Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility

Chapter

m¤¢ve¨Zv
Probability

G Aa¨vq †_‡K Avgiv Rvb‡ev:-

Learning Outcomes;

 m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖv_wgK aviYv;

 ‣`e cixÿv, NUbv, mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbvejx;
 ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbvejx, AbyK~j djvdj;
 bgybv‡ÿÎ I bgybv‡ÿÎ;
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖv_wgK aviYvejx;
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖKvi‡f`;
 hyw³wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖkœ I mgvavb;
 Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖkœ I mgvavb;
 bgybv‡ÿÎ Øviv m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY©q msµvšÍ cÖkœ I
mgvavb;
 Test View of Probability for IBA &
Bank Exam

393
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv
Basic Discussion
Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ m¤¢vebv kãwU e¨envi K‡i _vwK| †hgb Gevi iwn‡gi wewmGm cixÿvq cvk Kivi m¤¢vebv LyeB Kg,
wek¦Kvc wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`‡ki R‡qi m¤¢vebv LyeB †ewk, AvMvgxKvj mviv †`‡ki ZvcgvÎv K‡g hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q
BZ¨vw`| A_©vr, †Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi †ÿ‡Î AwbðqZv _vK‡j †Kej Avgiv Zv‡K m¤¢vebv e‡j _vwK| Avi AwbðqZvi
gvÎvi DciB NUbvUv NUvi m¤¢vebv Kg ev †ewk n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i wKš‘ mvswL¨K gvb w`‡Z cv‡i bv| G¸‡jvB g~jZ
m¤¢vebvi Av‡jvP¨ welq|

m¤¢vebvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYvt

 ‣`e cixÿv (Random Experiment)t hLb †Kv‡bv cixÿvi mKj djvdj Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv _v‡K wKš‘
cixÿvwU‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó †Póvq wK djvdj Avm‡e Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv, G‡KB •`e cixÿv
e‡j| †hgb, GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj wK n‡e Zv Avgiv Av‡M †_‡KB Rvwb wKš‘ gy`ªvwU
wb‡ÿ‡ci c~‡e© †Kvb djvdjwU NU‡e Zv Avgiv wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi bv| myZivs GB gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡ci
cixÿvwU GKwU •`e cixÿv|
 NUbv (Event)t ‡Kv‡bv cixÿvi djvdj ev djvd‡ji mgv‡ek‡K NUbv e‡j| D`vniY¯^iæc, GKUv Q°v
wb‡ÿc cixÿvq 3 cvIqv GKwU NUbv| Avevi †Rvo msL¨v cvIqvI GKwU NUbv|
 mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbvejx (Equally Likely Events)t hw` †Kvb cixÿvi NUbv¸‡jv NUvi m¤¢vebv mgvb nq
A_©vr GKwU AciwUi †P‡q †ewk ev Kg m¤¢ve¨ bv nq Z‡e NUbv¸‡jv‡K mgm¤¢ve¨ e‡j| †hgb, GKUv
wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW ev †Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb| myZivs †nW ev †Uj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb|
myZivs †nW Avmv I †Uj Avmv NUbv `yBwU mgm¤¢ve¨ NUbv|
 ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbvejx (Mutually Exclusive Events)t ‡Kv‡bv cixÿvq GKUv NUbv NU‡j Ab¨Uv
A_ev Ab¨ NUbv¸‡jv NU‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e D³ NUbv¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi wew”Qbœ NUbv e‡j| †hgb, GKUv
wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW Avmv ev †Uj Avmv `yBwU wew”Qbœ NUbv| †Kbbv †nW Avm‡j †Uj Avm‡Z cv‡i
bv| Avevi †Uj Avm‡Z cv‡i †nW Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr †nW I †Uj GKmv‡_ Avm‡Z cv‡i bv GUv‡KB
ci¯úi wewQbœ NUbv ejv nq|
 AbyKzj djvdj (Favourable Outcomes)t ‡Kv‡bv cixÿvq GKUv NUbv ¯^c‡ÿi djvdj n‡jv NUbvi
AbyKzj djvdj| g‡b ivLyb, GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc Ki‡j we‡Rvo msL¨v nIqvi AbyKzj djvdj 3wU|

 bgybv‡ÿÎ (Sample Space) I bgybv we›`y (Sample Point)t ‡Kv‡bv •`e cixÿvi m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv‡ÿÎ e‡j| GKUv gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j `yBwU m¤¢ve¨ djvdj cvIqv hvq| †hgb, GKwU
†nW AciwU †Uj| GLb S Øviv G cixÿ‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ djvd‡ji †mU‡K m~wPZ Ki‡j Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi
S={H,T}| myZivs, D³ cixÿvi bgybv‡ÿÎ n‡e S={H,T}| g‡b Kiv hvK, `yBwU gy`ªv GKmv‡_ wb‡ÿc
Kiv n‡jv, Zvn‡j bgybv‡ÿÎwU n‡e S={HH, HT, TH, TT}| bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K djvd‡ji
bgybv we›`y ejv nq| Aciw`‡K, GKwU gy`ªv GKevi wb‡ÿc cixÿvq bgybv‡ÿÎ S={H,T} Ges GLv‡b H,T
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GK GKwU bgybvwe›`y|

Avgiv B‡Zv‡a¨B m¤¢ve¨Zvi ‡g․wjK welq¸‡jv †R‡bwQ wKš‘ ‡h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡hvMxg~jK cixÿvq eûwbev©Pbx cÖk¸
œ ‡jv
Av‡iv cÖvÂjfv‡e mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i GB welq¸‡jv Aek¨B gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e|

394
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖv_wgK aviYv ev m~Îvejx:
mgm¤¢ve¨ AbyKzj NUbvi msL¨v
 ‡h‡Kv‡bv m¤¢¨veZvi MvwYwZK cwigvc = mgm¤¢ve¨ †gvU djvd‡ji msL¨v
†Kvb NUbvi AbyKy‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
A_©vr, m¤¢ve¨Zv = ‡gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
 ‡Kvb NUbv A NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv P(A) n‡j 0≤P(A) ≤1 A_©vr A NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv k~‡Y¨i †P‡q Kg bq Ges 1
A‡cÿv AwaK bq;
 wbwðZ NUbvi m¤¢ve¨Zv 1;
 Am¤¢e NUbvi m¤¢ve¨Zv 0;
 ‡K‡bv NUbv A NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv P(A) Ges bv NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv P(A0) n‡j, P(A)+P(A0)=1 A_©vr †Kvb
NUbv NUv Ges bv NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi mgwó 1;
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi †hvMm~Ît P (A A_ev B) A_©vr P(AB) = P(A)+P(B) hw` A I B AeR©bkxj NUbv nq
Z‡e, P(AB) = P(A)+P(B)P(AB);
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi ¸Yb m~Ît wewfbœ ¯^vaxb NUbv GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv Zv‡`i c„_Kfv‡e NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi ¸Yd‡ji
mgvb| G‡ÿ‡Î, hw` A I B hw` `yBwU ¯^vaxb NUbv nq Z‡e, P(AB) = P(A).P(B) n‡e;
 kZ©vaxb m¤¢ve¨Zvt hw` A I B ci¯úi eR©bkxj `yBwU NUbv nq Ges P(B) > 0 nq n‡e B NUvi kZ©vax‡b
A NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = P(A/B) = P(AB) / P(B)| Abyiæcfv‡e, hw` nq P(A) > 0 Z‡e A NUvi
kZ©vax‡b B NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = P(B/A) = P(AB) / P(A)|
m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖKvi‡f` (Type of Probability)t m¤¢ve¨Zv cÖk¸ œ ‡jv g~jZ wZb ai‡Yi n‡q _v‡K| GUv‡K g~jZ
MvwYwZK we‡ePbvq m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖKvi‡f` ejv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
 hyw³wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zv (Argumentative Probability)
 Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zv (Informative Probability) Ges
 bg~bv‡ÿÎ ev Probability Tree Øviv wbY©xZ m¤¢ve¨Zv|
m¤¢ve¨Zv Aa¨v‡qi m¤¢ve¨ me¸‡jv cÖk‡œ K D‡jøwLZ wZbwU fv‡M wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| GKB mv‡_ AwaKZi
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ AT A GLANCE K‡i cÖk¸ œ ‡jv Zz‡j †`Iqv n‡jv|

