2012 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT)

Highly Spectrally Efficient Ngara Rural Wireless

Broadband Access Demonstrator
Hajime Suzuki, Rodney Kendall, Kevin Anderson, Alex Grancea, David Humphrey,
Joseph Pathikulangara, Keith Bengston, John Matthews, and Craig Russell
CSIRO ICT Centre
PO Box 76, Epping NSW Australia
Email: hajime.suzuki@csiro.au

Abstract—The cost of building high data rate (≈100 Mb/s
per user) wireless internet access networks in rural areas can
be significantly reduced by minimizing the number of access
points to be deployed, each covering a larger area with a
larger user capacity. Given that the available spectrum is limited
even in rural areas especially at a lower frequency (VHF and
UHF), which typically has an advantage of efficiently covering a
larger area, the spectral efficiency of the access system needs
to be improved many times over that currently feasible by
commercially available technologies. We have developed a new
technology suitable for wireless internet access in rural areas that
achieved a spectral efficiency of 67 bits/s/Hz, which is believed
to be the highest reported in the literature, on a practical low-
cost hardware. This paper describes the highly spectrally efficient
Ngara Rural Wireless Broadband Access Demonstrator.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Providing inexpensive high data rate internet access to
the homes, offices and institutions in rural and remote areas
presents many challenges. User terminals (UTs) are scat-
tered over large geographic areas (e.g. tens of residences per
100 km2 ), and the cost of deploying a wired network is con-
sidered to be prohibitive. Alternatively, wireless technologies
are expected to reduce the cost [1]. Terrestrial fixed wireless
multiple access has been previously considered for rural areas,
by using standardized wireless technologies, such as wireless
local loop (WLL) [2] and wireless regional area network
(WRAN) [3]. However, the spectrum efficiency achieved by
the standard technologies in rural areas is typically limited
to less than 6 bits/s/Hz/cell. Hence either a broad frequency
spectrum or a large number of base stations would be required
in order to simultaneously provide high data rates to every user
within a cell.
In addition, the frequencies suitable for fixed terrestrial
wireless access (i.e. VHF and UHF bands) are typically in
high demand for various services, and their availability may
be limited. The system capacity of a wireless network can
be increased by deploying more access points (APs) each
covering a smaller geographic area and catering to a smaller
number of UTs, but the cost of deploying such a network will
increase. Hence, the spectrum efficiency of an AP needs to be
improved by an order of magnitude in order to provide high
data rate links, e.g. 12 Mbit/s and above, simultaneously to
many users, e.g. 10 to 100 users, connected to an AP.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organi-
sation (CSIRO) proposed the use of multi-user multiple-input
multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(MU-MIMO-OFDM) for increasing the spectrum efficiency of
fixed wireless multiple access systems in rural areas [4], [5].
With the proposed method, the AP is equipped with multiple
antennas while UTs are each equipped with a single antenna.
The use of a uniform circular array at the AP, a low-complexity
zero-forcing (ZF) precoding based downlink and ZF receiver
based uplink, a simple user grouping method to avoid ill-
conditioned channels, and time and frequency synchroniza-
tion among UTs provided by the use of global positioning
system (GPS) receivers at the AP and UTs are proposed.
The proposal of using MU-MIMO-OFDM to improve the
spectrum efficiency is not new (one of the earliest proposal
was made in 1999 [6]), however, the latter two methods
are the new contribution by CSIRO. It has been shown by
simulation that the spectrum efficiency of both the uplink and
downlink can be improved linearly as a function of the number
of antenna elements at the AP, without increasing the total
transmitting power [4]. We note that this is possible without
so called “multipath rich” environment, due to the large spatial
separation of the UT antennas.
While the use of MU-MIMO has been incorporated in
the latest wireless standards, such as Long Term Evolution
Advanced (LTE-A) [7], very few implementation works have
been so far reported in the literature. Up to only two user
MU-MIMO in a realistic environment had been previously
demonstrated [8]. CSIRO has developed two hardware demon-
strators suitable for performing MU-MIMO-OFDM in rural
environments. The first demonstrator, termed the 1st Stage
Ngara1 Access Demonstrator, is capable of six user MU-
MIMO-OFDM, with each user supporting 12 Mb/s uplink and
12 Mb/s downlink PHY data rates using 7 MHz frequency
bandwidth. In December 2010, the capability of the 1st Stage
Ngara Access Demonstrator was tested in an actual rural envi-
ronment performing six user simultaneous video streaming on
the uplink demonstrating virtually error free transmission and
achieving 20 bits/s/Hz spectrum efficiency [9]. In March 2011,
CSIRO demonstrated six user MU-MIMO-OFDM downlink
1 Ngara is a word of the Aboriginal Darug people meaning to listen, hear
and think.

