Dw™¢`weÁvb

‰kevj I QÎvK BDwbU

(ALGAE and FUNGI) 7
f‚wgKv
‰kevj Dw™¢‡` †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K| ZvB Giv m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji mnvqZvq mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq
Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g Ges Giv ¯^‡fvRx| QÎvK Dw™¢‡` †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K bv| ZvB Giv wb‡Riv Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| Giv g„ZRxex ev ciRxex wn‡m‡e evm K‡i| G BDwb‡U ˆkevj Ges QÎv‡Ki wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© eY©bv
Kiv n‡e|

‰kevj
QÎvK

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 03 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 7.1 : ˆkev‡ji ˆewkó¨, MVb I Rbb cvV 7.5 : Agaricus
cvV 7.2 : Ulothrix Gi Avevm, MVb I Rbb cvV 7.6 : e¨envwiK- Agaricus Gi d«zU ewW
cvV 7.3 : e¨envwiK- Ulothrix Gi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW kbv³KiY
ch©‡e¶Y K‡i kbv³KiY I A¼b
cvV 7.7 : Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM
cvV 7.4 : QÎv‡Ki ˆewkó¨, MVb, Rbb I ¸iyZ¡
cvV 7.8 : jvB‡Kb : ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki mnve¯’vb

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-121
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.1 ˆkev‡ji ˆewkó¨, MVb I Rbb

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ‰kevj m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ˆkev‡ji ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ‰kev‡ji MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 ˆkev‡ji Rbb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã †ebw_K ˆkevj, wj‡_vdvBwUK ˆkevj, G‡ÛvdvBwUK ˆkevj, GwcdvBwUK
ˆkevj
‰kevj : ˆkevj mgv½‡`nx wefv‡Mi AšÍM©Z †K¬v‡ivwdj mgwš^Z GK cÖKvi cÖvPxbZg wb¤œ‡kÖwYi Dw™¢`|
ˆkev‡ji †`n _¨vjv‡mi b¨vq wKš‘ †`n‡Kv‡l †K¬v‡ivwdj _vKv‡Z Giv ¯^‡fvRx| A_©vr Av‡jv‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ges cvwb I Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi mnvqZvq Giv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i †`n‡Kv‡l Lv`¨ (kK©iv) cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z
m¶g| ˆkev‡ji †`n‡Kv‡l cÖavb iÄK c`v_© meyR e‡Y©i †K¬v‡ivwdj Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI A‡bK mgq bvbv iKg wfbœ
iÄK c`v_© w`‡q Giv Ave„Z _v‡K| H me iÄK c`v‡_©i Dci wfwË K‡i ˆkev‡ji †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv nq| ˆkev‡ji
†`n‡Kv‡l myMwVZ I ¯^Zš¿ wbDwK¬qvm, gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †Kvl A½vYy _v‡K| †cÖvK¨vwi‡qvwUK nIqvq
bxjvf-meyR ˆkevj eZ©gv‡b mvqv‡bv e¨vK‡Uwiqv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
ˆkevj KLbI GKKfv‡e, KLbI `je×fv‡e bvjv b`©gv, cyKzi, n«`, b`x, mvMi, GK K_vq c„w_exi mg¯Í Rjvk‡q
Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q G‡`i cÖvq wÎk nvRvi cÖRvwZ| emev‡mi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx G‡`i wewfbœ bvg †`qv nq| †hgb- Rjvk‡q
cvwbi wb‡P gvwU‡Z Ave× ˆkevj‡K Ô†ebw_K ˆkevjÕ ejv nq| cv_‡ii Mv‡q Rb¥v‡bv ˆkevj‡K Ôwj‡_vdvBwUK
ˆkevjÕ ejv nq| D”P‡kÖwYi Rx‡ei wUmy¨i Af¨šÍ‡i Rb¥v‡bv ˆkevj‡K ÔG‡ÛvdvBwUK ˆkevjÕ ejv nq| †h mg¯Í
ˆkevj Ab¨vb¨ D”P‡kÖwYi Dw™¢` A_ev Ab¨ ˆkev‡ji Mv‡q Rb¥vq Zv‡`i ÔGwcdvBwUK ˆkevjÕ ejv nq| m¤ú~Y©
fvmgvb GK‡Kvlx ˆkevj‡`i‡K dvB‡Uvcøv¼Ub ejv nq| ˆkev‡ji nvRvi nvRvi cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ AvKvi, AvK…wZ I
MV‡b eû cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI KwZcq †gŠwjK ˆewk‡ó¨ Giv GKB iKg| ZvB Giv ˆkevj bv‡g cwiwPZ|
‰kev‡ji ˆewkó¨ : ˆkev‡j wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewk󨸇jv †`Lv hvq-
1| Giv mevB Acy®úK|
2| Giv ¯^‡fvRx A_©vr mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3| Giv cÖK…Z‡Kvlx, GK‡Kvlx A_ev eû‡Kvlx nq| Giv mgv½‡`nx Dw™¢` A_©vr G‡`i‡K g~j, KvÛ Ges cvZvq
wef³ Kiv hvq bv|
4| G‡`i †`‡n fv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨ (cwienb wUmy¨) _v‡K bv|
5| AwaKvsk ˆkev‡ji Rbbv½ GK‡Kvlx| †Kvb †Kvb ˆkev‡ji Rbbv½ eû‡Kvlx nq| Rbbv½ eû‡Kvlx n‡j Zv
eܨv †Kv‡li ¯Íi w`‡q cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K bv|
6| G‡`i †iYy_jx (†¯úvivwÄqv) me mgq GK‡Kvlx|
7| G‡`i RvB‡MvU ¯¿xRbbv‡½ _vKv Ae¯’vq KLbI eû‡Kvlx 僇Y cwiYZ nq bv|
8| G‡`i †Kvl cÖvPxi mvaviYZ †mjy‡jvR I †cKwUb w`‡q MwVZ|
9| M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡bi c‡iI G‡`i eû‡Kvlx åƒY MwVZ nq bv|
10| mvgvb¨ e¨wZµg Qvov G‡`i mwÂZ Lv`¨ kK©iv|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-122
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
‰kev‡ji MVb : ‰kev‡ji MVb‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v- (K) evwn¨K MVb Ges (L) †Kvlxq MVb|
(K) evwn¨K MVb- Giv AvYyex¶wYK †_‡K A‡bK `xN©vKvi nq| ev`vwg ‰kevj 60 wgUvi ch©šÍ `xN© ev j¤^v nq|
†hgb- Macrocystis sp.| GK‡Kvlx ˆkevj hv‡`i d¬¨v‡Rjv _v‡K Zviv mPj, †hgb- Chlamydomonas Ges
hv‡`i d¬¨v‡Rjv _v‡K bv Zviv wbðj nq, †hgb- Chlorella| A‡bK cÖRvwZ i‡q‡Q hviv K‡jvwb K‡i _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K
K‡jvwb‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv †Kvl _v‡K, †hgb- Volvox| eû cÖRvwZ i‡q‡Q hv‡`i †`n wdjv‡g›Uvm| wdjv‡g›U
AkvLvwš^Z nq, †hgb Spirogyra, Ulothrix Avevi kvLvwš^ZI nq, †hgb- Chaetophora| A‡bK mvgyw`ªK ˆkev‡ji
†`n‡K evwn¨Kfv‡e g~j, KvÛ I cvZvi b¨vq As‡k wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb- Sargassum| †Kvb †Kvb ˆkev‡ji †`‡n
ce© ga¨ce© Dcw¯’Z, †hgb- Chara| †Kvb †Kvb ˆkev‡ji †`n j¤^v cvZvi b¨vq, †hgb- Ulva| m‡ev©cwi ˆkev‡ji
evwn¨K I Af¨šÍixY MV‡b cÖPzi cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb|

Macrocystis sp Chlamydomonas Chlorella Volvox Spirogyra

Ulothrix Chaetophora Sargassum Chara Ulva

wPÎ 7.1.1 : wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆkev‡ji evwn¨K MVb

(L) †Kvlxq MVb- me ˆkevjB cÖK…Z‡Kvlx| ˆkevj †Kv‡li MVb cÖvq D”P‡kÖwYi Dw™¢` †Kv‡li b¨vq| G‡`i †Kv‡li
evB‡i †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z Ro †Kvl cÖvPxi _v‡K| †Kvl cÖvPx‡ii †fZ‡ii w`‡K †Kvl wSjøx we`¨gvb _v‡K| †Kvl wSjøx
w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K mvB‡UvcøvRg| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g we`¨gvb _v‡K my¯úó wbDwK¬qvm, †K¬v‡ivcøv÷, gvB‡UvKwÛªqv,
cvBwib‡qW, ivB‡ev‡mvg BZ¨vw` A½vYy Ges mwÂZ Lv`¨|
‰kev‡ji Rbb : ‰kevj wZbwU cÖwµqvq Rbb Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i| †hgb- (K) A½R Rbb, (L) A‡hŠb Rbb Ges (M)
†hŠb Rbb|
(K) A½R Rbb- ‰`wnK A‡½i gva¨‡g A½R Rbb m¤úbœ nq| GwU wewfbœ Dcv‡q N‡U| h_v-
1| †Kv‡li wefvRb- GK‡Kvlx ˆkevj †Kv‡li wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g A½R Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| G cªwµqvq gvZ…‡KvlwU
`yÕfv‡M fvM nq| d‡j `ywU AcZ¨ †Kv‡li m„wó nq| c‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU AcZ¨ †Kvl GK GKwU c~Y©v½ ˆkev‡j cwiYZ
nq| †hgb- Desmids, Diatom (Navicula) BZ¨vw` ˆkev‡j G iKg N‡U|
2| LÛvqb- eû‡Kvlx ˆkev‡j wewfbœ AvNvZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y wdjv‡g›UwU †f‡½ wM‡q K‡qKwU L‡Û cwiYZ nq|
cieZ©x‡Z cÖwZwU LÛ GK GKwU c~Y©v½ ˆkev‡j cwiYZ nq| †hgb- Chara, Ulothrix BZ¨vw`|
3| wUDevi m„wó- †Kvb †Kvb ˆkev‡j gvwUi wb‡Pi As‡k wUDevi ˆZwi nq hv cieZ©x‡Z c„_K n‡q GK GKwU c~Yv©½
ˆkev‡j cwiYZ nq| †hgb- Chara BZ¨vw`|
4| Kzuwo (Budding) Drcv`b- Kzuwo Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb †Kvb ˆkev‡j bZzbfv‡e c~bv©½ ˆkevj m„wó nq| †hgb-
Protosiphon|
(L) A‡hŠb Rbb- †¯úvi Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g ˆkev‡j A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ nq| G‡`i †h †Kv‡bv GKwU A½R †Kvl
†¯úvi_wj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gme _wj‡Z GK †_‡K AmsL¨ †¯úvi ˆZwi nq| †¯úvi¸‡jv d¬¨v‡Rjvwewkó Ges
mPj n‡j Zv‡`i‡K Ry‡¯úvi ejv nq| Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv mvaviYZ 2-4 d¬¨v‡Rjvwewkó nq| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv AwaK d¬¨v‡Rjvwewkó n‡Z cv‡i| †¯úvi¸‡jv d¬¨v‡Rjvwenxb Ges wbðj n‡j Zv‡`i‡K A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-123
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
ejv nq| weiƒc cwi‡e‡k A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi PZzw`©‡K cyiy cÖvPxi ˆZwi K‡i, G‡K wnc‡bv‡¯úvi ejv nq| GQvov wKQz
ˆkev‡j A¨vKvBwbwU Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g A‡hŠb Rbb N‡U| †hgb- Pithophora, Cladophora BZ¨vw` ˆkev‡j G
iKg N‡U|
(M) †hŠb Rbb- ‰kev‡j wZb ai‡bi †hŠb Rbb nq| h_v- 1| AvB‡mvM¨vwg, 2| A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vwg Ges 3| EM¨vwg|
1| AvB‡mvM¨vwg- AvB‡mv A_©vr mgvb ev GKB ai‡bi| G‡¶‡Î GKB ai‡bi evwn¨K ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ GKwU ¯¿x M¨vwgU
(-) Ges AciwU cysM¨vwgU (+) GK‡Î wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| G ai‡bi M¨vwgU‡K AvB‡mvM¨vwgU
ejv nq|
2| A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vwg- A¨vbvB‡mv A_©vr Amg ev wfbœ AvK…wZi| G‡¶‡Î Amg AvK…wZi `yÕwU M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡bi
gva¨‡g †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ nq| G‡Z cysM¨vwgU (+),
¯¿xM¨vwgU (-) A‡c¶v AvKv‡i ¶z`ª nq| G ai‡bi
M¨vwgU‡K A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vwgU ejv nq|
3| EM¨vwg- `ywU wfbœ AvK…wZi M¨vwg‡Ui g‡a¨ wgjb N‡U
hvi eo AvK…wZiwU ¯¿x (-) wU wbðj Ges †QvU AvK…wZiwU
cys (+)| G¶‡Î ¯¿x M¨vwgUwU wbðj I cys M¨vwgUwU mPj
nq| mPj cys M¨vwgU wbðj ¯¿x M¨vwg‡Ui wbKU G‡m wgjb
NUvq| G ai‡bi †hŠb Rbb‡K EM¨vwg e‡j|
wPÎ 7.1.2 : ˆkev‡ji †hŠb Rbb

wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K ˆkev‡ji wewfbœ cÖKvi A½R I †hŠb Rb‡bi bvg wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
ˆkevj mgv½‡`nx wefv‡Mi AšÍM©Z †K¬v‡ivwdj mgwš^Z GK cÖKvi cÖvPxbZg wb¤œ‡kÖwYi Dw™¢`| ˆkev‡ji †`n
_¨vjv‡mi b¨vq wKš‘ †`n‡Kv‡l †K¬v‡ivwdj _vKv‡Z Giv me mgq ¯^‡fvRx| A_©vr Av‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ges cvwb
I Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi mnvqZvq Giv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i †`n‡Kv‡l kK©iv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z m¶g| ˆkevj KLbI
GKKfv‡e, KLbI `je×fv‡e bvjv b`©gv, cyKzi, n«`, b`x, mvMi, GK K_vq c„w_exi mg¯Í Rjvk‡q Qwo‡q
i‡q‡Q G‡`i cÖvq wÎk nvRvi cÖRvwZ| ‰kev‡ji MVb‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v- (K) evwn¨K MVb Ges
(L) †Kvlxq MVb| ‰kevj wZbwU cÖwµqvq Rbb Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i| †hgb- (K) A½R Rbb, (L) A‡hŠb Rbb Ges
(M) †hŠb Rbb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ‰kevj KqwU cÖwµqvq Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i ?
(K) 3wU (L) 4wU (M) 5wU (N) 6wU
2| ‰kev‡ji ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i. Giv ¯^‡fvRx ii. †`‡n fv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨ _v‡K iii. †iYy_jx me mgq GK‡Kvlx
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii
3| ‰kev‡ji MVb‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-124
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

cvV-7.2 Ulothrix Gi Avevm, MVb I Rbb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Ulothrix ‰kev‡ji †kÖwYweb¨vm ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ulothrix Gi Avevm¯’j D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ulothrix Gi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ulothrix Gi Rbb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã Ry‡¯úvi, A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi, AvB‡mvM¨vgvm, Haplontic
Ulothrix Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm : wefvM- Chlorophyta, †kÖYx- Chlorophyceae, eM©- Ulotrichales, cwievi-
Ulotrichaceae, MY- Ulothrix|
Ulothrix Gi Avevm¯’j : Ulothrix GKwU GK‡Kvlx meyR ˆkevj| Giv
cÖavbZ ¯^v`y cvwb‡Z emevm K‡i| ZvB cyKzi, Lvj, wej, nvIo, b`-b`x,
SiYv, cvwbi †PŠev”Pv cÖf…wZ ¯’v‡b G‡`i cvIqv hvq| mvaviYZ Giv axi
MwZi cÖevngvb A_ev Ave× Rjvk‡qi cwi¯‹vi cvwb‡Z Rb¥vq| †h ¯’v‡b
me©`v cvwb c‡o †m RvqMvq Giv KwVb e¯‘i mv‡_ msjMœ Ae¯’vq †j‡M
_v‡K| cÖmviZv jv‡fi Rb¨ Giv VvÛv ev QvqvNb cwi‡ek †e‡Q †bq| G‡`i
KwZcq cÖRvwZ mgy‡`ª evm K‡i|
Ulothrix Gi MVb : Gi MVb‡K `yÕfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq| h_v- (K) ‰`wnK
MVb Ges (L) †KŠwlK MVb|
(K) ‰`wnK MVb- Ulothrix GKwU wdjv‡g›Uvm Ges AkvL meyR ˆkevj|
Gi e„w×i †Kvb mxgv †bB| Gi †`n GKmvwi Lev©K…wZi I †ejbvKvi †Kvl
w`‡q MwVZ| Gi †Mvovi w`‡Ki †KvlwU Ab¨vb¨ †Kvl †_‡K j¤^vK…wZi,
eY©nxb ev ev`vwg Ges wb‡Pi w`‡K µgvš^‡q miy| G‡K †nvìdv÷ ejv nq|
G †KvlwU wefvRb¶g bq| †nvìdv÷ Øviv ˆkevjwU Ab¨ †Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_
Ave× _v‡K| Gi kxl© †KvlwUi DcwifvM DËj †j‡Ýi b¨vq| †nvìdv÷
Qvov Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv †Kvl Avovwofv‡e wef³ nq| ZvB wdjv‡g›UwU ˆ`‡N©¨
e„w×cÖvß nq|

wPÎ 7.2.1 : Ulothrix ‰kevj

(L) †KŠwlK MVb- wdjv‡g‡›Ui cÖwZwU †Kv‡li GKwU mywbw`©ó †Kvl cÖvPxi _v‡K| †Kvl cÖvPx‡ii wb‡P †Kvl wSjøx
_v‡K| †Kvl wSjøxi ciB †fZ‡ii w`‡K mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi ¯Íi _v‡K| †nvìdv÷ e¨ZxZ cÖ‡Z¨K †Kv‡l GKwU K‡i
wbDwK¬qvm, GKwU †eë AvK…wZi †KØv‡ivcøv÷ Ges GK ev GKvwaK cvBwib‡qW we`¨gvb _v‡K| cvBwib‡qW n‡jv
†cÖvwUb RvZxq c`v‡_©i PKP‡K `vbvi b¨vq c`v_© Ges Gi Pviw`‡K A‡bK mgq ÷vP© _v‡K| †K¬v‡ivcøv÷wU †Kvl‡K
AvswkK A_ev m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| Gi †Kv‡li †K‡›`ª GKwU †Kvlimc~Y© †Kvl Mnei we`¨gvb _v‡K|
Ulothrix Gi Rbb : Ulothrix wZbwU c×wZ‡Z Rbb Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i| h_v- (K) A½R Rbb, (L) A‡hŠb Rbb
Ges (M) †hŠb Rbb|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-125
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
(K) A½R Rbb : mvaviYZ LÛvq‡bi gva¨‡g Ulothrix A½R Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| AvNvZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y Gi
wdjv‡g›UwU †f‡½ K‡qKwU L‡Û cwiYZ nq Ges †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨KwU LÛ e„w×cÖvß n‡q GK GKwU
bZzb c~Yv©½ Ulothrix G cwiYZ nq|
(L) A‡hŠb Rbb : mvaviYZ 1| Ry‡¯úvi Ges 2| A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi m„wói gva¨‡g Ulothrix Gi A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ
nq| wb‡¤œ G‡`i eY©bv †`qv n‡jv-
1| Ry‡¯úvi m„w÷i gva¨‡g Ulothrix Gi A‡hŠb Rbb- Ulothrix Gi Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv we‡kl †Kvb KviY Qvov Pvi
d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³ nq| †h mKj †Kvl †_‡K Ry‡¯úvi Drcbœ nq †m mKj †Kvl‡K ejv nq Ry‡¯úvivwÄqvg| †nvìdv÷ Qvov Ab¨ †h
†Kv‡bv †Kvl †_‡K Ry‡¯úvi Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖRvwZi wfbœZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZwU Ry‡¯úvivwÄqvg †_‡K 1-32wU
Ry‡¯úvi ˆZwi nq| GKwU gvÎ Ry‡¯úvi Drcbœ n‡j †Kv‡li m¤ú~Y© †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷B GKwU Ry‡¯úv‡i cwiYZ nq| Avevi GKvwaK
Ry‡¯úvi Drcbœ n‡j †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ GKUz msKzwPZ nq Ges j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| cÖRvwZi wfbœZvi Dci
wbf©i K‡i 32wU AcZ¨ †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ Drcbœ nIqv ch©šÍ G wefvRb Pj‡Z cv‡i| G mgq cÖwZwU AcZ¨ †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷
Pvi d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³ Ry‡¯úv‡i cwiYZ nq| miy †Kv‡li cÖRvwZ †_‡K m„ó mKj Ry‡¯úvi GKB iK‡gi nq| wKš‘ †gvUv
ev ¯’j †Kv‡li cÖRvwZ †_‡K `yÕcÖKv‡ii Ry‡¯úvi
Drcbœ nq| h_v- i. gvB‡µvRy‡¯úvi- Giv
ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e ¶z`ªvK…wZi| G‡`i AvB¯úU ga¨Lv‡b
_v‡K Ges GKwU †¯úvivwÄqvg †_‡K 8-32wU
Ry‡¯úvi Drcbœ nq Ges ii. †gMvRy‡¯úvi- Giv
ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e e„n`vK…wZi| G‡`i AvB¯úU
m¤§yLfv‡M _v‡K Ges GKwU †¯úvivwÄqvg †_‡K 1-
4wU Ry‡¯úvi Drcbœ nq| Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv †`L‡Z
bvmcvwZi b¨vq| GKwU †fwmKj Gi gva¨‡g
cwi‡ewóZ Ae¯’vq Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv Ry†¯úvivwÄqvg n‡Z
cÖvPx‡ii Mv‡q Drcbœ wQ`ª c‡_ †ei nq Ges
†fwmK‡ji Aejywßi ci Giv gy³fv‡e †f‡m †eovq|
2-6 w`b mšÍi‡Yi ci Ry‡¯úv‡ii d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³ gv_vwU
†Kvb RjR e¯‘i mv‡_ Ave× nq| Ave× nIqvi ci
Giv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í d¬¨v‡Rjvwenxb nq Ges G‡`i
Pviw`‡K GKwU cÖvPxi wbtmiY K‡i µ‡g `xN© n‡q
†Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb Ulothrix wdjv‡g›U
ˆZwi K‡i| wPÎ 7.2.2 : Ulothrix Gi A‡hŠb Rbb
2| A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi m„w÷i gva¨‡g Ulothrix Gi A‡hŠb Rbb- KLbI KLbI cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv
Ry‡¯úvivwÄqvg n‡Z wbM©Z bv n‡q G‡`i Pviw`‡K GKwU cÖvPxi MVb K‡i A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úv‡i cwiYZ nq|
A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi¸‡jv wbðj Ges G‡`i cÖvPxi cvZjv| A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi¸‡jv gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K evB‡i wbM©Z nq A_ev
cÖwZK~j Ae¯’vq Giv gvZ…‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ Ave× _vK‡Z cv‡i| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k cÖwZwU A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi A¼zwiZ n‡q
bZzb Ulothrix wdjv‡g›U m„wó K‡i|
we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ry‡¯úvi Ges A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi QvovI A¨vKvBwbwU, wnc‡bv‡¯úvi Ges cv‡gjv `kv m„wói gva¨‡g
Ulothrix A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| †hgb- KLbI KLbI `xN© mgq a‡i e„wó bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y ev Rjvk‡qi cvwb
ïwK‡q †M‡j Ulothrix Gi wdjv‡g›U LÛ LÛ nq| c‡i cÖwZwU LÛ cyiy cÖvPxi Øviv Ave„Z n‡q cÖwZK~j mgq
AwZevwnZ K‡i| G Ae¯’v‡K A¨vKvBwbwU ejv nq| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k A¨vKvBwbwU A¼zwiZ nq Ges bZzb Ulothrix
wdjv‡g›U MVb K‡i|
Avevi A‡bK mgq cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k cÖwZwU †Kv‡li †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ †MvjvK…wZ aviY K‡i Ges Pviw`‡K GKwU cyiy
cÖvPxi w`‡q Ave„Z nq| G Ae¯’v‡K wnc‡bv‡¯úvi ejv nq| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k A¨vKvBwbwU A¼zwiZ n‡q bZzb