G As‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ I mgvavb

UvBc-1
hyw³wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zv [Argumentative Probability]
hyw³wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zv As‡ki cÖk¸
œ ‡jv h_vh_fv‡e mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Avgv‡`i K‡qKwU cÖkœ †`‡L wb‡q AZtci
D`vni‡Yi Av‡jv‡K myÎMVb K‡i Gici cÖk¸ œ ‡jv mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j, Ab¨vb¨ cÖk¸
œ ‡jv mgvavb Kiv AZ¨šÍ
mnR n‡q hv‡e| Avgiv K‡qKwU cÖkœ mgvavbmn †`wL Ges myÎMVb Kwi-

cÖktœ -1| GKwU Q°v gvi‡j 3 DVvi m¤¢vebv †KvbwU?

mgvavbt GKwU Q°v wb‡¶c Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 A_©vr Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 6 wU
GLv‡b Q°v wb‡ÿ‡ci m¤¢ve¨ djvdj ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 3 gvÎ GKevi G‡m‡Q|

395
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
1 1
myZivs, 3 DVvi m¤¢vebv = 6| Avgiv GUv‡K Gfv‡e wjL‡Z cvwi: P(3) = 6|

D³ NUbvi AbyKzj djvdj

Zvn‡j, m¤¢vebv‡K Gfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq: ‡Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv = mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj |
A_©vr, ‡Kv‡bv cixÿ‡Y †Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi AbyKzj djvdj me©wb¤œ k~Y¨ Ges m‡ev©”P n (mgMª m¤¢ve¨ NUbvejx) n‡Z
cv‡i| hLb †Kv‡bv NUbvi AbyKzj djvd‡ji gvb k~Y¨ nq ZLb m¤¢ebvi gvb k~Y¨ nq| Avi hLb AbyK~j djvd‡ji
gvb n nq, ZLb m¤¢vebvi gvb 1 nq| G Kvi‡YB m¤¢vebvi gvb 0 n‡Z 1 Gi g‡a¨B _v‡K| hyw³wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zvi
†ÿ‡Î `yBwU we‡kl NUbv Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e-
`yBwU we‡kl ai‡bi NUbvt
 wbwðZ NUbvt †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv Aek¨B NU‡e G‡K wbwðZ NUbv e‡j| wbwðZ NUbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢ebvi
gvb 1 nq| †hgb, AvMvgxKvj m~h© c~e©w`‡K DVvi m¤¢vebv 1, AvR m~q© cwðg w`‡K A¯Í hv‡e Gi m¤¢vebvI 1|
iv‡Zi †ejv m~h© †`Lv hv‡e bv Gi m¤¢vebv 1| GKUv gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿvq H A_ev T Avmvi m¤¢vebvI 1|
GKwU Q°v wb‡ÿc cixÿvq †Rvo A_ev we‡Rvo msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebvI 1| G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbwðZ NUbv|
 AwbwðZ NUbvt †Kv‡bv cixÿvq †h NUbv KL‡bv NU‡e bv A_©vr NU‡Z cv‡i bv G‡K Am¤¢e NUbv e‡j|
Am¤¢e NUbvi m¤¢vebv mgmgq k~Y¨ nq| †hgb, AvMvgxKvj m~h© cwðg w`‡K DV‡e A_ev c~e© w`‡K A¯Í hv‡e
Gi m¤¢vebv k~Y¨| †Zgwb iv‡Zi †ejv m~h© †`Lv hv‡e G m¤¢vebvI k~Y¨| Avevi GKUv Q°v wb‡ÿ‡c 7 Avmvi
m¤¢vebvI k~Y¨ KviY GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbvB Am¤¢e NUbv|

cÖktœ -2| GKwU _‡j‡Z 4wU jvj, 5wU mv`v I 6wU Kv‡jv ej Av‡Q| •`efv‡e GKwU ej †bIqv n‡j ejwU (i) jvj (ii)
mv`v nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
mgvavb (i)t _‡j‡Z †gvU e‡ji msL¨v 15wU| •`efv‡e GKUv ej †`Iqv n‡j 15wU e‡ji g‡a¨ ‡h‡Kv‡bvwU Avm‡Z
cv‡i| myZivs mgMÖ djvdj =15wU|
g‡b Kwi, ejwU jvj nevi NUbv R| _‡j‡Z †gvU 4wU jvj ej Av‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ †h‡Kvb Avm‡jB ejwU jvj n‡e|
myZivs jvj e‡ji AbyKzj djvdj = 4| ZvB Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi:
jvj e‡ji AbyKzj djvdj 4
 ejwU jvj nevi m¤¢vebv = P(R) = mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 15 (DËi)

mgvavb (ii)t g‡b Kwi, ejwU mv`v nevi m¤¢vebv W| _‡j‡Z †gvU mv`v e‡ji msL¨v 5wU| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Avm‡jB
ejwU mv`v n‡e| myyZivs mv`v e‡ji AbyKyj djvdj = 5|
mv`v e‡ji AbyKzj djvdj 5 1
 ejwU mv`v nevi m¤¢vebv = P(W) = mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = = (DËi)
15 3
GK bR‡i cvV¨ eB, wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, bb K¨vWvi Ges wkÿK wbeÜb cixÿvq Avmv Ges G ai‡bi mKj cÖkœ GKB
wbq‡g mgvavb Kiv hvq| GB AskwU wewmGm, e¨vsKmn mKj cixÿvi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZvB GLv‡b †ewk g‡bv‡hvM
w`b|
AT A GLANCE
cÖkm
œ g~n:-
3| GKUv Q°v GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
4| 30wU wU‡K‡U 1 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^i †`qv Av‡Q| wU‡KU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e †bqv

396
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
n‡jv| wU‡KUwU †Rvo msL¨v nIqvi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
5| †Kv‡bv GKwU jUvwi‡Z 570 wU wU‡KU wewµ n‡q‡Q| iwng 15 wU wU‡KU wK‡b‡Q| wU‡KU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q
GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e cÖ_g cyi®‥v‡ii Rb¨ †Zvjv n‡jv| iwn‡gi cÖ_g cyi®‥vi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
6| GKUv Q°v GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv KZ ?
7| GKwU `yB UvKvi gy`ªv Pvi evi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| †`Lvb †h, gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡¶c Ki‡j msNwUZ NUbv 2n
†K mg_©b K‡i|
8| GKwU _wj‡Z bxj ej 12wU, mv`v ej 16wU Ges Kv‡jv ej 20wU Av‡Q| •`efv‡e GKUv ej †bIqv n‡jv|
ejwU bxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
9| 10 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ †h‡Kvb msL¨v wb‡j †mwU †g․wjK A_ev 5 Gi ¸wYZK nevi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
1 3
10| GKRb cixÿv_©xi evsjvq †dj Kivi m¤¢ve¨Zv 5, evsjv I Bs‡iwR `yBwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv 4, `yBwUi †h‡Kvb
7
GKwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv n‡j, Zvi Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡ki m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ? evsjvq cvm Ki‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡mi
8
m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
11| 52 wU Zv‡mi g‡a¨ †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e †U‡b cici 4wU †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
12| GKwU _wj‡Z bxj ej 12wU, mv`v ej 16wU Ges Kv‡jv ej 20wU Av‡Q| •`efv‡e GKUv ej †bIqv n‡jv|
ejwU mv`v bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
13| 1 †_‡K 10 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^i †`qv wU‡KU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e wb‡j wU‡KUwU 2 A_ev
3 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
14| GKwU cv‡Î jvj, Kv‡jv I mv`v i‡Oi †gvU 20 wU ej Av‡Q| 1 wU ej •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv| wbe©vwPZ
ejwUi Kv‡jv I mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv h_vµ‡g 0.45 I 0.35| Zvn‡j cv‡Î we`¨gvb jvj e‡ji msL¨v KZ?
15| GKwU ev‡· jvj ej 12 wU, mv`v ej 16 wU Ges Kv‡jv ej 24 wU| •`efv‡e GKwU ej †bIqv n‡jv| ejwU
mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
D‡jøwLZ cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi weMZ eQ‡i Avmv cÖk¸œ ‡jvi Av‡jv‡K beg †kÖªwYi cvV¨ eB Ges m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ms‡hvRb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖk¸ œ ‡jv cÖ_‡g wb‡RB mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡Pi mgvavb Ask †_‡K †ní wbb|

