VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI - 590018

PROJECT WORK PHASE – 2 REPORT (18ECP83)

ON

“WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Submitted by
NANNAT GUPTA 1MV19EC070
PRASHANT KUMAR 1MV19EC081
RISHABH JAIN 1MV19EC090
SUDARSH TANDON 1MV19EC112

Under the guidance of

Dr. R. SUNDARAGURU
Professor
Department of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SIR M. VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Bengaluru -562157
2022-2023
 SIR M. VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Bengaluru -562157

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
USING IR SENSOR” is a bonafide work carried out by NANNAT GUPTA (1MV19EC070),
PRASHANT KUMAR (1MV19EC081), RISHABH JAIN (1MV19EC090), SUDARSH
TANDON (1MV19EC112) bonafide students of Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of
Technology in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections and suggestions indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department
library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect
of Project work Phase -2 (18ECP83) prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

------------------------------- ------------------------------ -----------------------------

Dr. R. Sundaraguru Dr. V. G. Supriya Prof. Rakesh S.G.

Professor Professor and Head Principal
Department of ECE Department of ECE Sir MVIT, Bengaluru

External Examination Viva

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1.

2.
 DECLARATION

We, the students of eighth semester hereby declare that the Project Report on “WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR” has been presented under the guidance of Dr.
R. Sundaraguru, Professor, Department of ECE, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute Technology,
Bengaluru as partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics & Communication by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during
the academic year 2022-2023.

Place: Bengaluru

Date:25/05/2023

Name of the Students and Signature:

NANNAT GUPTA PRASHANT KUMAR

(1MV19EC070) (1MV19EC081)

RISHABH JAIN SUDARSH TANDON

(1MV19EC090) (1MV19EC112)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our sincere gratitude to the management of Sir M.
Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for providing the opportunity and the
resources to accomplish our project work in their premises.

We would also like to convey our regards to Prof. Rakesh S.G., Principal, Sir. MVIT for
providing us with the infrastructure and facilities needed to develop our project.

Heartfelt and sincere thanks to Dr. V G. Supriya, Professor and Head, Dept. of ECE, for her
suggestions, constant support and encouragement.

On the path of learning, the presence of an experienced guide is indispensable and we would like
to thank our guide Dr. R. SUNDARAGURU, Professor, Dept. of ECE, for his invaluable help
and guidance.

We would also like to thank the staff of Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering and lab-in-charges for their co-operation and suggestions.

Finally, we would like to thank all our friends for their help and suggestions without which
completing this project would not have been possible.

NANNAT GUPTA (1MV19EC070)

PRASHANT KUMAR (1MV19EC081)

RISHABH JAIN (1MV19EC090)

SUDARSH TANDON (1MV19EC112)

 ABSTRACT
Wireless communication has become an integral part of our modern society, enabling seamless
and efficient transmission of information. In this abstract, we present a novel approach to
wireless communication utilizing infrared (IR) sensors. IR sensors are widely used for proximity
detection and remote-control applications due to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and
ease of integration. The proposed system leverages IR sensors to establish a wireless
communication link between devices in close proximity. The IR sensor acts as both a transmitter
and receiver, enabling bidirectional data transmission. The system operates by modulating data
onto an IR carrier signal, which is then emitted by the IR sensor. The receiving IR sensor detects
the modulated signal, extracts the transmitted data, and performs the necessary decoding. To
achieve reliable wireless communication, several challenges need to be addressed. These include
overcoming line-of-sight limitations, minimizing interference from ambient light sources, and
optimizing the data transfer rate. The system employs advanced modulation techniques, such as
frequency-shift keying (FSK) or pulse-position modulation (PPM), to mitigate the impact of
ambient light and improve data reliability. Moreover, to enhance the communication range, the
system incorporates directional IR sensors or uses reflectors to focus the emitted IR signal
towards the intended receiver. This enables effective communication even in scenarios where
obstacles obstruct the direct line of sight. The proposed wireless communication system using
IR sensors finds applications in various domains. It can be employed in home automation
systems to control appliances, in industrial environments for wireless data transmission between
devices, or in consumer electronics for short-range wireless communication. In conclusion, this
abstract presents a novel approach to wireless communication utilizing IR sensors. By exploiting
the advantages of IR sensors, such as low-cost and low-power consumption, the proposed
system offers an efficient solution for short-range wireless communication. Future research can
focus on further improving the data transfer rate, increasing communication range, and exploring
integration possibilities with other wireless technologies to expand the system's capabilities.
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

1 Introduction 2

2 Problem Statement 9

3 Objective 10

4 Literature Survey 11

5 Methodology 16

6 Hardware and Software Requirements 20

7 Results 26

8 Conclusion 29

9 Future Scope 30

10 References 32

11 Appendix A 39
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Figure Name Page No.

Fig 1.1 Underwater Wireless Communication using IR Sensor 1

Fig 5.2.1 Shallow water multipath propagation 15

Fig 5.2.2 Transmission Block 16

Fig 5.2.3 Receiving Block 16

Fig 6.1.1 Arduino uno 19

Fig 6.1.2 IR Transmitter and Receiver 20

Fig 6.1.3 Lcd Display 21

Fig 6.1.4 Pin Desciption 22

Fig 6.1.5 Keypad Interface and pin description 23

Fig 6.1.6 Transparent Container 24

Fig 7.1.1 Transmitter 27

Fig 7.1.2 Receiver 28

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication has revolutionized the way we interact with technology, enabling us to transmit
information without the constraints of physical connections. It has become an integral part of various
domains, including telecommunications, home automation, healthcare, and industrial applications.
While there are several established wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
cellular networks, there are situations where alternative approaches are required, particularly for short-
range communication.

This paper focuses on wireless communication using infrared (IR) sensors, which offer a cost-effective
and energy-efficient solution for short-range data transmission. IR sensors are widely used for proximity
detection and remote-control applications, making them an ideal choice for wireless communication
within close proximity. This introduction provides an overview of the principles behind wireless
communication using IR sensors and highlights the advantages, challenges, and potential applications
of this technology.