978-1-4673-1157-1/12/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE 914


UT Unit
User PC
AP Unit
UT Unit
User PC
Fig. 1: Overview of Ngara Access Demonstrator.
Fig. 2: Ngara Access Hardware Demonstrator.
over a short range (up to 180 m) at the CSIRO Radiophysics
Laboratory in Marsfield, Sydney, using the 1st Stage Ngara
Access Demonstrator [9].
Having confirmed that the combination of the proposed
techniques was able to achieve the high spectral efficiency
as predicted, the CSIRO proceeded to develop the 2nd Stage
Ngara Access Demonstrator, capable of twelve or more user
MU-MIMO-OFDM, with each user supporting 50 Mb/s up-
link and 50 Mb/s downlink PHY data rates using 28 MHz
frequency bandwidth. At the time of writing, the 2nd Stage
Ngara Access Demonstrator has achieved 18 user MU-MIMO-
OFDM uplink and downlink using off-line signal processing
and 14 user MU-MIMO-OFDM uplink using real-time signal
processing in a laboratory environment. This paper describes
915
UT Unit
User PC
UT Unit
User PC
Server
IP Network
Server
Server
Server
Server
UT Unit
User PC
the details of the 2nd Stage Ngara Access Demonstrator,
herein called the Demonstrator, and the results of the last two
demonstrations.
This paper is organized as follows. The Demonstrator is
described in Section II. Section III describes our two recent
demonstrations performed by using the Demonstrator. Sec-
tion IV concludes this paper.
II. N GARA ACCESS D EMONSTRATOR
A. Overview
An overview of the Ngara Access Demonstrator is shown
in Fig. 1. The Demonstrator consists of a central AP unit and
multiple UT units. Basically, the AP unit provides internet
access to multiple UT units. The AP unit and UT units com-
municate over the air interface. A proprietary air interface has
been designed by CSIRO for the Demonstrator. Specifically,
we use frequency division duplexing (FDD) with orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and space divi-
sion multiple access (SDMA). The current air interface allows
the use of 54 different OFDMA sub-channels and up to 32
SDMA beams. The carrier frequency of the uplink, from UT to
AP, is 806 MHz and of downlink, from AP to UT, is 638 MHz.
This arrangement is chosen so that, when the Australian digital
dividend frequency (694-820 MHz) may be used in future by
bidirectional wireless communication systems, the downlink
frequency is close to that of the digital TV broadcasting, also
operating in the downlink direction.
The photos of the AP and UT units are shown in Fig. 2.
The AP units are divided into two columns of rack mountable
boxes. The left column consists of eight identical PA plus
diplexer boxes and one power supply box on the top. The
 User Terminal Processing Box
RF Assembly
UT Antenna
638MHz
LO
Diplexer 568MHz
806MHz 806MHz
RF PA
LO
876MHz
right column consists of, from top to bottom, the power supply
box, LO box, 32 channel radio up and down converter box, 36
channel ADC/DAC box, three digital signal processing (DSP)
boxes (including MAC box), and Ethernet VLAN trunking
switch.
The AP unit is equipped with multiple antennas. The
Demonstrator allows the use of up to 32 antennas. Each
UT unit is equipped with a single antenna. An extension to
use two antennas, especially using cross-polarization for rural
environments, is considered for future work.
B. UT Unit
Each UT consists of a single hardware box with all asso-
ciated electronics (radio transmitter and receiver, signal pro-
cessing and clocking, and data and programming interfaces).
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the UT data and signal
flow. The received radio signal from the antenna is first filtered
by the diplexer specifically designed for the targeted FDD
frequencies, i.e. 638 MHz and 806 MHz. The radio signal
out from the diplexer is amplified and down-converted to
IF band at 70 MHz in the radio receiver. The IF is then
digitized in the A/D converter for further processing. The
maximum resolution of ADC and DAC is 12 bits and 16 bits,
respectively. Processing includes downlink channel estimation
and correction, error correction and user data formatting. The
digital signal processing is performed by a Xilinx Virtex 6
FPGA. The output from the FPGA is users’ downlink Ethernet
packet which is passed to the Gb/s Ethernet port. The user PC
is connected via the Gb/s Ethernet port.
In the opposite direction the user uplink Ethernet packets are
encoded and modulated to the IF at 70 MHz in DSP, followed
by the D/A conversion and forwarded to the radio transmitter.
The signals is then up-converted to the RF band, amplified
in the power amplifier (PA) and routed through the diplexer
to the antenna. The signal flow within the UT radio receiver
and transmitter is described in Fig. 5 and 6, respectively.
Each UT unit is equipped with a GPS receiver that provides
accurate timing and 10 MHz frequency reference to the signal
processing modules.
Baseband Assembly
DDR3 RAM
128MB
70MHz
Receiver A/D Ethernet
Baseband Processing
Interface
FPGA V6VLX130T
VSC8221
User PC
70MHz GPS and FTDI USB2
Transmitter D/A
Clocks Interface
Received Signal
Transmitted Signal
Clock
Fig. 3: UT block diagram.
C. AP Unit
The AP hardware is substantially more complex than that of
the UT hardware. Indeed, our design principle was such that
the cost of a UT unit should be minimized in order to reduce
the total cost of the system, with a smaller number of AP units
and a significantly larger number of UT units, while allowing
marginal increase in the cost of the AP unit. As such, the
signal processing load is concentrated in the AP unit together
with the redundancy (more antennas and associated radio and
digital modules) to reduce the signal processing load.
An AP unit services up to 32 antennas with associated
receivers and transmitters. The received radio signal from the
antenna follows the similar path to the signal in the UT,
however there are up to 32 parallel channels. Fig. 4 shows
the block diagram of the AP data and signal flow. The RF
PA and diplexer section is partitioned into 8 boxes with each
box (referred as PA Box in Fig. 4) servicing four channels.
Furthermore, there are 8 receiver cards and 8 transmitter cards,
again each catering for four channels.
The RF PA plus diplexer box incorporates four RF PAs and
four diplexer filters. Each RF PA module uses a DC power
supply of +28V rated at up to 10A each and it has a gain of
+42dB. The RF diplexer has its frequencies of operation at
638MHz and 806MHz with a 0.5dB bandwidth of 14MHz. At
the center frequency, the rejection is a minimum of 70dBc.
Each diplexer can handle 15W of continuous RF power and
40W peak. The isolation between each channel is at least
100dB.
The rest of the processing (A/D, D/A, channel estimation
and correction, error correction, user data formatting etc) is
divided between four boxes: Frontend Box, two Backend
Boxes and medium access control (MAC) Box as illustrated
in Fig. 4. Main signal processing is performed by multiple
Xilinx Virtex 6 FPGAs.
The channel matrix inversion that is required for ZF pre-
coding based downlink and ZF receiver based uplink consti-
tutes one of the major parts of signal processing load. For
example, for 14 user MU-MIMO-OFDM uplink using 32
916
32 AP Antennas

