weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

msweavb, ivóª I miKvi BDwbU-6

(Constitution, State and Government)

ivóª GKwU wPišÍb, ¯’vqx Ges m‡e©v”P mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’v †_‡K
eZ©gvb ch©v‡q DËi‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª‡K wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœiƒ‡c weKvk NUv‡Z n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb mf¨
RM‡Z ivóª gvbe mgv‡Ri Acwinvh© cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| msweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi †gŠwjK
AvBb I cweÎ `wjj| msweav‡bi gva¨‡gB ivóª I miKvi cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| iv‡óªi GKwU
¸iyZ¡c~Y© I Acwinvh© A½ n‡PQ miKvi| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª I miKv‡ii cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvq| ZvB
msweavb‡K iv‡óªi `c©Y ejv nq|

Avmyb Gev‡i Avgiv msweavb, ivóª I miKvi kxl©K BDwb‡Ui cv‡Vi welq‡K wb‡æ Dwj- wLZ 5wU
fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kwi:

◆ cvV-1 msweav‡bi msÁv I DËg msweavb

◆ cvV-2 iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vejx
◆ cvV-3 miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM
◆ cvV-4 RvZxq msnwZ
◆ cvV-5 wecøe I ms¯‹vi

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-109
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV-1 msweavb
Constitution
D‡Ïk
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

msweav‡bi msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweavb KZ cÖKvi Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

DËg msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweav‡bi msÁv:
†h †Kvb ai‡bi miKv‡ii Drm n‡”Q msweavb| MYZvwš¿K †nvK Avi mgvRZvwš¿K †nvK wKsev
ivRZvwš¿K †nvK-mKj miKv‡ii wbR¯^ msweavb i‡q‡Q| †Kvb iv‡óªi kvmb c×wZ wKiƒc Zv
Rvbv hvq msweavb †_‡K| msweavb‡K iv‡óªi cÖwZ”Qwe ejv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K msweavbB mgmvgwqK
Kv‡j mgv‡R weivRgvb ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ Ges cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡mi dj ¯^iƒc| nvj Qvov †hgb †bŠKv
P‡j bv, †Zgwb msweavb Qvov ivóªhš¿ APj n‡q c‡o | msweavb n‡”Q RvwZi cweÎZg `wjj|
msweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi †gŠwjK AvBb| msweavb miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi eÈb I
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| GUv miKv‡ii wewfbœ-wefvM, AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM
I wePvi wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub I cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i _v‡K|
ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷Uj †_‡K ïiy K‡i wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx msweav‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx
Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z- 'Constitution is the way of life the state has chosen for itself'
A_©vr †Kvb ivóª wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h c_ †e‡Q †bq ZvB msweavb|
Aa¨vcK dvBbvi e‡jb, 'The system of fundamental political institutions is the
constitution' iv‡óªi †gŠwjK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ci¯ú‡ii mgÜ n‡jv msweavb| dvBbv‡ii
g‡Z gvbyl Rxe‡bi AwbðqZv¸‡jv‡K `~i K‡i wbivcËv Pvq, msweavb GB wbivcËv `vb K‡i|
†K.wm ûBqvi e‡jb, 'That body of rules which regulates the ends for which and of
the organs through which Governmental power is exercised is called a
constitution' msweavb n‡”Q †mB weavbmg~n hvi Øviv wK D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges †Kvb wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g
miKvwi ¶gZv cwiPvwjZ n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
wm.Gd.óªs msweav‡bi my›`i msÁv w`‡q‡Qb, wZwb e‡jb, Ômsweavb n‡”Q †mB mKj wbq‡gi
mgwó hv miKv‡ii ¶gZv, kvwm‡Zi AwaKvi Ges G `yÕ†qi m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i|
Dj‡mi fvlvq Ôkvmš¿ n‡”Q KZK¸‡jv †gŠwjK weav‡bi mgwó hv Øviv miKv‡ii ¶gZv I
kvwm‡Zi AwaKvi wba©vwiZ nq|Õ
Kvj© †R †d«WwiK ÔConstitution at Govt. and DemocracyÕ MÖ‡š’ msweavb‡K Rules of
game Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| Rules of game Øviv †hgb †Ljva~jv myôzfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq|
†Zgwb kvmbZ‡š¿i Øviv miKvi myôz I my›`ifv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq| G mKj msÁv †_‡K
msweav‡bi cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc Abyaveb Kiv hvq|
AZGe msweavb ej‡Z ivóª, miKvi Ges miK‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
¶gZve›Ub Ges kvmK kvwm‡Zi AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I cwiPvjbv m¤^wjZ KZK¸‡jv †gŠwjK
bxwZgvjvi mgwó‡K eySvq|

msweav‡bi †kªYxwefvM
cÖPwjZ †kªYxwefvM Abyhvqx msweavb mvaviYZ `yÕai‡bi n‡q _v‡K (K) wjwLZ msweavb I (L)
AwjwLZ msweavb|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-110

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wjwLZ msweavb: wjwLZ msweavb my¯úó I mywbw`©ó GUv mÁvb cÖ‡Póvi dj| wjwLZ msweavb
mn‡R cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| GwU Abgbxq ev `y¯úwieZ©bxq| †hgb gvwK©bhy³iv‡óªi I
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wjwLZ msweav‡bi D¾¡j `„óvšÍ|
AwjwLZ msweavb: HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi dj nj AwjwLZ msweavb| GwU A¯úó Ges A‡bK
†¶‡ÎB mywbw`©ó bq| AwjwLZ msweavb mn‡R cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, GwU mycwieZ©bxq ev bgbxq|
weª‡Ub we‡k¦i g‡a¨ AwjwLZ kvmbZš¿ wb‡q gv_v DPuy K‡i `uvwo‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e G K_v AvR
¯^xK…Z †h eZ©gvb RM‡Z †Kvb kvmbZš¿B m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wjwLZ wKsev AwjwLZ bq|
jW© eªvBm msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZi wfwˇZ msweavb‡K mycwieZ©bxq I `y®úwieZ©wbq-G
`yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| mycwieZ©bxq msweavb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb RwUj c×wZ Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z nq bv| cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi m‡½ LvcLvIqv‡bvi R‡b¨ GwU mn‡RB cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
GUv ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi MwZi m‡½ Zvjwgwj‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i|
`y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb my¯úó, m„`„p, w¯’wZkxj I mywbw`©ó| GwU mn‡RB cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv
e‡j wbðqZvi cÖZxK| GwU hy³ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vi Rb¨ AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx|
DËg msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨mg~n
msweav‡b KZK¸‡jv D‡j- L‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡j †mB msweavb‡K DËg ev Av`k©
msweavb ejv hvq| †h mKj ¸Yvejx ev Av`k© _vK‡j GKwU msweavb‡K DËg msweavb ejv hvq,
Zv wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
cÖ_gZ: DËg msweavb my¯úó, hyw³wfwËK I Av`k© wfwËK n‡e|
wØZxqZ: msweavb‡K hy‡Mi mv‡_ gvby‡li gb-gvbwmKZvi mv‡_ Zvjwgwj‡q Pj‡Z n‡e|
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡bi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ DËg kvmbZš¿I
GwM‡q P‡j|
Z…ZxqZ: GKwU DËg msweav‡b wjwLZ Ges AwjwLZ mycwieZ©bxq Ges `y¯úwieZ©bxq Dcv`vb
_vK‡Z n‡e|
PZz_©Z: DËg msweav‡bi bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK gvbweK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ _vK‡e| †hgb m¤úwË msweav‡bi
i¶v, Rxeb i¶v, Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv I wk¶v BZ¨vw`| bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK
cÂgZ: AíK_vq msweavb fvjfv‡e wjwLZ _vK‡e| kvmbZ‡š¿i fvlv n‡e cÖvÄj, mvejxj I gvbweK AwaKvi
my›`i| D`vniY¯^iƒc Av‡gwiKvi (gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi) wekc„ôv e¨vcx msweavb we‡k¦i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg mwbœ‡ewkZ _vK‡e
†kªô msweavb|
lôZ: kvmbZvwš¿K cÖvavb¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| kvmbZš¿ m‡e©v”P ¶gZv m¤úbœ I mve©‡fŠg|
mßgZ: kvmbZvwš¿K cÖvavb¨‡K i¶v Kivi R‡b¨ wePvi wefvMxq cÖvavb¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
DËg kvmbZš¿ cÖm‡½ dvBbv‡ii e³e¨ n‡”Q Ômsweav‡b Ggb wKQy _vK‡e bv hv KLbI †Kvb
Dcv‡q cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv, Avevi msweav‡b Ggb wKQy _vK‡e bv hv me mgq cwieZ©b Kiv
hv‡e-GUv DËg msweav‡bi j¶Y|Õ D‡jøL¨ †h, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡bi wZbkÔ eQ‡ii
BwZnv‡m gvÎ 33wU wewa ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†K.wm.ûqvi e‡jb, 'One essential characteristics of the ideally best form of constitution is
that it should be as short as possible’| ivóªweÁvbx Gd.DB‡jvwei g‡Z ‘Rigidity and
flexibility are the two opposing tendencies of a good constitution’| DËg msweavb cÖYqb
Aek¨B GKwU mnR ms‡kvab c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Av`k© msweavb n‡e mvgvwRK HwZn¨
I Avkv AvKv•¶vi cÖwZ”Qwe|

