“Finger Print Sensor”

An IC Application laboratory Project Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Computer Engineering (ECM)

By
21311A1975
21311A1976
21311A1978
21311A1987
B. Tech III Year I Sem
Under the Guidance / Supervision of

Dr. K. Sathish Kumar

Dr. Nanda Kumar
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering

Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology (Autonomous)
2023-2024
1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the IC Applications laboratory Project entitled “Finger Print
Sensor”, submitted by J. Yashwanth Reddy, R. Sai Ganesh, B. Bharath
Chandra, B. Akshay bearing Roll No. 21311A1975, 21311A1976, 21311A1978,
21311A1987 towards partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in
Electronics & Computer Engineering from Sreenidhi Institute of Science &
Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, is a record of bonafide work done by him. The
results embodied in the work are not submitted to any other University or Institute
for an award of any degree or diploma.

Dr. K. Sathish Kumar Dr. Nanda Kumar

Lab Project Coordinator-1 Lab Project Coordinator-2

Dr. D Mohan
HOD, ECM Department

2
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present IC Application Project titled
“Finger Print Sensor” is a record of work done by me in the Department of
Electronics and Computer Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar.

The report is based on the project work done entirely by me and not copied from any
other source.

J. Yashwanth Reddy, 21311A1975

R. Sai Ganesh, 21311A1976
B. Bharath Chandra, 21311A1978
B. Akshay, 21311A1987

3
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I convey my sincere thanks to Prof. C V TOMY, Director and Dr.T.Ch. SIVA

REDDY, Principal, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar for
providing resources to complete this seminar.

I am very thankful to Dr D. MOHAN, Head of ECM Department, Sreenidhi

Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar for providing an initiative to this
seminar and giving valuable timely suggestions over our seminar work and for their
kind cooperation in the completion of the seminar.

I convey my sincere thanks to MR. SATHISH AND MR. NANDHA KUMAR,

Assistant Professors and all the faculties of the ECM Department, Sreenidhi Institute
of Science and Technology, for their continuous help, cooperation, and support in
completing this project. Finally, I extend my sense of gratitude to the almighty, my
parents, all my friends, and teaching and non-teaching staff, who directly or
indirectly helped me in this endeavour.

4
 Finger Print Sensor
Abstract

A touch sensor, commonly known as a "touch detector," revolutionizes user interaction

with devices by capturing and registering physical touches or embraces on objects.
Developed using the IC555 Timer operating as a monostable multivibrator, these
sensors enhance sensitivity compared to traditional buttons or manual controls. The
touch sensor responds dynamically to various touch gestures, including tapping,
swiping, and pinching. This technology finds widespread application in consumer tech
devices such as smartphones, tablets, and computers. The touch sensor's ability to
detect nuanced touches enables a more intuitive and versatile user experience. This
abstract provides a concise overview of the touch sensor's development using IC555,
showcasing its impact on modern human-machine interaction.

Keywords:
1. Touch Sensor
2. Touch Detector
3. IC555 Timer
4. Monostable Multivibrator
5. Human-Machine Interaction

J. Yashwanth Reddy, 21311A1975

R. Sai Ganesh, 21311A1976
B. Bharath Chandra, 21311A1978
B. Akshay, 21311A1987

5
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

1 Introduction 1
2 Objective 2
3 Hardware Requirements and Description 3-5
4 Background Theory 6-9
5 Circuit / Block Diagram 10
6 Working 11
7 Results and Output 12
8 Application and Advantages 13
9 Conclusion 14
10 References 15

LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

1 Bread Board 3
2 IC 555 timer 3
3 Touch pins 4
4 Battery(9v) 4
6 LED 5
7 Resistor 5
8 Background theory 7-8
9 Circuit Diagrams 10
10 Working 9
11 Results and Output 11

vi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The touch sensor project employing the venerable 555 Timer IC introduces enthusiasts to the
fascinating realm of tactile electronics. This venture combines simplicity with ingenuity,
utilizing commonly available components to create an interactive circuit on a breadboard. At
its core, the project seeks to harness the 555 Timer IC's versatile capabilities, specifically in its
astable mode, to generate a pulsating signal. With the inclusion of LEDs and touch plates,
participants gain hands-on experience in constructing a touch-sensitive system that responds to
human touch by altering the circuit's capacitance. The project not only demystifies the
functionalities of individual components like resistors and LEDs but also provides a practical
understanding of how they synergize within the circuit. Through this engaging introduction,
participants are poised to embark on a journey that unveils the magic behind touch-sensitive
electronics, fostering a deeper appreciation for the intricate interplay of components in the
world of electronic circuits.

The touch sensor project is a hands-on exploration of circuitry using common electronic
components. By employing a 555 Timer IC, LEDs, touch plates, and other essentials, this
project introduces enthusiasts to the exciting world of touch-based electronics. As we delve
into the hardware requirements, background theory, circuit diagram, working principles, and
results, readers will gain valuable insights into the practical application of these components in
a simple yet intriguing project.

1
 CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the touch sensor project utilizing the IC555 is multifaceted, aiming to provide
participants with a comprehensive understanding of electronic circuitry, particularly in the
context of touch-sensitive applications. At its core, the project seeks to familiarize enthusiasts
with the versatile 555 Timer IC and its practical applications in a hands-on manner. By working
on this project, participants are set to acquire valuable skills in assembling and troubleshooting
electronic circuits on a breadboard.

One key objective is to enable participants to grasp the operational principles of the 555 Timer
IC, specifically in its astable mode, which plays a pivotal role in generating the pulsating signal
necessary for touch sensing. This involves exploring the timer's internal structure and
functionality, enhancing participants' knowledge of this widely used integrated circuit.

Furthermore, the project aims to deepen participants' understanding of touch-sensing

mechanisms. By incorporating touch plates into the circuit, the project demonstrates how
changes in capacitance induced by human touch can be leveraged to trigger specific responses
in electronic systems. This objective contributes to a broader comprehension of sensor
technologies and their real-world applications, fostering a connection between theoretical
concepts and practical implementations.

Ultimately, the touch sensor project with the IC555 seeks to empower participants with the
skills required to design and construct touch-sensitive circuits. As they progress through the
project, participants not only gain insights into the intricate workings of the 555 Timer IC but
also develop proficiency in employing touch-based interactions in electronic systems, paving
the way for further exploration and innovation in the field of electronics.[1]

2
 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 3.1 BREADBOARD:

A breadboard, or protoboard, is a construction base for the prototyping of electronics.

Originally the word referred to a literal breadboard, a polished piece of wood used when
slicing bread.

Fig.3.1 Breadboard

3.2 IC 555 Timer:

The 555 Timer IC, a versatile integrated circuit, serves as the heart of the touch sensor
project. It operates in astable mode, generating a pulsating output. Pin configurations
include VCC (8), GND (1), and TRIG (2), with connections influencing the circuit's
frequency and duty cycle. This component is pivotal in creating a stable and adjustable
oscillation for the touch sensor's functionality. A comprehensive understanding of the 555
Timer IC is essential for manipulating the touch sensor's responsiveness and performance.

Fig 3.2 IC 555 Timer

3
3.3 Touch Plates:

Four pins serve as touch plates, allowing the touch sensor to respond to human touch. These
pins alter the capacitance of the circuit when touched, influencing the timing of the 555
Timer IC. Proper placement on the breadboard is crucial for optimal sensitivity.
Understanding the role of touch plates is fundamental to grasping the hands-on application
of capacitive touch sensing in electronics.

Fig.3.3 Touch Plates

3.4 BATTERY(9V):

A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones,
and electric cars.