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-126
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
Ulothrix wdjv‡g›U MVb K‡i| KLbI KLbI wnc‡bv‡¯úvi Gi †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ wef³ n‡q AcZ¨ †cÖv‡Uvcøv‡÷ cwiYZ
nq I Ry‡¯úvi ˆZwi K‡i| GK mgq †Kvl cÖvPxi †f‡½ Ry‡¯úvi¸‡jv gy³ nq Ges A¼zwiZ n‡q bZzb Ulothrix
wdjv‡g›U MVb K‡i|
Avevi Rjvk‡qi cvwb ïwK‡q †M‡j Rjvk‡qi wKbvivq †fRv gvwU‡Z hLb cwiZ¨³fv‡e Rb¥vq ZLb wdjv‡g‡›Ui
†fZ‡i m„ó A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi¸‡jv wgDwm‡jR Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| G Ae¯’v‡K cv‡gjv `kv ejv nq| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k
wgDwm‡j‡Ri AveiYwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq Ges cÖwZwU A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ Ry‡¯úvi ˆZwii gva¨‡g
GKwU bZzb Ulothrix wdjv‡g›U MVb K‡i|
(M) †hŠb Rbb : GKwU †nUv‡iv_¨vwjK ev wfbœevmx ˆkevj Gi ¯¿x (-) I cyiyl (+) Avjv`v wdjv‡g›U †_‡K Drcbœ
nq| Gi †hŠb Rbb AvB‡mvM¨vgvm cÖK…wZi| Gi †hŠb Rbb wZbwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq| h_v- 1| M¨vwgU Drcv`b, 2|
wb‡lK Ges 3| RvB‡Mv‡Ui A¼z‡iv`Mg|
1| M¨vwgU Drcv`b- †nvìdv÷ e¨ZxZ †h †Kv‡bv
GKwU †Kv‡li †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g 8-64wU
AcZ¨ †cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ ˆZwi K‡i| cÖwZwU AcZ¨
†cÖv‡Uvcøv÷ GKwU bvmcvwZ AvK…wZi wØd¬¨vwR‡jU
M¨vwg‡U iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges G¸‡jv Ry‡¯úvi †_‡K
AvKv‡i ¶z`ª| G‡`i AvB¯úU AZ¨šÍ ¯úó| AvKvi
AvK…wZ‡Z Awfbœ n‡jI cÖK…wZ‡Z wfbœag©x ZvB
G‡`i‡K (+) Ges (-) †÷ªb bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq|
Giv †h †Kvl †_‡K Drcbœ nq Zv‡K M¨vwgU¨vwÄqvg
ejv nq Ges Gi cÖvPx‡i wQ`ª m„wó nq| Gme wQ`ª c‡_
GKwU †fwmKj w`‡q Ave„Z Ae¯’vq wdjv‡g›U¸‡jv
M¨vwgU¨vwÄqvg †_‡K †ei n‡q evB‡i Av‡m|
†fwmK‡ji Aejywßi ci Giv gy³fv‡e mvuZvi KvU‡Z
_v‡K|
2| wb‡lK- muvZvi †k‡l `ywU wfbœ wdjv‡g›U †_‡K
`ywU wfbœag©x M¨vwgU (+) I (-) ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q
†hŠb wgjb m¤úbœ K‡i| d‡j GKwU Pvi
d¬¨v‡Rjvwewkó RvB‡MvU MVb K‡i| RvB‡MvUwU
wWcø‡qW (2n)| RvB‡MvUwU wKQz¶Y mPj _vKvi ci
d¬¨v‡Rjv nvwi‡q wbðj nq| G Ae¯’vq Gi Pviw`‡K
cyiy cÖvPxi Øviv Ave„Z n‡q wekÖvgKvj AwZµg K‡i|
wekÖv‡gi Av‡M Giv cÖPzi Lv`¨ mÂq K‡i| wPÎ 7.2.3 : Ulothrix Gi †hŠb Rbb
3| RvB‡Mv‡Ui A¼z‡iv`Mg- wekÖvg †k‡l RvB‡Mv‡U gv‡qvwmm wefvRb nq Ges 4-16wU n¨vcø‡qW (n) Ry‡¯úvi m„wó
K‡i| Avevi cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k _vK‡j A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi ˆZwi nq| RvB‡Mv‡Ui cÖvxPi we`xY© nIqvi gva¨‡g Ry‡¯úvi
A_ev A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi¸‡jv †ei n‡q Av‡m| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k Ry‡¯úvi ev A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi¸‡jv A¼zwiZ n‡q bZzb
Ulothrix wdjv‡g›U MVb K‡i|
Ulothrix Gi Rxeb Pµ Haplontic A_©vr eû‡Kvlx M¨vwg‡UvdvBwUK Rbyi mv‡_ GK‡Kvlx †¯úv‡ivdvBwUK Rbyi
Rbyµg N‡U|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K Ulothrix Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm wjLyb

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-127
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡¶c
Ulothrix GKwU meyR ˆkevj| Giv cÖavbZ ¯^v`y cvwb‡Z emevm K‡i| ZvB cyKzi, Lvj, wej, nvIo, b`-b`x ,
Sibv, cvwbi †PŠev”Pv cÖf…wZ ¯’v‡b G‡`i cvIqv hvq| Gi MVb‡K `yÕfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq| h_v- (K) ‰`wnK MVb
Ges (L) †KŠwlK MVb| Ulothrix A½R, A‡hŠb Ges †hŠb G wZbwU c×wZ‡Z Rbb Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i| mvaviYZ
Ry‡¯úvi Ges A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi m„wói gva¨‡g Ulothrix Gi A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ nq| Ulothrix GKwU
†nUv‡iv_¨vwjK ev wfbœevmx ˆkevj KviY Gi ¯¿x (-) I cyiyl (+) M¨vwgU Avjv`v wdjv‡g›U †_‡K Drcbœ nq| Gi
†hŠb Rbb AvB‡mvM¨vgvm cÖK…wZi| Gi †hŠb Rbb wZbwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq| h_v- 1| M¨vwgU Drcv`b, 2| wb‡lK
Ges 3| RvB‡Mv‡Ui A¼z‡iv`Mg|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| Ulothrix KZwU cÖwµqvq Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i ?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5
2| Ulothrix Gi †hŠb Rbb ?
(K) A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm cÖK…wZi (L) AvB‡mvM¨vgvm cÖK…wZi
(M) wfbœ cÖK…wZi (N) †nUv‡iv cÖK…wZi
3| Ulothrix evm K‡i-
i. cyKz‡i ii. Lv‡j iii. we‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-128
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

e¨envwiK-Ulothrix Gi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡e¶Y K‡i kbv³KiY I

cvV-7.3 A¼b

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Ulothrix ch©‡e¶‡Yi DcKiY¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Gi kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 ch©‡e¶Y †k‡l Ulothrix Gi wPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã Ulothrix, ch©‡e¶Y, kbv³KiY

