I

VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590014, KARNATAKA, INDIA

MINI PROJECT REPORT

On

“TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER”

SUBMITTED BY

SNEHA J(1VE22CS155)

SHRAVYA K S(1VE22CS146)

SUSHMITHA R(1VE22CS165)
USHASHREEMODUGALA(1VE23CS409)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF

Prof Mrs B
PADMAVATHY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIDYANAGAR, BANGALORE-562157
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SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
Vidyanagar, Bangalore – 562 157
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “TOUCH SENSOR” carried out by SHRAVYA K S
(1VE22CS146), SNEHA J(1VE22CS155), SUSHMITHA R(1VE22CS165),USHASHREE
MODUGALA(1VE23CS409) a bonafide student of Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, in
partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2023-2024.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project
Work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Mrs B.PADMAVATHY Dr.Hema MS Dr.Nageswara Gupta M.
Assistant Professor,SVCE HOD ,SVCE Principal ,SVCE
Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to everyone who played a pivotal role in the successful completion of
the mini project on the Traffic signal controller. First and foremost,

I express my heartfelt thanks to my project guide, Mrs. B.Padmavathy , whose unwavering guidance
and insightful contributions were instrumental throughout the development process. Her expertise in
Arduino programming and constructive feedback significantly influenced and shaped the trajectory
of the project.

I would like to acknowledge the invaluable support and encouragement received from my peers and
friends. Their active participation in brainstorming sessions and code reviews created a collaborative
environment that fueled learning and innovation.

Special appreciation goes to our academic institution, "SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING," for providing the necessary resources, infrastructure, and a conducive
environment for the project's execution.

The insights gained from the literature survey were paramount in laying the foundation for the
project. Existing studies provided a wealth of knowledge that informed critical decisions during the
development phase.

Lastly, I express my deep gratitude to my family for their unwavering support and understanding
throughout the project's duration.

This project stands as a testament to the collective effort, dedication, and collaborative spirit of all
those involved. I am sincerely thankful for the contributions that have brought the Touch sensor to
successful fruition.
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CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT 1

2. INTRODUCTION 2

3. LITERATURE SURVEY 3

4. MATERIALS REQUIRED 4-5

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6

6. IMPLEMENTATION 7

7. WORKING MODULE 8

8. OUTPUT IMAGE 9

9. ADVANTAGE,DIADVANTAGES&APPLICATIONS 10

10. CONCLUSION 11

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 12
TOUCH 1

ABSTRACT

Touch sensors have become integral components in various electronic devices, facilitating intuitive
user interaction and control. This paper presents an overview of touch sensor technologies, including
capacitive, resistive, and surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, detailing their working principles,
advantages, and applications.

Capacitive touch sensors, known for their high sensitivity and robustness, are widely employed in
smartphones, tablets, and touch-enabled displays. Resistive touch sensors offer cost-effectiveness
and compatibility with stylus input, making them suitable for industrial and medical applications.
SAW touch sensors excel in high-performance applications requiring precise touch detection, such as
kiosks and interactive whiteboards. Additionally, emerging technologies like optical and infrared
touch sensors are discussed, highlighting their potential for future advancements in touch interface
design.

Overall, understanding the characteristics and functionalities of various touch sensor technologies is
essential for designing efficient and user-friendly interactive systems across diverse fields.

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 2

INTRODUCTION
Touch sensors are electronic devices that detect touch or physical contact with their surface and
convert it into electrical signals. They play a vital role in modern technology, found in various
applications ranging from smartphones and tablets to industrial control systems and interactive
displays. These sensors offer intuitive interaction by allowing users to input commands or interact
with devices through simple gestures or taps.

The functioning principle of touch sensors varies depending on the technology used, but capacitive
touch sensors are among the most common types. Capacitive touch sensors detect changes in
capacitance caused by the proximity or touch of a conductive object, such as a finger. They work by
forming an electrostatic field across their surface and measuring changes in capacitance at different
points, thereby determining the location and intensity of touch. This technology provides fast
response times and reliable operation, making it ideal for consumer electronics and interactive
displays.

Another widely used touch sensor technology is resistive touch sensing, which consists of two
conductive layers separated by a thin insulating layer. When pressure is applied to the surface, the
top conductive layer makes contact with the bottom layer at the touch point, causing a change in
electrical resistance. This change is then measured to determine the touch location. Resistive touch
sensors are cost-effective and offer excellent durability, making them suitable for applications such
as industrial control panels and medical devices.

In addition to capacitive and resistive touch sensors, other technologies such as infrared (IR), surface
acoustic wave (SAW), and optical sensing are also utilized in specific applications. Each technology
has its unique advantages and limitations, catering to different requirements in terms of sensitivity,
accuracy, and environmental conditions. Overall, touch sensors have revolutionized human-machine
interaction, providing seamless and intuitive control in various devices and systems.

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

Research paper 1:

Merleau-Ponty, M. 1945/1962 Phe´nome´nologie de la Perception.

London, UK: Routledge.