Fig. 1.1 Underwater Wireless Communication using IR Sensor

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1.1 Principles of Wireless Communication using IR Sensors

• Infrared Technology: Infrared technology utilizes electromagnetic waves with wavelengths

longer than those of visible light but shorter than radio waves. IR sensors detect and emit these IR
waves, allowing them to be utilized for communication purposes. IR communication typically
operates in the near-infrared spectrum, which ranges from approximately 700 nanometers to 1
millimeter in wavelength.

• IR Sensors: IR sensors are electronic devices that can detect and emit infrared radiation. They
consist of an IR light source, such as an IR LED, and a photodetector, such as a photodiode or a
phototransistor. When the IR light source emits infrared radiation, the photodetector detects the
reflected or modulated IR waves, allowing the sensor to receive information.

• Modulation Techniques: To transmit data wirelessly using IR sensors, modulation techniques are
employed. Modulation involves encoding the information onto a carrier signal, which is then
transmitted through IR waves. Various modulation techniques can be utilized, including
amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and pulse-position modulation
(PPM). These techniques enable the encoding and decoding of data at the receiver end, ensuring
accurate and reliable communication.

1.2 What is Wireless communication?

wireless communications, System using radio-frequency, infrared, microwave, or other types of

electromagnetic or acoustic waves in place of wires, cables, or fibre optics to transmit signals or data.
Wireless devices include cell phones, two-way radios, remote garage-door openers, television remote
controls, and GPS receivers (see Global Positioning System). Wireless modems, microwave
transmitters, and satellites make it possible to access the Internet from anywhere in the world. A Wireless
Markup Language (WML) based on XML is intended for use in such narrow-band devices as cellular
phones and pagers for the transfer and display of text.

Wireless communication refers to the transfer of information between devices without the use of physical
cables or wires. It relies on electromagnetic waves to transmit data over the air. Here's a simplified
explanation of how wireless communication works:

Data Encoding: The information to be transmitted, such as voice, text, or video, is converted into a
suitable digital format. This process involves encoding the data into binary code, which consists of 0s
and 1s.

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Modulation: The digital data is then modulated onto a carrier wave. Modulation is the process of
modifying certain properties of the carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase, to represent
the encoded data.

Transmission: The modulated carrier wave is transmitted through the air as an electromagnetic signal.
The transmitter converts the encoded data into radio frequency signals, which are then transmitted
through an antenna.

Propagation: The electromagnetic waves propagate through space in all directions. They travel at the
speed of light and can pass through various obstacles in their path, such as walls or buildings.

Reception: The receiving device, equipped with an antenna, captures the transmitted electromagnetic
waves. The antenna converts the electromagnetic signals back into electrical signals.

Demodulation: The received signals are demodulated to extract the original digital data. Demodulation
reverses the modulation process and recovers the encoded information.

Decoding: The demodulated data is then decoded, converting it from the digital format back into its
original form (voice, text, video, etc.).

Delivery: Once the data is decoded, it can be delivered to its intended destination. This may involve
further processing or routing, depending on the specific communication system or network being used

It's important to note that wireless communication encompasses various technologies and protocols, such
as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G), satellite communications, and more. Each of
these technologies employs different methods and standards to enable wireless communication.

1.3 Advantages of Wireless Communication using IR Sensors

• Cost-Effectiveness: IR sensors are generally cost-effective compared to other wireless communication

technologies. The components required for IR communication, such as IR LEDs and photodetectors, are
readily available and affordable. This makes IR-based solutions a viable option for applications with budget
constraints or when cost-effective solutions are preferred.

• Low Power Consumption: IR sensors are known for their low power consumption, making them suitable
for battery-operated devices or applications where energy efficiency is crucial. The use of low-power IR
LEDs and photodetectors enables efficient communication while minimizing the overall power
consumption of the system.

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• Line-of-Sight Communication: IR communication typically requires a direct line of sight between the
transmitting and receiving devices. While this might be perceived as a limitation, it can also be
advantageous in terms of security and interference mitigation. The line-of-sight nature of IR communication
ensures that data remains within the intended range and minimizes the risk of eavesdropping or interference
from external sources.

• Immunity to Radio Frequency Interference: Unlike wireless communication technologies that operate
in the radio frequency spectrum, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, IR communication is immune to radio
frequency interference. This can be advantageous in environments with high levels of RF interference or in
situations where RF-based communication is not feasible.

1.4 Challenges and Limitations of Wireless Communication using IR Sensors

• Limited Range: One of the primary limitations of IR communication is its limited range compared to other
wireless technologies. IR waves have a shorter range and are susceptible to attenuation caused by obstacles,
such as walls or objects. However, this limitation can be mitigated by using directional IR sensors or
employing reflectors to focus the emitted IR signal towards the intended receiver, thereby increasing the
effective range.

• Ambient Light Interference: IR sensors can be affected by ambient light sources, such as sunlight or
artificial lighting. Ambient light can interfere with the detection of modulated IR signals, leading to data
errors or loss of communication. To overcome this challenge, advanced modulation techniques, shielding,
and filters can be employed to minimize the impact of ambient light and improve the reliability of
communication.

• Limited Bandwidth: Due to the nature of IR communication, the available bandwidth is typically limited
compared to other wireless technologies. This limitation can impact the data transfer rate and the types of
applications that can be supported. However, for many short-range applications, the available bandwidth
provided by IR communication is sufficient.

1.5 Applications of Wireless Communication using IR Sensors

• Home Automation: IR communication is commonly used in home automation systems to

wirelessly control appliances, such as TVs, air conditioners, or lighting systems. By utilizing IR
sensors in conjunction with IR receivers embedded in appliances, users can control these devices
remotely, eliminating the need for physical interaction.

• Industrial Applications: In industrial environments, wireless communication using IR sensors

can be employed for short-range data transmission between devices. This can include applications
such as inventory management, process control, or equipment monitoring, where wired
connections may not be practical or feasible.

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• Consumer Electronics: Wireless communication using IR sensors can also be found in various
consumer electronics devices. For instance, remote controls for TVs, audio systems, or gaming
consoles utilize IR communication to transmit commands to the corresponding devices.
Additionally, devices such as smartphones or tablets can be equipped with IR sensors, enabling
them to function as universal remote controls for multiple appliances.

