ejwe`¨v BDwbU

Mechanics 3
f~wgKv (Introduction)
Avgiv wØZxq BDwb‡U MwZwe`¨v welqK miY, †eM, Z¡iY BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK
Rxe‡b e¯Íyi MwZi Giƒc wewfbœZvi wcQ‡b †h ivwkwU KvR K‡i Zv n‡”Q ej| GKwU w¯’i e¯Í‡y K MwZkxj Ki‡Z
PvB‡j ev MwZkxj †Kv‡bv e¯Í‡y K _vgv‡Z PvB‡j wKQy GKUv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| †hUv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq †mUvB ej|
wbDU‡bi MwZm~θ‡jv ej‡K †K›`ª K‡iB m„wó| ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R mevB †K›`ªgyLx I †K›`ªwegyLx e‡ji m¤§yLxb nB|
GmKjB n‡jv wbDUwbqvb ejwe`¨vi AšÍfy©³| G BDwb‡U Avgiv e‡ji aviYv, wbDU‡bi MwZi m~θ‡jv wee„wZ I
G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK©, e¨envi, mxgve×Zv, ˆiwLK fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î, †KŠwYK fi‡eM, †K›`ªgyLx, †K›`ªwegyLx ej,
msNl© BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 3.1 : ej
cvV - 3.2 : e‡ji cwigvc
cvV - 3.3 : wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej
cvV - 3.4 : fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î
cvV - 3.5 : msNl©
cvV - 3.6 : RoZvi åvgK
cvV - 3.7 : †KŠwYK fi‡eM
cvV - 3.8 : UK©
cvV - 3.9 : †K›`ªgyLx ej
cvV - 3.10 : e¨envwiK-3 t GKwU d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK wbY©q

cvV-3.1 ej
Force
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 RoZv I e‡ji e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Pvi cÖKvi †gŠwjK ej eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.1.1 RoZv I ej (Inertia and Force):
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b AwfÁZv †_‡K †`L‡Z cvB, †Uwe‡ji Dci GKwU eB wPiKvj †hLv‡b Av‡Q †mLv‡bB
c‡o _vK‡e hw` GwU‡K mwi‡q bv †bqv nq| Avevi GKwU MwZkxj e¯Íy‡K _vgvevi †Póv bv Ki‡jI GwU LvwbKUv
c_ AwZµg K‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †_‡g hvq, evqy ev Nl©Y RwbZ Kvi‡Y| hw` evqyi evav ev Nl©Y bv _vKZ, Z‡e mij
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

c‡_ mylg MwZ‡Z Pjgvb e¯Íy KL‡bvB _vgZ bv| cÖ‡Z¨K e¯ÍyB †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q †mB Ae¯’v‡ZB _vK‡Z Pvq| A_©vr
w¯’i e¯Íy w¯’i Ges MwZkxj e¯Íy mgMwZ‡Z MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq| e¯Íyi w¯’i ev MwZkxj Ae¯’v eRvq ivL‡Z PvIqvi
GB cÖeYZv e¯Íyi GKwU †gŠwjK ag©| G‡K e¯Íyi RoZv e‡j| RoZv‡K `y fv‡M we‡ePbv Kiv nq (1) w¯’wZRoZv I
(2) MwZRoZv| e¯Íyi RoZv Gi f‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i| fi n‡”Q RoZvi cwigvc| †h e¯Íyi fi †ekx Zvi
RoZvI †ekx|
ˆ`bw›`b AwfÁZv †_‡K Avgiv †`wL cÖwZwbqZ e¯Íyi RoZvi cwieZ©b NU‡Q ev NUv‡bv n‡”Q| aiv hvK GKwU
Mvwo‡K MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ †Vjv, av°v ev Uvbv n‡jv| MvwowU MwZkxj †nvK ev bv †nvK GKwU wecixZgyLx av°v
Abyf~Z n‡e| †Vjv ev Uvbv A_ev av°vi cwigvb GKwU wbw`©ó mxgv ch©šÍ n‡j MvwowU Aek¨B MwZkxj n‡e| A_©vr
MvwowUi MwZi Rb¨ †h †Vjv, Uvbv ev av°vi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv Zv‡KB ej e‡j| Ò†h evwn¨K KviY e¯Íyi w¯’i ev
MwZkxj Ae¯’vq cwieZ©b NUvq ev NUv‡Z Pvq Zv‡K ej e‡jÓ| †h ej e¯Íy‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev MwZ evwo‡q †`q
Zv‡K Z¡iY m„wóKvix ej e‡j| †h ej MwZkxj e¯Íy‡K _vwg‡q †`q ev †eM Kwg‡q †`q Zv‡K g›`b m„wóKvix ej
e‡j| †Kv‡bv e¯Íy‡K †Vj‡Z ev Uvb‡Z n‡j cÖZ¨ÿ ¯úk© cÖ‡qvRb| GB ai‡bi ej‡K ejv nq ¯úk© ej| Nl©Y ej,
msN‡l©i d‡j m„ó ej, Uvb ej BZ¨vw` ¯úk©e‡ji D`vniY| `ywU Pz¤^‡Ki wecixZ‡giæ ci¯úi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Ges
mg‡giæ ci¯úi‡K weKl©Y K‡i| GB AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y n‡”Q A¯úk© ej| c„w_ex Zvi c„ô¯’ I wbKU¯’ mKj e¯Íy‡K
Gi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| G AvKl©Y ej n‡”Q AwfKl© ev gnvKl© ej|
mvaviY AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv e‡ji wKQy ˆewkó jÿ¨ Kwi Zv n‡jv-
1| ej cÖ‡qv‡M †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi RoZvi cwieZ©b nq ev nIqvi cÖeYZv ˆZwi nq|
2| ej me©`v †Rvovq †Rvovq wµqvkxj _v‡K, A_©vr e¯Íyi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j cÖhy³ e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K
Av‡iKwU ej wµqv K‡i| GKvi‡Y e‡ji wµqv‡K wg_w¯ŒqvI e‡j| †hgb hLb †Kv‡bv e¯Íy‡K `wo‡Z †eu‡a Uvbv nq
ZLb cÖhy³ e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K `wo‡Z †h GKUv ej wµqv K‡i Zv‡K Uvb ej e‡j|
3| ej e¯Íyi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b NUvq| A_©vr ej cÖ‡qv‡M e¯Íy Z¡iY ev g›`b nq| GKwU MwZkxj e¯Íy‡K †cQb †_‡K
av°v w`b G‡Z Gi †eM e„w× cv‡e A_©vr Z¡iY n‡e| MwZkxj Mvox‡K wcQb †_‡K †U‡b aiæb Gi ‡eM n«vm cv‡e ev
g›`b n‡e|
4| ej e¯Íy‡K weK…Z Ki‡Z cv‡i ev †fŠZ a‡g©i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5| ej GKwU †f±i ivwk KviY Gi gvb I w`K Av‡Q|
Abyaveb-3.1 e‡ji ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb|

