her is zero.
D When she falls at a steady speed, air resistance is zero.

7 A car moves in a circular path as it turns a corner on a horizontal road.

Q7/M17/P22 The car moves at constant speed.

path of car
car

direction
of travel

Which description of the forces acting on the car is correct?

A All the forces are balanced as the car is moving at constant speed. C
B The forces are unbalanced and the resultant force acts away from the centre of the circle.
C The forces are unbalanced and the resultant force acts towards the centre of the circle.
D The forces are unbalanced and the resultant force is in the direction of travel of the car.

8 A moving body undergoes a change of momentum.

32
What is a unit for change of momentum?

A Nm B N/m C Ns D N/s

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The for fullshows an experiment to find the density of a liquid.
diagram
understanding 3 cm 3 cm
50 50
3
measuring
6 A car is travelling around40a circular track 40
at a constant speed,
cylinder as shown.
30 30
In which direction is the resultant force on the car? liquid
Q6/W19/P21 20 20
10 D
balance 10

car
g g B
C A
direction of
movement
What is the density of the liquid?

A 0.5 g / cm3 B 2.0 g / cm3 C B 8.0 g / cm3 D 10.0 g / cm3

6 An experiment is carried out to measure the extension of a rubber band for different loads.

The results are shown below.

load / N 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

length / cm 15.2 16.2 18.6
extension / cm 0 1.0 2.1 3.4

33 7 Two forces
Which P and
figure Q actfrom
is missing on athe
metre
table?rule as shown. The metre rule is pivoted at one end. The rule
starts to rotate in a clockwise direction.
A 17.2 B 17.3 C 17.4 D 17.6
Q
7 The diagram shows a satellite that is moving at a uniform rate in a circular orbit around the Earth.
a b metre rule

Q7 & 8/Sp20/P2 pivot

Which statement is correct?

Which statement describes the motion of this satellite?
A P equals Q
A It is accelerating because its speed is changing. B
B P is less than Q
B It is accelerating because its velocity is changing.
C C (PIt×isa)not
is accelerating × b)
equal to (Qbut its speed is changing.
4
D D (PIt×isa)not
is accelerating
greater than its×velocity
but(Q (a + b))is changing.
8 Which statement about an object moving in a straight line through air is correct?

8 © Which
UCLES statement
A 2014
When gives a complete
it accelerates, description
the resultant force of
acting
0625/02/SP/16 anyit object
on is [Link] is in equilibrium?
[Turn over

A B There
Whenare no forces
it moves at a acting.
steady speed, the air resistance acting on it is zero.
C
B C There
Whenisitno resultant
moves force. speed, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
at a steady
D When it moves, there is a resultant force acting on it.
C There is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect.

34 D There is no resultant turning effect.

9 A beam pivoted at one end has a force of 5.0 N acting vertically upwards on it as shown. The
beam is in equilibrium.

5.0 N

© UCLES 2019 0625/21/O/N/19 [Turn over

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pivot
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Force of Friction
The force which oppose the motion of a moving body is called friction.
Friction can be useful.
For example:
•friction between our shoes and the floor stop us from slipping
•friction between tyres and the road stop cars from skidding
•friction between the brakes and wheel help bikes and cars to slow down
Frictional forces are much smaller on smooth surfaces than on rough
surfaces, which is why we slide on ice but not on concrete.

35

Friction can also be unhelpful.

If you do not lubricate your bike regularly with oil, the friction in the chain
and axles increases. Your bike will be noisy and difficult to pedal.

When there is a lot of friction between moving parts, energy is transferred

to the surroundings, causing heating.

36

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Scalars and vectors
Scalar Quantities: The physical quantities which are specified with
magnitude or size alone are scalar quantities.
Vector Quantities: The physical quantities which are specified with
both magnitude as well as direction are called vector quantities.

37

Adding Vectors(parallel to each other)

Vectors can be added together to produce a resultant vector.