AT A GLANCE G D‡jøwLZ cÖkœmg~‡ni mgvavb

hyw³wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zv wbY‡qi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi kU©KvU myÎwU AbymiY K‡i DËi †ei Kiv hvq| Z‡e m¤¢ve¨Zvi ‡g․wjK
K¨vjKz‡jkb Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e|
mgm¤¢ve¨ AbyKzj NUbvi msL¨v
 ‡h‡Kv‡bv m¤¢¨veZvi MvwYwZK cwigvc = mgm¤¢ve¨ †gvU djvd‡ji msL¨v
†Kvb NUbvi AbyKy‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
A_©vr, m¤¢ve¨Zv = ‡gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
D‡jøwLZ GB m~ÎwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wb‡¤œi me¸‡jv cÖkœ mgvavb Kiv hvq| my‡Îi cª‡qvM †`Lyb:-

3| GKUv Q°v GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
2 1 12 4 DËi (K)
(K) 3 (L) 3 (M) 3 (N) 3
e¨vL¨vt GKwU Q°v wb‡¶c Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Q°vwU wbi‡c¶ n‡j
djvdj¸‡jv mgm¤¢ve¨ n‡e A_©vr, †h †Kv‡bv djvdj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb|
GLv‡b, †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v n‡jv 2, 3, 4, 6 GB 4wU|
397
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
G‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v Avm‡jB Zv †Rvo msL¨v A_ev 3 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
myZivs, AbyKj djvdj = 4
4 2 2
 P(†Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v) = 6 = 3 (DËit 3 )

4| 30wU wU‡K‡U 1 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^i †`qv Av‡Q| wU‡KU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e †bqv
n‡jv| wU‡KUwU †Rvo msL¨v nIqvi m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb|
e¨vL¨vt wU‡KU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e †bqv n‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30.
GLv‡b, djvdj¸‡jv mgm¤¢ve¨ A_©vr, †h‡Kv‡bv djvdj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb|
awi, wU‡KUwU †Rvo msL¨vi nIqvi NUbv A|
GLv‡b, †Rvo msL¨v: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30.
myZivs, †Rvo msL¨v Avmvi AbyKj djvdj = 15.
15 1 1
 wU‡KUwU †Rvo msL¨vi nIqvi m¤¢vebv P(A) = 30 = 2 (DËit 2 )

5| †Kv‡bv GKwU jUvwi‡Z 570 wU wU‡KU wewµ n‡q‡Q| iwng 15 wU wU‡KU wK‡b‡Q| wU‡KU¸‡jv
fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e cÖ_g cyi®‥v‡ii Rb¨ †Zvjv n‡jv| iwn‡gi cÖ_g cyi®‥vi
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
4 1 2 1 DËi (L)
(K) 38 (L) 38 (M) 38 (N) 19
e¨vL¨vt jUvwi‡Z †gvU 570wU wU‡KU wewµ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr, mgMÖ m¤¢ve¨ djvdj 570 Ges iwng
wK‡b‡Q 15 wU wU‡KU|
A_©vr, AbyKj djvdj 15
myZivs, cÖ_g cyi¯‥v‡ii Rb¨ †h wU‡KUwU †Zvjv n‡q‡Q Zv iwn‡gi wU‡KU nIqvi m¤¢vebv
15 1 1
= 570 = 38 (DËit 38 )

6| GKUv Q°v GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v DVvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
e¨vL¨vt GKwU Q°v wb‡¶c Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Q°vwU wbi‡c¶ n‡j
djvdj¸‡jv mgm¤¢ve¨ n‡e| A_©vr, †h †Kv‡bv djvdj Avmvi m¤¢vebv mgvb|
GLv‡b, †Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v n‡jv 2, 3, 4, 6 GB 4wU|
G‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v Avm‡jB Zv †Rvo msL¨v A_ev 3 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
myZivs, AbyKj djvdj = 4
4 2 2
 P(†Rvo msL¨v A_ev wZb Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v) = 6 = 3 (DËit 3 )
7| GKwU `yB UvKvi gy`ªv Pvi evi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| †`Lvb †h, gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡¶c Ki‡j msNwUZ NUbv 2n
†K mg_©b K‡i|
e¨vL¨vt †h‡nZz GKwU gy`ªvq 2wU wcV _v‡K myZivs gy`ªvwU GKevi wb‡¶c Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj
2wU|
Avevi, gy`ªvwU 2q evi wb‡¶c Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj 4wU|
Ggbfv‡e,

398
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
gy`ªvwU 1 evi wb‡¶‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 2
Ó 2 Ó Ó Ó Ó = 4 = 2  2 = 22
Ó 3 Ó Ó Ó Ó = 8 = 2  2  2 = 23
Ó 4 Ó Ó Ó Ó = 16 = 2  2  2  2 = 24
Zvn‡j, gy`ªvwU n Zg evi wb‡¶‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj = 2n
 gy`ªvwU n msL¨K evi wb‡¶c Ki‡j m¤¢ve¨ djvdj 2n †K mg_©b K‡i| (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
8| GKwU _wj‡Z bxj ej 12wU, mv`v ej 16wU Ges Kv‡jv ej 20wU Av‡Q| •`efv‡e GKUv ej †bIqv
n‡jv| ejwU bxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 1 1 1 DËi (N)
(K) 16 (L) 12 (M) 8 (N) 4
e¨vL¨vt †gvU ej = (12 + 16 + 20)wU = 48 wU|
bxj ej Av‡Q 12wU|
12 1 1
 ejwU bxj nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 48 = 4 (DËit 4)

9| 10 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ †h‡Kvb msL¨v wb‡j †mwU †g․wjK A_ev 5 Gi ¸wYZK nevi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
e¨vL¨vt 10 †_‡K 30 ch©šÍ ‡gvU msL¨v = 21wU
‡hLv‡b †g․wjK msL¨v = {11,13,17,19,23,29} 6wU
Ges 5 Gi ¸wYZK msL¨v = {10,15,20,25,30} 5wU
6
 ‡g․wjK msL¨v nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 21
5
 5 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 21
Zvn‡j, †g․wjK A_ev 5 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = †g․wjK nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv + 5 Gi
6 5 11 11
¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 21 + 21 = 21 (DËit 21 )
10| GKRb cixÿv_©xi evsjvq †dj Kivi m¤¢ve¨Zv 𝟏, evsjv I Bs‡iwR `yBwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv 𝟑, `yBwUi †h‡Kvb
𝟓 𝟒
𝟕
GKwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv 𝟖 n‡j, Zvi Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡ki m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ? evsjvq cvm Ki‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡mi
m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
e¨vL¨vt awi, evsjvq cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv P(B) Ges Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv P(E)|
1 4
 P(B) = 1  evsjvq †d‡ji m¤¢ve¨Zv = 1  5 = 5
 P(B E) = evsjvq A_ev Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv = `yBwUi †h‡Kvb GKwU‡Z cv‡mi
7
m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8
3
 P(B E) = evsjv Ges Bs‡iwR `yBwU‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 4
Avgiv Rvwb,
P(B⋃E) = P(B) + P(E) – P(B⋂E)
⇒ P(E) = P(B⋃E) + P(B⋂E) – P(B)
7 3 4 33
⇒ Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡mi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8 + 4  5 = 40
399
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam

Zvn‡j, evsjvq cvk Ki‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z cv‡ki m¤¢ve¨Zv = P(E/B) = P(BE) / P(B)
3 15 15
= 4 4 = 16 (DËit 16 )
5

11| 52 wU Zv‡mi g‡a¨ †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e †U‡b cici 4wU †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
e¨vL¨vt †gvU †U°vi msL¨v = 4
4 1
 cÖ_g Uv‡b †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 52 = 13
Aewkó †U°vi msL¨v = 41 = 3 Ges Aewkó Zv‡mi msL¨v = 521 = 51
3 1
 wØZxq Uv‡b †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 51 = 17
Aewkó †U°vi msL¨v 2 Ges Aewkó Zv‡mi msL¨v = 50
2 1
 Z…Zxq Uv‡b †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 50 = 25
Aewkó †U°vi msL¨v 1 Ges Aewkó Zv‡mi msL¨v = 49
1
 PZz_© Uv‡b †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 49
1 1 1 1 1 1
 myZivs, cici 4wU †U°v cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 13 + 7  25  49 = 270725 (DËit )
270725

weKí mgvavbt 4wU †U°v †_‡K GKwU K‡i †gvU 4wU DVv‡bv hvq 4C4 Dcv‡q
52wU †U°v †_‡K GKwU GKwU K‡i †gvU 4wU DVv‡bv hvq 52C4 Dcv‡q
mgm¤¢ve¨ AbyKzj NUbvi msL¨v
Avgiv Rvwb, m¤¢ve¨Zv = mgm¤¢ve¨ ‡gvU djvd‡ji msL¨v
1 1
= 4C4/52C4 = 270725 (DËit 270725 )