miK_v: msweavb n‡”Q ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~j `wjj| AvBbmfv kvmb wefvM, wePvi wefvM,
wbe©vPKgÛjx Ges kvmK-kvwm‡Zi ga¨Kvi ¶gZvMZ m¤ú‡K©i wb‡`©kbv _v‡K msweav‡b| †h
mKj †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ I c×wZ wbY©q K‡i Zv‡K msweavb e‡j| msweavb iv‡óªi
`c©Y ev Avqbv¯^iƒc| †h †`k ev RvwZi msweavb hZ DbœZ Av`‡k©i Abymvix †m RvwZ ZZ
DbœZ| GKwU DËg msweavb Aek¨B mycwieZ©bxq I `y®úwieZ©bxq| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †Kvb
msweavbB m¤ú~Y© wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ wKsev mycwieZ©bxq ev `y®úwieZ©bxq bq|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-111
GmGmGBPGj

c‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. msweavb ev kvmbZš¿ n‡”Q-
K. iv‡óªi mvaviY AvBb
L. iv‡óªi †gŠwjK AvBb
M. iv‡óªi we‡kl AvBb
N. Avš—R©vwZK AvBb|

2. miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq-

K. kvmbZ‡š¿i Øviv
L. mvaviY AvB‡bi Øviv
M. †¯úkvj AvB‡bi Øviv
N Riywi AvB‡bi Øviv|

3. Constitution at Government and Democracy MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K ?

K. Gwi÷Uj
L. dvBbvi
M. †Kwm ûBqvi
N. Kvj© †R †d«WwiK|

4. AwjwLZ msweavb n‡”Q-

K. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
L. hy³iv‡óªi
M. fvi‡Zi
N. evsjv‡`‡ki|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. msweavb wK?
2. DËg msweav‡bi ˆewk󨸇jv eY©bv Kiyb|

DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. K, 3. N, 4. L|

mnvqK MÖš’:
1. K.C: Wheare- Modern Constitution
2. A.V.: Dicey In Introduction to the Law of the constitution
3. Finer: Theory and practice of Modern Government.

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-112

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vejx cvV-2

Aims and Functions of the State
D‡Ïk¨:
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
◆ iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
◆ AvaywbK iv‡óªi Acwinvh© Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
◆ iv‡óªi Hw”QK Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨
iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ m¤ú‡K© A‡bK gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb gZev‡` ivóª‡K Hk¦wiK B”Qvi
ewntcÖKvk Avevi †Kvb †Kvb gZev‡` mgvR Rxe‡bi gnËg ms¯’v e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avevi gZev‡` iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ch©šÍ A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q G ai‡bi gZev`I Av‡Q| cÖvPxb
MÖxK Avgj †_‡K ivóªweÁvbx I wPšÍvwe`MY cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi G welq wb‡q ZK©weZK© K‡i
Avm‡Qb| wKš‘ †Kvb HK¨g‡Z †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡ibwb|
cÖvPxb MÖxK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv I Gwi÷Uj ivóª‡K †kªô gvbweK msMVb e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i
g‡Z iv‡óªi g‡a¨ bvMwi‡Ki cwic~Y© weKvk N‡U| Gwi÷Uj D‡jøL K‡ib, iv‡óªi evB‡i hviv gvbe Rxe‡bi
emevm K‡ib Zviv mvaviY gvbyl b‡n| nq Zviv †`eZv, bv nq cï| gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bB cÖ‡qvR‡bB iv‡óªi
iv‡óªi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Kj¨vY mva‡bi DciB Gi mv_©KZv wbf©i K‡i| gvbe Rxe‡bi D™¢e n‡q‡Q
mvgvwRK, ˆbwZKI Ava¨vwZ¥K Rxe‡bi cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i iv‡óªi g‡a¨B ev¯Íe n‡q I‡V|
ga¨hy‡Mi wewkó wPšÍvwe` Ugvm GKzBbvm Gwi÷U‡ji c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i gvby‡li Kj¨vY
mvab‡K iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| cweÎ Bmjvg a‡g© ivóª wek¦vmxM‡Yi Bn‡jvwK I
cvi‡jŠwKK g½‡ji Dcvq wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| HK¨, kvwšÍ I mr Rxe‡bi cÖZxKiƒcx Bmjvgx
ivóª we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|
Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z A¨vWvg ¯§x_ Zvi weL¨vZ Wealth of Nations MÖ‡š’ iv‡óªi wZbwU cÖavb
Kv‡Ri K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_vt
1. Ab¨ iv‡óªi AvµgY n‡Z ¯^xq ivóª‡K i¶v Kiv|
2. iv‡óªi †Kvb m`‡m¨i AwePvi †_‡K mKj‡K i¶v Kiv|
3. ivóª hv‡Z KwZcq e¨w³i ¯^v‡_© Kvh©m¤úv`b bv K‡i Zvi cÖwZ mRvM m„wó ivLv|
Aa¨vcK M©vbvi iv‡óªi wZbwU D‡Ï‡k¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb|
cÖZgZ: ivóª e¨w³mg~‡ni g‡a¨ kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv cÖwZôv Ki‡e| mywePvi I AvB‡bi kvm‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AwaKvi i¶v Ki‡e
wØZxqZ: iv‡óªi DwPZ n‡e e¨w³ mgwói Kj¨vY mvab Kiv|
Z…ZxqZ: ivóª Ab¨vb¨ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ kvwšÍ mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i gva¨‡g wek¦ mf¨Zvi
weKvk I msi¶Y Ki‡e| iv‡óªi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© ivóªweÁvbx ev‡R©m Zvrch©c~Y© gZvgZ
e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, iv‡óªi Pig I cig D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk Ges
mf¨Zvi DrKl© mvab K‡i gvbe mgv‡R b¨vqbxwZ Kv‡qg Kiv|
wØZxqZ: iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^Kxq ˆewk‡ó¨i weKvk NwU‡q RvZxq Av`‡k© DØy× Kiv|
Z…ZxqZ: bvMwiKZv‡eva I e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi weKvk mvab K‡i ivóªxq KZ©„‡Z¡i m‡½ mymvgÄm¨
weavb Kiv| ivóªweÁvbx‡`i gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki‡j AvaywbK iv‡óªi PviwU D‡Ïk¨ cwiùzU n‡q
D‡V| h_v-
1. iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv-¯^ve©‡fŠgZ¡ I msnwZ i¶v Kiv|
2. RvZxq DbœwZ I AMÖMwZmvab Ges wek¦kvwšÍ I wek¦mf¨Zvi weKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
3. iv‡óªi kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-113
 GmGmGBPGj