cix¶vi bvg : Ulothrix Gi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡e¶Y|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY : Ulothrix Gi ZvRv bgybv A_ev ¯’vqx ¯øvBW, AYyex¶Y hš¿, IqvP M vm, wM mvwib,
Kv‡Pi ¯øvBW, Kvfvi w¯øc, wbWj, cvwb, e¨envwiK wmU, †cwÝj BZ¨vw`|
Kg©c×wZ : ZvRv bgybv msMÖn (IqvP Møv‡m) Kiv m¤¢e n‡j wk¶K Kv‡Pi ¯øvB‡W wMømvwi‡b bgybv ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡Z
Kvfvi w¯øc w`‡q AYyex¶Y h‡š¿ ¯’vcb K‡i w`‡eb| wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K GUv ch©‡e¶Y K‡i LvZvq AuvK‡Z ej‡eb| ZvRv
bgybv msMªn Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j Dchy³ cÖwZôvb †_‡K ¯’vqx ¯øvBW wK‡b wb‡eb| e¨envwiK K¬v‡m AYyex¶Y h‡š¿ ¯’vqx
¯øvBW ¯’vcb K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z ejyb| wk¶v_©xMY ¯øvBW ch©‡e¶Y K‡i e¨envwiK wm‡U †cwÝj
w`‡q mwVK wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki‡eb|
ch©‡e¶Y : ¯øvBWwU fvjfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiyb| G‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewk󨸇jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb-
1| Gi †`n eû‡Kvlx, kvLvnxb, wdjv‡g›Uvm Ges meyR|
2| cÖwZwU †Kv‡l AvswU ev †eë AvK…wZi GKwU †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Ges eû cvBwib‡qW Av‡Q|
3| A‡bK¸‡jv †Kvl GKwUi ci GKwU mw¾Z n‡q wdjv‡g›UwU MwVZ nq| Gi †Kvl¸‡jv †ejbvK…wZi n‡e|
4| wdjv‡g‡›Ui wb‡Pi w`‡K †nvìdv÷ we`¨gvb _v‡K|
G¸‡jvB kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨|
wm×všÍ : DcwiD³ ˆewk󨸇jv we‡ePbvq msMÖnK…Z bgybvwU GKwU meyR ˆkevj hvi bvg Ulothrix|
wb‡Ri LvZvq Ulothrix Gi wPwýZ wPÎ Gu‡K e¨envwiK K¬v‡m Dc¯’vcb
wk¶v_©xi KvR
Ki‡eb

mvims‡¶c
Ulothrix Gi kbv³Kvix ˆewk󨸇jv n‡jv- 1| Gi †`n eû‡Kvlx, kvLvnxb, wdjv‡g›Uvm Ges meyR| 2| cÖwZwU
†Kv‡l AvswU ev †eë AvK…wZi GKwU †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Ges eû cvBwib‡qW _v‡K| 3| A‡bK¸‡jv †Kvl GKwUi ci
GKwU mw¾Z n‡q wdjv‡g›UwU MwVZ nq| Gi †Kvl¸‡jv †ejbvK…wZi n‡e| 4| wdjv‡g‡›Ui wb‡Pi w`‡K
†nvìdv÷ we`¨gvb _v‡K|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-129
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.4 QÎv‡Ki ˆewkó¨, MVb, cÖRbb I ¸iyZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 QÎvK m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 QÎv‡Ki ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 QÎv‡Ki MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 QÎv‡Ki Rbb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 QÎv‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã wm‡bvmvBU, gvB‡mwjqvg, nvBdv, ivB‡Rvgd©, K¬¨v¤ú †hvRK, gvB‡KvivBRvj
QÎvK
QÎvK : dvbRvB (Fungi) Gi evsjv n‡jv QÎvK| †K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb AmeyR mgv½‡`nx Dw™¢`¸‡jvB QÎvK
bv‡g cwiwPZ| QÎvK m¤úwK©Z we`¨v‡K gvB‡KvjwR ejv nq| weL¨vZ QÎvKwe` wm. †R. A¨v‡j‡K&ªv‡cvjvm
(1962) Gi g‡Z wbDwK¬qvmhy³, †¯úvi aviYKvix, †K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb Rxe‡Mvôx, hviv A‡hŠb I †hŠb cÖwµqvq
eske„w× K‡i Ges hviv kvLvwš^Z m~ÎvK…wZ, †nwg‡mjy‡jvR ev KvBwUb ev Dfq cÖKvi c`v_©hy³ †Kvl cÖvPxi w`‡q
cwi‡ewóZ †miƒc Rxe‡MvôxB QÎvK| Av`ª©Zv, DòZv, Lv`¨mg„× Qvqvhy³ ev AÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡e‡kB QÎv‡Ki Dchy³
evm¯’vb| h_v- Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Agaricus, Mucor, Puccinia, Candida, Botrytis,
Helminthosporium, Arcyria, Saprolegnia BZ¨vw` QÎv‡Ki D`vniY|
QÎv‡Ki A½R‡`n j¤^v myZvi b¨vq bvwjKv ev nvBwd (Hypae) w`‡q MwVZ| nvBwd‡K GKeP‡b nvBdv (Hypa) ejv
nq| Gme nvBwd¸‡jv cÖPzi kvLv cÖkvLvwewkó n‡q GK‡Î Ae¯’vb K‡i GKwU R‡Ui m„wó K‡i| G‡K gvB‡mwjqvg
ejv nq| gvB‡mwjqvg‡K eûeP‡b gvB‡mwjqv e‡j| QÎv‡Ki ˆewk󨸇jv wb¤œiƒc-
1| QÎvK Acy®úK Dw™¢`|
2| Giv †K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb, AmeyR Ges mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y A¶g|
3| Giv g„ZRxex, ciRxex ev wg‡_vRxex wn‡m‡e evm K‡i|
4| G‡`i †Kv‡l myMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm I wewfbœ A½vYy _v‡K|
5| G‡`i †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb w`‡q MwVZ|
6| QÎv‡Ki mwÂZ Lv`¨ MøvB‡Kv‡Rb ev Pwe©|
7| G‡`i cwienbZš¿ ev fv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨ _v‡K bv|
8| G‡`i Rbbv½ GK‡Kvlx|
9| ¯¿xRbbv‡½ _vKv Ae¯’vq RvB‡MvU eû‡Kvlx 僇Y cwiYZ nq bv|
10| n¨vcø‡qW †¯úvi w`‡q eskwe¯Ívi nq Ges
11| RvB‡Mv‡U gv‡qvwmm N‡U|
QÎv‡Ki MVb : AwaKvsk QÎvKB eû‡Kvlx| QÎv‡Ki A½R‡`n m~ÎvKvi, kvLvwš^Z Ges AvYyex¶wYK| G‡`i
m~ÎvKvi kvLv‡K GKeP‡b nvBdv Ges eûeP‡b nvBwd ejv nq| G¸‡jv miy, ¯^”Q Ges bjvKvi| nvBdv¸‡jv cÖPzi
kvLv-cÖkvLvwewkó n‡q ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ GK‡Î Ae¯’vb K‡i GKwU R‡Ui m„wó K‡i| G‡K GKeP‡b gvB‡mwjqvg
Ges eûeP‡b gvB‡mwjqv ejv nq| QÎv‡Ki nvBdv¸‡jv Avevi `yÕiK‡gi| h_v- wKQz wKQz QÎv‡Ki nvBdv‡Z
AvovAvwo cÖvPxi †`Lv hvq| G‡`i‡K eûeP‡b †mÞv (Septa) Ges GKeP‡b †mÞvg (Septum) ejv nq| †h me
nvBdv‡Z †mÞv Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K g‡b Kiv nq GKvwaK †Kvl w`‡q MwVZ Ges †h me †¶‡Î nvBdv‡Z †Kvb
†mÞv _v‡K bv Zv‡`i‡K g‡b Kiv nq GK‡Kvlx| †h‡nZz †mÞvwenxb QÎv‡Ki †`‡ni MVb Kg RwUj †m‡nZz G‡K

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-130
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
wb¤œ¯Í‡ii QÎvK (Lower Fungi) ejv nq| Aciw`‡K †mÞvhy³ nvBdvwewkó QÎvK‡K D”P¯Í‡ii QÎvK (Higher
Fungi) ejv nq| QÎv‡Ki †Kv‡l GK ev GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| †Kv‡l GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm _vK‡j Zv‡K
wm‡bvmvBU (Coenocyte) ejv nq| G ai‡bi QÎvK‡K wm‡bvmvBwUK QÎvK ejv nq| ciRxex QÎvK †cvlK‡`n
†_‡K †h nvBdv Øviv Lv`¨ †kvlY K‡i Zv‡K n‡÷vwiqvg (Hostorium) ejv nq| D”P‡kÖwYi wKQz QÎv‡K
gvB‡mwjqvg k³ iwki b¨vq MVb K‡i, G‡K ivB‡Rvgd© (Rhizomorph) ejv nq| A‡bK mgq gvB‡mwjqv‡g
cvkvcwk `ywU †Kv‡li g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ G‡`i cÖ¯’ cÖvPx‡ii Kv‡Q †mZzi b¨vq GKwU nvBdvj ms‡hvM
bj Drcbœ nq| G ms‡hvM bj‡K K¬¨v¤ú †hvRK ejv nq| wKQz Dw™¢‡`i miy g~j ev g~j‡iv‡gi Pviw`‡K ev Af¨šÍ‡i
wbw`©ó QÎvK Rv‡ji b¨vq Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| G ai‡bi QÎvK‡K gvB‡KvivBRvj (Mycorrhyzal) QÎvK ejv nq|

M
wPÎ 7.4.1 : (K) GK‡Kvlx QÎvK, (L) C÷ (wmD‡WvgvB‡mwjqvg), (M) wewfbœ ai‡bi gvB‡mwjqvg- a.
wm‡bvmvBwUK (cÖ¯’ cÖvPxiwenxb), b. eû‡Kvlx gvB‡mwjqvg (cÖ¯’ cÖvPxiwewkó), (N) n‡÷vwiqvg, (O) K¬¨v¤ú †hvRK
QÎv‡Ki Rbb : QÎvK mvaviYZ (K) A‡hŠb Ges (L) †hŠb Dfq Dcv‡q eske„w× m¤úbœ K‡i| wKQz wKQz QÎvK
cÖRvwZi mg¯Í †`nwUB Rbb Kv‡R Ask †bq| G ai‡bi QÎv‡Ki ˆ`wnK I Rbbv‡½i g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv|
Giƒc QÎvK‡K n‡jvKvwc©K QÎvK ejv nq| †hgb- Synchytrium| Avevi AwaKvsk QÎv‡Ki †`‡ni Askwe‡kl
†_‡K Rbbv‡½i m„wó nq wKš‘ Ab¨ Ask ¯^vfvweK _v‡K| Giƒc QÎvK‡K ejv nq BDKviwcK QÎvK| †hgb-
Saprolegnia, Penicillium|
(K) A‡hŠb Rbb : G cÖwµqvq `ywU M¨vwg‡Ui †hŠb wgj‡bi `iKvi nq bv| QÎv‡K A‡hŠb Rbb cÖwµqvwU wb‡¤œi
K‡qKwU Dcv‡q N‡U _v‡K-
1| LÛvqb- wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK ev evwn¨K Kvi‡Y QÎv‡Ki †`nwU GKvwaK L‡Û wef³ nq Ges cÖwZwU LÛ GK GKwU
¯^Zš¿ QÎvK‡`‡n cwiYZ nq| †hgb- Rhizopus, Penicillium|

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wPÎ 7.4.2 : LÛvq‡bi gva¨‡g QÎv‡Ki A‡hŠb Rbb