12| GKwU _wj‡Z bxj ej 12wU, mv`v ej 16wU Ges Kv‡jv ej 20wU Av‡Q| •`efv‡e GKUv ej †bIqv
n‡jv| ejwU mv`v bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 2 1 1 DËi (L)
(K) 3 (L) 3 (M) 16 (N) 8
e¨vL¨vt †gvU ej = (12 + 16 + 20) wU = 48 wU|
ejwU mv`v bv nIqvi AbyKzj †gvU m¤¢vebv 12+ 20 = 32
32 2 2
 AZGe ejwU mv`v bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 48 = 3 (DËit 3)
16
weKí mgvavbt ejwU mv`v bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv 48
mv`v ej Qvov Ab¨ ej = (48  16) wU = 32 wU|
32 2 2
 mv`v ej bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 48 = 3 (DËit 3)
13| 1 †_‡K 10 ch©šÍ µwgK b¤^i †`qv wU‡KU¸‡jv fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q GKwU wU‡KU •`efv‡e wb‡j
wU‡KUwU 2 A_ev 3 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
3 7 4 9 DËi (L)
(K) 20 (L) 10 (M) 5 (N) 10

400
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
e¨vL¨vt wU‡KUwU 2 ev 3 Gi ¸wYZK nIqvi †mU, A = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
[GLv‡b m¤¢ve¨Zvi AbyKyj djvdj 7 Ges †gvU djvdj 10]
7 7
 P(A) = 10 (DËit 10)

14| GKwU cv‡Î jvj, Kv‡jv I mv`v i‡Oi †gvU 20 wU ej Av‡Q| 1 wU ej •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv|
wbe©vwPZ ejwUi Kv‡jv I mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv h_vµ‡g 0.45 I 0.35| Zvn‡j cv‡Î we`¨gvb jvj
e‡ji msL¨v KZ?
(K) 4 (L) 6 (M) 8 (N) 9 DËi (K)
e¨vL¨vt wbe©vwPZ ejwU jvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1  0.45  0.35 = 0.20
 cv‡Î jvj e‡ji msL¨v = 0.20  20 = 4 wU (DËit 4 wU)
15| GKwU ev‡· jvj ej 12 wU, mv`v ej 16 wU Ges Kv‡jv ej 24 wU| •`efv‡e GKwU ej †bIqv
n‡jv| ejwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
12 10 9 7 DËi (N)
(K) 13 (L) 13 (M) 13 (N) 13
e¨vL¨vt †gvU e‡ji msL¨v = 12 + 16 + 24 = 52 wU Ges mv`v e‡ji msL¨v = 16 wU
16 4 4
 ejwU mv`v nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 52 = 13 (DËit 13)

UvBc-2
Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢ve¨Zv [Informative Probability]
hyw³wfwËK m¤¢vebv wbY©‡q djvdj¸‡jv mgm¤¢ve¨ n‡Z nq| ev¯Í‡e mKj †ÿ‡Î djvdj¸‡jv mgm¤¢ve¨ nq bv| ZvQvov
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebvi hyw³wfw³K msÁvi g‡Zv wKQz MYbv Kiv hvq bv| †hgb, AvenvIqvi c~ev©fv‡m ejv n‡”Q AvR
e„wó nevi m¤¢vebv 30%, wek¦Kvc wµ‡K‡U fvi‡Zi Rqx nevi m¤¢vebv 90% Ges evsjv‡`‡ki Rqx nevi m¤¢vebv
70%| Gme wm×všÍ †bqv nq AZx‡Zi cwimsL¨vb n‡Z Ges GUvB n‡”Q Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢vebvi aviYv|
523
aiv hvK, GKUv gy`ªv 1000 evi wb‡ÿc Kivq 523 evi †nW cvIqv ‡Mj| G‡ÿ‡Î †n‡Wi Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨v 1000 =
0.523| Avevi aiv hvK, gy`ªvwU‡K 2000 evi wb‡ÿc Kiv‡Z 1030 evi †nW Av‡m| Zvn‡j 2000 evi Gi g‡a¨ H
1030
Gi Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨v = 2000 = 0.515| GLvb †_‡K eySv hvq †h, cixÿvwU µgvMZ Pvwj‡q †M‡j (cixÿvwU hZ
†ewk evi Kiv hv‡e) Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨vi gvbwU Ggb GKwU msL¨vi KvQvKvwQ n‡e hv‡Z gy`ªvwU GKevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡jB
†nW Avmvi m¤¢vebv n‡e| G‡KB ejv nq Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢vebv| `yBwU D`vnviY †`L‡jB welqwU A‡bKUvB cwi®‥vi n‡q
hv‡e|

cÖktœ -16| AvenvIqv `ßi †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx RyjvB gv‡m XvKv kn‡i 21 w`b e„wó n‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j RyjvB gv‡mi
4 Zvwi‡L e„wó nevi m¤¢vebv KZ?
21
mgvavbt †h‡nZz RyjvB gv‡m 31 w`b Ges e„wó n‡q‡Q 21 w`b| Zvn‡j †h‡Kv‡bv w`b e„wó nevi m¤¢vebv 31| AZGe, 4
21
RyjvB e„wó nevi m¤¢vebvI 31|

401
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
cÖktœ -17| †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`ó GjvKvq Rix‡c †`Lv †Mj 65 Rb cÖ_g Av‡jv, 40 Rb †fv‡ii KvMR, 45 Rb RbKÚ
Ges 52 Rb †WBwj óvi cwÎKv c‡ob| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb‡K ‣`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j wZwb ‡WBwj óvi cwÎKv c‡ob
Gi m¤¢ebv KZ? wZwb cÖ_g Av‡jv c‡ob bv Gi m¤¢vebv KZ?
mgvavbt GLv‡b, cwÎKv c‡o †gvU (65+40+45+52) Rb = 202 Rb|
52
‡WBwj óvi cwÎKv c‡ob 52 Rb| myZivs H e¨w³i †WBwj óvi cwÎKv covi m¤¢ebv = 202 Ges
cÖ_g Av‡jv cwÎKv c‡ob 65 Rb| Zvn‡j cÖ_g Av‡jv cwÎKv c‡ob bv (202-65) Rb = 137 Rb|
137
myZivs, cÖ_g Av‡jvi cwÎKv bv covi m¤¢vebv = 202|
[cv`wUKvt G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi †gvU Rbej n‡jv mgMÖ m¤¢vebv Ges GKK Rbej n‡jv H GKK wel‡qi AbyKz j m¤¢vebv|
myZivs G ai‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jv G wbq‡gB mgvavb Ki‡j fzj nevi m¤¢vebv A‡bK Kg _vK‡e]
cÖkœt-18| GKwU Rwi‡c †`Lv †Mj †Kv‡bv GK wek¦we`¨vj‡q 1g e‡l© 284 Rb QvÎ A_©bxwZ‡Z, 106 Rb BwZnv‡m, 253
Rb QvÎ mgvRweÁv‡b, 169 Rb QvÎ Bs‡iwR‡Z fwZ© n‡q‡Q| G‡`i GKRb Qv·K •`efv‡e wbe©vwPZ Ki‡j wbe©vwPZ
QvÎwU mgvRweÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡e bv Gi m¤¢vebv KZ?
mgvavbt †gvU QvÎ fwZ© n‡q‡Q = (284 + 106 + 253 + 169) Rb = 812 Rb
mgvRweÁv‡b fwZ© n‡q‡Q = 253 Rb QvÎ
253
 QvÎwU mgvRweÁv‡bi nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 812
253 812  253 559 559
 QvÎwU mgvRweÁv‡bi bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1  812 = 812
= 812 (DËit 812)

cÖktœ -19| †Kv‡bv GKwU ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ªi wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx Kg IR‡bi 155 wkï, ¯^vfvweK IR‡bi 386 wkï Ges †ewk
IR‡bi 98wU wkï Rš§ †bq| GLvb n‡Z GKwU wkï •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j wbe©vwPZ wkïwU †ewk IR‡bi n‡e Gi
m¤¢vebv KZ?
mgvavbt GLv‡b, †gvU wkïi msL¨v = (155 + 386 + 98) Rb = 639 Rb|
639 wU wkïi g‡a¨ †ewk IR‡bi wkï A_©vr AbyKj djvdj msL¨v = 98
98 98
 •`efv‡e GKwU wkï wbe©vPb Kiv n‡j wkïwU †ewk IR‡bi nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 639 (DËit 639 )

cÖkœt-20| `yB nvRvi jvB‡mÝ cÖvß WªvBfvi GK eQ‡i wb¤œwjwLZ msL¨K UªvwdK AvBb f½ K‡i|
UªvwdK AvBb f‡½i msL¨v WªvBfv‡ii msL¨v
0 1910
1 46
2 18
3 12
4 9
5 ev Zvi AwaK 5