3.1.2 : e‡ji cÖKvi‡f` (Kinds of Forces)

cÖK…wZ‡Z Avgiv wewfbœ e‡ji cwiPq cvB| e‡ji wewfbœZv m‡Ë¡I mKj cÖKvi ej‡K gvÎ PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GB Pvi cÖKvi ej‡K †gŠwjK ej e‡j| Ò†h mKj ej g~j ev ¯^vaxb A_©vr †h mKj ej Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ej
†_‡K Drcbœ nq bv eis Ab¨vb¨ ej G mKj e‡ji †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv iƒ‡ci cÖKvk Zv‡`i‡K †gŠwjK ej e‡jÓ|
†gŠwjK ej¸‡jv nj :
1. gnvKl© ej (Gravitational Force)
2. ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej (Electromagnetic Force)
3. mej wbDwK¬q ej (Strong Nuclear Force)
4. `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej (Weak Nuclear Force)
(1) gnvKl© ej t gnvwe‡k¦i cÖ‡Z¨K e¯Íy G‡K Aci‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| G AvKl©Y ej‡K gnvKl© ej e‡j| e¯Íyi
f‡ii Kvi‡Y G AvKl©Y N‡U| G e‡ji Kvi‡Y MÖnmg~ n bÿ‡Îi Pviw`‡K Ny‡i, c„w_exi hveZxq cÖvYx I e¯Íy f~-c„‡ôi
msjMœ _v‡K, e¯Íyi IRb Abyf~Z nq; BZ¨vw`| `ywU e¯Íyi g‡a¨ MÖvwfUb bvgK GK cÖKvi KYvi cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g G ej Kvh©Ki nq| Aek¨ MÖvwfU‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv cÖgvY GL‡bv cvIqv hvqwb| G e‡ji cvjøv Amxg|

76 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

(2) ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej t `ywU PvwR©Z KYvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i Pv‡R©i Kvi‡Y cvi¯úwiK †h AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y e‡ji D™¢e
nq Zv‡K ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej e‡j| AvYweK MVb, ivmvqwbK wewµqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K NUbvi Rb¨ G ej
`vqx, GUvI `ye©j ej Ges Gi cvjøv Amxg ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| †dvUb bvgK fi I PvR© nxb GK cÖKvi KYvi cvi¯úwiK
wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g G ej Kvh©Ki nq|
(3) mej wbDwK¬q ej : wbDwK¬qv‡m _vKv Ae¯’vq `ywU wbDwK¬q‡bi g‡a¨ (wbDwK¬qv‡mi wfZi †cÖvUb I wbDUªb bv‡g
†h KYv _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K GK K_vq wbDwK¬qb e‡j) †h cÖej AvKl©Y ej we`¨gvb Zv‡K mej wbDwK¬q ej e‡j| G
ej AvKl©Yag©x, ¯^í cvjøv wewkó Ges PvR© wbi‡cÿ| wbDwK¬qv‡mi evB‡i G e‡ji †Kv‡bv cÖfve †bB| me¸‡jv
†gŠwjK e‡ji g‡a¨ GB ej AwaK mej| `ywU wbDwK¬q‡bi g‡a¨ †gmb (meson) bvgK GK cÖKvi KYvi cvi¯úwiK
wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g G ej Kvh©Ki nq| Gi cvjøv 1015 m hv wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb|
(4) `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej t cÖK…wZ‡Z †ek wKQy †gŠwjK c`v_© i‡q‡Q hv‡`i wbDwK¬qvm ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e †f‡½ hvq| (†hgb
BD‡iwbqvg, †_vwiqvg BZ¨vw`)| GB mg¯Í wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K wZb ai‡bi KwYKv I iwk¥ wbM©Z nq hv‡`i‡K Avjdv
KwYKv (-particle), weUv KwYKv (-particle) Ges Mvgv iwk¥ (-ray) ejv nq|
wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K weUv KwYKv ÿ‡qi Rb¨ †h †gŠwjK ej wµqvkxj _v‡K, Zv‡K `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej e‡j| `ye©j
wbDwK¬q ej gnvKl© ej A‡cÿv kw³kvjx wKšÍy ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej A‡cÿv Kg kw³kvjx| GB e‡ji cvjøv AZ¨šÍ
Kg, †hLv‡b m„wó nq †mLv‡bB ïaygvÎ Kvh©Ki _v‡K| gva¨wgK †f±i †evmb (Intermediate vector bosons) bvgK
GK cÖKvi KYvi cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g G ej Kvh©Ki nq| Gi cvjøv 1016 m |
Abyaveb 3.2: †gŠwjK ej¸‡jv †Kb D™¢e nq Ges †Kv_vq Kvh©Ki nq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
†gŠwjK ej mg~‡ni Zzjbv t
gnvKl© ej `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej mej wbDwK¬q ej
cvjøv Amxg 1016 m Amxg 1015 m
Av‡cwÿK ZxeªZv 1 1030 1040 1042
cÖfvweZ KYv mKj c`v_© †cÖvUb PvR©hy³ KYv †cÖvUb I wbDUªb
wewbgq KYv MÖ¨vwfUb gva¨wgK †f±i †evmb †dvUb †gmb
3.1.3 e‡ji GKxf~ZKiY ZË¡ t
c`v_©we`MY hw`I Pvi cÖKvi †gŠwjK e‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb; wKQy weÁvbxiv A‡bK w`b †_‡KB aviYv †cvlY
Ki‡Qb †h, GB gnvwe‡k¦ cÖK…Z c‡ÿ GK cÖKvi †gŠwjK ej KvR Ki‡Q| †h Pvi cÖKvi e‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xK…Z G¸‡jv
†mB †gŠwjK e‡jiB wfbœiƒc| e‡ji GB GKxf~Z Ki‡Yi j‡ÿ¨B mvjvg, IqvBbevM© I Møv‡kv bvgK wZbRb weÁvbx
Zv‡`i `xN©w`‡bi M‡elYvi d‡j cÖgvY Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb †h, `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej I ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej cÖK…Z c‡ÿ
GKB ej| hv Zwor `ye©j ej bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| d‡j cÖK…wZ‡Z †gŠwjK e‡ji msL¨v `uvovq wZb cÖKv‡ii|
GKxf~Z Ki‡Yi GB mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ GB wZbRb weÁvbx †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi f~wlZ nb| mvjvg, IqvBbevM© I Møv‡kv
cÖ`Ë Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv ZË¡ nqZ Avwe®‹„Z n‡e, hv mej wbDwK¬q e‡ji mv‡_ Zwor `ye©j ej I gnvKl© e‡ji g‡a¨
m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡e|
Abyaveb 3.3 : †gŠwjK ej¸‡jvi Av‡cw¶K ZxeªZv wjLyb|
3.1.4 wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î (cÖ_g m~Î)t
fi,MwZ Ges e‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i m¨vi AvBRvK wbDUb wZbwU m~Î cÖKvk K‡ib hv Zuvi Agi MÖš ’
b¨vPvivwjm wd‡jv‡mvwdqv g¨v_‡gwUKv‡Z 1687 wLª: cÖKvwkZ nq| GB m~Î wZbwU wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cÖ_g m~Î : Òevwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯Íy wPiKvj w¯’i Ae¯’vq _vK‡e Ges MwZkxj e¯Íy mylg †e‡M mij
c‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡eÓ| A_©vr evB‡i †_‡K ej wµqv bv Ki‡j (1) w¯’i e¯Íy w¯’i _vK‡e Ges (2) MwZkxj e¯Íy mylg
MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z _vK‡e|