4. bvMwiKe„‡›`i ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK weKvk mvab|

gvbe mgv‡Ri gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`vi ZvwM‡` µgweKv‡ki ga¨w`‡q M‡‡o D‡V‡Q ivóªe¨e¯’v| gvbe
Kj¨vY mvabB mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`B ivóª‡K bvbvwea Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx †Kvb
iv‡óªi j¶¨| wbw`©ó MwÛi g‡a¨ AvewZ©Z nq bv| gvbe mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY mvabB iv‡óªi j¶¨| ivóªweÁvbx
DB‡jvwe I †M‡Uj AvaywbK iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| h_v-1. Acwinvh© ev gyL¨
Kvh©vejx 2. Hw”QK ev †MŠb Kvh©vejx|
Acwinvh© Kvh©vejx: iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi R‡b¨ ivóª‡K
†h mKj KvR m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K Acwinvh© KvR e‡j| iv‡óªi Acwinvh© Kvh©¸wj wb¤œiƒc:
Af¨š—ixY AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v msµvš— Kvh©vejx: Rvb-gv‡ji wbivcËv, iv‡óªi w¯’wZkxjZv I
msnwZi R‡b¨ AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv iv‡óªi cweÎ `vwqZ¡|
†`k i¶v: †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶v Kiv iv‡óªi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| ewn:kÎyi nvZ †_‡K
†`k‡K i¶vi R‡b¨ ¯’j evwnbx, †bŠ-evwnbx I wegvb evwnbx MVb I ZË¡veavb iv‡óªi Acwinvh©
KZ©e¨|
cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vejx: miKvix Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ivóª‡K cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv
wbg©vY I Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
A_©‰bwZK I gy`ªvbxwZ msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx: †`‡ki Dbœqb Ges miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZbvw`i Rb¨
ivóª Ki I ïé avh© I Av`v‡qi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K, gy`ªvbxwZ msµvšÍ KvR iv‡óªi Acwinvh© KvR
e‡j MY¨ nq|
ˆe‡`wkK Kvh©vejx: ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ ÔmvgwiK Pzw³Õ kvwšÍ I I mn‡hvwMZv Pzw³, K‚U‰bwZK
m¤úK©, AvÂwjK †RvU MVb cÖf…wZ ˆe‡`wkK KvR ivóª K‡i _v‡K|
AvBb I wePvi msµvšÍ KvR: AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv, Av`vjZ MVb I cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g
RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôv Ges Acivax‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`vb iv‡óªi Acwinvh© KvR e‡j MY¨ nq|
Hw”QK Kvh©vejx: bvMwiK Rxeb‡K my›`ifv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi R‡b¨ ivóª †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q eû
RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q
†¶‡Î bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨vY I g½‡ji Rb¨ †h mg¯Í KvR ivóª K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Hw”QK Kvh©vjx nq|
Hw”QK Kvh©vejx wb¤œiƒc:
wk¶v welqK Kvh©vejx: RvwZ‡K mwVKfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv Ges bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb Kivi R‡b¨ ivóª wk¶v msµvšÍ eûwea KvR K‡i| †hgb-¯‹zj-K‡jR, gv`ªvmv,
wek¦we`¨vjq cÖf…wZ cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
wkí-evwYR¨: eZ©gvb we‡k¦ mKj ivóªB wkí-evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡”Q| A_©‰bwZK
Kg©KvÛ weKv‡ki R‡b¨, Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ ivóª wkí-KviLvbv ¯’vcb, e¨vsK, exgv I Ab¨vb¨
cyuwR wewb‡qvM msMVb¸‡jv cwiPvjbv K‡i|
my¯’¨ mej
RbMY iv‡óªi Rb¯^v¯’¨ msi¶Y: my¯’¨, mej RbMY iv‡óªi m¤ú`| Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZi Rb¨ ivóª nvmcvZvj, wkï
m¤ú`| Kj¨vY †K‡›`ª, wPwKrmv †K‡›`ª, gvZ…m`b I M‡elYv †K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K| cvbxq R‡ji
mye¨¯’vi Rb¨ bjK‚c Lbb Ges cwi®‹vi-cwiQbœZv Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| g¨v‡jwiqv I emšÍ
D‡”Q` Awfhvb Ges K‡jiv I Ab¨vb¨ e¨vwai cÖwZ‡laK wUKv Bb‡RKkb †`qvi e¨e¯’v K‡i|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-114

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v: †`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM, hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ ivóª moK, †ij c_, wegvb,
†bŠc_, WvK, Zvi I †Uwj‡dv‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡qvRbxq
Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
kªwgK‡`i Kj¨vYg~jK KvR: ivóª kªwgK‡`i Kv‡h©i †gqv`, mgq, gRyix wba©viY, gRyix †evW© I
kªg Av`vjZ ¯’vcb K‡i| `wi`ª-kªwgK I Rbmvavi‡Yi †jLv-cvovi Rb¨ ivóª wewfbœ Kvh©µgMÖnY
K‡i| G cÖm‡½ Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv I RbwnZKi Kvh©vejx: Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi R‡b¨ ivóª †cbkb,
Kj¨vYfvZv, †hŠ_exgv, eq¯‹fvZv, †eKvifvZv BZ¨vw` c`‡¶c wb‡q _v‡K| K…wl, †mPe¨e¯’vi
DbœwZ mvab K‡i _v‡K| GQvov `ywf©¶, gnvgvix I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| iv‡óªi †¯^”Qvg~jK Kv‡h©i AvIZv AwZ e¨vcK| eZ©gv‡b †Kvb ivóªB Avi cywjkx
ivóª bq| ZvB iv‡óªi Hw”QK Kvh©vejxi ¸iyZ¡ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

mviK_v:
gvbyl mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i iv‡óªi g‡a¨| ivóª n‡”Q
†kªô bvMwiK msMVb| gvbe mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY mvabB iv‡óªi j¶¨| iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v-Acwinvh© Kvh©vejx I Hw”QK Kvh©vejx|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-115
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi iv‡óªi KÕwU D‡`‡k¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb ?
K. 2wU
L. 3wU
M. 4wU|

2. A¨vWvg ¯§x_ ÔWealth of NationsÕ MÖš’wU †Kvb kZvãx‡Z wj‡L‡Qb ?

1. mß`k kZvãx‡Z
L. †lvok kZvãx‡Z
M. Aóv`k kZvãx
N. Ebwesk kZvãx|

3. iv‡óªi evB‡i huviv emevm K‡i Zviv Ônq †`eZv bv nq cïÕ| G Dw³wU K‡i‡Qb -
K. m‡µwUm
L. †c- ‡Uv
M. Gwi÷Uj
N. Mvb©vi|

4. iv‡óªweÁvbx DB‡jvwi I †M‡Uj †Kvb iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb ?