1.6 The various aspects of wireless communication.

Frequency Spectrum: Wireless communication utilizes a specific range of frequencies within the
electromagnetic spectrum. The frequency bands allocated for wireless communication are regulated by
government bodies to avoid interference and ensure efficient use of the spectrum. Different wireless
technologies operate in specific frequency ranges, such as Wi-Fi using the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands,
while cellular networks utilize various frequency bands allocated to them.

Antennas: Antennas play a crucial role in wireless communication by transmitting and receiving
electromagnetic waves. They are designed to operate at specific frequencies and can be highly
directional or omnidirectional. Directional antennas focus the transmitted energy in a specific direction,
increasing the range and signal strength, while omnidirectional antennas radiate the energy uniformly in
all directions, providing coverage over a wider area.

Modulation Techniques: Modulation is the process of modifying certain properties of a carrier wave to
encode data. Different modulation techniques are used in wireless communication systems, including
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), and quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM). These techniques allow for the encoding of digital information onto the
carrier wave, enabling efficient data transmission.

Multiple Access Techniques: Wireless communication systems often involve multiple devices sharing
the same frequency spectrum. Multiple access techniques are employed to allow simultaneous
communication among multiple users. Common multiple access techniques include Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). These techniques allocate
different portions of the spectrum, time slots, codes, or frequency subcarriers to individual users to
ensure efficient and simultaneous communication.

Signal Propagation: Electromagnetic waves propagate through the air and can be affected by various
factors. The three main propagation mechanisms are:

• Ground Wave Propagation: This type of propagation occurs at lower frequencies and follows
the curvature of the Earth. Ground wave propagation is typically used for long-range
communication, such as AM radio broadcasting.

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• Sky Wave Propagation: Sky wave propagation involves reflecting radio waves off the
ionosphere, allowing them to travel long distances. This mechanism is utilized in applications like
shortwave radio broadcasting and long-distance communication.

• Line-of-Sight (LOS) Propagation: In line-of-sight propagation, electromagnetic waves travel

directly from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna without significant obstructions.
LOS propagation is commonly used in technologies like Wi-Fi and point-to-point microwave
links.

Wireless Networking: Wireless communication is often used to establish networks for data exchange.
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) enable wireless connectivity within a limited area, such as
homes, offices, or public spaces. WLANs are commonly implemented using Wi-Fi technology, which
allows multiple devices to connect to a local access point and share network resources. Wireless Wide
Area Networks (WWANs) provide broader coverage, often utilizing cellular networks to enable wireless
connectivity across large geographical areas.

Security: Wireless communication raises concerns about data security and privacy due to the open nature
of the wireless medium. Encryption techniques, such as WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), are used to
secure wireless networks by encrypting data transmission, preventing unauthorized access and
eavesdropping. Additionally, protocols like Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs) provide secure communication over wireless networks.

Advancements in Wireless Technology: Wireless communication has undergone significant

advancements over the years. The transition from 2G to 3G, 4G, and now 5G has brought about increased
data speeds, lower latency, and improved network capacity. 5G, in particular, promises enhanced
performance, supporting massive Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, ultra-reliable communication,
and low-latency applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgery.

Applications of Wireless Communication: Wireless communication is employed in various industries

and applications, including:

• Mobile Communication: Cellular networks enable wireless voice and data communication on
mobile phones, tablets, and other wireless devices.

• Internet of Things (IoT): Wireless connectivity allows IoT devices to communicate and
exchange data, facilitating smart homes, smart cities, industrial automation, and other IoT
applications.

• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): WSNs consist of interconnected sensors that wirelessly
transmit data. They are used in environmental monitoring, agriculture, healthcare, and other fields.

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• Satellite Communication: Satellites enable wireless communication over vast distances,

supporting applications like television broadcasting, global positioning systems (GPS), and long-
distance voice and data transmission.

• Wireless Audio and Video Streaming: Technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi enable wireless
streaming of audio and video content between devices, such as speakers, headphones, and smart
TVs.

• Remote Sensing and Surveillance: Wireless communication plays a crucial role in remote
sensing and surveillance systems, including remote cameras, drones, and satellite imagery.

Wireless communication using IR sensors offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution for short-
range data transmission. By leveraging the principles of IR technology and modulation techniques, IR
sensors can facilitate reliable and secure communication within a limited range. While there are
challenges and limitations associated with IR communication, advancements in modulation techniques,
directional sensing, and interference mitigation can help overcome these hurdles. The applications of
wireless communication using IR sensors span across various domains, including home automation,
industrial applications, and consumer electronics. As technology continues to evolve, further research
and development in this field can enhance the capabilities and expand the possibilities of wireless
communication using IR sensors.

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CHAPTER 2

PROBLEM STATEMENT
2.1 Existing system
The existing system for wireless communication relies on conventional methods such as
radio frequency (RF) technology, which has several limitations. RF-based wireless
communication systems suffer from issues like interference, limited bandwidth, and high-
power consumption. These limitations restrict the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of
wireless communication networks. Moreover, the usage of RF waves for communication
purposes raises concerns regarding electromagnetic radiation and potential health hazards.
Thus, there is a need for an alternative wireless communication system that can overcome
these limitations.

2.2 Proposed system

The proposed system aims to address the limitations of the existing wireless
communication system by utilizing infrared (IR) sensors for wireless communication.
Infrared communication technology offers several advantages over RF-based systems. It
operates in the non-ionizing frequency range, eliminating concerns related to health hazards.
IR communication also provides higher bandwidth and lower power consumption, making
it an attractive alternative for wireless data transmission.

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CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES
• It is a secured way to transfer the data between the devices in the underwater environment because

the signal cannot pass through a room or a chamber.

• To ensure an advanced technology in security, risk management, reduced cost etc.

• Point to point communication.

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CHAPTER 4

LITERATURE SURVEY

4.1 S. Poovizhi, M. Premalatha and C. Nivetha, "Automatic water level monitoring and seat
availability details in train using wireless sensor network," 2017 International Conference on
Computation of Power, Energy Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), Melmaruvathur,
India, 2017, pp. 321-324, doi: 10.1109/ICCPEIC.2017.8290385.