It is increasingly recognized that the separation of perception from action in theoretical

analyses of Intelligent behaviour is misleading. Sensing of most Kinds is best considered as an
active process rather Than as a passive one, however, in touch, the integration of movement
with sensing is a critical Feature, to discover the world through touch we must Act upon it .For
humans, the movement of the Hands and fingers is particularly important to our tactile sense—
we stroke a surface to detect texture,Palpate gently or trace edges to judge shape, press to
Determine hardness and so on .

Research paper 2 :

Catania, K. C. & Remple, F. E. 2005 Asymptotic prey profitability drives star-nosed moles
to the foraging speed limit. Nature 433, 519–522.

(doi:10.1038/nature03250).

In the animal Kingdom, there are many other fascinating examples Of active tactile sensing
organs, such as the antennae Of insects, the whiskers (vibrissae) of rodents and Other mammals
and the unique facial tentacles of the Star-nosed mole. Each of these systems exhibits
Impressive sensory capacities. For instance, rats are Able to discriminate texture using their
whiskers with Similar accuracy to the human fingertip seals can Use their vibrissae to follow the
trails of water turbulence left by fish and the tentacles of the starnosed mole allow for the
identification and capture Of prey animal.

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 4

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTOLLER

1. 555 Timer IC, L.E.D (×2)

2. 4 pins as touch plates

3. 330 ohm resistor

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 5

4. 9v battery with holder

5.some wires and a breadboard

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 6

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 7

IMPLEMENTATION

const int touchPin = 2; // Replace with your actual pin number

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int touchValue = digitalRead(touchPin);

if (touchValue == HIGH) {
Serial.println("Touch detected!");
// Add your desired actions or functions here
}

delay(100); // Adjust delay as needed

}

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 8

WORKING MODULE
A touch sensor is a sophisticated electronic component designed to detect physical contact or touch.
It operates on the principle of capacitance, relying on changes in electrical charge when a conductive
object, such as a human finger, comes into contact with its surface. One commonly used touch
sensor module is the TTP223, which simplifies touch detection and integration into electronic
systems. This module typically consists of three pins: VCC for power supply, GND for ground
connection, and SIG for the digital signal output.

To implement a touch sensor module, you need to connect it to a microcontroller, such as an

Arduino. The VCC pin is connected to the 5V output of the Arduino, GND is connected to the
ground, and SIG is linked to a digital input pin on the Arduino. This physical connection establishes
communication between the touch sensor and the microcontroller.

The functionality of the touch sensor is then programmed using software. In the Arduino code, a
digitalRead function is used to monitor the state of the SIG pin. When the touch sensor is activated,
meaning it detects a touch, the digitalRead function returns a HIGH signal. This event triggers a
response in the code, such as printing a message to the serial monitor, illuminating an LED, or
initiating another predefined action. The delay function is often incorporated to prevent rapid,
unintended readings.

Upon uploading the code to the Arduino, the touch sensor module is ready for use. When a user
touches the sensor, the programmed actions are executed. This basic touch sensor implementation
serves as a foundation for a wide range of applications, from interactive displays and control panels
to innovative user interfaces. As technology advances, touch sensors continue to play a pivotal role
in enhancing user experiences across various electronic devices and systems. Their versatility and
ease of integration make them valuable components in the realm of interactive technology

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 9

OUTPUT IMAGE

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH 1

ADVANTAGE
 Intuitive Interaction
 Reduced Mechanical Complexity
 Multifunctional Capability
 Hygienic and Aesthetic Appeal

DISADVANTAGE
 Sensitivity to environmental factors
 Limited input precision
 Finger print smudging
 Cost

APPLICATIONS
 Consumer electronics
 Industrial control system
 Automotive interfaces
 Medical devices

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-

TOUCH SENSOR 11

CONCLUSION
Touch sensors have revolutionized the way we interact with technology, seamlessly integrating
tactile responsiveness into our daily lives. From the ubiquitous touchscreens on smartphones to the
sophisticated control panels in industrial settings, these sensors have become integral components of
modern electronics. The consumer electronics industry, in particular, has witnessed a paradigm
shift, offering users intuitive and interactive interfaces. Beyond the realm of personal gadgets, touch
sensors have found applications in diverse sectors such as automotive design, where they enhance
the usability of infotainment systems, and in medical devices, providing hygienic and efficient
interfaces for healthcare professionals. The versatility and adaptability of touch sensors continue to
drive innovation, shaping the future of human-machine interaction across various domains. As
technology advances, it is likely that touch sensors will play an increasingly pivotal role,
contributing to the evolution of smarter, more responsive devices and systems.

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-562157

 MEMORY GAME USING ARDUINO 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. " Viral Science-The Home of Creativity”

2. ChatGPT by OpenAI - Guidance on project implementation and problem solving.
3. Microsoft Copilot - Assistance in code generation and optimization during development.
4. NEWBIELY:-https://newbiely.com/tutorials/arduino-nano/arduino-nano-traffic-light

Summary:
These references collectively provided foundational knowledge, guidance, and code assistance
crucial for the successful implementation of the Touch sensor

DEPT OF CSE (2023-24), SVCE, BANGALORE-562157