K. bMi iv‡óªi
L. BmjvwgK iv‡óªi
M. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii
N. AvaywbK iv‡óªi|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:

1. Aa¨vcK Mvb©v‡ii g‡Z iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wK?
2. AvaywbK iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wK ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. iv‡óªi Acwinvh© I Hw”QK Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. M, 3. M I 4. N|

mnvqK MÖš’t
R.G. Gettell, Political Science (Boston: Ginn & Co. 1910)

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-116

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM cvV-3

Classification of Government

D‡Ïk¨:
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvaywbK miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K AvaywbKvj ch©š— hy‡M hy‡M eû ivóªweÁvbx miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| †h
mg¯Í ivóweÁvbx miKv‡ii Avw` iƒc wb‡q wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †n‡iv‡WvUvm,
m‡µwUm, †cø‡Uv, Gwi÷U‡ji bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡j- L‡hvM¨| Z‡e cÖvPxbKv‡ji †kªYxwefv‡Mi
g‡a¨ ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷U‡ji †kªYxwefvMwU Zvrch©gwÛZ| m‡µwUm I †cø‡Uvi AbyKi‡Y
Gwi÷Uj miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb|
MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj `yÕwU g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gwU
nj msL¨vbxwZ Ges wØZxqwU j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨bxwZ| msL¨vbxwZi wfwˇZ miKvi‡K wZwb wZbwU
fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb †hgb-
1. GKR‡bi kvmb 2. K‡qKR‡bi kvmb 3. eûR‡bi kvmb| D‡Ïk¨bxwZi wfwˇZ miKvi‡K
`yÕwUfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb 1. ¯^vfvweK 2. weK…Z
Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K miKv‡ii †kªYxwefv‡Mi
QK:
msL¨vbxwZ miKvi D‡Ïk¨bxwZ
miKv‡ii ¯^vfvweKiƒc miKv‡ii weK…Ziƒc
GKR‡bi kvmb ivRZš¿ ˆ¯^iZš¿
K‡qKR‡bi kvmb AwfRvZZš¿ awbKZš¿
eûR‡bi kvmb cwjwU MYZš¿

bxwZ Abyhvqx Dcwi D³ QK †_‡K eySv hvq †h iv‡óªi ¶gZv hLb GKR‡bi nv‡Z _v‡K Ges
kvmK hLb mK‡ji Kj¨v‡Y †m ¶gZv cwiPvjbv K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K ivRZš¿ e‡j| kvmb ¶gZv Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z
hLb K‡qK R‡bi nv‡Z _v‡K Ges †m ¶gZv RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv cwjwU nj DËg
nq AwfRvZZš¿| Avevi kvmb ¶gZv hLb eûR‡bi nv‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv hLb mK‡ji Kj¨v‡Y miKvi
cwiPvwjZ nq ZLb Zv‡K cwjwU ejv nq| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z cwjwU nj DËg miKvi| ga¨weË
†kªYxi kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K wZwb cwjwU e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb I D‡Ïk¨ bxwZ Abyhvqx Rbmvavi‡Yi
Dbœqb Kj¨v‡Y miKvi cwiPvwjZ n‡j Gwi÷Uj Zv‡K miKv‡ii ¯^vfvweK iƒc e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘
miKvi Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨vY‡K D‡c¶v K‡i e¨w³¯^v_©, `jxq ¯^v_© ev †Mvôx ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ n‡j
Zv‡K wZwb miKv‡ii weK…Z iƒc e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
Gwi÷U‡ji †kªYxwefvM AvaywbK hy‡M APj| wZwb ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| eZ©gvb hy‡M miKv‡ii iƒc I cÖK…wZi A‡bK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| Gwi÷Uj g~jZ bMi
iv‡óªi mv‡_ cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| ZvB AvaywbK miKv‡ii aviYv Zvi †kªYxwefv‡M cÖwZdwjZ nqwb|
Zvi miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM wQj iv‡óªiB †kªYxwefvM| wZwb MYZš¿‡K weK…Z miKvi e‡j D‡jøL