Railway has a valuable role in economic development of each country. The invention concerns
a sensor for determining the occupancy of a seat in a railway vehicle and water level monitoring in
train. For customer support reasons, it is important to know how many seats, and which specific seats,
are available or occupied within a train. This may help the passenger to choose preferred option to
travel if they know the availability of seats in the train. the proposed approach not only detects the
current seat occupancy of every single seat, it also provides the information in real time. The current
status of every seat can be displayed in the PC in monitoring section. The seat availability is checked
using array of IR sensors. . The water level in the train will be monitored using Float water level sensor.
The data is transferred through wireless mesh sensor network through UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter)

4.2 A. Tennenbaum, M. Dyakiw, J. -H. Cui and Z. Peng, "Application of Low Cost Optical
Communication Systems to Underwater Acoustic Networks," 2014 IEEE 11th International
Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014, pp. 755-758,
doi: 10.1109/MASS.2014.130.RT(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)

Acoustic communications are the dominant method for underwater information transmission in
underwater environments where radio is heavily absorbed underwater. Due to the vast discrepancy in
propagation delay between acoustic and optical communication, short range low-cost optical systems
have the potential to compliment the capabilities of underwater acoustic networks. In this paper we
evaluate several applications in which ultralow cost, short range optical transmitter-receiver pairs can be
applied to improve the performance and utility of underwater acoustic sensor networks. Applications
evaluated include time synchronization between nodes and TCP communication. Next, Broadcast MAC,
a prototypical media access control protocol which performs well underwater is simulated in Aquarium.

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Results of this simulation show that schemes which focus on using optical links to reduce the
total amount of data sent over the acoustic network are more worthwhile those which focus on reducing
the overhead associated with adding additional nodes. Finally, a prototype, low-cost IR
transmitter/receiver pair is constructed from parts which can be purchased for a few dollars. A parts list,
circuit diagram, and details on setting up the Linux time synchronization server and establishing a
TCP/IP link over the serial connection are included. While a blue-green LED would have provided much
greater range underwater (100 ft vs 1ft), the inherent simplicity of this device should help to save a great
deal of time in the implementation of other more advanced underwater optical communication systems.

4.3 M. Dalbro et al., "Wireless Sensor Networks for Off-shore Oil and Gas Installations," 2008
Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (sensor COMM 2008),
Cap Esterel, France, 2008, pp. 258-263, doi: 10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.111.

Underwater development and production of oil and gas needs networked sensors and actuators to
monitor the production process, to either prevent or detect oil and gas leakage or to enhance the
production flow and yield of the wells. Sensors used today are large and expensive, both to manufacture
and to deploy sub-sea. We suggest sensor networks created by inexpensive and small wireless sensor
nodes in a redundant multi-hop topology. Preliminary designs and results are shown for two such nodes
using ultrasound and infrared light as wireless commutation.

4.4 D. R. Dhatchayeny, S. Arya and Y. H. Chung, "Infrared-Based Multiple-Patient Monitoring

in Indoor Optical Wireless Healthcare Systems," in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 14, pp.
5594-5599, 15 July15, 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2906898.

In recent years, optical wireless communication (OWC) is recognized as a propitious technology

for indoor data communications. OWC offers reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI) in sensitive
indoor communication environments such as hospitals and nursing homes, and has thus emerged as a
good candidate for healthcare monitoring applications. In this paper, we investigate the use of infrared
(IR) communication for multiple-patient biomedical data transmission. To transmit the multiple-patient
data, we propose a novel periodic data transmission (PDT) scheme with real-time experimental
demonstration. The transmit modules consist of IR light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the transmitter, and
the receiver module comprises a narrow bandpass filter (BPF) followed by an IR photodiode (PD).
Biomedical signals for the transmission include electrocardiography (ECG), blood pressure (BP), and
body temperature. We consider the line-of-sight (LOS) data transmission with multiple transmitters

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corresponding to each patient and a single receiver where each patient is allowed to transmit the
data periodically. Experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The
experimental results demonstrate that it achieves a bit error rate (BER) of better than 10−6, thus offering
accurate health monitoring applications with negligible interference from multiple patients.

4.5 K. Mizugaki et al., "Accurate Wireless Location/Communication System With 22-cm Error
Using UWB-IR," 2007 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2007, pp.
455-458, doi: 10.1109/RWS.2007.351866.

We propose a high-accuracy, low-cost UWBIR wireless location system based on the quasi TDOA
method. The system consists of anchor nodes, a synch node and a location server. The anchor nodes
synchronize each other as regulated by the synch node so that synchronization is always precise in the
location process. To make the anchor node simple, the location system uses acquisition and tracking
functions that can measure the time when a signal is received as accurately as pulse signal width. In
addition, we performed a wireless location experiment indoors and the average error of the location
measurement was 22-cm.

4.6 S. Dey, A. Roy and S. Das, "Point to point and multipoint to point acoustic modem for
ultrasonic data communication," 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing and
Integrated Networks (SPIN), Noida, India, 2017, pp. 10-14, doi: 10.1109/SPIN.2017.8049906

In today’s world the most common wireless technology uses radio frequency (RF), Microwave,
infrared (IR) for data communication. But ultrasonic can be a promising alternative method as unlike
RF it does not have any biological effect that results in heating of human tissue. The development of
aeronautical single channel and multichannel ultrasonic data communication system is discussed in this
paper. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) followed by Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is implemented
successfully. Single channel of bandwidth 1 KHz were used allowing 8 bits of data packet transferred
from the transmitter to the receiver concurrently. The rate of data transfer achieved was up to 1 kb/s. A
model was designed during the work which could anticipate ultrasonic signals. The carrier frequency of
data transmission was 40 KHz. The Bit Error Rate (BER) of the system was analysed for different
distances. The maximum distance of communication was 1 meter. Through the model designed we have
transmitted image data, audio data and text data and received successfully. Further the source point was
replaced with multipoint for application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and show that multipoint
point communication is possible with a rate of 327 b/s. The conclusion drawn was the oblique angles of
less than 7°and error-free transmission could still be achieved

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4.7 A. Lübken, M. Drobczyk, J. S. Häseker and J. Budroweit, "Wireless Camera Network

Demonstration for Launcher Applications Based on IR-UWB," 2020 IEEE Space Hardware and
Radio Conference (SHaRC), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2020, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.1109/SHaRC47220.2020.9034034.