GKRb WªvBfvi‡K •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j WªvBfviwUi 1wU AvBb f½ Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ? WªvBfviwUi 4 Gi AwaK AvBb
f½ Kivi m¤¢vebv KZ?
mgvavbt GLv‡b, †gvU WªvBfv‡ii msL¨v = (1910 + 46 + 18 + 12 + 9 + 5) = 2000 Rb|
GLb, GKwU AvBb f½ K‡i Ggb WªvBfv‡ii msL¨v = 46 Rb|
402
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
46 23
 wbe©vwPZ WªvBfviwUi 1wU AvBb f½ Kivi m¤¢vebv = 2000 = 1000
Avevi, 4 Gi AwaK A_©vr, 5 ev Zvi AwaK AvBb f½ K‡i Ggb WªvBfv‡ii msL¨v = 5 Rb|
5 1
 wbe©vwPZ WªvBfviwUi 4 Gi AwaK AvBb f½ Kivi m¤¢vebv = 2000 = 400
23 1
(DËit 1000 ; 400 )

cÖktœ -21| †Kv‡bv GKwU d¨v±ix‡Z wb‡qvMK…Z †jvK‡`i Kv‡Ri aib Abyhvqx wb¤œfv‡e †kÖwYK…Z Kiv hvq :
†kÖwY KiY msL¨v
e¨e¯’vcbvq 157
cwi`k©K wn‡m‡e 52
Drcv`b Kv‡R 1473
Awdwmqvj Kv‡R 215

GKRb‡K •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡j †jvKwU e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ Gi m¤¢vebv KZ? †jvKwU e¨e¯’vcbvq A_ev Drcv`b
Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Gi m¤¢vebv KZ? †jvKwU Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bq Gi m¤¢vebv KZ?

mgvavbt GLv‡b, †gvU wb‡qvMK…Z †jvKmsL¨v = (157 + 52 + 1473 + 215) Rb

= 1897 Rb|
GLb, e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ †jvKmsL¨v = 157 Rb|
157
 wbe©vwPZ †jvKwUi e¨e¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1897
Avevi, e¨e¯’vcbvq A_ev Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †jvKmsL¨v = (157 + 1473) = 1630 Rb|
1630
 wbe©vwPZ †jvKwUi e¨e¯’vcbvq A_ev Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 1897
Avevi, Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †jvK = 1473 Rb|
 Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bq Ggb †jvKmsL¨v = (1897  1473) Rb
= 424 Rb
424
 wbe©vwPZ †jvKwU Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ bq Zvi m¤¢vebv = 1897
157 1630 424
DËit 1897 ; 1897 ; 1897

eqm msµvšÍ AsK¸‡jv HwKK wbq‡gi ÒeqmÓ Aa¨v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv †h‡nZz Mo Aa¨v‡qiI
Av‡jvwPZ welq ZvB GLv‡b K‡qKwU cÖkœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| GK bR‡i cvV¨ eB, wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, bb K¨vWvi,
e¨vsK Re Ges Ab¨vb¨ cixÿvq Avmv G ai‡bi mKj cÖkœ GKB wbq‡g mgvavb Kiv hvq|
AT A GLANCE
cÖkm
œ g~n:-
22| 2000 mv‡j †deªæqvwi gv‡m 5 w`b e„wó n‡qwQj| 12 †deªæqvwi e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ wQj?
23| 2014 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq 21 w`b †Ljv _vK‡j H gv‡m wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ _vKvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
23| GKwU MÖv‡g 350 Rb we`y¨r, 150 Rb †m․i we`y¨r Ges 115 Rb †Kvb we`y¨r e¨envi K‡i bv| •`efv‡e
403
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡j we`y¨r e¨enviKvix nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz?
24| †Kv‡bv GKwU d¨v±wi‡Z wb‡qvMK…Z †jvK‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡j †jvKwUi
e¨e¯’vcbvq, cwi`k©K, Drcv`b Ges Awdwmqvj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv h_vµ‡g 0.27; 0.10; 0.52
Ges 0.11| cwi`k©‡Ki msL¨v 10 Rb| d¨v±wii †gvU †jv‡Ki msL¨v KZ?
25| AvenvIqv `߇ii wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx RyjvB gv‡m XvKv kn‡i 10 w`b gyljav‡i Ges 15 w`b ¸wo ¸wo e„wó
n‡q‡Q| 8-B RyjvB e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?

D‡jøwLZ cÖk¸
œ ‡jv cÖ_‡g wb‡RB mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡Pi mgvavb Ask †_‡K †ní wbb|

AT A GLANCE G D‡jøwLZ cÖkœmg~‡ni mgvavb

†Kvb NUbvi AbyKy‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi m~Ît m¤¢ve¨Zv = ‡gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v

22| 2000 mv‡j †deªæqvwi gv‡m 5 w`b e„wó n‡qwQj| 12 †deªæqvwi e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ wQj?
5 5 1 1 DËi (K)
(K) 29 (L) 28 (M) 28 (N) 29
e¨vL¨vt †h‡nZz 2000 mvjwU Awael©, ZvB †deªæqvix gvm = 29 w`b|
†Kvb NUbvi AbyKy‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
Avgiv Rvwb, m¤¢ve¨Zv = ‡gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
5 5
Zvn‡j, 12 †deªæqvix e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 29 (DËit 29)
[GLv‡b 5 NUbvi AbyKz‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v Ges 29 NUbvi †gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v]
23| 2014 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq 21 w`b †Ljv _vK‡j H gv‡m wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ _vKvi
m¤¢vebv KZ?
(K) 3
2
(L) 4
2
(M) 4
1 1
(N) 3 DËi (M)
1
e¨vL¨vt 22 bs cÖkœ Abymvi wb‡R mgvavb Kiæb| (DËit 4)
24| GKwU MÖv‡g 350 Rb we`y¨r, 150 Rb †m․i we`y¨r Ges 115 Rb †Kvb we`y¨r e¨envi K‡i bv|
•`efv‡e GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡j we`y¨r e¨enviKvix nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz?
(K) 35 (L) 70 (M) 25 (N) 15 DËi (L)
123 123 123 123
350 70 70
e¨vL¨vt we`y¨r e¨enviKvix nIqvi m¤¢vebv = 350 + 150 + 115 = 123 (DËit 123)

25| †Kv‡bv GKwU d¨v±wi‡Z wb‡qvMK…Z †jvK‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K •`efv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡j
†jvKwUi e¨e¯’vcbvq, cwi`k©K, Drcv`b Ges Awdwmqvj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv h_vµ‡g
0.27; 0.10; 0.52 Ges 0.11| cwi`k©‡Ki msL¨v 10 Rb| d¨v±wii †gvU †jv‡Ki msL¨v KZ?
(K) 50 (L) 70 (M) 100 (N) 1000 DËi (M)
cwi`k©‡Ki msL¨v 10
e¨vL¨vt †jvKwUi cwi`k©K nIqvi m¤¢vebv = †gvU †jvKmsL¨v ev, 0.10 = †gvU †jvKmsL¨v

404
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
10
ev, †gvU †jvKmsL¨v = 0.10 = 100 Rb (DËit 100 Rb)

26| AvenvIqv `߇ii wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx RyjvB gv‡m XvKv kn‡i 10 w`b gyljav‡i Ges 15 w`b ¸wo ¸wo
e„wó n‡q‡Q| 8-B RyjvB e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
25 15 10 10 DËi (L)
(K) 31 (L) 31 (M) 31 (N) 31
e¨vL¨vt †gvU e„wó n‡q‡Q = gyljav‡i + ¸wo ¸wo = (10 + 15) w`b = 25 w`b
25 25
 8-B RyjvB e„wó n‡q‡Q Zvi m¤¢vebv = 31 [ RyjvB gvm 31 w`b] (DËit 31 )