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-117
GmGmGBPGj

K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ eZ©gvbKv‡j MYZvwš¿K miKvi n‡”Q AvaywbK wPšÍvavivi weKv‡k Aby‡cÖiYvi
Drm¯’j Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|
miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYxwefvM
AvaywbKKv‡j wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eøy›Umwj,
g¨vKvBfvi, g¨vwiqU I wjK‡Ki bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYxwefv‡M
¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb w÷‡db wjKK| wjK‡Ki †kªYxwefvM‡K me©v‡c¶v my¯úó hyw³msMZ
Ges AvaywbK †kªYxwefvM e‡j MY¨ Kiv hvq| Avgiv GLb wjK‡Ki †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kie|
cÖ_gZ: ¯^ve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Ae¯’vb Ges Gi cÖ‡qvMwewai Dci wfwË K‡i miKvi‡K wZwb `yÕwU
†kªYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v-1. MYZš¿, 2. ˆ¯^iZš¿| iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv hLb Rbmvavi‡Yi
Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges RbMY cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K MYZš¿
e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K iv‡óªi ¶gZv hLb GK e¨w³i nv‡Z †K›`ªxf‚Z _v‡K Ges Zv wb‡Ri B‡”QgZ
cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZLb Zv‡K ˆ¯^iZš¿ e‡j|
wØZxq: ivóª cÖav‡bi ¶gZvjv‡fi bxwZ I c×wZi wfwˇZ wZwb MYZvwš¿K miKvi‡K `yÕfv‡M
fvM K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-1. wbqgZvwš¿K miKvi, 2. cÖRvZvwš¿K miKvi| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv
ivóªcÖavb n‡jI cÖK…Z kvmb ¶gZv b¨¯Í _v‡K RbMY KZ©„K wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i nv‡Z|
hy³iv‡R¨i kvmb e¨e¯’v-Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcÖavb hLb cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ †fv‡Ui
gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nb Zv‡K cÖRvZvwš¿K miKvi e‡j| †hgb- gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi miKvi|
Z…ZxqZ: AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ wZwb MYš¿‡K gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ
miKvi I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi G `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq
kvmb wefvM AvBb mfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K| GKwU gwš¿cwil` Øviv iv‡óªi kvmb e¨e¯’v
cwiPvwjZ nh| †hgb evsjv‡`k, fviZ I weª‡U‡b gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ miKv‡i kvmb wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx bq| GLv‡b kvmbfvi b¨¯Í _v‡K
ivóªcwZ ev †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Dci| gwš¿cwil` Zv‡`i KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ ivóªcwZi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb|
ivóªcwZ AvBb mfvi wbKU `vqx bb| †hgb-hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U|
PZz_©Z: †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›U‡bi wfwˇZ MYZvwš¿K miKvi‡K wZwb `yÕfv‡M wef³
K‡i‡Qb| h_v-GK †K›`ªxK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi mKj ¶gZv hLb
†K‡›`ªi Dci b¨¯Í nq ZLb †m miKvi‡K GK †Kw›`ªK miKvi ejv nq| †hgb evsjv‡`k
miKvi| Avevi msweavb Abyhvqx hLb †K›`ªxq cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub Kiv nq
ZLb Zv‡K hy³ivóªxq miKvi ejv nq| †hgb-Av‡gwiKvi I KvbvWvi hy³ivóªxq miKvi|
ˆ¯^iZš¿‡K KZ©„c‡¶i cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb miKvi‡K wZbfv‡e wef³ K‡i‡Qb| h_v-
1. wbi¼zk ivRš¿, 2. GKbvqKZš¿, 3. mvgwiK KwZcqZš¿| KZ©„‡Z¡i cÖK…wZ I e¨vcKZvi
wfwˇZ ˆ¯^iZš¿‡K Avevi KZ©„Z¡ev`x I me©vZ¥Kev`x G `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbKZv cÖeY
KZ©„Z¡ev`x miKvi Avevi mvgwiK I †emvgwiK GB `yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| ivóªweÁvbx w÷‡db
wjKK AvaywbK `„wófw½i gva¨‡g Gfv‡e miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM Dc¯’vcb K‡iQb|
mviK_v: cÖvPxbKv‡j hviv miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷U‡ji
†kªYxwefvMwU ¸iy‡Z¡i `vex`vi| wZwb msL¨v I bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM
K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gvb hy‡M miKv‡ii iƒc I cÖK…wZi A‡bK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| AvaywbKKv‡j
ivóªweÁvbx w÷‡d‡bi †hŠw³K I ev¯Íe `„wóf½x w`‡q miKv‡ii Zvrch©gwÛZ †kªYxwefvM
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefv‡Mi m¤úK©, †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki ¶gZv e›U‡bi wfwˇZ
miKv‡ii ev¯Íem¤§Z †kªYxweb¨vm K‡i‡Qb|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-118

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. `yÕwU g~jbxwZi Dci miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb †K ?
K. m‡µwUm
L. †c- ‡Uv
M. Gwi÷Uj
N. †n‡iv‡WvUvm|
2. Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z DËg miKvi †KvbwU ?
K. MYZš¿
L. ivRZš¿
M. AwfRvZš¿
N. cwjwU|
3. miKv‡ii me©vaywbK †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb †K ?
K. iy‡kv
L. Mvb©vi
M. g‡›U¯‹z
N. wjKK|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:

1. Gwi÷Uj †Kvb wfwˇZ miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. Gwi÷U‡ji miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. AvaywbK miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM eY©bv Kiyb|

DËvigvjv: 1. M, 2. N. 3. N |

mnvqK MÖš’
W. GgvRDÏxb Avng` ivóªweÁv‡bi K_v|
cÖ‡dmi BDbym Avjx †`Iqvb, †cŠiweÁvb cwiwPwZ|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-119
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV-4 RvZxq msnwZ

(National Integration)

D‡Ïk¨:
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

RvZxq msnwZ wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq msnwZi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq msnwZ wK?

AvaywbKxKiY I ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb cÖwµqvq RvZxq msnwZ GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q|
Aa¨vcK GjgÛ ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î KZK¸‡jv msK‡Ui K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, RvZxq
msnwZi mgm¨v Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj ivóªmg~n Av_©-mvgvwRK I
ivR‰bwZK msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb| Zv‡`i g~j mgm¨v n‡”Q RvZxq msnwZi mgm¨v| Gi d‡j Dbœq‡bi
MwZ e¨vnZ n‡”Q| m`¨ ¯^vaxbZv cÖvß A‡bK †`kB Dcjwä K‡i‡Q †h, ¯^vaxbZv jvf Kivi †P‡q
RvwZ MVb AviI KwVb KvR| GKwU msÁv Øviv RvZxq msnwZ eY©bv Kiv hvq bv| RvZxq msnwZ
K_vwU e¨vcK A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq|
¯^vaxbZv jvf Kivi RvZxq msnwZ ev HK¨mvab n‡”Q Ggb GK cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K w`‡q
†P‡qI RvwZ MVb c„_K KZK¸‡jv †Mvôx ev m¤úÖ`vq‡K GKwU f‚LÛMZ AvIZvax‡b wb‡q G‡m RvZxq GKvZ¥Zv
AviI KwVb KvR cÖwZôv Kiv nq| msnwZ nj miKv‡ii †mB ¶gZv hvi gva¨‡g †mB iv‡óªi †fZi mg¯Í msMV‡bi
Dci wbqš¿Y ev KZ…©Z¡ LvUv‡Z cv‡i| Ges GB ¶gZve‡j RbM‡Yi AvÂwjK I msKxY© `„wó fw½
`~i K‡i RvZxq †PZbvi m„wó K‡i| cÖ‡dmi iIbK Rvnvb AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i e‡jb, RvZxq
msnwZ nj †mB cÖwµqv hvi Øviv Ggb GKwU RvZxq ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m„wó Kiv nq hv mKj
AvÂwjK e¨e¯’v‡K Aaxb ev A½xf‚Z K‡i †d‡j| (National integration in broadly
defined terms refer to the process by which a national political system is created
which supersedes or incorporates all the regional subsystem) GKwU ivR‰bwZK
e¨e¯’vq m¤úK©hy³ Rb‡Mvôx hLb ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e RvZxq †PZbvq DØy× nq ZLb Avgiv Zv‡K
RvZxq msnwZ e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi|
†Kvb e¨e¯’v‡K GKZve× ivLvi mvaviY mgm¨v eySv‡Z msnwZ K_vwU e¨eüZ nq| Gi m‡½
we‡klY †hvM K‡i ejv nq RvZxq msnwZ, †fŠ‡MvwjK msnwZ, AvPiYMZ, g~j¨‡evaMZ msnwZ,
ivR‰bwZK msnwZ BZ¨vw`| Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q RvZxq msnwZ|
Dcwi D³ Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY †_‡K msnwZ ej‡Z hv eySvq Zv n‡jv:
1. msnwZ ej‡Z RvZxq GKvZ¥Zv cÖwZôvKiY‡K eySvq|
2. GUv Aaxb¯Í ivR‰bwZK BDwbU ev AÂj¸‡jvi Dci RvZxq KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôvi cÖwZ Bw½Z enb
K‡i|
3. msnwZ ej‡Z kvmK kvwm‡Zi †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Kivi mgm¨vi K_v eySv‡bv nq|
4. KLbI GUv g‚j¨‡evaMZ b~¨bZg g‰ZK¨‡K eySv‡bv nq hv mvgvwRK k„•Ljv I MwZkxjZvi
R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
5. msnwZ K_vwU gvbweK m¤úK© I g‡bvfv‡ei weivU †¶Î‡K AšÍfz©³ K‡i|
Dbœqbkxj RvwZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© GKwU K_v ¸iy‡Z¡i m‡½ ejv n‡q _v‡K †h Zv‡`i g~j mgm¨v n‡”Q
RvZxq msnwZ AR©b Kiv hv A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| GWIqvW© kxjm I Gj evBÛvi D‡jøL
K‡ib †h, ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb I RvZxq msnwZ n‡”Q hyMcr mshy³ welq| RvZxq msnwZi w`‡K
†h †Kvb c`‡¶c ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m~PK|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-120