Fig.3.4 Battery

4
3.5 LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The colour of the light is determined by the energy required
for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using
multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Fig 3.6 Led

3.7 RESISTOR:

A resistor is a passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either
limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits. The main purpose of
a resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any particular portion of
the circuit. It is made of copper wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer
part of the resistor is coated with an insulating paint. The terminals of the resistor are each
of the lines extending from the squiggle (or rectangle

Fig 3.7 Resistor

5
 CHAPTER 4

BACKGROUND THEORY

The internal block diagram and schematic of the 555 timers are highlighted with the same
colour across all three drawings to clarify how the chip is implemented:

Voltage divider: Between the positive supply voltage VCC and the ground GND is a voltage
divider consisting of three identical resistors (5 kΩ for bipolar timers, 100 kΩ or higher for
CMOS) to create reference voltages for the analogue comparators. CONTROL is connected
between the upper two resistors, allowing an external voltage to control the reference voltages:

 When CONTROL is not driven, this divider creates an upper reference voltage of 2Ú3
VCC and a lower reference voltage of 1Ú3 VCC.

 When CONTROL is driven, the upper reference voltage will instead be VCONTROL
and the lower reference voltage will be 1Ú2 VCONTROL.

Threshold comparator: The comparator's negative input is connected to the voltage divider's
upper reference voltage, and the comparator's positive input is connected to THRESHOLD.

Trigger comparator: The comparator's positive input is connected to the voltage divider's
lower reference, and the comparator's negative input is connected to TRIGGER.

Latch: A set-reset latch stores the state of the timer and is controlled by the two comparators.
RESET overrides the other two inputs, thus the latch (and therefore the entire timer) can be
reset at any time.

Output: The output of the latch is followed by an output stage with push–pull output drivers
that can supply up to 200 mA for bipolar timers, lower for CMOS timers.

Discharge: Also, the output of the latch controls a transistor acting as an electronic switch that
connects DISCHARGE to the ground (convenient for discharging a timing capacitor) or leaves
it disconnected. [3]

6
 FIG: 4.1: 555 Time IC Block Diagram

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

2 TRIG This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +Vcc or GND.

3 OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +Vcc or GND.

A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does
4 RESET not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides
TRIG which overrides threshold.

5 CTRL Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 Vcc).

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at the threshold is greater
6 THE
than that at CTRL (2/3 Vcc if CTRL is open).

Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In

7 DIS
phase with output.

Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the

8 Vcc
variation.

7
 FIG: 4.2: 555 Time IC Pin Diagram

IC555 operating modes

IC555 has three different operating modes. These operating modes correspond to three different
multivibrator configurations. [4]

1. Astable mode – it is also known as self-triggering or free-running mode. It has no stable

state. It has two quasi-stable states that automatically change from one to another. It changes
from high to low state and low to high state without any trigger input after a pre-determined
time. This mode is used to generate square wave oscillations, clock pulses, PWM waves etc.

2. Monostable mode – it is also known as single shot mode. It has one stable state and one
quasi-stable state. It jumps into quasi stable state from a stable state when trigger input is
applied and comes back to a stable state after a pre-determined time automatically. It is used in
generating pulses, time delay etc.

3. Bistable mode – it is also known as flip-flop mode. It has both stable states. Two different
trigger inputs are applied to change the state from high to low and low to high. It is used in
automatic switching applications, to generate pulse of variable time etc.

Astable Mode

This means there will be no stable level of output. So the output will be swinging between high
and low. This character of unstable output is used as a clock or square wave output for many
applications.

8
 CHAPTER 5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG: 5.1: Circuit Diagram

FIG: 5.2: Block Diagram

9
 CHAPTER-6

WORKING

The 555 timer IC has two sensing pins and one output pin. The sensing pins are Pins 2 & and
6 (named Trigger Pin and Threshold Pin) and the output is Pin 3.

The internal architecture of the 555 timer IC is such that, whenever Pin-2 (Trigger Pin) senses
a voltage less than 1/3rds of supply voltage, it turns ON the output. Similarly, when Pin-6
(Threshold Pin) senses a voltage greater than 2/3rds of the supply voltage, it turns OFF the
output.