UvBc-3
bgybv‡ÿÎ ev Probability Tree Øviv m¤¢vebv wbY©q
Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kv‡bv cixÿvq m¤¢ve¨ djvdj¸‡jv wb‡q †h †ÿÎ •Zwi nq Zv‡KB bgybv‡ÿÎ e‡j| A‡bK
cixÿvq bgybv‡ÿ‡Îi AvKvi †ek eo nq| Gme †ÿ‡Î bgybv we›`y ev bgybv‡ÿÎ •Zwi Kiv mgq mv‡cÿ Ggb wK fyj
nevi m¤¢vebvI _v‡K A‡bUvB| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv Probability Tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ bgyybv‡ÿÎ •Zw Ki‡Z cvwi Ges G
†_‡K wewfbœ Nubvi m¤¢vebvI †ei Ki‡Z cvwi| G wel‡q GKUv D`vnviY †`L‡jB A‡bKvUvB cwi¯‥vi aviYv n‡e:

cÖktœ -27| g‡b Kwi, GKwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv GKmv‡_ GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| bgybv‡ÿÎwU •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cÖ_g
gy`ªvq H Ges wØZxq gy`ªvq T Avmvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavbt `yBwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc cixÿv‡K `yBavc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| cÖ_g av‡c, GKUv gy`ªv wb‡ÿ‡c 2wU djvdj
H A_ev T Avm‡Z cv‡i| wØZxqav‡c Aci gy`ªv wb‡ÿcI 2wU djvdj H A_ev T Avm‡Z cv‡i| GB cixÿvi
djvdj‡K Probability Tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb¤œiæ‡c †`Lv‡bv hvq:

GLv‡b, m¤¢ve¨ bgybv we›`y¸‡jv HH, HT, cÖ_g gy`ªvi wcV

TH, TT| Zvn‡j bgybv‡ÿÎwU n‡e
{HH, HT, TH, TT}| Ges GLv‡b, H T
bgybv we›`yi msL¨v 4 Ges cÖwZwU bgybv
wØZxq gy`ªvi wcV wØZxq gy`ªvi wcV
1
we›`yi Avmvi m¤¢vebv | ZvB cÖ_g gy`ªvq
4 H T H T
H I wØZxq gy`ªvq T Avmvi m¤¢vebv n‡e,
HH HT TH TT
1
P (HT) = |
4

cÖkœt-28| g‡b Kwi wZbwU gy`ªv GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv| wZbwU wbi‡cÿ gy`ªv GKmv‡_ GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j,
Probability tree ‣Zwi K‡i bg~bv‡ÿÎwU †`Lvb Ges wb‡Pi NUbv¸‡jvi m¤¢vebv wbY©q Kiæb|
(K) †Kej GKwU †Uj
(L) wZbUvB †nW Ges
(M) Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †Uj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv †ei Kiæb|

405
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
mgvavbt cÖ_‡g gy`ªv wZbwU‡K wZb avc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi Ges cÖwZ av‡c 2 wU djvdj H A_ev T Avm‡Z cv‡i|
GB †gvU djvdj‡K Probability tree Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb¤œfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq:-

cÖ_g gy`ªvi wcV

H T

wØZxq gy`ªvi wcV wØZxq gy`ªvi wcV

H T H T

Z…Zxq gy`ªvi wcV Z…Zxq gy`ªvi wcV Z…Zxq gy`ªvi wcV Z…Zxq gy`ªvi wcV

H T H T H T H T

HHH HHT HTH HTT THH THT TTH TTT

Zvn‡j, bg~bv‡ÿÎwU n‡e: {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
1
GLv‡b, †gvU bg~bv we›`y 8 wU Ges G‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv = 8 |
mgvavb (K)t GKwU †Uj cvIqvi AbyKzj m¤¢vebv {HHT, HTH, THH} = 3 wU|
3 1
 P (1T) = 8 (‡Kbbv cÖwZwU bgybv we›`yi NUvi m¤¢vebv 8)

mgvavb (L)t wZbwUB †nW (H) cvIqvi AbyK~j m¤¢vebv {HHH} = 1 wU|
1
 P (HHH) = 8

mgvavb (M)t Kgc‡ÿ 1 wU †Uj () cvIqvi AbyK~j NUbv¸‡jv [{HHH} = 1 wU] Qvov evwK me¸‡jv A_v©r, {HHT,
HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} = 7 wU|
7
 P (Kgc‡ÿ 1T) = 8

GLb Dc‡iv³ m~θ‡jvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avgiv KZ¸‡jv cÖkœ mgvavb Kie †hb m~θ‡jv mn‡RB g‡b ivL‡Z cvwi Ges
mv‡_ GB K‡qKwU cÖkœ g‡b fvj K‡i AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB m¤¢ve¨Zvi Aa¨vqwUi AwaKvsk †kl n‡q hv‡e| myZivs
GLv‡b fvjK‡i g‡bv‡hvM w`b|
cÖkœt-29| GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv:-
(K) GKwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
(L) GKwU †UBj cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
(M) `yBwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
(N) wZbwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
(O) Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?
(P) eo‡Rvo `yBwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv KZ?

406
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
(Q) cÖ_‡g †nW cvIqvi k‡Z© Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU †nW cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨vZv KZ?

mgvavbt GKwU mylg gy`ªv‡K GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv Ges wZbwU mylg mgiæc gy`ªv‡K GKevi wb‡ÿc Kivi Abyiæc (N bs
†ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg n‡e)|
G‡ÿ‡Î bg~bv‡ÿÎwU n‡e wb¤œiæc: S = {(H,H,H), (H,H,T), (H,T,T), (T,T,T), (T,T,H), (T,H,H),
(H,T,T), (T,H,T)} [GLv‡b, H = Head; T = Tail]
‡gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v
A_©vr, m¤¢ve¨ djvd‡ji msL¨v, n(S) = 8
mgvavb (K)t GKwU †nW (H) cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 3 Dcv‡q = {(H,T,T),(T,T,H),(T,H,T)}
NUbvi AbyKz‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v = 3
NUbvi AbyKy‡j bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v 3 3
 GKwU ‡nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = ‡gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v = (DËit )
8 8
3 2 1
weKí mgvavbt 3 evi wb‡ÿ‡c 1 evi ‡nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = C1 × (½ ) × (½ ) = 3/8 [Ans.]

mgvavb (L)t GKwU †UBj (T) cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 3 Dcv‡q = {(H,H,T),(T,H,H),(H,T,H)}
3 3
 GKwU †UBj (T) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8 (DËit 8)
[e¨vL¨vt GKwU ‡nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = GKwU †UBj (T) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv| †Kbbv, cÖwZ wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi
1
m¤¢ve¨Zv = T cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 2|
Abyiæcfv‡e, `yBwU H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = `yBwU T cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv Ges wZbwU H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = wZbwU T
cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv|]

mgvavb (M)t `yBwU †nW (H) cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 3 Dcv‡q = {(H,H,T),(T,H,H),(H,T,H)}
3 3
 `yBwU ‡nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8 (DËit 8)
weKí mgvavbt 3 evi wb‡ÿ‡c 2evi (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 3C2 × (½ )1× (½ )2 = 3/8 [Ans.]

mgvavb (N)t wZbwU †nW (H) cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 1 Dcv‡q = {(H,H,H)}
1 1
 wZbwU ‡nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8 (DËit 8)
weKí mgvavbt 3 evi wb‡ÿ‡c 3evi (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 3C3 × (½ )0× (½ )3 = 1/8 [Ans.]
[e¨vL¨vt G‡ÿ‡Î wZbwU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = wZbwU wb‡ÿ‡ci cÖwZwU‡Z H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv]
= cÖ_g wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv  wØZxq wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv  Z…Zxq wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi
m¤¢ve¨Zv [∵ NUbv¸‡jv ¯^vaxb  G‡ÿ‡Î ¸Yb m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e]
1
= ½ × ½ × ½ = 1/8 (DËit 8)
mgvavb (O)t Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv|
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK H cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i 4 Dcv‡q = {(H,H,H),(H,H,T),(T,H,H),(H,T,H)}
4 1 1
 Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8 = 2 (DËit 2)

407
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
weKí mgvavbt Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv|
= 2wU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv + 3wU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
= 3C2 × (½ )1 × (½ )2+ 3C2 × (½ )0 × (½ )3
= 3/8 + 1/8
1
= 4/8 = 1/2 (DËit 2)

mgvavb (P)t eo‡Rvo `yBwU †nW (H) cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 7 Dcv‡q = (H,H,T), (H,T,T), (T,T,T), (T,T,H),
(T,H,H), (H,T,H), (T,H,T)}
7
 eo‡Rvo `yBwU †nW (H) cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 8 (DËi)
[e¨vL¨vt eo‡Rvo `yBwU H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = k~Y¨ H, GKwU H, A_ev `yBwU H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv]
= wZbwU H bv cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
= 1 wZbwU H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
= 1 – ½ × ½ × ½ = 1 – 1/8
7 7
=8 (DËit 8)

mgvavb (Q)t GLv‡b cÖ_‡g H cvIqvi k‡Z© †gvU bg~bv we›`yi msL¨v = {(H,H,H), (H,{H,T), (H,T,T),
(H,T,H)}= 4
cÖ_‡g H cvIqvi k‡Z© Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU H cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 3 Dcv‡q = {(H,H,H), (H,H,T), (H,T,H)}
3 3
 cÖ_‡g H cvIqvi k‡Z© Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 4 (DËit 4)