ejwe`¨v 77
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

myZvivs †`Lv hvq †h, MwZi cÖ_g m~Î e¯Íyi RoZv-ag© wee„Z K‡i Ges e‡ji msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖ_g cv‡VB
Av‡jvPbvq †R‡b‡Qb, w¯’i e¯Íy me©`vB w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯Íy me©`vB MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq| e¯Íyi GB
cÖeYZv‡K RoZv ejv nq| GRb¨ GB m~·K RoZvi m~ÎI ejv nq| m~ÎwU‡K Gfv‡eI e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, hw` †Kv‡bv
e¯Íyi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM bv Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zvi MwZi cwieZ©b ev w¯’wZi cwieZ©b n‡e bv A_©vr ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j
e¯Íyi Z¡iY k~b¨ nq| G †_‡K e‡ji msÁv w`‡Z cvwi|
A‡bK mgq g‡b nq wbDU‡bi m~Î Avgv‡`i mvaviY AwfÁZvi mv‡_ AmsMwZc~Y©| Avmyb D`vniY †`qv _vK|
GKwU Mvwo w¯’i Ae¯’vq Av‡Q, Gi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j GwU w¯’i _vK‡e| wK¯Íy hLb MvoxwU MwZkxj _v‡K
ZLb ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡jI wK MvwowU MwZkxj _vK‡e? GLv‡bB AmsMwZ, ev¯Íe AwfÁZvq Avgiv †`wL wKQyÿ‡Yi
g‡a¨ MvoxwU ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖfv‡e MwZkxj _v‡K| GgbwK MwZ AcwiewZ©Z ivL‡Z n‡jI ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
eis ej cÖ‡qvM eÜ Ki‡jB wKQyÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ MvwowU †_‡g hvq| GLv‡b cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wK N‡U? MvwowUi Dci Bwćbi
ej cÖ‡qvM eÜ n‡jI Ab¨fv‡e ej cÖ‡qvM Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Zv n‡jv AwfKl©R e‡ji Kvi‡Y c„w_exi †K›`ªgyLx Uvb,
iv¯Ívi Nl©‡Yi d‡j Nl©Y RwbZ evav ev av°v Ges evZv‡mi evav| MvwowU MwZkxj ev mg`ªæwZ ivLvi Rb¨ cÖhy³
ejwU cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GB AwfKl©R I Nl©Y ej‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨B KvR K‡i| myZivs ev¯Íe Rxe‡b `„ó AvcvZ
AwfÁZvq wbDU‡bi m~‡Î AmsMwZ Av‡Q g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Z cÖ¯Ív‡e Zv mwVK bq|
Abyaveb 3.4: ev¯Íe Rxe‡b `„ó AvcvZ AwfÁZvi wbDU‡bi m~‡Îi AmsMwZ Av‡Q g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Z cÖ¯Ív‡e Zv
mwVK bq- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 RoZv: c`v_© †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q wPiKvj †mB Ae¯’vq _vKvi cÖeYZv ev ag©‡K RoZv e‡j|
 ej: hv w¯’i e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Zv‡K MwZkxj K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq Ges MwZkxj e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i Zvi
MwZi cwieZ©b K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq Zv‡K ej e‡j|
 1g m~Î: evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qv‡M e¯‘i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ wPiKvj w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges
MwZkxj e¯‘ mg`ªæwZ‡Z mijc‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †gŠwjK ej KqwU?
(K) 1wU (L) 2wU (M) 3wU (N) 4wU
2| e¯Íyi w¯’wZ RoZv †KvbwUi mgvbycvwZK?
(K) f‡ii (L) AvqZ‡bi (M) Nb‡Z¡i (N) w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi
3| †Kvb ej †cÖvUb I wbDUªb‡K GK‡Î Ave× K‡i wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi K‡i?
(K) gnvKl© ej (L) ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K ej (M) mej wbDwK¬q ej (N) `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej
4| ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K e‡ji cvjøvÑ
(K) 10-16m (L) Amxg (M) 16-15m (N) k~b¨
5| gnvKl© e‡ji gvb
i) `~iZ¡ e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ n« vm cvq ii) wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡i evB‡i k~b¨ nq iii) KLbI k~b¨ nq bv
†KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