4 Antennas for
8 RX Cards (8x4=32 ch) Backend Boxes
each PA box
RX Card (4 ch)
FTDI
Frontend Box FTDI
MAC Box
USB2
PA Box (4 ch) Down MAC Box
USB2 Interface
Converter
Transmitter 70MHz
Transmitter Interface FTDI
Transmitter A/D
806MHz A/D USB2
12 ch Interface
A/D
12 ch Frontend 0
Backend
876MHz 8 ch VLX240T Backend
RX
(12 ch) RX MAC
VSX315T
VSX315T VLX240T
(32 ch)
Diplexer (32 ch) (32 ch)
Diplexer
Diplexer
Diplexer Frontend 1
++ VLX240T
RF (12 ch) Matrix 10Gb
PA
RF
++PA TX Card (4 ch) Inversion
RF PA
Ethernet
RF PA VSX315T AEL1010
Up
Converter
Receiver 70MHz Frontend 2
638MHz Receiver
Receiver D/A VLX240T
12 ch D/A (8 ch) Backend
D/A
To From
12 ch TX Switch
708MHz Switch
8 ch VLX240T
+
(32 ch)
GPS and
Clocks Received Signal
8 PA Boxes (8x4=32 ch)
Transmitted Signal
8 TX Cards (8x4=32 ch)
Clock Distribution Box Clock

Fig. 4: AP block diagram.