2| wØfvRb- we‡kl cÖwµqvq ˆ`wnK †KvlwU `ywU AcZ¨ †Kv‡l cwiYZ nq Ges cÖwZwU AcZ¨ †Kvl GK GKwU ¯^Zš¿
QÎvK‡`‡n cwiYZ nq| †hgb- Saccharomyces (Yeast) |

wPÎ 7.4.3 : wØfvRb cÖwµqvq C‡÷i A‡hŠb Rbb

3| Kzuwo Drcv`b- †Kvb †Kvb QÎv‡Ki ‰`wnK A½ †_‡K Kzuwo ˆZwi nq Ges KzuwowU c„_K n‡q GK GKwU ¯^Zš¿
QÎvK‡`‡n cwiYZ nq| †hgb- Saccharomyces|

wPÎ 7.4.4 : Kuywo Drcv`b cÖwµqvq C‡÷i A‡hŠb Rbb

4| †¯úvi Drcv`b- †¯úvi Drcv`b cÖwµqvB nj QÎv‡Ki cÖavb
A‡hŠb Rbb| QÎv‡Ki †¯úvi Drcv`b A½‡K †¯úvivwÄqvg ejv
nq (eûeP‡b †¯úvivwÄqv)| †¯úvivwÄqv‡gi Af¨šÍ‡i GKvwaK
wbðj A¨vcøv‡bv‡¯úvi A_ev mPj Ry‡¯úvi ev †¯úvivwÄI‡¯úvi
Drcbœ nq| Avevi nvBdvi gv_vqI †¯úvi Drcbœ nq| †hgb-
Penicillium| Giƒc †¯úvi‡K KwbwWqv (Conidia) ejv nq| cyiy
AveiY Øviv Ave„Z †¯úvi‡K K¬¨vgvB‡Wv‡¯úvi ejv nq| †hgb-
Mucor, Fusarium| cÖwZwU †¯úvi Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k A¼zwiZ
n‡q ¯^Zš¿ QÎv‡K cwiYZ nq|
wPÎ 7.4.5 : QÎv‡Ki wewfbœ †¯úvi Ges †¯úvivwÄqvg
(L) †hŠb Rbb : `ywU M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ nq| QÎv‡Ki Rbbv½‡K M¨vwgU¨vwÄqvg ejv nq
(eûeP‡b M¨vwgU¨vwÄqv)| M¨vwgU¨vwÄqv‡g M¨vwgU Drcv`b nq| cys (+) Ges ¯¿x (-) M¨vwgU GKB AvK…wZi n‡j
Zv‡K AvB‡mvM¨vwgU ejv nq| Avevi cys (+) Ges ¯¿x (-) M¨vwgU wfbœ AvK…wZi n‡j cys M¨vwgU¨vwÄqvg‡K
A¨v‡š’wiwWqvg Ges ¯¿x M¨vwgU¨vwÄqvg‡K E‡Mvwbqvg ejv nq| QÎv‡Ki †hŠb Rbb cÖavbZ wZbwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq|
cÖ_g av‡c `ywU Rbb †Kv‡li †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi wgjb N‡U, hv‡K ejv nq cøvR‡gvM¨vwg| wØZxq av‡c †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm
`ywUi wgjb N‡U, hv‡K ejv nq K¨vwiIM¨vwg| K¨vwiIM¨vwgi d‡j RvB‡MvU Drcbœ nq| RvB‡MvU †KvlwU wWcø‡qW
(2n)| Z…Zxq av‡c RvB‡Mv‡U gv‡qvwmm wefvRb nq| Gi d‡j QÎvKwU cybivq n¨vcø‡qW (n) Ae¯’vcÖvß nq|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-132
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
A¨vm‡KvgvB‡KvUv ev m¨vK dvbRvB‡Z A¨vmKvm bvgK b‡ji †fZ‡i 4-8wU A¨vm‡Kv‡¯úvi ˆZwi nq|
e¨vwmwWIgvB‡KvUv ev K¬ve dvbRvB‡Z e¨vwmwWIKv‡c© m„ó e¨vwmwWqv‡gi gv_vq e¨vwmwWI‡¯úvi Drcbœ nq|

wPÎ 7.4.6 : QÎv‡Ki †hŠb Rbb

QÎv‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ : gvbe Rxe‡b QÎv‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| QÎvK Avgv‡`i (K) DcKvi Ges (L) AcKvi `y‡UvB K‡i
_v‡K|
(K) QÎv‡Ki DcKvwiZv : QÎvK wewfbœ †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i DcKvi K‡i| †hgb-
1| gvwUi De©iZv e„w×- wewfbœ ai‡bi QÎvK GKKfv‡e I e¨vK‡Uwiqvi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e g„Z Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi
†`nve‡k‡li `ªyZ cuPb NUvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆRe e¯‘i cP‡bi d‡j †h mKj c`v_© ˆZwi nq †m¸‡jv gvwU‡Z wg‡k
gvwUi De©iZv e„w× K‡i| QÎvK gvwU‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK e¯‘i fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i Ges ˆRe e¯‘i cuP‡bi d‡j
m„ó `yM©Ü †_‡K cwi‡ek‡K i¶v K‡i| GRb¨ g„ZRxex QÎvK‡K Svo–`vi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
2| wkíRvZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b
i. A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘‡Z- Có †Kv‡l RvB‡gR GbRvBg we`¨gvb| Có †Kvl n‡Z wbtm„Z RvB‡gR GbRvBg MuvRv‡bv
cÖwµqvq kK©iv †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘‡Z e¨eüZ nq| G cÖwµqvq B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj, Kve©b WvBA·vBW I kw³
wbM©Z nq| Ilya wkí I wewfbœ weÁvb M‡elYvMv‡i A¨vj‡Kvnj e¨eüZ nq|
ii. weqvi cÖ¯‘‡Z- Saccharomyces cerevisiae cÖ‡qvM K‡i weqvi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| Av½y‡ii im †_‡K IqvBb Ges
Av‡c‡ji im †_‡K wmWvi cÖ¯‘‡ZI Có e¨eüZ nq|
iii. iywU wk‡í- cvDiywU ˆZwi‡Z Có e¨eüZ nq| gq`vi mv‡_ Có cvDWvi wgkª‡Yi d‡j, dvi‡g‡›Ukb cÖwµqvq Có
Kve©b WvBA·vBW Drcbœ K‡i| Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨vm iywU dzjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| iywU wkí‡K Avevi †eKvix
(Bakery industry) wkí e‡j|
iv. cwbi Drcv`‡b- Penicillium camemberti Ges P. roqueforti G `ywU cÖRvwZ cwbi Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| †Kvb
†Kvb †¯úv‡ii is bxj nIqvq cwbi bxj eY© aviY K‡i| G‡`i ZLb bxj cwbi e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
v. ˆRe A¨vwmW ˆZwi‡Z- Aspergillus Ges Penicillium Gi wewfbœ cÖRvwZ K‡qK cÖKvi ˆRe A¨vwmW, †hgb-
mvBwUªK A¨vwmW, wdDgvwiK A¨vwmW, A·vwjK A¨vwmW, g¨vwjK A¨vwmW BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK I Ilya wk‡í- Penicillium griseofulvum bvgK cÖRvwZ †_‡K MÖvBwmIdzjwfb bvgK Ilya cÖ¯‘Z
nq| G Ilya gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi `v` I K‡qK ai‡bi QÎvKRwbZ †ivM wbivg‡q e¨eüZ nq| Av‡jKRvÛvi
†d¬wgs (1929) A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ô†cwbwmwjbÕ (Penicillin)-Gi Drm Penicillium notatum †_‡K cÖ_‡g †cwbwmwjb
ˆZwi K‡ib| Gi Drcv`b Kg nIqvq cieZ©x‡Z P. chrysogenum n‡Z DrK…ó gv‡bi Ges AwaK cwigv‡Y
†cwbwmwjb evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq|
Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e QÎvK- C‡ó wewfbœ cÖKvi wfUvwgb (†hgb- wfUvwgb-we, wfUvwgb-we2 I wfUvwgb-wm) _vKvq Có cywóKi
I g~j¨evb Lv`¨iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| GQvovI Agaricus mn AviI †ek wKQz QÎvK‡K c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq|
AwbóKvix KxUcZ‡½i RxeR wbqš¿‡Y- gvwU‡Z emevmKvix †ivM m„wói QÎvKmg~n‡K `gb Ki‡Z ev RxeR wbqš¿‡Y
KwZcq QÎvK e¨envi Kiv nq|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-133
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
†cÖvwUb Drm wn‡m‡e- Có †Kvl †cÖvwUbmg„×| Có †Kv‡li ﮋ IR‡bi kZKiv 37 fvM †cÖvwUb _v‡K| ZvB Lv‡`¨
†cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z C÷ †Kvl e¨eüZ nq|
(L) QÎv‡Ki AcKvwiZv : QÎvK wewfbœ †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i AcKvi K‡i| †hgb-
Lv`¨`ªe¨ webóKi‡Y- ivbœv Kiv Lv`¨mvgMÖx we‡kl K‡i gvQ, gvsm, bvbv ai‡bi mewR, gyL †ivPK Lv`¨, R¨vg-†Rwj
AvPvi I PvUwb BZ¨vw` bó K‡i | Av‡cj, Kgjv, Av½yi, bvkcwZ BZ¨vw` dj Penicillium w`‡q AvµvšÍ n‡q `ªyZ
cu‡P hvq| me cÖKvi †jeyi cuP‡bi Rb¨ P. digitatum Ges P. italicum `vqx|
wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` webóKi‡Y- cwi‡aq e¯¿ †hgb Pvgovi RyZv, Pvgovi e¨vM, eB, KvMR, Pkgv, K¨v‡giv,
†jÝ, B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw` QÎvK Øviv bó nq| eB, KvMR, Kvco, Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ª‡e¨ Penicillium
Rb¥v‡bvi d‡j `vM c‡o I e¨envi Abyc‡hvMx nq|
dmj Ges km¨ RvZxq Dw™¢‡`i †ivM m„wó- QÎvK dmjx Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ †ivM m„wó K‡i| d‡j dm‡ji djb
A‡bKLvwb K‡g| 1942 mv‡j ZrKvwjb evsjvq av‡bi cvZvq ev`vwg †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y gnv `ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡qwQj|
wb‡P G iKg wKQz QÎv‡Ki bvg I mswkøó †iv‡Mi bvg eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
QÎv‡Ki bvg Dw™¢` †iv‡Mi bvg
Penicillium italicum, P. digitatum †jŠnmg„× d‡ji cuPb
Helminthosporium oryzae avb Mv‡Qi ev`vwg †ivM
Pythium indicum †Xuom Mv‡Qi d‡j †ivM
Puccinia graminis tritici Mg Mv‡Q gwiPv †ivM
Phytophthora infestans †Mvj Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM
cÖvYxi †ivM m„wó- QÎvK gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi wewfbœ iK‡gi †ivM m„wó K‡i| wb‡¤œ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡jv-
QÎv‡Ki bvg cÖvYx †iv‡Mi bvg
Microsporum gvby‡li gv_vq Pzj c‡o Uv‡Ki m„wó
Saprolegnia gv‡Qi k¨vgb †ivM
Absidia gvby‡li eª‡¼vgvB‡Kvwmm †ivM
Rhizopus, Mucor gvby‡li dzmdzm, gw¯Í®‹ I Lv`¨ bvwj‡Z
RvB‡MvgvB‡Kvwmm bvgK †ivM Drcv`b
Fusarium, Neurospora gvby‡li †Pv‡Li KwY©qvi ¶wZmvab
Trichoderma, Candida gvby‡li cyiylv‡½i †ivM Drcv`b
Trichophyton, Microsporum wewfbœ cÖvYxi †`‡n dvB‡KvgvBwmwUm,
wi‡bvmcwiwWIwmm, gvBKwÈK A‡evmb bvgK †ivM
Drcv`b
Microsporum canis KzKzi I †Nvovi †`‡n `uv` RvZxq Pg©‡ivM
Aspergillus fumigatus gyiwM, cvwZnvm I cvwLi Mf©cvZ