For example, if the supply voltage is 9V, 1/3rds of it is 3V and 2/3rds of it is 6V. So if the
trigger pin senses a voltage less than 3V, it turns ON the output & and similarly if the threshold
pin detects a voltage more than 6V, it turns OFF the output. In the circuit diagram shown above,
Pins 2 & and 6 are connected via 10M resistors to the opposite polarities of what affects them,
to keep the output stable. Since Pin-6 changes the output if it sees more voltage, it is connected
to 0V through a 10M resistor by default. Similarly, is with Pin-2 to prevent unnecessary triggers
by static charges. [2]

So whenever someone touches the contacts at Pin-2 and 0V, since Pin-2 senses ~0V because
of current flowing through the finger, it turns ON the output. And when we touch the contacts
at Pin-6 and +ve Voltage, since Pin-6 senses ~+ve Voltage (which is more than 2/3rds of supply
voltage), it turns OFF the output. Also, the influence of the 10M resistor is negligible when we
touch the contacts with our finger since the resistance at the finger will be much lesser.

In this manner, you can continue turning ON and OFF the output with just a touch of your
finger.[5]

FIG: 6.1: Working

10
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND OUTPUT

Step 1: Components Required

Step 2: Steps of Construction

Step 3: Testing the Touch Sensor

11
 CHAPTER 8

Applications and Advantages

8.1 Application:

 Touch sensors are used in the musical instruments.

 Touch sensors are used in keypads and touch pads.
 Touch sensors are employed in electronic devices like laptops, smartphones tablets.
 Employs in security alert systems.

8.2 Advantages:

 Touch sensors are employed in manufacturing devices like:

a. Operated Bells
b. Buzzers in toys
 The input impedance of the trigger is very high so the touch sensor switch can be
triggered by the voltage induced in the human body.

 Low cost to design.

12
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The evolution of touch technology stands as a testament to the relentless progress of innovation
in the tech landscape. As technology burgeons, the role of touch has become indispensable,
offering an intuitive and user-friendly interface. The ease with which users can learn, navigate,
and interact with devices through touch has transformed the way we engage with technology.

In the present era, smartphones and laptops have seamlessly integrated touch capabilities,
enriching the user experience. The simplicity and flexibility of touch interfaces have made
these devices more accessible to both novice and seasoned users. Apps, especially in realms
like gaming and maps, leverage touch technology to create immersive and engaging
experiences. The logical connection between users and their devices is strengthened, fostering
a symbiotic relationship.

The user-centric design of touch interfaces has redefined the boundaries of interaction, making
technology more approachable and inclusive. As we continue to witness the evolution of touch
technology, its impact extends beyond mere functionality; it becomes a bridge that connects
users to the digital realm in an unprecedented, seamless manner. In this era of touch-driven
advancements, the future promises even more innovative and immersive experiences, shaping
a world where technology feels not just intuitive but an integral part of our daily lives.

13
 CHAPTER-10
REFERENCES

[1] Touch On-Off Sensor Switch circuit using 555 Timer IC. (n.d.). Elonics.org.

https://elonics.org/touch-on-off-sensor-switch-using-555-timer-ic/

[2] Bollepalli, H. (n.d.). Touch sensor by using IC 555 timers for final review. Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/515754847/Touch-Sensor-by-Using-Ic-555-

Timers-for-Final-Review

[3] Cd-Team. (2023, December 20). 555 Timer IC Pin Diagram, Modes, Circuit,

Working, Datasheet. Electronics for You.

https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-electronics/555-timer-

working-specifications

[4] Bhatt, A. (2021, July 5). 555 Timer IC: Introduction, Basics & Working with

Different Operating Modes. Engineers Garage.

https://www.engineersgarage.com/555-timer-ic-introduction-basics-working-with-

different-operating-modes/

[5] Instructables. (2017, September 22). How to make a “Touch sensor” using 555 timer

IC on a breadboard. Instructables. https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Make-a-

Touch-Sensor-Using-555-Timer-IC-on-B/

14