[e¨vL¨vt †h‡nZz cÖ_g wb‡ÿ‡c †nW (H) cvIqvi k‡Z© cieZ©x wb‡ÿc¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e †m‡nZz cÖ_g wb‡ÿ‡c
†nW (H) a‡i cieZ©x wb‡ÿc¸‡jvi m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡ePbv KivB P‡_ó|

GLb, †gvU `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †nW (H) cvIqv hv‡e hw` cieZ©x 2q wb‡ÿ‡c 1 evi †nW (H) cvIqv hvq A_ev 2q
wb‡ÿ‡c 2 evi ‡nW (H) cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î bg~bv‡ÿÎwU n‡e = {(H,H), (H,T), (T,H), (T,T)} = 4
2q wb‡ÿ‡c 1 evi H cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i 2 Dcv‡q = {(H,T), (T,H)}
2 1
 2q wb‡ÿ‡c 1 ev H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 4 = 2
 2q wb‡ÿ‡c 2 evi H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = cÖ_g wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv  2q wb‡ÿ‡c H cvIqvi
1 1 1
m¤¢ve¨Zv = 2  2 = 4
 2q wb‡ÿ‡c 1 A_ev 2 evi H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv = 1 evi H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv + 2 evi H cvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv
1 1 3
=24=4 [∵ eR©bkxj]
3 3
 wb‡Y©q m¤¢ve¨Zv =4 (DËit 4)

cÖktœ -30| GKwU gy`ªv wZbevi gy`ªv wb‡¶c Gi Probability tree †Kgb n‡e †`Lvb|

408
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
mgvavbt wZbevi gy`ªv wb‡¶‡ci Probability tree n‡e wb¤œiæct
H
3q gy`ªvq

H 3q gy`ªvq
2q gy`ªvq T

3q gy`ªvq H
H
T 3q gy`ªvq
2q gy`ªvq T
1g gy`ªvi wcV
3q gy`ªvq H
2q gy`ªvq H
3q gy`ªvq
T
2q gy`ªvq T
3q gy`ªvq
T H

3q gy`ªvq
T

e¨vL¨vt G avi‡bi Probability ev m¤¢ve¨Zv AsK ¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_gevi gy`ªvwU wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW A_iv †Uj DV‡Z
cv‡i| g‡b Kwi cª_‡g †nW DVj| Zvn‡j †nW IVvi ci gy`ªvwU wØZxqevi wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡j †nW A_ev †Uj †h‡KvbwU DV‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi wØZxqevi wb‡ÿ‡ci ci gy`ªvwU †Uj DVj| Zvn‡j †Uj IVvi ci gy`ªvwU cybivq wb‡ÿc Ki‡j ‡nW A_ev †Uj
†h‡KvbwU DV‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e Z…Zxqevi wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW A_ev †Uj DV‡e| Dc‡iv³ wUª‡Z †mUvB †`Lv‡b n‡q‡Q|
GK bR‡i cvV¨ eB, wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi, bb K¨vWvi, e¨vsK Re Ges Ab¨vb¨ cixÿvq Avmv G ai‡bi mKj cÖkœ GKB
wbq‡g mgvavb Kiv hvq|
AT A GLANCE
cÖkm
œ g~n:-

31| GKwU gy`ªv‡K wZbevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| me©vwaK evi H Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
32| `yBwU wbi‡c¶ gy`ªv GKmv‡_ GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| †Kv‡bv H bv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
33| `ywU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j `ywU †nW bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
34| GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wbi‡c¶fv‡e wb‡¶c Ki‡j we‡Rvo msL¨v I GKwU T Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
35| GKwU wbi‡c¶ Q°v GKevi wb‡¶‡c 3-Gi ¸wYZK msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
36| GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wbi‡c¶fv‡e wb‡¶c Ki‡j we‡Rvo msL¨v I GKwU T Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
37| †Kv‡bv •`e cix¶vq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK NUbvi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU NU‡j hw` Ab¨¸‡jv bv N‡U Z‡e NUbv¸‡jv
ci¯úi Kx nq?
38| GKwU Q°v wb‡¶c Ki‡j 2 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv †KvbwU?
39| `yBwU wbi‡c¶ gy`ªv GKmv‡_ GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| Kgc‡¶ 1 wU H cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?

D‡jøwLZ cÖk¸
œ ‡jv weMZ eQ‡i wewfbœ cixÿvq Avmv cÖ‡kœi Av‡jv‡K Dc¯’vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_‡g wb‡RB mgvav‡bi
†Póv Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡Pi mgvavb Ask †_‡K †ní wbb|

409
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam

AT A GLANCE G D‡jøwLZ cÖkœmg~‡ni mgvavb

31| GKwU gy`ªv‡K wZbevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| me©vwaK evi H Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
2 1 1 (N) 4 DËi (M)
(K) 8 (L) 4 (M) 8
e¨vL¨vt GKwU gy`ªv‡K wZb evi wb‡¶c Ki‡j bgybv †¶ÎwU: [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH,
HTT, THT, TTH, TTT] bgybv †¶Î †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, me©vwaK H wZbwU hv GKevi N‡U‡Q|
1 1
 me©vwaK evi H Avmvi m¤¢vebv = 8 (DËit 8)
32| `yBwU wbi‡c¶ gy`ªv GKmv‡_ GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| †Kv‡bv H bv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
3 1 3 1 DËi (N)
(K) 4 (L) (M) (N)
4 8 8
e¨vL¨vt awi, C = †Kv‡bv H bv cvIqvi NUbv = {TT}
1 1
 n (C) = 1 †m.wg.  P(C) =
4
(DËit4 )

33| `ywU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡¶c Kiv n‡j `ywU †nW bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(K) 1 3 1 1 DËi (L)
(L) 4 (M) 2 (N) 4
e¨vL¨vt `ywU gy`ªv GK‡Î wb‡¶‡ci bgybv †¶Î {HH, HT, TH, TT}
3 3
 `ywU †nW bv Avmvi m¤¢vebv = 4 (DËit 4)
34| GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wbi‡c¶fv‡e wb‡¶c Ki‡j we‡Rvo msL¨v I GKwU T Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 1 1 1 DËi (L)
(K) 2 (L) 4 (M) 6 (N) 12
e¨vL¨vt bgybv‡¶Î, S = {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T}
†gvU bgybvwe›`y 12 wU
we‡Rvo msL¨v I GKwU T Avmvi AbyKj NUbv = 3wU
3 1 1
 m¤¢vebv = 12 = 4 (DËit 4)

35| GKwU wbi‡c¶ Q°v GKevi wb‡¶‡c 3-Gi ¸wYZK msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(K) 1 (L) 1 (M) 1 (N) 2 DËi (L)
6 3 2 3
e¨vL¨vt GKwU Q°v GKevi wb‡¶c Ki‡j bgybv‡¶ÎwU {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 3 Gi ¸wYZK `yBwU 3 I 6
2 1 1
 3 Gi ¸wYZK Avmvi m¤¢vebv = 6 = 3 (DËit 3)

36| GKwU Q°v I GKwU gy`ªv wbi‡c¶fv‡e wb‡¶c Ki‡j we‡Rvo msL¨v I GKwU T Avmvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
1 1 1 1 DËi (L)
(K) 2 (L) 4 (M) 6 (N) 12
e¨vL¨vt Gai‡bi cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g bgybv‡¶Î (S) Gi msL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

410
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
GLv‡b, bg~bv‡ÿÎ (S) = {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T}
= †gvU bgybvwe›`y 12 wU|
myZivs, we‡Rvo msL¨v I GKwU T Avmvi AbyKj NUbv = 3 wU
3 1 1
 m¤¢vebv = 12 = 4 (DËit 4)

37| †Kv‡bv •`e cix¶vq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK NUbvi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU NU‡j hw` Ab¨¸‡jv bv N‡U Z‡e
NUbv¸‡jv ci¯úi Kx nq?
(K) mg-m¤¢ve¨ (L) wew”Qbœ NUbv (M) wbwðZ NUbv (N) Am¤¢e NUbv DËi (L)
38| GKwU Q°v wb‡¶c Ki‡j 2 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v Avmvi m¤¢vebv †KvbwU?
(K) 1 (L) 1 (M) 1 (N) 2 DËi (M)
6 3 2 3
 e¨vL¨vt 2 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨vi AbyKj djvdj = {2, 4, 6}
3 1 1
 2 Øviv wefvR¨ msL¨v covi m¤¢vebv = 6 = 2 (DËit 2)