38

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Q7/M20/P22
5

7 A car travels along a horizontal road at constant speed. Three horizontal forces act on the car.
The diagram shows two of these forces.

direction of
motion forwards

air resistance force from engine

300 N 1500 N

What is the size and the direction of the third horizontal force acting on the car?

A 1200 N backwards
B 1200 N forwards A
C 1800 N backwards
D 1800 N forwards

39 8 A car is driven round a bend in the road at a constant speed.

Q7/S21/P23 4
car
direction of the
7 A car of mass 1200 kg is travelling along a horizontal road.
motion of the car

direction of motion

What is the direction of the resultant force on the car when it is going round the bend?
total frictional force = 1000 N driving force = 4000 N
A parallel to the motion and in the same direction as the motion
B parallel to the motion and in the opposite direction to the motion
C perpendicular to the motion and towards the inside of the bend
What is the acceleration of the car?
D perpendicular to the motion and towards the outside of the bend
A 0.83 m / s2 B 1.2 m / s2 C 2.5 m / s2 D 3.3 m / s2

C
8 Object X moves to the right along a frictionless surface towards a stationary object Y, as shown.

direction
of travel
40

X Y
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© UCLES 2020 0625/22/F/M/20 [Turn over
They make a noise as they collide and then both objects move to the right.

Which equation is correct?

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Q1/S16/P43
1 (a) State why force is a vector quantity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A 20 N force and a 15 N force act at the same time on an object of mass 14 kg.

Calculate

(i) the maximum possible force on the object due to these two forces,

force = ................................................................. [1]

(ii) the acceleration caused by a resultant force equal to this maximum force.

41

Vector addition (perpendicular to each other)

acceleration = ................................................................. [2]

• Graphical method
By drawing arrows end-to-end, so that the end of one vector is the start of the next.
Choose a scale that gives large triangle.
Join the start of first arrow to the end of the last arrow to find the resultant.

42

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_43_2016_1.8

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Use a vector triangle or calculate your resultant velocity

if you travel at 8.0m/s in a speed boat due north and a
current pushes you towards west at 6.0m/s. Give both
your speed and direction.
Scale :

Size:

Direction:

43

• Pythagoras’ theorem
The two vectors must be at right angle to each other so that Pythagoras’ theorem can be used.

For direction use

Tan!=a/b
! = Tan-1(a/b)

44

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Find the resultant of two forces acting on an airplane

due South 20 N and due East 30N. State ;
Scale :
3

1 (a) A boat crosses a river. The boat points at right angles to the river bank and it travels at a
speed of 3.5 m / s relative to the water.
Size: A river current acts at right angles to the direction the boat points. The river current has a
speed of 2.5 m / s.

By drawing a scale diagram or by calculation, determine the speed and direction of the boat
Direction: relative to the river bank.

45

1 (a) A boat crosses a river. The boat points at right angles to the river bank and it travels at a
Q1/M23/P42 speed of 3.5 m / s relative to the water.

A river current acts at right angles to the direction the boat points. The river current has a
speed of 2.5 m / s.

By drawing a scale diagram or by calculation, determine the speed and direction of the boat
relative to the river bank.

speed = ...............................................................

direction relative to the river bank = ...............................................................

[4]

(b) Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity.

State the names of one other scalar quantity and one other vector quantity.

scalar quantity ..........................................................................................................................

vector quantity ..........................................................................................................................

[2]
46
[Total: 6]

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speed = ...............................................................

direction relative to the river bank = ...............................................................

[4]
 child P child Q

pivot

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child P 25 kg. 10/18/23
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plank isinbalanced.
these slides
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notes for full
the mass of child Q?
understanding
A 20 kg B 25 kg C 31 kg D 45 kg
Q8/W20/P21

8 The diagram shows three forces acting on an object.

6N

1N 9N

What is the value of the resultant force acting on the object?

A 2N B 10 N C 14 N D 16 N

47

Physics Test # 4
Topic 1.5.1: Effect of forces

© UCLES 2020 Date: 31-10-2023(Tuesday)

0625/21/O/N/20

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