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-134
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wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K Dw™¢‡` †ivM Drcbœ K‡i Ggb cuvPwU QÎv‡Ki bvg wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
†K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb AmeyR mgv½‡`nx Dw™¢`¸‡jvB QÎvK bv‡g cwiwPZ| QÎvK m¤úwK©Z we`¨v‡K gvB‡KvjwR ejv
nq| weL¨vZ QÎvKwe` wm. †R. A¨v‡j‡K&ªv‡cvjvm (1962) Gi g‡Z wbDwK¬qvmhy³, †¯úvi aviYKvix,
†K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb Rxe‡Mvôx, hviv A‡hŠb I †hŠb cÖwµqvq eske„w× K‡i Ges hv‡`i kvLvwš^Z m~ÎvK…wZi MVbmg~n
†nwg‡mjy‡jvR ev KvBwUb ev Dfq cÖKvi c`v_©hy³ †Kvl cÖvPxi w`‡q cwi‡ewóZ †miƒc Rxe‡MvôxB QÎvK|
Av`ª©Zv, DòZv, Lv`¨mg„× Quvqvhy³ ev AÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡e‡kB QÎv‡Ki Dchy³ evm¯’vb| h_v- Saccharomyces,
Penicillium, Agaricus, Mucor, Puccinia, Candida, Botrytis, Helminthosporium, Arcyria, Saprolegnia
BZ¨vw` QÎv‡Ki D`vniY| QÎvK mvaviYZ A‡hŠb Ges †hŠb Dfq Dcv‡q eske„w×m¤úbœ K‡i| wKQz wKQz QÎvK
cÖRvwZi mg¯Í †`nwUB Rbb Kv‡R Ask †bq| G ai‡bi QÎv‡Ki ˆ`wnK I Rbbv‡½i g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K
bv| Giƒc QÎvK‡K n‡jvKvwc©K QÎvK ejv nq, †hgb- Synchytrium| Avevi AwaKvsk QÎv‡Ki †`‡ni
Askwe‡kl †_‡K Rbbh‡š¿i m„wó nq wKš‘ Ab¨ Ask ¯^vfvweK _v‡K| Giƒc QÎvK‡K ejv nq BDKviwcK QÎvK,
†hgb- Saprolegnia, Penicillium|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| QÎvK m¤úwK©Z we`¨v‡K Kx e‡j ?
(K) gvB‡KvjwR (L) dvB‡KvjwR (M) wjg‡bvjwR (N) B‡KvjwR
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡jvKvwc©K QÎvK ?
(K) Synchytrium (L) Saprolegnia (M) Penicillium (N) Agaricus
3| QÎv‡Ki ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y A¶g ii. n¨vcø‡qW †¯úvi w`‡q eskwe¯Ívi nq iii. †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb wbwg©Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-135
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.5 Agaricus
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Agaricus Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Agaricus Gi Avevm¯’j eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Agaricus Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã cwiPµ, e¨vwmwW‡qvKvc©, d«zU ewW
Agaricus GKwU g„ZRxex QÎvK| Gi mvaviY bvg gvkiyg| GwU gvby‡li Kv‡Q e¨v‡Oi QvZv bv‡gI
cwiwPZ|
Agaricus Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm : Kingdom- Fungi, Division- Basidiomycota, Class- Basidiomycetes, Order-
Agaricales, Family- Agaricaceae, Genus- Agaricus|
Agaricus Avevm¯’j : Agaricus †fRv gvwU‡Z, gv‡V-gq`v‡b, Kv‡Vi Dc‡i, L‡oi Muv`v, †Mvei cÖf…wZ cuPbkxj
ˆRe c`v‡_©i Dci Rb¥vq| e„wói w`‡b Giv AwaK cwigv‡Y Rb¥vq| A‡bK mgq meyR Nv‡mi j‡b Agaricus Gi
†Kvb †Kvb cÖRvwZ `je×fv‡e GKwU e„‡Ëi AvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| G ai‡bi e„ˇK cwiPµ (Fairy ring) e‡j|
Agaricus Gi MVb : Agaricus -Gi †`nwU `ywU As‡k wef³| h_v (K) ˆ`wnK A½ Z_v gvB‡mwjqvg Ges (L)
Rbb Ask Z_v d«zwUs ewW| e¨vwmwW‡qv‡¯úv‡ii A¼z‡iv`M‡gi d‡j m„ó cÖv_wgK gvB‡mwjqvg n‡Z Agaricus Gi
A½R gvB‡mwjqv‡gi m„wó nq| gvB‡mwjqvg AwaK kvLv-cÖkvLv hy³, AvjMvfv‡e RU cvKv‡bv Ges †fRv gvwU ev
ˆRe c`v‡_©i †fZ‡i Aew¯’Z| gvB‡mwjqvg m„wóKvix nvBdv¸‡jv cÖ¯’ cÖvPxihy³| nvBdv¸‡jv mv`v e‡Y©i Ges
Avevm¯’j †_‡K cywó msMÖn K‡i| nvBdvi †Kvl¸‡jv‡Z AmsL¨ wbDwK¬qvm, `vbv`vi mvB‡UvcøvRg, ¶z`ª ¶z`ª f¨vKzIj
Ges mwÂZ Lv`¨iƒ‡c ˆZj we›`y _v‡K| nvBwdi gvB‡mwjqvg¸‡jv A‡bK mgq Nb mwbœweó n‡q `woi b¨vq MVb m„wó
K‡i, G‡K ivB‡Rvgd© ejv nq|
Agaricus Gi KwZcq cÖRvwZi
g„`MZ gvB‡mwjqvg GKwU †K›`ªxq
we›`y n‡Z µgk e„w× †c‡q Pviw`‡K
we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| cwiYZ
Ae¯’vq G cÖKvi gvB‡mwjqv‡gi
nvBdv¸‡jvi AMÖfvM †_‡K
e¨vwmwWIKvc© Drcbœ n‡q gvwUi e¨vwmwWI‡¯úvi
Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m| Drcbœ
e¨vwmwW‡qvKvc©¸‡jv GKwU P‡µi
b¨vq †`Lvq e‡j G‡K cwiPµ ev
Fairy ring ejv nq| Agaricus Gi
evqexq I `„k¨gvb AskwU
e¨vwmwWIKvc© bv‡g cwiwPZ|
mvaviYfv‡e G‡K dj-†`n ev
Fruiting bodyI ejv nq|
wPÎ 7.5 : Agaricus Gi d«zU ewW Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ask

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-136
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

cwiYZ Ae¯’vq e¨vwmwW‡qvKvc©wU `yÕwU As‡k wef³| h_v wb‡Pi †ejbvKvi e„šÍ m`„k AskwUi bvg ÷vBc I
Dc‡ii QvZvi b¨vq AskwUi bvg cvBwjqvm|
myZvi b¨vq miy Ges PIov I ùxZ G `yÕai‡bi nvBdv w`‡q ÷vBcwU MwVZ| ÷vB‡ci wb‡Pi w`‡K µgkt miy nq|
÷vB‡ci Dc‡ii w`‡K GKwU AvswUi b¨vq, f½yi I miy Ask _v‡K, G‡K ejq (Annulus) ejv nq| ÷vB‡ci
AMÖfv‡M Aew¯’Z QvZvi b¨vq AskwU‡K cvBwjqvm (Pileus) e‡j| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU e¨vwmwW‡qvKv‡c©i GKwU cÖmvwiZ
Ask| cwiõzU‡bi cÖ_g Ae¯’vq cvBwjqv‡mi DcwifvM DËj (Convex) _v‡K Ges cwiYZ Ae¯’vq P¨vÞv nq|
cvBwjqv‡mi DcwiZj cvZjv, ﮋ, gm„Y, mv`v ev nvjKv wc½j e‡Y©i nq, e¨vwmwW‡qvKv‡c©i G AskwU‡K gvsmj
Ask e‡j| cvBwjqv‡mi wKbviv ALÛ ev †XDhy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| cvBwjqv‡mi wb¤œZ‡j †Mvjvcx ev †jvwnZ wc½j
e‡Y©i cvZjv, ci¯úi n‡Z c„_K KZ¸‡jv cv‡Zi b¨vq Ask _v‡K hv‡K wMj (Gill) ejv nq| wMj¸‡jv ÷vBc I
cvBwjqv‡mi ms‡hvM¯’j n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q cvBwjqv‡mi wKbviv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K Agaricus Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
Agaricus GKwU g„ZRxex QÎvK| Gi mvaviY bvg gvkiyg| Agaricus †fRv gvwU‡Z, gv‡V-gq`v‡b, Kv‡Vi
Dc‡i, L‡oi Muv`v, †Mvei cÖf…wZ cPbkxj ˆRe c`v‡_©i Dci Rb¥vq| Agaricus -Gi †`nwU `ywU As‡k wef³|
h_v (K) ˆ`wnK A½ Z_v gvB‡mwjqvg Ges (L) Rbb Ask Z_v d«zwUs ewW|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.5

1| Agaricus Gi †`n KqwU As‡k wef³ ?