Receiver

Low Noise Amplifier Gain Block Gain Block Gain Block Gain Block
Variable Attenuator 638MHz BP Filter 90MHz LP Filter 70MHz SAW Filter Variable Attenuator
638MHz Mixer 70MHz
RF Input IF Output
20dB 20dB 20dB 20dB 20dB
0 to -40dB -2dB -2dB -12dB 0 to -40dB
-6dB

Gain Block

568MHz
LO Input
20dB

Fig. 5: Radio receiver block diagram (UT).

Transmitter

Gain Block Gain Block

806MHz LP Filter Variable Attenuator 806MHz BP Filter 70MHz SAW Filter 70MHz SAW Filter
806MHz Mixer 70MHz
RF Output IF Input
20dB 20dB
-2dB 0 to -40dB -12dB -12dB
-2dB -6dB

Gain Block

876MHz
LO Input
20dB

Fig. 6: Radio transmitter block diagram (UT).

917
channel AP (implemented in our Demonstrator as described
in Section III-B), 3,456 14×32 channel matrices need to be
inverted every 50 ms. We have developed an efficient and
accurate channel inversion algorithm to achieve this by using
only one Xilinx Virtex 6 FPGA. Other major signal processing
loads include matrix multiplication, which is required for
every symbols, and handling the vast channel estimation data.
We note that more computationally complex but theoreti-
cally superior methods, such as minimum mean square error
(MMSE) based methods, can be implemented. However, our
design approach was to operate at higher signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) domain achieving high spectrum efficiency, and as such
computationally efficient ZF based methods are chosen for our
implementation.
The total of 32 channel A/D or D/A samples are distributed
to three frontend FPGAs, with the ratio of 12 channels, 12
channels, and 8 channels as shown in Fig. 4. The conversion
of the 32 channel time domain and frequency domain signals
is performed by the frontend FPGAs. The conversion of infor-
mation binary bit and frequency domain signals is performed
by the backend RX and Tx FPGAs.
USB2 is used for configuring the FPGAs and for command
and control functions. The USBs from each FPGA are con-
nected to a USB hub so that the controlling PC can connect to
all the FPGAs with a single USB cable. The PPS signal from
the GPS and 40 MHz sample clock (which is frequency locked
to the GPS clock) are distributed to all FPGAs. The GPS is
connected to frontend FPGA 2, which also controls the tunable
oscillator which is frequency locked to the GPS. In order to
support the state-of-the-art low density parity check (LDPC)
decoding for forward error correction (FEC) for multiple of
bit streams, two backend RX FPGAs are used.
The MAC Box supports 10 Gb/s Ethernet port, which is
connected to an Ethernet virtual local area network (VLAN)
trunking switch (not shown in Fig. 4, but shown in Fig. 7).
D. MAC Design
In addition to FDD, OFDMA, and SDMA, the Ngara Access
air interface uses statically divided time frames (TF) to provide
the MAC with dedicated, full duplex client data streams. As
a proof-of-concept hardware demonstrator, MAC layer access
control functionality for a shared radio medium has not been
implemented. Fig. 7 shows the MAC design flow diagram
of the Demonstrator. The Ethernet VLAN trunking switch
supports multiple of 1 Gb/s Ethernet ports. From a network
architecture viewpoint, the AP’s 1 Gb/s Ethernet ports can
be thought of as providing dedicated layer 2 connections to
each UT; as shown in Fig. 7. This design provides for flexible
multicast, quality of service (QoS) and UT data privacy since
these can all be implemented by standard Ethernet switches
located on the AP network.
Inside the AP, the Ethernet VLAN trunking switch is
connected to the MAC Box via single 10 Gb/s Ethernet port.
The switch adds a Q tag, identifying the UT destination, to
downlink Ethernet frames before passing them to the MAC
Box over its trunking interface. The MAC Box performs the
918
1GbE AP UT 1 1GbE
Ethernet MAC PHY
VLAN stream 1
trunking 10GbE box Radio
1GbE switch 1GbE
PHY UT n
stream n
Fig. 7: MAC design flow diagram.
MAC layer framing functionality for the AP by forming 50 ms
TFs from Ethernet frames plus padding. The MAC Box is
fitted with a PCA containing a Xilinx VLX240T FPGA along
with DDR3 SDRAM, 10GBASE-LR interface and fiber-optic
transceivers for the communication links to the AP air inter-
face. SDRAM was necessary to provide 64 Kbyte downlink
FIFO buffers for each of 32 PHY data streams. The fiber-optic
cables provided sufficient throughput for 32 dedicated PHY
data streams; with each stream using an average of 48 Mb/s