T Clipping is one of the simplest peak-to-average power ratio reduction schemes for orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Deliberately clipping the transmission signal degrades system
performance, and clipping mitigation is required at the receiver for information restoration. In this paper,
they acknowledge the sparse nature of the clipping signal and propose a low-complexity Bayesian
clipping estimation scheme. The proposed scheme utilizes a priori information about the sparsity rate
and noise variance for enhanced recovery. At the same time, the proposed scheme is robust against
inaccurate estimates of the clipping signal statistics. The undistorted phase property of the clipped signal,
as well as the clipping likelihood, is utilized for enhanced reconstruction. Furthermore, motivated by the
nature of modern OFDM-based communication systems, we extend our clipping reconstruction
approach to multiple antenna receivers and multi-user OFDM. We also address the problem of channel
estimation from pilots contaminated by the clipping distortion. Numerical findings are presented that
depict favorable results for the proposed scheme compared to the established sparse reconstruction
schemes.

4.8 S. Rizanov, A. Stoynova and D. Todorov, "Single-Pixel Optoelectronic IR Detectors in Wireless

Wildfire Detection Systems," 2020 43rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
(ISSE), Demanovska Valley, Slovakia, 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISSE49702.2020.9121145.

Currently existing there are two types of remote wildfire detection technological approaches – camera-
based systems, employing multiband IR imagery and thermal analysis; Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN's) designs, employing environmental parameter sensory elements and long-distance wireless
communication modules. Within this article a novel fusion-based terrestrial system is proposed as an
alternative – with the design structure centered around utilizing triple IR band analysis via single-pixel
optoelectronic detectors and long distance LoRa-based wireless communication. In addition, two types
of low-level data analysis are used: based on the Dempster-Shafer theory – a generalization of Bayesian
theory; Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) – a linear classification method. The system utilizes a
centralized Data Stream Association Rule Mining (DSARM) framework with an Adaptive Multiple
Regression (AMR) extension. The aim of the proposed design is to make use of the advantages in both
currently existing approaches, as well as reducing false positive detection, resulting from external
environmental factors, by limiting their parasitic effect onto the wildfire detection device

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

4.9 D. Erdenechimeg, D. Enkhzul, O. Munkhtamir and B. Enkhbat, "Wireless monitoring method

for diabetic foot temperature," 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication
Technology (ICACT), PyeongChang, Korea (South), 2017, pp. 39-43, doi:
10.23919/ICACT.2017.7890053.

This work presents a wireless monitoring method for diabetic foot temperature. In the implementation
we used an FLIR infrared camera, a BME280 temperature sensor and an embedded board. Our final
suggestion is prototype of the wireless monitoring device of diabetic foot temperature and its mobile
application for the smart devices such as wearable device, mobile phones, smart watches, tablets and
pads. To develop the fully independent embedded system we also developed the wireless wearable
device using the ARM7EJ-STM RISC processor cored MT2502 RePhone Kit Create. Hence our device
is implemented on the powerful embedded platform, we can suggest daily or short- and long-term
monitoring for the consumer and clinical usage.

4.10 A. H. Navin and M. K. Mirnia, "Solving coverage problem in wireless camera-based sensor
networks by using a distributed evolutionary algorithm," 2014 IEEE 5th International Conference
on Software Engineering and Service Science, Beijing, China, 2014, pp. 1076-1079, doi:
10.1109/ICSESS.2014.6933752.

Wireless camera-based sensor networks have developed as a main group of distributed intelligent
systems. These systems involve huge number of low-power camera nodes to display an environment
such as museums, military regions, airports, traffic control etc. One of the more important problems in
smart networks is camera coverage control. It is necessary to allow automatic tracking of targets and
monitoring the environment without human intervention, allowing these systems to scale. Since this
problem is NP-hard, even for static targets, so Meta heuristic method such as genetic algorithm, Particle
swarm optimization have been proposed to achieve near-optimal solution, which are with high time
complexity. To overcome problem the distributed particle swarm optimization is examined in this paper.
Simulation results show that the distributed particle swarm optimization results near-optimal solution
faster

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

CHAPTER 5

METHODOLOGY
5.1 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL:

The signals that are used to carry digital information through an underwater channel are not radio signals,
as electro-magnetic waves propagate only over extremely short distances. Instead, acoustic waves are
used, which can propagate over long distances. However, an underwater acoustic channel presents a
communication system designer with many difficulties.

The three distinguishing characteristics of this channel are frequency-dependent propagation loss, severe
multipath, and low speed of sound propagation. None of these characteristics are nearly as pronounced
in land-based radio channels, the fact that makes underwater wireless communication extremely
difficult, and necessitates dedicated system design.

5.2 WAVE PROPOGATION:

Path loss that occurs in an acoustic channel over a distance d is given as A=dka(f)d, where k is the path
loss exponent whose value is usually between 1 and 2, and a(f) is the absorption factor that depends on
the frequency.

This dependence severely limits the available bandwidth: for example, at distances on the order
of 100 km, the available bandwidth is only on the order of 1 kHz. At shorter distances, a larger bandwidth
is available, but in practice it is limited by the transducer. Also in contrast to the radio systems, an
acoustic signal is rarely narrowband, i.e., its bandwidth is not negligible with respect to the center
frequency.

Fig. 5.2.1 Shallow water multipath propagation

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

Fig. 5.2.2: TRANSMISSION BLOCK

Fig. 5.2.3: RECEIVING BLOCK

Methodology for Wireless Communication using IR Sensor:

System Design and Setup:

• Determine the requirements and objectives of the wireless communication system using IR
sensors.

• Identify the devices that will participate in the communication and their roles (transmitter or
receiver).

• Select suitable IR sensors, such as IR LEDs and photodetectors, based on the application
requirements.

• Design the circuitry for the transmitter and receiver, including power supply, modulation
circuitry, and signal conditioning.
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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

• Assemble and connect the components to create the wireless communication system.