(K) 2wU (L) 3wU (M) 4wU (N) 5wU
2| Agaricus †Kvb e‡M©i AšÍf©y³ m`m¨ ?
(K) Marchantiales (L) Agaricales (M) Ricciales (N) Hepaticales
3| wb‡Pi¸‡jv Agaricus Gi A½-
i. gvB‡mwjqvg ii. Rbb Ask iii. d«zwUs ewW
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-137
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.6 e¨envwiK- Agaricus Gi d«zUewW kbv³KiY

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Agaricus ch©‡e¶‡Yi DcKiY¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Agaricus ch©‡e¶‡Yi Kg©c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Gi ˆewk󨸇jv we‡ePbv K‡i Agaricus kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 ch©‡e¶Y †k‡l Agaricus Gi wPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã ÷vBc, ejq
cix¶vi bvg : Agaricus Gi d«zUewW kbv³KiY|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY : Agaricus Gi
ZvRv bgybv A_ev ïK‡bv d«zUewWi-¯øvBW,
AYyex¶Y hš¿, IqvP Møvm, wMømvwib, Kv‡Pi
¯øvBW, Kvfvi w¯øc, wbWj, cvwb, e¨envwiK wmU,
†cwÝj BZ¨vw`|
Kg©c×wZ : gvV †_‡K m`¨ †Zvjv ZvRv bgybv
msMÖn K‡i wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Agaricus Gi e¨vwmwWI‡¯úvi
wewfbœ Ask ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ †hvMvb w`‡eb|
wk¶v_©xMY bgybvwU fvjfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y K‡i
wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ K‡i Agaricus Gi wPÎ A¼b
Ki‡eb|
ch©‡e¶Y : bgybvwU mwVKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiyb|
G‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewk󨸇jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb-
1| d«zUewW `ywU As‡k wef³| h_v- e„‡šÍi b¨vq
÷vBc Ges ÷vB‡ci AMÖfv‡M QvZvi b¨vq cvBwjqvm|
wPÎ 7.6 : Agaricus Gi d«zU ewW kbv³KiY
2| ÷vB‡ci Dc‡ii w`‡K ejq (Annulus) bvgK GKwU cÖk¯Í AvswUi b¨vq Ask _v‡K|
3| cvBwjqv‡mi Dc‡ii c„ô gm„Y, †Kvgj Ges wKQzUv DËjvK…wZi|
4| cvBwjqv‡mi wb‡Pi w`‡K AmsL¨ cvZvi b¨vq wMj _v‡K| wMj¸‡jv SzjšÍfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
G¸‡jvB Agaricus Gi d«zUewWi kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨|
wm×všÍ : DcwiD³ ˆewk󨸇jv we‡ePbvq msMÖnK…Z bgybvwU GKwU QÎvK hvi ˆeÁvwbK bvg Agaricus|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K Agaricus Gi `ywU kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ wjLyb

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-138
 Dw™¢`weÁvb

mvims‡¶c
Agaricus Gi d«zUewWi kbv³Kvix ˆewk󨸇jv nj- 1| d«zUewW `ywU As‡k wef³, h_v- e„‡šÍi b¨vq ÷vBc Ges
÷vB‡ci AMÖfv‡M QvZvi b¨vq cvBwjqvm, 2| ÷vB‡ci Dc‡ii w`‡K ejq (Annulus) bvgK GKwU cÖk¯Í AvswUi
b¨vq Ask _v‡K, 3| cvBwjqv‡mi Dc‡ii c„ô gm„Y, †Kvgj Ges wKQzUv DËjvK…wZi, 4| cvBwjqv‡mi wb‡Pi
w`‡K AmsL¨ cvZvi b¨vq wMj _v‡K| wMj¸‡jv SzjšÍfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-139
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.7 Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 aŸmv †ivM m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi j¶Y e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã aŸmv †ivM, wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM, AvMvg aŸmv †ivM
Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM : Mv‡Qi cvZv, KvÛ, dzj BZ¨vw` ïwK‡q hvIqv‡K ejv nq aŸmv †ivM (Blight)|
Avjy Mv‡Q `yÕai‡bi eøvBU †`Lv hvq| h_v- (K) wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM Ges (L) AvMvg aŸmv †ivM| wejw¤^Z
aŸmv †iv‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq †¶‡Zi mg¯Í dmjB bó nq | ZvB G‡K A‡bK mgq goK †ivMI ejv nq| G †ivM
we‡k¦i me©ÎB cwijw¶Z nq| 1845 mv‡j Avqvij¨v‡Û G †ivM gvivZ¥Kfv‡e †`Lv †`qvq †m †`‡k `ywf©¶ nq|
d‡j eû‡jvK gviv hvq Ges eû‡jvK †`k †Q‡o Ab¨ †`‡k cvwo Rgvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k iscyi, e¸ov, ivRkvnx,
gywÝMÄ I †fvjvq Avjyi Pvl Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y nq| G mKj A‡j wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivMwU cÖwZeQi Kg †ewk †`Lv
hvq| mvaviYZ ec‡bi cÖvq `yÕgvm ci G †iv‡Mi Avwef©ve nq e‡j G †ivM‡K wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM ejv nq|
Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi KviY : Phytophthora infestans bvgK QÎv‡Ki Kvi‡Y Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv
†iv‡Mi m„wó nq| GwU Phycomycetes †kÖYxi
QÎvK| QÎvKwUi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv- G QÎv‡Ki
gvB‡mwjqvg¸‡jv wm‡bvmvBwUK, AwaK kvLvwš^Z
Ges ¯^”Q| cwiYZ Ae¯’vq AvšÍt‡Kvlxq
gvB‡mwjqvg †_‡K cÎiÜ« w`‡q Ges †jw›U‡mj
w`‡q ¸”QvKv‡i kvLvwš^Z KwbwW‡qv‡dvi †ei
nq| KwbwW‡qv‡dv‡ii kvLvq †jey AvK…wZi Ges
c¨vwcjvhy³ KwbwWqv Drcbœ nq| cÖwZwU
KwbwWqvg AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k wØ-d¬¨v‡Rjvhy³
†¯úvi ˆZwi K‡i| †¯úvi¸‡jv c¨vwcjv we`xY©
K‡i evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m| G mgq d¬¨v‡Rjv
nvwi‡q wekÖvg `kvq DcwbZ nq| cÖwZwU †¯úvi
A¼zwiZ n‡q exRbj MVb K‡i Ges †cvlK‡`‡n
cÖ‡ek K‡i gvB‡mwjqvg Drcbœ K‡i|

wPÎ 7.7 : Phytophthora infestans QÎvK (K)- AvµvšÍ Avjy cvZv

I (L)- KwbwW‡qv‡dvi Ges KwbwWqv)
Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi j¶Y : Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi j¶Y¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
1| cÖ_‡g cvZvi wKbvivq ev AMÖfv‡M ev`vgx ev jvj‡P Kv‡jv is‡qi `vM †`Lv †`q|
2| cvZvi wb¤œZ‡ji cÎiÜ« w`‡q KwbwW‡qv‡dvi †ei nq| KwbwW‡qv‡dv‡ii ¸”Q¸‡jv mv`v mv`v P~Y©iƒ‡c _v‡K|
G¸‡jv c¨v‡_v‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvY K‡i|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-140
 Dw™¢`weÁvb
3| †ivMwU µgvš^‡q cvZv †_‡K Kv‡Û we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| d‡j Kv‡Û cuPb a‡i Ges mg¯Í MvQwU webó n‡q gvwU‡Z
X‡j c‡o|
4| cvZv I KvÛ webó nIqvi d‡j K›` ev wUDevi¸‡jv AvµvšÍ nq| Gi d‡j ùxZ K›` ev Avjy¸‡jv‡Z Mvp
†e¸bx ev Kvj‡P `vM †`Lv hvq|
5| †ivM we¯Ív‡ii ci mg¯Í Avjy cu‡P bó nq|
6| QÎvK AvµgY Zxeª n‡j Avjy‡¶‡Z giv I cuPv wUmy¨i we‡kl `yM©Ü m„wó nq|
Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v
1| †ivMgy³ GjvKv †_‡K ﮋ Avjy msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| exR Avjy cÖLi †iŠ‡`ª A‡bK w`b hveZ fvjfv‡e ïKv‡Z n‡e|
3| †ivMvµvšÍ A‡j Avjy MvQ 6-10Bw j¤^v n‡jB G‡Z †evu‡`©ªvwgkÖY bvgK QÎvKeviK wQUv‡Z n‡e Ges
cieZ©x‡Z 20-25w`b cici QÎvKeviKwU wQUv‡Z n‡e|
4| Avjy †Zvjvi ci †¶‡Z AvµvšÍ Mv‡Qi cwiZ¨³ Askmg~n GKwÎZ K‡i cy‡o †dj‡Z n‡e|
5| exR Avjy wngvMv‡i msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| exR Avjy wngvMv‡i ivLvi c~‡e© QÎvKeviK Øviv †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| QÎvK cÖwZ‡iva¶g RvZ Pvl Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| Rwg †_‡K Avjy dmj †Zvjvi ciciB mKj cwiZ¨³ AveR©bv cywo‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
9| GKB Rwg‡Z cÖwZeQi Avjy Pvl bv K‡i 1/2 eQi cici Pvl Ki‡j †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi Kg n‡e|
10| Pv‡li †¶‡Î ¯’vbxq RvZ wbe©vPb Kiv fvj|
wb‡Pi Q‡K eøvBU †iv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f` Ges Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi RxevYyi
wk¶v_©xi KvR
bvg wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
Mv‡Qi cvZv, KvÛ, dzj BZ¨vw` ïwK‡q hvIqv‡K ejv nq eøvBU| Avjy Mv‡Q `yÕai‡bi eøvBU †`Lv hvq| h_v- (K)
wejw¤^Z aŸmv †ivM Ges (L) AvMvg aŸmv †ivM| wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq †¶‡Zi mg¯Í dmjB bó
nq| ZvB G‡K A‡bK mgq goK †ivMI ejv nq| 1845 mv‡j Avqvij¨v‡Û G †ivM gvivZ¥Kfv‡e †`Lv †`qvq
†m †`‡k `ywf©¶ nq| Phytophthora infestans bvgK QÎv‡Ki Kvi‡Y Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi m„wó nq| GwU
Phycomycetes †kÖYxi QÎvK|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Avjyi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx RxevYy n‡jv-
(K) Phytophthora infestans (L) Alternaria solani
(M) Alternaria solany (N) Cetraria slandica
2| e- vBU †ivM KZ ai‡bi ?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5
3| Avjy Mv‡Qi wejw¤^Z aŸmv †iv‡Mi j¶Y¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. cÖ_‡g cvZvi wKbvivq ev AMÖfv‡M ev`vgx ev jvj‡P Kv‡jv is‡qi `vM †`Lv †`q
ii. cvZvi wb¤œZ‡ji cÎiÜ« w`‡q KwbwW‡qv‡dvi †ei nq
iii. †ivM we¯Ív‡ii ci mg¯Í Avjy cu‡P bó nq bv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-141
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.8 jvB‡Kb : ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki mnve¯’vb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 jvB‡Kb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jvB‡K‡bi Avevm¯’j D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jvB‡K‡bi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jvB‡K‡b ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki wg‡_vRxex m¤úK© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jvB‡K‡bi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖavb kã jvB‡Kb, ˆkevj, QÎvK