for downlink and 41 Mb/s for uplink.
The UT MAC was designed for minimal utilization of the
single Xilinx LX130 FPGA which it shares with the UT air
interface. Its primary role, in the downlink direction, is to re-
assemble the original Ethernet frame data that was passed to
the UT’s dedicated 1 Gb/s Ethernet port on the AP’s Ethernet
VLAN trunking switch. A short header consisting of payload
length, padding indicator and CRC was pre-pended to each
Ethernet frame by the AP MAC Box. This is used by the UT
MAC to re-assemble the Ethernet frames and filter out the
padding. For the uplink, the UT MAC included a 48 Kbyte
BRAM FIFO to buffer client data during air interface overhead
time (including channel feedback time) in the uplink TF.
QoS can be implemented using a Cisco Catalyst 3560 switch
placed on the AP Ethernet network for the downlink and Cisco
Catalyst 2960 switches placed on each UT Ethernet network
for the uplink. These can be configured with low latency
queuing (LLQ) and Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing
(CBWFQ) to guarantee low latency for an interactive voice
and video class and a minimum bandwidth for a streaming
video class.
III. N GARA ACCESS D EMONSTRATION
The capability of the Demonstrator was tested in a labora-
tory environment. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate
high level performance of the Demonstrator. Detailed analysis
on the performance of the Demonstrator in various environ-
ments is left as a future work. Some analytical results based
on computer simulation can be found in [4]. UT units were
located uniformly in two sides of a rectangular room while the
AP was located in the center. 32 vertically polarized folded
dipole antennas constitutes a uniform circular antenna array,
with an element separation of approximately 0.4 wave length.
A. 18 UT SDMA Uplink and Downlink
For this test, wireless OFDM packet signal waveform,
generated by MATLAB, is loaded on each of 18 UT units and
all UT units transmit at the same time. The transmission is re-
synchronized every one second (using GPS pulse per second,
PPS, signal). The length of one wireless packet is 155 OFDM
(with GI) symbol duration, which is slightly less than 50 ms.
The number of information bits (including service and pad
bits) sent and decoded successfully is 2,059,004 bits per UT
unit. (6 bit per QAM symbol, 5/6 FEC rate, 62 data sub-
carriers per sub-channel, 54 sub-channel per OFDM symbol
= 16,740 information bits per OFDM symbol, and 123 data
OFDM symbols minus 16 bits for initializing scrambler).
A simple zero-forcing based MIMO-OFDM equalization can
reconstruct 64QAM constellation transmitted from each UT.
Mean effective SNR (SNR after ZF) was measured to be
30 dB. After LDPC code decoding, wireless packets from all
eighteen UT are received with zero errors.
Similarly, the downlink was performed as follows: the
1st wireless downlink packet signal waveform, generated by
MATLAB, is loaded on to AP DAC. AP periodically sends the
1st wireless downlink packet while ADC samples are collected
manually at UT units. (Note that in this case, UT units did
not receive the downlink packets at the same time, but with
time gaps of up to several minutes. The radio propagation
channel needed to be substantially stationary over this period.
In practice, with real-time implementation, the time between
the downlink channel is estimated and the pre-coded downlink
packet based on the estimated downlink channel is sent and
received is less than 200 ms.) The ADC samples from 18 UTs
are then processed to estimate the downlink channel. The 2nd
wireless downlink packet is then generated by MATLAB and
loaded on to AP DAC, while UT units then capture the ADC
samples corresponding to the 2nd wireless downlink packets.
2nd wireless downlink packets captured at each UT is then
processed for decoding of the information bits to measure the
number of error bits. In order to minimize the effect of moving
objects such as Laboratory staffs on temporal variation of the
channel, the experiment was conducted during the night. UT
PC software were controlled remotely via wireless LAN. No
personnel was present at the time of experiment inside the
room.
The number of information bits sent and decoded suc-
cessfully is 2,410,544 bits per UT unit. (16,740 information
bits per OFDM symbol and 144 data OFDM symbols). A