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

RvZxq msnwZ n‡”Q GwjU I RbM‡Yi ga¨Kvi †fŠ‡MvwjK g~j¨‡evaMZ msnwZg~jK AvPiY|
RvZxq msnwZ g~jZ f‚LÛMZ I RvZxqZv‡eva m„wó mgm¨vi cÖwZ BswMZ cÖ`vb K‡i; hv msKxY©
AvbyMZ¨‡K `~ixf‚Z Ki‡e A_ev Aaxb¯— K‡i †b‡e| GKwU ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq bvbv DcRvwZ
†Mvôx ev m¤úÖ`vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ msKxY© Av`k© `„wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ Ges Ø›Ø-msNvZ
_vKv ¯^vfvweK| GKwU ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi w¯’wZkxjZv Ges c~Y© Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ G mg¯—
؇›Øi Aemvb nIqv Aek¨ Kvg¨| G mKj DcRvwZ †Mvôx‡K GKwU RvZxq m¤úÖ`v‡qi Aš—fz©³
Kivi cÖwµqvi bvgB n‡”Q RvZxq msnwZ|
be¨ ¯^vaxbZv cÖvß †`k¸‡jv‡Z RbmvaviY ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq e¨vcKfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
jvf bv Kivq †mLv‡b RvZxq msnwZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D”PZi gvÎvq †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i
†`k¸‡jv bvbv ai‡bi msnwZMZ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb| miKv‡ii e¨vcK Kvh©µg mvgvwRK I
A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î cwieZ©‡bi AvKv•¶v-msnwZMZ mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| ivóª hLb m¤ú` Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv Ges e›Ub Kivi e¨vcv‡i mwµq nq ZLb mvaviY gvbyl I Gwj‡Ui g‡a¨ bZzb ai‡bi
msnwZi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q|
RvZxq msnwZ mva‡bi †¶‡Î i‡q‡Q eûwea mgm¨v | Avgiv GLv‡b †MvôxMZ I m¤úÖ`vqMZ
cv_©K¨, wk¶vi Afve I †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU I GB PviwU mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
†MvôxMZ I m¤úÖ`vqMZ cv_©K¨
bZzb iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ ag©, eY©, fvlv I HwZ‡n¨i w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| Jcwb‡ewkK
kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q ¯^vaxbZv jvf Ki‡jI †MvôxMZ cv_©K¨ wewfbœ †¶‡ÎB cwijw¶Z nq|
d‡j RvZxq HK¨ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨nZ nq| AvÂwjK I m¤úÖ`vwqKZvi welev¯ú RvZxq msnwZi
cÖwZ P¨v‡jÄ n‡q †`Lv †`q| GKvZ¥Zvi msK‡Ui d‡j miKvi‡K bvbvwea Amyweavi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z nq|
wk¶vi Afve
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z wk¶vi nvi LyeB Kg| G mKj †`‡ki mgvRe¨e¯’v wewfbœ Kzms¯‹v‡i
RR©wiZ| wk¶vi Afv‡e Zviv Zv‡`i bvMwiKZv‡eva I RvZxq †PZbv‡eva m¤^‡Ü h‡_ô Ávb jvf Awk¶v bvMwiK‡`i
g‡a¨ msKxY©Zv I
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Awk¶vi Kvi‡YB cðvrc` mgvR e¨e¯’vq msKxY© `„wófw½, ¶gZvi †gvn, A‡_©i
¶z`ª gvbwmKZvi
†jvf, e¨w³¯^v_©, DMÖ agx©q wPšÍv-fvebv weivR K‡i| D`vi †PZbv‡ev‡ai Afv‡e wewfbœ agx©q Rb¥ †`q
m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ mnAe¯’vb A‡bK mg‡qB m¤¢eci n‡q D‡V bv| Awk¶v bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨
msKxY©Zv I ¶z`ª gvbwmKZvi Rb¥ †`q| Gi d‡j RvZxq msnwZi †¶‡Î HK¨e× wPš—v-‡PZbv
cÖvqkB aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wb:m‡›`‡n GK_v ejv hvq †h, Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z wk¶vi
Afve msnwZi c‡_ GKwU eo evav wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
†bZ…‡Z¡i Afve
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv †h mg¯Í ¸Yvejxi gva¨‡g msnwZ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i †bZ…Z¡ Zvi g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg| RvZxq HK¨ I msnwZi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i| RvwZ MV‡b †bZ…‡Z¡i f‚wgKv
Acwimxg| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›`i `vwqZ¡nxb AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y RvZxq
msnwZ mvab evavMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o| †bZ…e„‡›`i e¨w³Z¡ I Av`‡k©i g‡a¨ m„RbkxjZvi Afve
cwijw¶Z nq| Avi G Kvi‡YB GwjU I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ myôz †hvMv‡hvM I mg‡SvZv M‡o I‡Vwb|
msnwZi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb fvimvg¨ c~Y© AvÂwjK Dbœqb| my‡hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ e¨ZxZ GKwU †`‡ki Av_©-
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb Am¤¢e e¨vcvi| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †bZ…e„›` weP¶YZvi mv‡_ †`k
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡j ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I RvZxq mswnZ AR©b mnR n‡e|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-121
 GmGmGBPGj

mvgvwRK b¨vq wePvi, mvg¨, AvB‡bi kvmb ˆbwZKZv cÖf…wZ g~j‡eva I Av`k© RvZxq msnwZi
RvZxq msnwZi R‡b¨ LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq|Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †bZ…e„›` ivóª KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ G mKj Av`k©
R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| G e¨_©Zv I wech©q RvZxq msnwZi c‡¶ euvav ¯^iƒc| RvZxq msnwZi
ivR‰bwZK R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi myôz weKvk| j¶¨Yxq †h, 1958 mvj †_‡K cvwK¯Ív‡b
cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi myôz Ges 1975 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k †ek K‡qKevi mvgwiK n¯Í‡¶‡ci Kvi‡Y GmKj †`‡k
weKvk ivR‰bwZK msMVb I RvZxq msnwZi c_ myMg n‡q IV‡Z cv‡iwb|