78 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

cvV-3.2 e‡ji cwigvc

Measurement of Force
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 fi‡eM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 
 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î e¨envi K‡i K¨vjKzjv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ej Ges Z¡i‡Yi m¤úK©  F  ma wbY©q
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î †_‡K 1g m~Î cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.2.1 fi‡eM t
aiv hvK MwZkxj `ywU e¯Íy av°v †Lj| av°vi ci e¯Íy `ywU †Kvb w`‡K hv‡e? GUv wK fv‡e wba©vwiZ n‡e?
g~jZ †Kvb Dcv`vbwU e¯Íy `ywUi av°v cieZ©x MwZ wba©viY Ki‡e? fi, bv †eM? G cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ fi‡e‡Mi
aviYv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avgv‡`i AwfÁZv †_‡K ‡`wL GKB †e‡M Pj‡Q GiKg GKwU dzUej Avi GKwU Mvwoi g‡a¨
dzUejwU evav w`‡q _vwg‡q †`qv mnR wK¯Íy MvwowU nvZ ev cv w`‡q evav w`‡q _vgv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Avm‡j †Kv‡bv e¯Íy
_vgv‡Z Avgiv †h cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§yLxb nB Zv n‡jv H e¯Íyi fi Ges †e‡Mi mw¤§wjZ cÖfve| Gi bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q
fi‡eM| fi‡eM (Momentum) n‡”Q e¯Íyi fi Ges †e‡Mi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ GKwU ag© ev ˆewkó¨| e¯Íyi fi hZ
†ekx n‡e GB ˆewkó¨ ZZ †Rvivj n‡e| Avevi fi aªæe †i‡L †eM hZ evov‡bv n‡e GB ˆewkó¨ ZZB †Rvivj n‡e|
†hgb GKwU ey‡jU Kg‡e‡M (nvZw`‡q) Qyo‡j Lye †ekx ÿwZ bvB wKš‘ e›`yK w`‡q cÖPÛ †e‡M Qyo‡j Zvi cÖfve
AZ¨šÍ gvivZœK|
†Kv‡bv e¯Íyi fi‡eM = e¯Íyi fi  e¯Íyi †eM
 
†Kv‡bv e¯Íyi fi m I Gi †eM v n‡j Zvi fi‡eM p n‡e
 
p  mv........................................ .......... ............... ................. ................... ................. .....(3.1)
fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk| KviY †eM GKwU †f±i ivwk Ges G‡K †¯‹jvi ivwk m w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡j fi‡eM cvIqv
hvq| fi‡e‡Mi gvb
p  mv........................................ ....... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ......(3.2)
gvÎv t fi‡e‡Mi gvÎv n‡jv, f‡ii gvÎv  †e‡Mi gvÎv
A_©vr MLT-1
GKK t fi †e‡Mi GKK n‡jv, f‡ii GKK  †e‡Mi GKK
A_©vr kgms1
3.2.2 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î t
Newton's Second Law of Motion
weÁvbx M¨vwjwjIi aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb MwZi m~θ‡jv cÖwZôv K‡ib| c~e©eZ©x cvV n‡Z
wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv †c‡q‡Qb| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î H mg¯Í †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, hLb e¯Íyi
Dci evwn¨K jwä ej cÖhy³ nq| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î n‡Z fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b, e‡ji AwfgyL, e‡ji cwigvc, ej
I Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Ges e‡ji GKK m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|

ejwe`¨v 79
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

fi‡eM m¤ú‡K© aviYv n‡Z cvB †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi fi m Ges †eM v n‡j Gi fi‡eM p  m v | aiv hvK, GKwU fvwi
e¯Íy (UªvK) I GKwU nvjKv e¯Íy (wiKkv) g‡a¨ GKB mg‡q mgvb †eM m„wó Ki‡Z fvwi e¯Íy‡K †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
nq| GKB fv‡e mg‡e‡M MwZkxj fvwi e¯Íy‡K _vgv‡Z nvjKv e¯Íyi †P‡q †ewk cÖwZ‡ivaKvix e‡ji cÖ‡qvRb| Avevi
mgvb f‡ii `ywU e¯Íyi GKwU‡K †ewk †e‡M MwZkxj Ki‡Z ev †ewk Z¡iY m„wó Ki‡Z n‡j †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
nq| myZivs e¯Íyi fi I †e‡Mi mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b
†ewk n‡Z n‡j Gi Dci †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcbviv wbðqB jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb GKRb AwfÁ wµ‡KUvi `ªæZ
†e‡M AvMZ GKwU wµ‡KU ej‡K K¨vP aivi mgq Zvi nvZ‡K µgvš^‡q wcQ‡bi w`‡K †bq, G‡ÿ‡Î wµ‡KUvi
ej‡K _vgv‡Z †ewk mgq †bq| d‡j Zvi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ivaKvix ej Kg cÖ‡qvRb nq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv n‡Z GwU
my¯úó †h, ej ïay fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj bq, KZ `ªæZ cwieZ©b n‡”Q Zvi DciI wbf©ikxj| Aí
mg‡q fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †ewk ej cÖ‡qvRb nq| ms‡ÿ‡c, fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi †ewk n‡j cÖhy³ ejI
†ewk n‡e|
Dc‡ii ¸YMZ ch©‡eÿYB wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~‡Îi cÖwZcv`¨ welq| wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~ÎwU nj -
Òe¯Íyi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Gi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †h w`‡K wµqv K‡i e¯Íyi fi‡e‡Mi
cwieZ©bI †mw`‡K N‡UÓ|
wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~·K ej cwigv‡ci Ges cÖK…wZ wb‡`©‡ki m~Î ejv nq| G m~Î n‡Z ej cwigv‡ci mgxKiY cÖwZôv
Kiv hvq|
 