Modulation Technique Selection:

• Choose an appropriate modulation technique based on the application requirements and

constraints.

• Common modulation techniques used in IR communication include Amplitude-Shift Keying

(ASK), Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), and Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM).

• Consider factors such as data rate, bandwidth efficiency, and noise immunity when selecting the
modulation technique.

Transmitter Operation:

• Encode the data onto the carrier signal using the selected modulation technique.

• Generate the modulated IR signal using the IR LED.

• Amplify and condition the modulated signal, if required, to meet the power and signal quality
requirements.

• Emit the modulated IR signal into the environment.

Receiver Operation:

• Receive the modulated IR signal using the photodetector.

• Amplify and filter the received signal to remove noise and enhance the signal quality.

• Extract the modulated data from the received signal using suitable demodulation techniques
corresponding to the modulation technique used at the transmitter.

• Decode the demodulated data to retrieve the original information.

Signal Processing and Error Correction:

• Perform signal processing techniques, such as error detection and correction, to ensure reliable
communication.

• Implement error detection codes, such as checksums or cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), to
identify and correct transmission errors.

• Employ techniques like forward error correction (FEC) to enhance the system's ability to recover
from errors.

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

Range and Interference Mitigation:

• Optimize the system for the desired communication range by considering the power output of
the IR LED, the sensitivity of the photodetector, and the required data rate.

• Implement directional sensing techniques or use reflectors to focus the emitted IR signal towards
the intended receiver and overcome line-of-sight limitations.

• Shield the IR sensor from ambient light sources to reduce interference and enhance the system's
robustness.

Testing and Performance Evaluation:

• Conduct thorough testing of the wireless communication system using IR sensors.

• Evaluate the system's performance in terms of data transfer rate, reliability, and communication
range.

• Identify and address any issues or limitations that arise during the testing phase.

• Iterate and refine the system design, if necessary, based on the performance evaluation results.

Implementation and Deployment:

• Finalize the design and implementation of the wireless communication system.

• Integrate the system into the desired application or platform.

• Deploy and test the system in real-world scenarios to ensure its functionality and effectiveness.

System Optimization and Further Enhancements:

• Continuously monitor and optimize the wireless communication system using IR sensors.

• Explore opportunities for further enhancements, such as increasing data transfer rate, improving
communication range, or integrating with other wireless technologies for expanded capabilities.

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Hardware requirement:
1. ARDUINO UNO
2. IR SENSOR
3. LCD DISPLAY
4. KEYPAD INTERFACE
5. CONTAINER
Software required:
1. EMBEDDED C
2. ARDUINO IDE
6.1 DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE:
6.1.1 ARDUINO UNO: The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means
'one' in Italian. It was named as UNO to label the first release of Arduino Software. It was also the
first USB board released by Arduino. It is considered as the powerful board used in various
projects. Arduino.cc developed the Arduino UNO board. Arduino UNO is based on an
ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use compared to other boards, such as the Arduino
Mega board, etc.

Fig. 6.1.1 Arduino uno

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6.1.2 IR SENSORS: An IR receiver LED and an IR transmitter LED are both types of light-
emitting diodes (LEDs) that are used in infrared (IR) communication.
An IR receiver LED is a device that detects infrared signals from remote controls and other IR
sources. It is typically a small, clear, or translucent device that is sensitive to IR light in a specific
frequency range. When an IR signal is detected, the IR receiver LED will emit a small amount of
visible light, which can be used to confirm that a signal has been received.
An IR transmitter LED, on the other hand, is a device that emits infrared light in order to send
signals to other devices. It is typically a small, clear, or translucent device that emits IR light in a
specific frequency range. IR transmitter LEDs are commonly used in remote controls and other IR
signaling devices.
In summary, the IR receiver LED detects the IR signal from the remote, and the IR transmitter
LED emits the IR signal from the remote.
The range of an IR sensor depends on its type and the specific application. Some IR sensors can
detect objects at a distance of several meters, while others are designed for short-range detection
of a few centimeters. The sensor has a maximum range of around 40-50 cm indoors and around
15-20 cm outdoors

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Fig.6.1.2 IR Transmitter And Receiver

6.1.3 LCD DISPLAY: The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic
display module used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile
phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment
light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are inexpensive;
simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special
and even animations, etc.

Fig.6.1.3 LCD DISPLAY

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6.1.4 LCD DISPLAY PIN DESCRIPTION: Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display,
used to connect the GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
• Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the supply pin
of the power source.
• Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to connect a
changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
• Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register, used to
connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).
• Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes operation, and
it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read
Operation).
• Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and it is
connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
• Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are connected in
two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to
the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller
unit like 0 to 7.
• Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
• Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Fig. 6.1.4 Pin Diagram

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

6.1.5 Keypad Interface: Before we interface the keypad with microcontroller, first we need to
understand how it works. Matrix keypad consists of set of Push buttons, which are interconnected. Like
in our case we are using 4X4 matrix keypad, in which there are 4 push buttons in each of four rows. And
the terminals of the push buttons are connected according to diagram. In first row, one terminal of all
the 4 push buttons is connected together and another terminal of 4 push buttons are representing each of
4 columns, same goes for each row. So, we are getting 8 terminals to connect with a microcontroller.

Fig.6.1.5 keypad pins and interface

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6.1.6 Transparent Container: A transparent container is a vessel made of a material that allows light
to pass through, such as glass or clear plastic. It is used to hold and display objects while providing
visibility and protection against external elements.

Fig.6.1.6 Transparent container

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

CHAPTER 7

RESULTS
Our suggested approach gives the following outcomes which are as follows:

Wireless communication using IR sensors typically involves transmitting data through infrared light
signals. However, since my knowledge cutoff is in September 2021, I can provide you with a general
overview of wireless communication using IR sensors u p until that point.

Infrared (IR) communication is a popular method for short-range wireless data transmission. IR sensors,
such as IR transmitters and receivers, are commonly used in devices like remote controls, proximity
sensors, and data transfer applications. Here are some key aspects of wireless communication using IR
sensors:

Transmission: Infrared communication involves the use of IR transmitters to convert electrical signals
into infrared light pulses. These pulses carry the encoded data. The transmitter emits modulated IR light,
usually in the form of bursts or continuous signals, depending on the communication protocol used.