mvgwiK evwnbx:
Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ †`‡k mvgwiK evwnbxi n¯Í‡¶c Ges ¶gZv `L‡ji
cÖeYZv ivóªweÁvbx‡`i cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| mvgwiK evwnbxi ¶gZv `L‡ji
d‡j eû`jxq kvmbe¨e¯’vi wejywß N‡U Ges GKbvqKZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| ¶gZv `L‡ji d‡j
MYZš¿ I e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv webó nq| mvgwiK n¯Í‡¶‡ci Kvi‡Y evK¯^vaxbZv, ivR‰bwZK
¯^vaxbZv I msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ nq Ges AeavwiZfv‡e cZb N‡U
MYZ‡š¿i| †`Lv †`q mvsweavwbK msKU Ges e„w× cvq cÖkvmwbK RwUjZv| mvgwiK kvmb webó
K‡i A_©‰bwZK fvimvg¨| Gi d‡j ¶zYœ nq bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi| mvgwiK evwnbxi
n¯Í‡¶c Gfv‡e Dbœqbkxj †`‡k RvZxq msnwZi AšÍivq m„wó K‡i|

mviK_v:
we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj RvwZ¸‡jv RvZxq msnwZi mgm¨vq wbgw¾Z| RvZxq msnwZ miKv‡ii †mB
¶gZv‡K eySvq hvi mvnv‡h¨ iv‡óªi hveZxq msMV‡bi Dci KZ©„Z¡ Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| msnwZ mg¯Í
AvÂwjK I msKxY© `„wóf½x `~ixf‚Z K‡i RvZxq †PZbvi weKvk mvab K‡i| mKj DcRvZx
†Mvôx‡K GKwU RvZxq m¤úÖ`v‡qi AšÍfz©³ Kivi bvg RvZxq msnwZ| MYZvwš¿K I ivR‰bwZK
K…wói myôz weKvk Ges weP¶Y †bZ…Z¡ RvZxq msnwZ jv‡fi †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-122

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|

1. ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î RvZxq msnwZi K_v †K e‡j‡Qb?

K. GWIqvW© kxjm
L. evBÛvi
M. GjgÛ
N. †Kvjg¨vb|

2. ¯^vaxbZvi jvf Kivi †P‡q KwVb KvR †KvbwU ?

K. †`‡ki Dbœqb
L. RvwZ MVb
M. ¶gZv we‡K›`ªxKiY
N. cÖkvmwbK Dbœqb|

3. RvZxq msnwZi Rb¨ wK cÖ‡qvRb?

K. ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi myôz weKvk
L. ivR‰bwZK `j MVb
M. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
N. mylg e›Ub|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:

1. RvZxq msnwZ ej‡Z wK eySvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. RvZxq msnwZi †¶‡Î cÖavb cÖavb mgm¨vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. L, 3. K|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-123
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV-5 wecøe I ms¯‹vi

Revolution and Reformation

D‡Ïk¨:
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

wecøe m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wecøe m¤ú‡K© gvK©mxq `„wóf½x e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ms¯‹v‡ii msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

wecøe I ms¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wecøe n‡jv mvgvwRK I ivóª
KvVv‡gvi †gŠwjK cwieZ©b
e¨vcKfv‡e
RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY m¤ú~b©fv‡e wfbœ agx miKvi e¨e¯’v M‡o Zz‡j Zv‡K wecøe ejv nq| e¨vcKfv‡e RbM‡Yi
I n¯Í‡¶c wecø‡ei AskMÖnY I n¯Í‡¶c wecø‡ei g~j welq| †Kvb wecøe KZ eo Zv wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e Rbmvavi‡Yi
g~j welq
wecøe
wecøe I ms¯‹v‡ii ga¨w`‡q we‡k¦i BwZnv‡mi AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e wecøe ej‡Z
mwnsm c‡_ GK`j KZ©„K Aci`j kvm‡Ki cwieZ©b eySvq| mgvRZ‡š¿i cÖe³v, `vk©wbK
Kvj©gvK©m wecøe‡K BwZnv‡mi wbqš¿v wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| mgvRweÁvbx G‡½jm D‡jøL
K‡ib, wecøe nj Ggb GKUv nvwZqvi hvi mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb cyi‡bv ivR‰bwZK a¨vb
aviYv¸‡jv‡K P‚Y©-weP‚Y© K‡i †`q| †jwbb wecøe‡K †kvwlZ Avi wbcxwoZ‡`i g‡nvrme e‡j
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †jwb‡bi K_vq cyi‡bv mgvR e¨e¯’v †f‡½ bZzb mgvR cÖwZôv Kivi A_© n‡”Q
wecøe| gvI‡mZzs Gi fvlvq -ey‡R©vqv mgvR KvVv‡gv D‡”Q` K‡i †kvlYnxb mgvR cÖwZôv Kivi
bvg n‡”Q wecøe| gvK©mev`x‡`i g‡Z, wecøe ej‡Z ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖPwjZ ivóªe¨e¯’v Ges
I kvmK‡kªYxi DrLvZ Ges Av_© mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi †gŠwjK cwieZ©b‡K eySvq| gvKmx©‡`i g‡Z
Drcv`b m¤úK© I e›Ub e¨e¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©bB nj wecøe| Avmj K_v n‡jv wecøe GKwU
cÖMwZkxj bZzb mgvR e¨e¯’vq DËiY NUvq|
Gm wc nvw›UsU‡bi g‡Z- wecøe n‡”Q †Kvb mgv‡Ri cÖavb cÖavb g~j¨‡eva I wek¦v‡mi †¶‡Î Gi
mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, †bZv I miKvwi Kvh©Kjvc Ges bxwZ mg~‡ni †gŠwjK I
Af¨šÍixY cwieZ©b| (A Revolution is a rapid fundamental and violent domestic
change in the dominant values and myth of society, in its political institution,
social Structure, leadership and Government activities and policies')
gyjZ wecøe n‡jv mvgvwRK I ivóª KvVv‡gvi †gŠwjK cwieZ©b| wecø‡ei D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ `„óvšÍ
wn‡m‡e Avgiv 1688 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠiegq wecøe, 1789 mv‡ji divmx wecøe, 1917 mv‡ji
iyk mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe, 1949 mv‡j Px‡bi wecø‡ei K_v Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi| nvw›UsUb D‡jøL
K‡ib †h, wecøe‡K Aek¨B †h †Kvb iKg MYAv‡›`vjb, we‡`ªvn, Afz¨Ìvb, A_ev ¯^vaxbZv hy×
†_‡K c„_K K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| KviY G¸‡jv mgvR KvVv‡gvi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡i bv| G A‡_©
we‡k¦ wecøe Lye KgB msNwUZ n‡q‡Q|
AZx‡Zi eo eo mf¨Zv †hgb- wgki, cvim¨, e¨vwejb, fviZ, Pxb, MÖxm I †ivg G¸‡jvi
eskMZ cwieZ©b Ges we‡`ªv‡ni AwfÁZv _vK‡jI †KvbwUB wecøe mv`„k¨ bq| cÖvPxb
mvgªvR¨¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ †Mv‡Îi DÌvb-cZb msNwUZ n‡jI Zv‡K wecøe ejv hvq bv| G cÖm‡½
G¨v‡i›U nvbœv e‡jb †h, †hLv‡b mwnsmZvi d‡j GKwU bZzb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖwZwôZ nq Ges
AskMÖn‡Yi ZxeªZvi Øviv| wecøe Ggb †Kvb wKQy bq hv †Kvb mgv‡R †h †Kvb mg‡q msNwUZ
n‡Z cv‡i| wecø‡ei R‡b¨ AbyK‚j cwi‡ek Avek¨K| hLb ivRbxwZ‡Z bZzb bZzb †Mvôxi
AskMÖn‡Yi PzovšÍ we‡ùviY N‡U, ZLb wecø‡ei m„wó nq| gvbe BwZnv‡m wecøe msNwUZ nIqvi
`„óvšÍ Lye Kg|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-124