simple zero-forcing based MIMO-OFDM pre-coding method
can remove the other-user-interference at each UT, enabling to
produce 64QAM constellation transmitted to each UT. Mean
effective SNR was measured to be 29 dB. After LDPC code
decoding, wireless packets for all eighteen UT are received
with zero errors. The spectrum efficiency of this demonstration
is 67.26 bits/s/Hz (18 simultaneous users, 16,740 information
bits per OFDM symbol within 320μs and 14 MHz bandwidth),
which we believe is the world highest spectrum efficiency of
any known wireless system. (The previous highest spectrum
efficiency record that authors are aware of was that by NTT
DoCoMo achieving 50 bits/s/Hz [10].)
B. 14 UT Simultaneous Video Streaming
For this test, 14 UT units are each connected to a NetBook
or a video streamer via Ethernet cable. The source of the
919
streamed video is a DVD quality MPEG2 file. The total
Ethernet throughput per UT was approximately 25 Mb/s. We
note that this does not utilize the full capacity of UT, which is
41.18 Mb/s. Each UT unit then converts the Ethernet packet
into uplink wireless packets and sends them to AP. AP decodes
the wireless packets and pass the Ethernet packets to Ethernet
switch via 10 Gb/s Ethernet port. The total Ethernet throughput
of the AP is approximately 350 Mb/s. Fourteen MacBooks are
connected to the Ethernet switch. Each MacBook displays four
streamed videos. Quality of the video displayed indicated close
to zero error transmissions of the system.
IV. C ONCLUSIONS
The development of the 2nd Stage Ngara Access Demon-
strator continues to complete symmetric 50 Mb/s uplink and
downlink for at least 12 simultaneous users. Further develop-
ment in the area of practical user admission control, dynamic
resource allocation, and multi-cell operation is planned as
future work.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Frank Ceccato, Carl Holmesby, Ivan Ke-
kic, and Juan Tello for their electrical and mechanical support
to develop the Demonstrator. The firmware development sup-
port by David Moreland and Arrayware is also acknowledged.
Scientific spectrum licence to operate the Demonstrator in
Marsfield, Sydney, was supported by the Australian Commu-
nications and Media Authority. This project was supported by
the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. The authors thank
the reviewers for their comments to improve this paper.
R EFERENCES
[1] S. M. Mishra, J. Hwang, D. Fillipini, T. Du, R. Moazzami, and L. Sub-
ramanian, “Economic analysis of networking technologies for rural
developing regions,” 1st Workshop on Internet and Network Economics,
May 2005.
[2] S. Nedevschi, S. Surana, B. Du, R. Patra, E. Brewer, and V. Stan, “Poten-
tial of cdma450 for rural network connectivity,” IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 128–135, January 2007.
[3] Y.-C. Liang, A. T. Hoang, and H.-H. Chen, “Cognitive radio on tv bands:
A new approach to provide wireless connectivity for rural areas,” IEEE
Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 16–22, June 2008.
[4] H. Suzuki, I. B. Collings, D. Hayman, J. Pathikulangara, Z. Chen, and
R. Kendall, “Large-scale multiple antenna fixed wireless systems for
rural areas,” Accepted at IEEE PIMRC, September 2012.
[5] H. Suzuki, J. Pathikulangara, and D. Humphrey, “Solving user-symbol
specific phase offset problem for multiuser MIMO-OFDM fixed uplink,”
IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 2011, December 2011.
[6] P. Vandenameele, S. Thoen, M. Engels, and H. D. Man, “A combined
OFDM/SDMA approach for WLAN,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Con-
ference, May 1999.
[7] A. Ghosh, R. Ratasuk, B. Mondal, N. Mangalvedhe, and T. Thomas,
“LTE-advanced: Next-generation wireless broadband technology,” IEEE
Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, June 2010.
[8] Nortel, “Nortel technology demo - Long term evolution wireless access,”
available online, 2007.
[9] I. B. Collings, H. Suzuki, and D. Robertson, “Ngara broadband access
system for rural and regional areas,” Telecommunication Journal of
Australia, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 14.1–14.15, 2012.
[10] H. Taoka and K. Higuchi, “Field experiments on 5-Gbit/s ultra-high-
speed packet transmission using MIMO multiplexing in broadband
packet radio access,” NTT DoCoMo Technical Journal, vol. 9, no. 2,
pp. 25–31, September 2007.