aiv hvK, †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi fi m I Gi †eM v Ges fi‡eM p | e¯Íyi Dci ej cÖhy³ n‡j Gi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b

n‡e| hw` dt mg‡q fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b dp nq, Zvn‡j wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Îvbyhvqx -

dp 
F
dt
d  
ev, (m v)  F
dt

dv 
ev, m  F
dt
 
ev, ma  F
 
. .......... ........................ ...................(3.3)
ma  kF.............................................................. ............ ............. ........... ....... ....... .....( (3.3)
GLv‡b k n‡”Q mgvbycvwZK aªæeK| Gi gvb ej, fi I Z¡i‡Yi GK‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| e‡ji Gm.AvB.GKK
wbDUb, †h cwigvY ej 1kg f‡ii †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi Dci wµqv K‡i 1ms 2 Z¡iY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K 1N e‡j A_©vr
1N=1kgms-2| wbDU‡bi msÁvbyhvqx, mgxKiY (3.3) e¨envi K‡i k  1 cvIqv hvq|
 
AZGe, F  ma ...... .......... ........................ ................... ............ ............. ........... ........( (3.4)
A_©vr, ej = fi  Z¡iY
GwU MwZwe`¨vi GKwU Av`k© mgxKiY| G mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv ej cwigvc Ki‡Z cvwi|
hw` e¯Íyi Dci GKwU e‡ji cwie‡Z© GKvwaK ej wµqv K‡i Z‡e jwä e‡ji Rb¨ e¯ÍywUi Z¡iY n‡e| e¯Íyi Dci
   
F1 , F2 , F3 .......................Fn BZ¨vw` ej wµqvkxj n‡j e¯Íyi Dci wµqvkxj jwä ej n‡e,
    
 F  F1  F2  F3 .......................Fn
†m‡ÿ‡Î ej Ges Z¡i‡Yi m¤ú‡K©i iƒc nq -
 
  ma .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... .................. ............. ........... ......( (3.5)
F
AZGe, wbDU‡bi wØZxq m~Î n‡Z e‡ji cwigvYMZ msÁv †`qv hvq| †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi Dci hv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Z¡iY m„wó
K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq ZvB ej|

80 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

e‡ji SI GKK n‡jv wbDUb (newton)| †h cwigvY ej GK wK‡jvMÖvg fiwewkó †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi Dci cÖhy³ n‡q GK
wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2 Z¡iY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K GK wbDUb e‡j|
A_©vr, 1N  1kg 1ms2

Avevi, wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î n‡Z cvIqv hvq,

ej = fi  Z¡iY
 [ej] = [fi]  [Z¡iY]
ev, [F] = MLT-2
 e‡ji gvÎv MLT-2

Abyaveb 3.6: wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~·K ej cwigvcK m~Î ejv nq †Kb?

3.2.3 wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î †_‡K 1g m~Î cÖwZcv`b :

wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb,
 
 F  ma
 
hw` e¯Íyi Dci wbU ej  F  0 nq Z‡e ma  0 n‡e|

 a  0 KviY m  0

dv
ev, 0
dt
ev, dv  0

ev,  dv  0
ev, v  aªæeK|
A_©vr e¯Íyi Dci cÖhy³ wbU ej k~b¨ n‡j †eM AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
GUvB wbDU‡bi MwZi 1g m~Î|
Abyaveb 3.7: wbDU‡bi MwZi cÖ_g m~Î wØZxq m~‡Îi GKwU we‡kl iƒc e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.1: GKwU 588 N IR‡bi GKwU e¯Íyi 0.70 ms2 Z¡iY w`‡Z Gi Dci KZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e?
mgvavb:
awi e¯Íyi fi  m †`qv Av‡Q, e¯Íyi IRb, W = 588 N
Zvn‡j W  mg Z¡iY, a = 0.70 ms-2
Avgiv Rvwb, AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms-2
W 588
m    60
60kg
kg ej, F = ?
g 9.8
 e¯ÍywUi fi, m = 60 kg
Avgiv Rvwb, F  ma
= 60  0.70
= 42 N

DËi: 42 N

ejwe`¨v 81
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 wbDU‡bi MwZi 2q m~Î: e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Zvi Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †h
 
w`‡K wµqv K‡i e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©bI †mBw`‡K N‡U|  F  ma
 fi‡eM: e¯‘i fi I †e‡Mi ¸Ydj‡K fi‡eM e‡j| fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| `ywU e¯Íyi g‡a¨ msNl© nIqvi d‡j e¯‘¸‡jv †Kvb w`‡K hv‡e Zv wK‡mi Øviv wba©vwiZ nq?
(K) fi (L) †eM (M) fi‡eM (N) msN‡l©i wµqvKvj
2| e‡ji gvÎv mgxKiY †KvbwU?
(K) [F] = ML2T-2 (L) [F] = MLT-2
(M) [F] = ML2T-1 (N) F = MLT 2
3| GKwU 10 kg f‡ii †Mvj‡Ki †eM 15 ms1 n‡j Gi fi‡eM KZ n‡e?
(K) 250 N (L) 150 kgms-1 (M) 250 kgms-1 (N) 10 N

GKRb wµ‡KUvi K¨vP jy‡d †bIqvi mgq Zvi nvZ‡Rvov wb‡Ri w`‡K mvgvb¨ wcwQ‡q †bb|
4| DcwiD³ NUbv wbDU‡bi MwZi †Kvb m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq?
(K) cÖ_g m~Î (L) wØZxq m~Î (M) Z…Zxq m~Î (N) PZz_© m~Î

5| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Dcvq Aej¤^b bv K‡i nvZ w¯’i ivL‡jÑ

i) e‡ji fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi weivU gv‡bi n‡Zv|
ii) wµ‡KU ejwU _vgv‡bv †h‡Zv bv
iii) cÖPÛ gv‡bi ej nv‡Z wµqv KiZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