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gvK©mxq `„wó†KvY †_‡K wecøe:

gvK©mev`xMY HwZnvwmK e¯Íyev‡`i wfwˇZ wecø‡ei e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| mgv‡Ri ˆelwqK Drcv`vb
cÖYvjxi g‡a¨B †h ؇›Øi exR wbwnZ ZviB Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ nj mgvR wecøe| mgv‡Ri
Af¨šÍixY Ges evwn¨K we‡iv‡ai d‡j ˆecøweK cÖwµqv RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i| mvgvwRK
wecø‡ei g~j Drm nj mgv‡Ri Af¨šÍixY ci¯úi we‡ivax †kªYxmg~‡ni Ø›Ø, bZzb Drcvw`Kv kw³
I mv‡eKx Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i we‡iva| GB we‡iva †kªYx msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g cÖwZdwjZ nq| †Kvb
†Kvb †kªYx mbvZb Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© Ges Zvi Dci cÖwZwôZ mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wUwK‡q
ivLvi †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ wecøex kw³ Zv aŸsm Kivi R‡b¨ msMÖvg K‡i| wecøex †kªYx cyi‡bv
ivóª¶gZvi D‡”Q` NUvq, mv‡eK ivR‰bwZK Dcwi KvVv‡gv aŸsm K‡i bZzb ai‡bi ivóª¶gZv
Ges bZzb Drcv`b m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡j|
mKj mvgvwRK ؇›Øi g~j Ø›Ø nj Drcvw`Kv kw³ I Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i Ø›Ø| G we‡iv‡ai d‡j mKj mvgvwRK
Drcv`b cÖYvjx Avi GK Drcv`b cÖYvjx‡Z, GK mgvR †_‡K Avi GK mgv‡R DËiY N‡U| ؇›Øi g~j Ø›Ø nj
bZzb Drcvw`Z kw³ I cyi‡bv Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i we‡iva hLb Pi‡g †cuŠQvq ZLb mgvR wecø‡ei Drcvw`Kv kw³ I
A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` cÖ¯‘Z nq| bZzb Drcvw`Kv kw³ Ges cyi‡bv Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i Awbevh© Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i
we‡iv‡ai d‡j cyivZb mgvR aŸsm n‡q bZzb mgvR Rb¥jvf K‡i| mvgvwRK wecø‡ei gva¨‡gB Ø›Ø
gvbe mgvR Drcv`b cÖYvjxi wbæ ch©vq †_‡K D”P ch©v‡q DcbxZ n‡q‡Q|
ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi †Kvb we‡ùviY bv NU‡j †Kvb wecøe msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †h mKj
mgv‡R wKQy cwigvY mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Ges Rxeb hvÎv RwUj n‡q
c‡o‡Q; †m mKj mgv‡R wnsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjv‡ci b¨vq wecøe msNwUZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
wecø‡ei d‡j cÖPwjZ ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv `ªyZ e¨vcKfv‡e †f‡½ c‡o| bZzb bZzb mvgvwRK
†Mvôx¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqvq Zrci n‡q D‡V Ges bZzb ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb c‡o †Zv‡j|
cyi‡bv Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i we‡jvc mvab Ges bZzb Drcvw`Kv kw³i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© m¤úK©
¯’vcbB gvK©mxq wecø‡ei j¶¨|
ˆecøweK cwiw¯’wZ _vK‡jB wecøe msNwUZ nq bv| Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ˆecøweK Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ
MwVZ ˆecøweK †kªYx, `j I msMVb| ˆecøweK cwiw¯’wZ, wecøex †kªYx I msMV‡bi H‡K¨i
gva¨‡gB wecøe mdj n‡Z cv‡i| mvgvwRK wecø‡e †kvwlZ I wbcxwoZ †kªYxB mwµq f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i| ZvivB wecø‡ei PvwjKv kw³| wecøe i³¶qx wnsmvZ¥K ev kvwšÍc~Y© c‡_ n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e gvKm©ev`xMY ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi Øvw›ØK m¤ú‡K© wek¦vmx|
GK_v mZ¨ †h, ¯^Z:ù‚Z©fv‡e KL‡bv wecøe nq bv| wecø‡ei R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb PvwjKv kw³| †h ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e
mKj †Mvôx I †kªYx wecøe mvab K‡i ZvivB wecø‡ei PvwjKv kw³| wecø‡ei †¶‡Î wecøex PvwjKv KL‡bv wecøe nq
kw³i ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| kvmK‡kªYx ivóª¶gZvi gva¨‡g wecøe cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Póv K‡i| kvmK †kªYx bv| wecø‡ei R‡b¨
†¯^”Qvq ivóª¶gZv cwiZ¨vM K‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y †h †Kvb wecø‡eB ivóª¶gZvi cÖkœUv eo n‡q †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb PvwjK
†`q| wecø‡ei gva¨‡g w¯’i nq †Kvb †kªYx ivóª¶gZv `Lj K‡i KZ©„Z¡ jvf Ki‡e| gvK©mxq ZË¡ kw³|
wecøe‡K msKxY© A‡_© e¨vL¨v K‡i bv| gvK©mev`xMY wecøe ej‡Z Ggb GKwU HwZnvwmK
cÖwµqv‡K eySvb hvi gva¨‡g cyi‡bv mgvR aŸsm nq, M‡o D‡V GK bZzb mgvR| ˆecøweK cÖwµqv
mgv‡Ri Avg~j cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| Zv‡`i cÖavb j¶¨ nj †kvlYgy³ mgvR MVb Kiv|
ms¯‹vi
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A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ weavb Kiv nq| mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Û RbMY e¨vcKfv‡e
AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| (Reform means a change in the direction of greater social,
BDwbU-7 c„ôv-125
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economic or political regulatory, a broadening of participation in the society and

polity.)
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mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Ø›Ø `~ixKi‡Yi †Póv K‡i| ms¯‹vi mgvR e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i mgv‡Ri
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mviK_vt
wecøe I ms¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡qB wek¦e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wecøe GKwU
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wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-126

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. wecøe‡K †kvwlZ Avi wbcxwoZ‡`i g‡nvrme e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †K?
K. Kvj©gvK©m
L. †jwbb
M. G‡½jm
N. gvI‡mZzs|

2. divwm wecøe msNwUZ n‡qwQj KZ mv‡j?

K. 1688
L. 1789
M. 1917
N. 1949|

3. wecøe‡K BwZnv‡mi wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †K?

K. ÷vwjb
L. †jwbb
M. KvjgvK©m
N. †nvwPwgb|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. wecø‡ei msÁv w`b|
2. wecøe I ms¯‹v‡ii Zzjbv Kiyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. gvK©mxq `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K wecø‡ei e¨vL¨v Kiyb|

DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. L, 3. M|

mnvqK MÖš’:
1. W. GgG Iqv`y` f‚uBqv, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b I ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi iƒc‡iLv
2. Hanna Aren’t, On Revolution, Viking press 1963

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-127