39| `yBwU wbi‡c¶ gy`ªv GKmv‡_ GKevi wb‡¶c Kiv n‡jv| Kgc‡¶ 1 wU H cvIqvi m¤¢vebv KZ?
(K) 3 1 1 3 DËi (K)
4 (L) 2 (M) 4 (N) 8
e¨vL¨vt awi, W = Kgc‡¶ GKwU H cvIqvi NUbv = {HH, HT, TH}
3 3
 n(W) = 3  P(W) = 4 (DËit 4)

411
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam

Practice Session for IBA-BBA, MBA & Bank Exam

GLb e¨vsK Ges AvBweG fwZ© cixÿvq wb‡R‡K GwM‡q ivL‡Z evsjv fvm©‡bi Av‡jv‡K Bswjk fvm©‡b K‡qKwU cÖkœ †`Lyb
Ges AvqZ¡ Kivi †Póv Kiæbt
Basic formula of probability [Practice for Bank Job & IBA Preparation]

The Probability of the occurrence of an event a is defined as:

No.of ways A can occur
P(A) = Total no.of possible outcomes

SOME ESSENTIAL IDEAS OF PROBABILITY

Compound probability: Compound probability is when the problem statement asks for the
likelihood of the occurrence of more than one outcome. Formula for compound probability:
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
Where, A and B are any two events.
P(A or B) is the probability of the occurrence of atleast one of the events.
P(A and B) is the probability of the occurrence of both A and B at the same time
Mutually exclusive events: Mutually exclusive events are those where the occurrence of
one indicates the non-occurrence of the other
OR,
When, two events cannot occur at the same time, they are considered mutually exclusive.
[Note: For a mutually exclusive event, P (A and B) = 0]

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT EVENTS

Independent Event: When multiple events occur, if the outcome of one event DOES NOT
affects the outcome of the other events, they are called independent events. Say, a die is
rolled twice. The outcome of the first roll doesn’t affect the second outcome.

These two are independent events.

 Dependent Events: When two events occur, if the outcome of one event affects the
outcome of the other, they are called dependent events.
 Conditional probability: Conditional probability is calculating the probability of an
event given that another event has already occured.
The formula for conditional probability P(A|B), read as P(A given B) is P(A|B) = P (A and
B) / P(B)
Complement of an event: A complement of an event A can be stated as that which does
NOT contain the occurrence of A. A complement of an event is denoted as P(Ac) or P(A’).
P(Ac) = 1 – P(A) or it can be stated, P(A)+P(Ac) = 1
412
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
For example: If A is the event of getting a head in coin toss, Ac is not getting a head i.e.,
getting a tail. if A is the event of getting an even number in a die roll, Ac is the event of
NOT getting an even number i.e., getting an odd number. if A is the event of randomly
choosing a number in the range of -3 to 3, Ac is the event of choosing every number that is
NOT negative i.e., 0,1,2 & 3 (0 is neither positive or negative).

‪1. When a single die is rolled, the sample space is {1,2,3,4,5,6}.What is the
probability of getting a 3 when a die is rolled?
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/6 (c) 6/1 (d) 3/6 Ans: B
Explanation: No. of ways it can occur = 1
Total no. of possible outcomes = 6
We know,
No.of ways A can occur
P(A) = Total no.of possible outcomes
So the probability of rolling a particular number (3) when a die is
rolled = 1/6. (Ans)
‪2. When two dice are thrown, find the probability of getting a greater
number on the first die than the one on the second, given that the sum
should equal 9.
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/5 (c) 2/5 (d) 4/2 Ans: A
Explanation:
Let, The event of getting a greater number on the first die be G.
There are 4 ways to get a sum of 9 when two dice are rolled
= {(3,6),(4,5),(5,4), (6,3)}.
And there are two ways where the number on the first die is greater
than the one on the second given that the sum should equal 9, G = {(5,4),
(6,3)}.
Therefore,
P (Sum equals 9) = 4/36 and P(G sum equals 9) = 2/36.
Now, P(G) = P(G sum equals 9)/P(sum equals 9)
= (2/36)/(4/36)
= 2/4
=1/2 (Ans)

‪3. A carton contains 12 green and 8 blue bulbs .2 bulbs are drawn at
random. Find the probability that they are of same colour.
(a) 91/47 (b) 47/105 (c) 47/95 (d) 95/47 Ans: C
Explanation:
Let, S be the sample space
Then n(S) = no of ways of drawing 2 bulbs out of (12+8) = 20C2
2019
= 21 =190
413
m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam
Let,
E = event of getting both bulbs of same colour
Then,
n(E) = no of ways (2 bulbs out of 12) or (2 bulbs out of 8)
=12C2+ 8C2 = (132/2) + (56/2)
= 66+28 = 94
Therefore,
P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 94/190 = 47/95 (Ans)
‪4. Tickets numbered 1 to 37 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at
random. What is the probability that the ticket drawn has a number
which is a multiple of 4 or 10?
(a) 11/37 (b) 37/11 (c) 12/37 (d) 37/12 Ans: A
Explanation: Here, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....,36,37}.
Let,
E = event of getting a multiple of 4 or 10
= {4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,10, 30}.
 P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 11/37 (Ans)
‪5. In a Coupon, there are 30 prizes and 75 blanks. A Coupon is drawn at
random. What is the probability of getting a prize?
(a) 2/7 (b) 5/7 (c) 1/5 (d) 1/2 Ans: A
Explanation: Total number of outcomes possible, n(S) = 30+75 = 105
Total number of prizes, n(E) = 30
P(E)=n(E)/n(S)=30/105= 2/7 (Ans)
‪6. Two dice are thrown together. The probability that the total score is a
composite number is:
(a) 5/12 (b) 12/7 (c) 7/12 (d) 12/5 Ans: C
Explanation: Clearly, n(S) = (6 x 6) = 36.
Let,
E = Event that the sum is a composite number
Then E= {(1,3),(1,5), (2,2),(2,4), (2,6), (3,1), (3,5), (3,3), (3,6), (4,2),
(4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(6,2),(6,3), (6,4), (6,6)}
 n(E) = 21
P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 21/36 = 7/12. (Ans)
‪7. A Receptacle contains 3violet, 4purple and 5 black balls. Three balls are
drawn at random from the receptacle. The probability that all of them
are purple, is:
(a) 3/55 (b) 7/55 (c) 1/55 (d) 9/55 Ans: C
Explanation: Let, S be the sample space.
Then,
n(S) = number of ways of drawing 3 balls out of 12 = 12C3 = 220
414
Mukul’s Basic Math & Model Test-For Competitive Exam m¤¢ve¨Zv-Probaility
Let,
E = event of getting all the 3 purple balls.
n(E) = 4C3 = 4
P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 4/220 = 1/55 (Ans)
‪8. Two dice are rolling simultaneously .What is the probability that the sum
of the number on the two faces is divided by 5 Or 7.
(a) 13/36 (b) 14/36 (c) 11/36 (d) 9/36 Ans: C
Explanation: [Similar of Question No-6]
Clearly, n(S) = 6 x 6 = 36
Let,
E be the event that the sum of the numbers on the two faces is divided by
5or 7.
Then,
E = {(1,4), (1,6), (2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1), (4,3), (4,6), (5,2), (5,5),
(6,1), (6,4)}
 n (E) = 11.
Hence,
P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 11/36 (Ans)

Avgv‡`i Career Publications Gi Z…Zxq AvKl©Y n‡Z hv‡”Q

Avgv‡`i KZ©„K iwPZ ÒQuantative Aptitude for IBA &
Bank ExamÓ eBwU| eBwU m¤ú~Y© Bswjk fvl©‡b †jLv n‡”Q| hv
Rvbyqvwi 2021 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡e-BbkvAvjøvn| †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv
cÖ‡kœiB evsjv e¨L¨v _vK‡e bv, me cÖkœB Dc‡iv³ cÖkœ¸‡jvi b¨vq
mgvavb ‡`Iqv n‡e| eBwU m¤ú‡K© Avc‡WU Z_¨ Rvb‡Z Avgv‡`i
†dmeyK MÖæc IBAties Mathematics Research Lab Ges
BDwUDe P¨v‡bj Career Museum-G G¨vKwUf _vKzb|

415