82 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

cvV-3.3 wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej

Action and Reaction Force
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î e¨envi K‡i wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ K‡qKwU mycwiwPZ NUbv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZm~‡Îi mxgve×Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.3.1 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î (Newton's Third Law o f Motion)
m~Î : cÖ‡Z¨K wµqvi GKwU mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q| e¨vL¨v : aiv hvK, A I B `ywU e¯Íy| A
 
e¯ÍywU B e¯Íyi Dci F1 ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges B e¯ÍywU A e¯Íyi Dci F2
ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| ej؇qi gvb mgvb wKšÍy w`K wecixZgyLx| ej `ywUi
g‡a¨ GKwU wµqv ej Ges Ab¨wU cÖwZwµqv ej| †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU ej
wµqv n‡jB Ab¨ ejwU cÖwZwµqv ej n‡e|
 
cÖK…wZ‡Z GKK e‡ji †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| ZvB F1 I F2 ej `ywU‡K
wPÎ 3.2
wµqv-cÖwZwµqv †Rvo ejv nq|
 
m~Îvbymv‡i, F1 =  F2
wµqv I cÖwZwµqv GKB e¯Íyi Dci cÖhy³ nq bv e‡j Giv mvg¨ve¯’v m„wó K‡i bv|
Abyaveb 3.8: wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej mgvb I wecixZgyLx nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gi mvg¨ve¯’vi m„w ó bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kb?
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3.3.2 wµqv I cÖwZwµqv e‡ji `„óvšÍ : R

(K) †Nvovi Mvwo Uvbv :

†Nvov hLb Mvwo Uv‡b ZLb MvwoI mgvb e‡j †Nvov‡K wcQ‡bi Fs
R
w`‡K Uv‡b| A_©vr MvwowU AB `ÊØviv †Nvovi mv‡_ hy³ _vK‡j
†Nvovi wµqvg~jK ej T `‡Ûi cÖwZwµqvg~jK ej T ' Gi mgvb
W
I wecixZgyLx| wPÎ 3.3

aiv hvK, GKwU †Nvov, H Pj‡Z wM‡q Zvi cv L Øviv Abyf~wg‡Ki mv‡_  †KvY K‡i gvwUi Dci F ej cÖ‡qvM

K‡i (wPÎ 3.3)| d‡j, gvwUI †Nvovi cv‡qi Dci mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv ej R cÖ‡qvM K‡i| wbDU‡bi MwZi
 
Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i, F  R
 
GLv‡b R Gi Abyf~wgK Dcvsk = R cos , hv †Nvov‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avevi R Gi
Djø¤^ Dcvsk = R sin  , hv †Nvovi IRb W cÖkwgZ Ki‡e|
R cos Øviv †Nvov Mvwo‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K Uvb‡j MvwoI †Nvov‡K mgvb I wecixZgyLx ej (T ) Ges Nl©Y ej FS
Øviv wcQ‡bi w`‡K Uvb‡e (wPÎ 3.3)|
hw` Rcos  = T + FS nq, Z‡e †Nvov I Mvwo w¯’i _vK‡e|
Avevi, Rcos  > T + FS nq, Z‡e †Nvov MvwowU‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K MwZkxj ivL‡e|

ejwe`¨v 83
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(L) gnvk~‡b¨ Awfhvb :

weÁvb I cÖhyw³i DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbyl ïay AevK we¯§‡q gnvk~b¨cv‡b ZvwK‡qB ÿvšÍ _v‡Kwb| Kxfv‡e MÖn †_‡K
MÖnvšÍ‡i cvwo Rgv‡bv hvq Zvi cÖ‡Póv †m Aweivg Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| ZviB djkÖæwZ‡Z gvbe BwZnv‡m mshy³ n‡q‡Q
P›`ª I g½j Awfhvb| GKv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Q wewfbœ b‡fvhvb| Avi G b‡fvhvb¸‡jv‡K gnvk~‡b¨ wb‡q hvevi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb nq i‡K‡Ui| G Aby‡”Q‡` i‡K‡Ui MwZ wb‡q mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
i‡K‡U R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ Zij nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e¨envi Kiv nq| R¡ vjvwbi `n‡bi Rb¨ Zij Aw·‡Rb i‡K‡U
mwÂZ ivLv nq| cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ wbqwš¿Z nv‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb‡K `nb K‡ÿ XyKv‡bv nq Ges AwMœms‡hvM
(Firing) K‡i `nb m¤úbœ Kiv nq| `n‡bi d‡j Zij M¨vm evqexq M¨v‡m cwiYZ nq| GB m„ó DËß M¨vm i‡K‡Ui
†cQ‡bi w`‡K Aew¯’Z myi wQ`ªc_ (Nozzle) w`‡q cÖPÛ †e‡M †ei n‡q hvq (wPÎ 3.4)| i‡KU fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY
bxwZ‡K e¨envi K‡i MwZcÖvß nq| i‡K‡Ui `nbK‡ÿ Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z R¡vjvwb‡K ‡cvov‡bv nq| DËß Ges
AZ¨šÍ msKzwPZ M¨vm cÖPÛ †e‡M i‡K‡Ui †cQ‡bi miæ wQ`ªc_ w`‡q wbM©Z nq| d‡j wbM©Z M¨vm †cQ‡bi w`‡K
GKwU e„nr fi‡eM jvf K‡i| ˆiwLK fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY bxwZ Abymv‡i i‡KUI m¤§yLw`‡K mgvb fi‡eM cÖvß nq|
aiv hvK, GKwU i‡KU gnvk~‡b¨ MwZkxj Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| Av‡iv g‡bKwi, i‡KUwU evZv‡mi evav I AwfK‡l©i
cÖfvegy³ ¯’v‡b MwZkxj| i‡KU †_‡K M¨vm wbM©g‡bi mgq M¨v‡mi MwZi wecixZ w`‡K i‡KUwUi Ici GKwU e„nr
ej cÖhy³ nq| G ej‡K av°v (Thrust) e‡j|
aiv hvK,
av°v ej = F
i‡K‡Ui fi = M
t mg‡q wbM©Z M¨v‡mi fi = m
i‡KU mv‡c‡ÿ wbM©Z M¨v‡mi †eM = v
myZivs wbM©Z M¨v‡mi fi‡eM = (m)v
Avgiv Rvwb,
fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b = e‡ji NvZ
(m)v  F  t
 m  ........ .............. .................. ............ ............(3.6)
F   v............................( 3.6)
 t 
m  wPÎ 3.4
GLv‡b,   n‡”Q R¡vjvwb e¨env‡ii nvi|
 t 
i‡K‡Ui ZvrÿwYK Z¡iY a n‡j,
F 1  m 
a    v..............................( 3.7) ..............(3.7)
......... ............. ................
M M  t 
G mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq,
(K) wbM©Z M¨v‡mi Av‡cwÿK †eM †ewk n‡j i‡K‡Ui Z¡iY †ewk n‡e|
m 
(L) M¨vm wbM©g‡bi nvi   ‡ewk n‡j i‡K‡Ui Z¡iY e„w× cv‡e|
 t 
(M) i‡K‡Ui †gvU fi M Kg‡Z _vK‡j Gi Z¡iY e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡e|