Reception: On the receiving end, IR receivers capture the transmitted IR light signals. The receiver
contains a sensor that detects the intensity of the received IR light and converts it back into electrical
signals. These electrical signals are then processed to extract the transmitted data.

Line of Sight: IR communication typically requires a clear line of sight between the transmitter and
receiver since IR light is highly directional and does not penetrate obstacles well. Any obstructions
between the transmitter and receiver can disrupt the communication.

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

Fig.7.1.1 Transmitter

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

Fig.7.1.2 Receiver

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, wireless communication using IR sensors offers a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and
versatile solution for short-range data transmission. IR sensors, such as IR LEDs and photodetectors,
provide the necessary components to establish a wireless communication link, making them ideal for
applications where physical connections are impractical or undesirable.

The use of modulation techniques, such as ASK, FSK, or PPM, enables the encoding and decoding of
data onto IR carrier signals, ensuring accurate and reliable communication. While IR communication
has certain limitations, such as limited range and susceptibility to ambient light interference, these
challenges can be mitigated through the use of directional sensing techniques, reflectors, shielding, and
advanced modulation schemes.

The advantages of wireless communication using IR sensors include its cost-effectiveness, low power
consumption, immunity to radio frequency interference, and the inherent security provided by the line-
of-sight nature of IR communication. These factors make it suitable for various applications, including
home automation, industrial control, and consumer electronics.

Ongoing research and development in this field can further improve the data transfer rate, increase the
communication range, and explore integration possibilities with other wireless technologies to expand
the capabilities of wireless communication using IR sensors. With continuous optimization and
refinement, IR-based wireless communication systems can provide reliable, efficient, and secure short-
range data transmission solutions for a wide range of applications in the future.

In summary, wireless communication using IR sensors offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient

solution for short-range data transmission. Despite its limitations, advancements in modulation
techniques and range optimization have the potential to further enhance its capabilities and expand its
applications.

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

CHAPTER 9

FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope for wireless communication using IR sensors is promising and offers several avenues
for development and advancement. Some potential areas of future exploration include:

• Higher Data Transfer Rates: Research efforts can focus on enhancing the data transfer rates of
IR-based wireless communication systems. Improvements in modulation techniques, signal
processing algorithms, and hardware design can enable faster and more efficient transmission of
data using IR sensors.

• Extended Communication Range: Overcoming the limitation of the limited range of IR

communication is an important area for future exploration. Advancements in directional sensing
techniques, reflector design, and signal amplification can help extend the communication range
of IR-based systems, enabling communication over larger distances.

• Integration with Other Wireless Technologies: Exploring the integration of IR communication

with other wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, can open up new possibilities and
enhance the capabilities of wireless communication systems. Hybrid systems that combine IR
sensors with other wireless technologies can provide seamless and robust communication
solutions.

• Enhanced Security and Privacy: With the increasing need for secure communication, research
can focus on developing techniques to enhance the security and privacy of IR-based wireless
communication systems. Encryption algorithms, authentication mechanisms, and secure
protocols can be integrated to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data.

• Intelligent Communication Systems: Advancements in artificial intelligence and machine

learning can be leveraged to develop intelligent IR-based communication systems. These
systems can adapt to changing environmental conditions, optimize communication parameters,
and dynamically adjust the transmission based on the specific requirements of the application.

• Miniaturization and Integration: Continued efforts can be made to miniaturize IR sensors and
integrate them seamlessly into various devices and systems. Smaller form factors and integration
with other components can enable the deployment of IR-based wireless communication in a wide
range of applications, including wearable devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and smart
environments.

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• Energy Harvesting: Exploring energy harvesting techniques, such as solar or ambient light
energy, can help power IR-based wireless communication systems without the need for external
power sources or batteries. This can significantly enhance the sustainability and longevity of the
communication systems.

• By focusing on these areas of future development, wireless communication using IR sensors can
continue to evolve and find new applications in diverse domains, providing efficient, reliable,
and secure short-range communication solutions.

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REFERENCES
[1] S. Poovizhi, M. Premalatha and C. Nivetha, "Automatic water level monitoring and seat
availability details in train using wireless sensor network," 2017 International Conference on
Computation of Power, Energy Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), Melmaruvathur,
India, 2017, pp. 321-324, doi: 10.1109/ICCPEIC.2017.8290385.

[2] Tennenbaum, M. Dyakiw, J. -H. Cui and Z. Peng, "Application of Low-Cost Optical
Communication Systems to Underwater Acoustic Networks," 2014 IEEE 11th International
Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014, pp. 755-758,
doi: 10.1109/MASS.2014. 130.RT(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)

[3] M. Dalbro et al., "Wireless Sensor Networks for Off-shore Oil and Gas Installations," 2008 Second
International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (sensorcomm 2008), Cap
Esterel, France, 2008, pp. 258-263, doi: 10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.111.

[4] D. R. Dhatchayeny, S. Arya and Y. H. Chung, "Infrared-Based Multiple-Patient Monitoring in

Indoor Optical Wireless Healthcare Systems," in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 14, pp. 5594-
5599, 15 July15, 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2906898.

[5] K. Mizugaki et al., "Accurate Wireless Location/Communication System With 22-cm Error Using
UWB-IR," 2007 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2007, pp. 455-
458, doi: 10.1109/RWS.2007.351866.

[6] S. Dey, A. Roy and S. Das, "Point to point and multipoint to point acoustic modem for ultrasonic
data communication," 2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated
Networks (SPIN), Noida, India, 2017, pp. 10-14, doi: 10.1109/SPIN.2017.8049906

[7] Lübken, M. Drobczyk, J. S. Häseker and J. Budroweit, "Wireless Camera Network Demonstration
for Launcher Applications Based on IR-UWB," 2020 IEEE Space Hardware and Radio Conference
(SHaRC), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2020, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/SHaRC47220.2020.9034034.

[8] S. Rizanov, A. Stoynova and D. Todorov, "Single-Pixel Optoelectronic IR Detectors in Wireless

Wildfire Detection Systems," 2020 43rd International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology
(ISSE), Demanovska Valley, Slovakia, 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISSE49702.2020.9121145.