jvB‡Kb (Lichen) : A‡bK †¶‡Î wfbœ ai‡bi `ywU Rxe wbR wbR cÖ‡qvR‡b Nwbôfv‡e GK‡Î Ae¯’vb
K‡i| Giv Df‡q G‡K Ac‡ii DcKvi K‡i| Zv‡`i G Ae¯’vb I m¤úK©‡K wg‡_vRxexZv Ges Rxe
`ywU‡K wg‡_vRxex Rxe ejv nq| wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi ˆkevj (†hgb- GK‡Kvlx ˆkevj ev mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv) Ges wbw`©ó
cÖRvwZi QÎvK (†hgb- m¨vK ev K¬ve dvbRvB) Gi Nwbô mnve¯’vb Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y GK we‡kl
cÖK…wZi _¨vj‡qW MVb K‡i| hv‡K jvB‡Kb ejv nq| jvB‡Kb Gi QÎvKwU _¨vj‡qW Gi cÖavb Ask MVb K‡i|
GwU ˆkevj‡K AvkÖq †`q| jvB‡K‡bi †gvU f‡ii 5-10% fi ˆkev‡ji| ‰kevj †_‡K Drcvw`Z Lv`¨ †L‡q QÎvK
Rxeb aviY K‡i| jvB‡Kb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, welgc„ô Ges Acy®úK Dw™¢`| wewfbœ M‡elYvq G ch©šÍ 17,000 jvB‡Kb
cÖRvwZi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q|
jvB‡Kb Mv‡Qi evKj, cvZv, ¶qcÖvß ¸uwo, gvwU, †`qvj, cv_i, ce©ZMvÎ BZ¨vw` e¯‘i Dci Rb¥vq| Zz›`ªv AÂj,
giy AÂj, bxim ce©ZMvÎmn mg¯Í cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v‡b Giv Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i|
jvB‡K‡bi cÖKvi‡f` : cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k wewfbœ AvK…wZi jvB‡Kb cvIqv hvq| evwn¨K MVbMZfv‡e jvB‡Kb wZb
cÖKvi| h_v- (K) µvm‡UvR jvB‡Kb, (L) †dvwj‡qvR jvB‡Kb Ges (M) d«zwU‡KvR jvB‡Kb|
(K) µvm‡UvR jvB‡Kb- Giv P¨vÞv, ¶z`ªvKvi Ges †cvlK e¯‘i mv‡_ wbweofv‡e †j‡M _v‡K| Giv cvnvo ce©Z,
cÖ¯Íi LÛ, cyivZb AÆvwjKv, Dw™¢‡`i evKj cÖf…wZ Aej¤^‡bi mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e msjMœ _v‡K| †hgb- Cryptothecia
rubrocincta, Diploicia canescens|
(L) †dvwj‡qvR jvB‡Kb- G ai‡bi jvB‡Kb †`L‡Z A‡bKUv welgc„ô cvZvi b¨vq| Giv cÖk¯Í Ges G‡`i wKbviv
LuvRKvUv I Av‡›`vwjZ _v‡K| Giv cvnvo ce©Z, cÖ¯Íi LÛ, cyivZb AÆvwjKv, Dw™¢‡`i evKj cÖf…wZ Aej¤^‡bi Mv‡Î
Rb¥vq| G mKj jvB‡K‡bi _¨vjv‡mi †Kw›`ªqvÂj Aej¤^‡bi mv‡_ †j‡Þ _v‡K wKš‘ G‡`i cÖvšÍfvM †Lvjv _v‡K|
†hgb- Flavoparmelia caperata, Parmotrema tinctorum|
(M) d«zwU‡KvR jvB‡Kb- AwaK kvLv cÖkvLvwewkó Ges RwUj †`‡ni jvB‡Kb‡K ejv nq d«zwU‡KvR jvB‡Kb| G
ai‡bi jvB‡Kb P¨vÞv ev `‡Ûi b¨vq, †Kej †Mvovi Ask wbf©ikxj e¯‘i mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Giv
Aej¤^‡bi Mv‡q SzjšÍfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| †hgb- Cladonia leporina, Letharia columbiana|

wPÎ 7.8 : wewfbœ cÖKvi jvB‡Kb

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-142
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jvB‡K‡b ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki wg‡_vRxex m¤úK© : Giv ci¯ú‡ii DcKvi K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-
ˆkev‡ji cÖvß DcKvi
1| ˆkevj QÎv‡Ki †`‡n AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i|
2| QÎv‡Ki kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡Ri d‡j m„ó Kve©b WvBAK&ªvBW I cvwb ˆkevj mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Kv‡R jvMvq|
3| QÎv‡Ki †`‡n Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y ˆkev‡ji ˆ`wnK wbivcËv wbwðZ nq|
QÎv‡Ki cÖvß DcKvi
1| kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡Ri d‡j D™¢~Z eR¨© I Rjxqev®ú †`‡n miv‡bvi Rb¨ QÎv‡Ki †Kvb cÖKvi kw³i AcPq nq
bv|
2| QÎvK wb‡R †`‡n AvkÖq `v‡bi wewbg‡q ˆkevj KZ…©K Drcvw`Z Lv`¨ n‡÷vwiqv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ MÖnY K‡i|
jvB‡K‡bi ¸iyZ¡ : jvB‡K‡bi DcKvix Ges AcKvix Dfq f~wgKvB i‡q‡Q| h_v-
DcKvix f~wgKv
†R‡iv‡mwi- cvnvo ce©‡Zi Mv‡Î cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q jvB‡Kb Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Dw™¢` Rb¥vq bv| †mLv‡b jvB‡K‡bi g„Z
†`nve‡kl †_‡K wnDgvm MwVZ nq| D³ wnDgvm cv_‡ii mv‡_ wg‡k gvwU ˆZwi K‡i| †mLv‡b ax‡i ax‡i Ab¨vb¨
Dw™¢` ch©vqµ‡g Rb¥v‡Z ïiy K‡i| A_©vr jvB‡K‡b †R‡iv‡mwii m~Pbv N‡U|
cïi Lv`¨- GMy‡jv ejMv nwiY Ges Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| Zz›`ªv A‡j eidv”Qvw`Z gvwU A_ev
cvnv‡oi Xv‡j emevmKvix jvB‡K‡bi Nb Av¯ÍiY †iBbwWqvi gm bv‡g cwiwPZ|
KxUcZ‡½i Lv`¨- KxUcZ‡½i jvf©vi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e jvB‡Kb e¨envi Kiv nq|
wewfbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`b- is, wjUgvm †ccvi, Jla, myMwÜ, U¨vwbb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, b¨vc_vwjb, Kc~©i BZ¨vw` `ªe¨ jvB‡Kb
†_‡K Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
gvby‡li Lv`¨- AwaKvsk jvB‡K‡b jvB‡Kwbb bvgK Kv‡e©vnvB‡Wª‡Ui Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
nq| biI‡q, myB‡Wb I AvBmj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmxiv Cetraria slandica bvgK jvB‡KbwU Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
Jla ˆZwi- RwÛm, Wvqwiqv, RjvZ¼ Ges bvbvwea Pg© †iv‡Mi Jla ˆZwi‡Z jvB‡Kb e¨envi Kiv nq|
AcKvix f~wgKv
AvkÖq `vZv Dw™¢‡`i ¶wZmvab- Cladonia, Amphiloma, Usnea cÖf…wZ jvB‡K‡bi †Kvb †Kvb cÖRvwZ Zv‡`i
AvkÖq`vZv Dw™¢‡`i ¶wZ K‡i|
welv³ jvB‡Kb- welv³ jvB‡Kb f¶Y K‡i gvbyl I Mevw` cïi g„Zz¨ NU‡Z cv‡i|
AÆvwjKvi ¶wZmvab- cyivZb AÆvwjKvi Mv‡q emevmKvix jvB‡K‡bi wµqvi d‡j AÆvwjKvi h‡_ó ¶wZ nq|
wewea ¶wZmvab- gv‡e©j cv_‡ii ˆZwi g~j¨evb fv¯‹h©, ¯§„wZ‡mŠa, wgbvi, gw›`i BZ¨vw`‡Z emevmKvix jvB‡Kb
cv_‡i ¶q mvab K‡i Ges †mŠ›`h© bó K‡i|
wk¶v_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi jvB‡K‡bi bvg wjLyb

mvims‡¶c
A‡bK‡¶‡Î wfbœ ai‡bi `ywU Rxe wbR wbR cÖ‡qvR‡b Nwbôfv‡e GK‡Î Ae¯’vb K‡i| Giv Df‡q G‡K Ac‡ii
DcKvi K‡i| Zv‡`i G Ae¯’vb I m¤úK©‡K wg‡_vRxexZv Ges Rxe `ywU‡K wg‡_vRxex Rxe ejv nq| wbw`©ó
cÖRvwZi ˆkevj (†hgb- GK‡Kvlx ˆkevj ev mvqv‡bve¨vK‡Uwiqv) Ges wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi QÎvK (†hgb- m¨vK ev K¬ve
dvbRvB) Gi Nwbô mnve¯’vb Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y GK we‡kl cÖK…wZi _¨vj‡qW MVb K‡i| hv‡K
jvB‡Kb ejv nq| jvB‡Kb Gi QÎvKwU _¨vj‡qW Gi cÖavb Ask MVb K‡i| GwU ˆkevj‡K AvkÖq †`q| jvB‡Kb
Mv‡Qi evKj, cvZv, ¶qcÖvß ¸uwo, gvwU, †`qvj, cv_i, ce©ZMvÎ BZ¨vw` e¯‘i Dci Rb¥vq| Zz›`ªv AÂj, giy
AÂj, bxim ce©ZMvÎmn mg¯Í cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v‡b Giv Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k wewfbœ AvK…wZi jvB‡Kb
cvIqv hvq| evwn¨K MVbMZfv‡e jvB‡Kb wZb cÖKvi| h_v- (K) µvm‡UvR jvB‡Kb, (L) †dvwj‡qvR jvB‡Kb
Ges (M) d«zwU‡KvR jvB‡Kb|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-143
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| evwn¨K MVbMZfv‡e jvB‡Kb KZ cÖKvi ?
(K) 3 (L) 4 (M) 5 (N) 6
2| biI‡q, myB‡Wb I AvBmj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmxiv †Kvb jvB‡Kb‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i ?
(K) Cetraria slandica (L) Cladonia
(M) Usnea (N) Letharia columbiana
3| wb‡Pi jvB‡Kb¸‡jv AvkÖq `vZv Dw™¢‡`i ¶wZmvab K‡i-
i. Cladonia ii. Amphiloma iii. Usnea
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii, I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1
cv‡ki wPÎwU j¶ Kiyb Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b
(K) QÎvK Kx ?
(L) Agaricus Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm D‡jøL Kiyb|
(M) DwjøwLZ wPÎwUi †fŠZ MVb e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
(N) Dc‡i DwjøwLZ AYyRxewU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i- Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiyb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.1 : 1| K 2| M 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.2 : 1| L 2| L 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.4 : 1| K 2| K 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.5 : 1| K 2| L 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.7 : 1| K 2| K 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.8 : 1| K 2| K 3| N

BDwbU 7 c„ôv-144