84 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

3.5 wbDU‡bi MwZm~‡Îi mxgve×Zv :

Limitations of Newton's Laws of Motion

wbDU‡bi m~θ‡jv ¯’‚j e¯Íymg~‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î Abymv‡i e¯Íyi fi, Z¡iY Ges e¯Íyi
 
Ici cÖhy³ e‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡jv F  ma

hw`I G m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, ZeyI m~ÎwU msiÿY m~θ‡jvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK bxwZ bq| GLv‡b F n‡jv wbU
evwn¨K ej| Avevi e¯Íyi Ici cÖhy³ wbU evwn¨K ej e¯Íyi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nv‡ii mgvb A_©vr
 dp d 
F  ( mv)
dt dt
  dm
 ma  v
 dt
 ma n‡e
dm
†h‡nZz e¯Íyi fi‡K aªæe MY¨ Kiv nq, ZLb, 0
dt
†Kv‡bv e¯Íyi †eM hw` Av‡jvi †e‡Mi KvQvKwQ ev Av‡jvi †e‡Mi mv‡_ Zzjbxq nq, ZLb e¯Íyi fi‡K Avi aªæe MY¨
 
Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr fi cwiewZ©Z nq| myZivs wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î †_‡K cÖvß F  ma m¤úK©wU Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡i
†ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| G m¤úK©wU ïay w¯’i f‡ii KYvi MwZi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
wbDU‡bi MwZm~‡Îi mxgve×Zv ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
1. m~θ‡jv aªæe f‡ii e¯Íyi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| wK¯Íy Av‡cwÿKZvi we‡kl ZË¡ Abyhvqx e¯Íyi †eM e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ fi
e„w× cvq| GRb¨ Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡i †ÿ‡Î wbDU‡bi m~Î Lv‡U bv|
2. †Kvqv›Uvg ejweÁv‡b wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î Lv‡U bv| B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb, wbDUª‡bi g‡Zv AwZÿz`ª e¯Íyi †ÿ‡Î m~θ‡jv
cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| KviY G¸‡jvi fi bMY¨, wKš‘y †eM AZ¨¯Í †ewk|

MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.2: Dr‡ÿc‡bi c~‡e© R¡vjvwbmn i‡K‡Ui fi 2 103 kg | i‡K‡Ui mv‡c‡ÿ R¡vjvwb
2.4 103 ms1 †e‡M wbM©Z n‡j Ges R¡vjvwb 7.5kgs1 nv‡i e¨wqZ n‡j i‡K‡Ui Dci av°v wbY©q Kiæb|
Avgiv Rvwb, i‡K‡Ui Dci av°v GLv‡b,
 m  Avw`‡eM, M  2 103 kg
F  v
 t  †kl‡eM, v  2.4 103 ms1
 7.5  2.4 103 m
`~iZ¡,  7.5kgs 1
 18 103 N t
DËi: 18103 N fi, F  ?

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 wbDU‡bi MwZi 3q m~Î: cÖ‡Z¨K wµqvi GKwU mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q|
 m 
 F  v
 t 
F 1  m 
 a   v
M M  t 

ejwe`¨v 85
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
wb‡Pi Z_¨wU †_‡K 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
6 kg f‡ii GKwU e›`yK †_‡K 10 g f‡ii GKwU ey‡jU 300 ms-1 †e‡M †ei n‡q †Mj| ey‡jUwU †ei nIqvi mgq
GKwU ej †cQ‡bi w`‡K av°v w`j|
1| DÏxc‡K wbDU‡bi †Kvb m~ÎwUi cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
(K) 1g MwZm~Î (L) 2q MwZm~Î (M) 3q MwZm~Î (N) gnvKl© m~Î
2| e›`y‡Ki Avw` fi‡eM KZ?
(K) 0.4 kgms-1 (L) 0.8 kgms-1 (M) 0.18 kgms-1 (N) 0 kgms-1
3| GKwU †bŠKv‡K jwM w`‡q MwZkxj Kiv n‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb ivwk †bŠKv‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q †bqv hvq?
(K) jwM KZ©„K cÖhy³ e‡ji Djø¤^ Dcvsk
(L) jwM KZ©„K cÖhy³ e‡ji Abyf‚wgK Dcvsk
(M) cÖwZwµqv e‡ji Djø¤^ Dcvsk
(N) cÖwZwµqv e‡ji Abyf‚wgK Dcvsk|
4| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ f‚wg‡Z `Ðvqgvb _vK‡j f‚wgi Dci wbP eivei †h ej cÖhy³ nq Zvn‡jvÑ
i) wµqv ii) cÖwZwµqv iii) H e¨w³i IRb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
5| †Nvovi nuvUvi †ÿ‡Î m„ó cÖwZwµqv ej KqwU Dcvs‡k wefvwRZ nq?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5