[9] D. Erdenechimeg, D. Enkhzul, O. Munkhtamir and B. Enkhbat, "Wireless monitoring method for
diabetic foot temperature," 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication
Technology (ICACT), PyeongChang, Korea (South), 2017, pp. 39-43, doi:
10.23919/ICACT.2017.7890053.

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APPENDIX A
IR Sender

#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
#define DISABLE_CODE_FOR_RECEIVER // Disables restarting receiver after each send. Saves 450 bytes
program memory and 269 bytes RAM if receiving functions are not used.
#include "PinDefinitionsAndMore.h"
#include <IRremote.hpp> // include the library

#include <Keypad.h>
const byte ROWS = 4;
const byte COLS = 4;
char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'1', '2', '3', 'A'},
{'4', '5', '6', 'B'},
{'7', '8', '9', 'C'},
{'*', '0', '#', 'D'}
};

byte rowPins[ROWS] = {4, 5, 6, 7};

byte colPins[COLS] = {8, 9, 10, 11};

Keypad customKeypad = Keypad(makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS);

String myString="";

void setup() {
// initialize the LCD
lcd.init();

// Turn on the blacklight and print a message.

lcd.backlight();
lcd.print("Start Transmit");
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(115200);

// Just to know which program is running on my Arduino

Serial.println(F("START " __FILE__ " from " __DATE__ "\r\nUsing library version "
VERSION_IRREMOTE));
Serial.print(F("Send IR signals at pin "));
Serial.println(IR_SEND_PIN);

/*
* The IR library setup. That's all!
*/
// IrSender.begin(); // Start with IR_SEND_PIN as send pin and if NO_LED_FEEDBACK_CODE is NOT
defined, enable feedback LED at default feedback LED pin
IrSender.begin(DISABLE_LED_FEEDBACK); // Start with IR_SEND_PIN as send pin and disable
feedback LED at default feedback LED pin
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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Keypad Input :");

void loop() {

/*
* Print current send values
*/
// Serial.println();
// Serial.print(F("Send now: address=0x00, command=0x"));
// Serial.print(sCommand, HEX);
// Serial.print(F(", repeats="));
// Serial.print(sRepeats);
// Serial.println();

// Serial.println(F("Send standard NEC with 8 bit address"));

// Serial.flush();

char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();

if(customKey){
Serial.println("Inside");
// Receiver output for the first loop must be: Protocol=NEC Address=0x102 Command=0x34 Raw-
Data=0xCB340102 (32 bits)
if(customKey == '#'){
Serial.println("Send");
if(myString.length()>0)
{
myString = myString + customKey;
int i;
for(i=0;i<=myString.length();i++){
Serial.println(myString[i]);

if(myString[i]=='0'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x0, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='1'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x1, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='2'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x2, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='3'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x3, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='4'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x4, 0);
delay(100);
}
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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

if(myString[i]=='5'){

IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x5, 0);

delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='6'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x6, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='7'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x7, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='8'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x8, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='9'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0x9, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='A'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0xA, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='B'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0xB, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='C'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0xC, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='D'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0xD, 0);
delay(100);
}
if(myString[i]=='#'){
IrSender.sendNEC(0x00, 0xE, 0);
delay(100);
}
}
myString = "";
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Keypad Input :");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("Sent data...");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Keypad Input :");
}

}
else if(customKey == '*'){
Serial.println("Clear");
myString = "";
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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Keypad Input :");

}

else{
Serial.println("Append");
myString = myString + customKey;
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Keypad Input :");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print(myString);
}
}
}

IR Receiver

#define DECODE_NEC // Includes Apple and Onkyo

#include <Arduino.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
#include "PinDefinitionsAndMore.h" // Define macros for input and output pin etc.
#include <IRremote.hpp>
String myString="";

void setup() {
// initialize the LCD
lcd.init();

// Turn on the blacklight and print a message.

lcd.backlight();
lcd.print("Start Receive");
Serial.begin(115200);
// Just to know which program is running on my Arduino
Serial.println(F("START " __FILE__ " from " __DATE__ "\r\nUsing library version "
VERSION_IRREMOTE));

// Start the receiver and if not 3. parameter specified, take LED_BUILTIN pin from the internal
boards definition as default feedback LED

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

IrReceiver.begin(3, 13);

Serial.print(F("Ready to receive IR signals of protocols: "));

printActiveIRProtocols(&Serial);

Serial.println(F("at pin " STR(IR_RECEIVE_PIN)));

delay(3000);

void loop() {

if (IrReceiver.decode()) {
/*
* Print a short summary of received data
*/
IrReceiver.printIRResultShort(&Serial);
IrReceiver.printIRSendUsage(&Serial);
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.protocol == UNKNOWN) {
// Serial.println(F("Received noise or an unknown (or not yet enabled) protocol"));
// We have an unknown protocol here, print more info
// IrReceiver.printIRResultRawFormatted(&Serial, true);
}
Serial.println();

/*
* !!!Important!!! Enable receiving of the next value,
* since receiving has stopped after the end of the current received data packet.
*/
IrReceiver.resume(); // Enable receiving of the next value

/*
* Finally, check the received data and perform actions according to the received command
*/
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x0) {
myString=myString+"0";

DEPT OF ECE, SIR MVIT 37

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x1) {
myString=myString+"1";
}

if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x2) {
myString=myString+"2";
}

if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x3) {
myString=myString+"3";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x4) {
myString=myString+"4";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x5) {
myString=myString+"5";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x6) {
myString=myString+"6";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x7) {
myString=myString+"7";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x8) {
myString=myString+"8";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0x9) {
myString=myString+"9";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0xA) {
myString=myString+"A";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0xB) {
myString=myString+"B";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0xC) {

DEPT OF ECE, SIR MVIT 38

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING IR SENSOR

myString=myString+"C";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0xD) {
myString=myString+"D";
}
if (IrReceiver.decodedIRData.command == 0xE) {

Serial.print("Received data :");

Serial.println(myString);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Data Received :");

lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print(myString);
myString = "";
}
}
}

DEPT OF ECE, SIR MVIT 39