86 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

cvV-3.4 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î

Principle of Conservation of Momentum
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq MwZ m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ K‡qKwU mycwiwPZ NUbv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.4.1 fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zvi m~Î :
Principle of conservation of momentum
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Î t GKvwaK e¯Íyi g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ej bv _vK‡j †h †Kv‡bv w`‡K
Zv‡`i †gvU ˆiwLK fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡U bv| GwU‡K fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Î ev msiÿY wewa ejv nq|
 
e¨vL¨v t g‡bKwi, m1 I m2 fi wewkó e¯Íy h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 ‰iwLK †e‡M Pj‡Q| AZGe H Ae¯’vq `ywU e¯Íyi
   
fi‡eM h_vµ‡g m1 u1 I m2 u2 | Kv‡RB e¯Íy `yÕwUi Avw` fi‡e‡Mi mgwó = m1 u1 + m2 u2
GLb e¯Íy `yÕwUi GKwU hw` AciwU‡K av°v †`q Z‡e wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m~Îvbymv‡i AciwUI cÖ_gwU‡K mgvb I
wecixZgyLx av°v cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| Kv‡RB e¯Íy `yÕwUi Dci wµqv I cÖwZwµqv e‡ji Rb¨ e¯Íy `yÕwU‡Z Z¡iY ev g›`‡bi

m„wó n‡e| A_©vr e¯Íy `yÕwUi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b n‡e| g‡bKwi, wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi ci e¯Íy `yÕwUi †eM h_vµ‡g v1 I
  
v2 n‡jv| AZGe, wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi ci Zv‡`i fi‡eM h_vµ‡g m1 v1 I m2 v2 n‡e| Kv‡RB wµqv I
 
cÖwZwµqvi ci e¯Íy `ywUi †gvU fi‡eM = m1 v1 + m2 v2
wKšÍy fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Îvbymv‡i,
wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi c~‡e© †gvU fi‡eM= wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi c‡i †gvU fi‡eM|
   
 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 ....... .......... ........ ....... .......... ........... ............ ......... (3.8)
wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq MwZ m~Î Abymi‡Y m~ÎwUi MvwYwZK cÖgvY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv t
 
g‡bKwi †Kv‡bv GKwU mij †iLvq m1 I m2 f‡ii `ywU e¯ÍyKYv h_vµ‡g u1 I u2 †e‡M GKB w`‡K Pj‡Q [wPÎ:
 
3.5]| GLv‡b u1 > u2 | †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q cÖ_g e¯ÍyKYvwU wcQ‡bi w`K n‡Z wØZxq e¯ÍyKYvwU‡K av°v w`j Ges Gi
 
ci e¯ÍyKYv `ywU GKB mij‡iLvq I GKB w`‡K h_vµ‡g v1 I v2 †e‡M Pj‡Z jvMj|
     
u1 u2 F1 F2 v1 v2

wPÎ: 3.5

cÖgvY : g‡b Kwi, av°v RwbZ wµqv I cÖwZwµqvi Kvh©Kvj t | Zvn‡j

 
e¯ÍyKYv `ywUi Avw` fi‡e‡Mi mgwó = m1 u1 + m2 u2
 
e¯ÍyKYv `ywUi ‡kl fi‡e‡Mi mgwó = m1 v1 + m2 v2
   
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Îvbymv‡i cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2

ejwe`¨v 87
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖgvY t
 
m1 v1  m1u 1
cÖ_g e¯ÍyKYvi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi =
t

= cÖwZwµqv ej = F1
= cÖ_g e¯ÍyKYvi Dci wØZxq e¯ÍyKYvi cÖhy³ ej|
  
m2 v 2  m2 u 2
wØZxq e¯ÍyKYvi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi = = wµqv ej = F2
t
= wØZxq e¯ÍyKYvi Dci cÖ_g e¯ÍyKYvi cÖhy³ ej|
wKšÍy e¯ÍyKYv `ywUi fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi (A_©vr wµqv ej I cÖwZwµqv ej) mgvb I wecixZ|
 
A_©vr, F1 = - F2
   
m1 v1  m1u 1 m2 v2  m2 u 2
 =-
t t
   
ev, m1 v1 - m1 u1 = - m2 v2 + m2 u2
   
ev, m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 ........ = GKwU aªæe †f±i
e¯ÍyKYv `ywUi Avw` fi‡e‡Mi mgwó = e¯ÍyKYv `ywUi †kl fi‡e‡Mi mgwó|

A_©vr  mv = aªæe ‡f±i|
myZivs `ywU e¯Íyi g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqvRwbZ e‡ji d‡j †gvU fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| GKwU e¯Íy †h
cwigvY fi‡eM nvivq, AciwU wVK mgcwigvY fi‡eM jvf K‡i A_©vr av°vi Av‡M I c‡i †gvU fi‡eM GKB
_v‡K| AZGe fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~ÎwU cÖgvwYZ n‡jv|
 
D‡jøL¨ t wµqv ej F2 Ges cÖwZwµqv ej F1 Gi Kvh©Kvj mgvb| Kv‡RB NvZ `ywU mgvb I wecixZ A_©vr
 
F2  t  F1  t , GLv‡b t Zv‡`i Kvh©Kvj|

3.4.2 fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~‡Îi `„óvšÍ :

1. e›`yK I ¸wji †ÿ‡Î fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Î t e›`yK n‡Z ¸wj Quyo‡j e›`yK wcQ‡bi w`‡K m‡i Av‡m| cÖ_‡g
e›`yK I ¸wj w¯’i _vKvq Df‡qB fi‡eM k~b¨ _v‡K A_©vr fi‡e‡Mi mgwóI k~b¨ _v‡K| we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j ¸wj †eM
cÖvß n‡q m¤§yLw`‡K GwM‡q hvq A_©vr, m¤§yLw`‡K fi‡eM cÖvß nq| fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Îvbyhvqx e›`yKI wcQ‡bi
w`‡K ¸wji mgvb fi‡eM cÖvß nq| d‡j cybivq fi‡e‡Mi mgwó k~b¨ nq|
 
g‡bKwi, M f‡ii †Kv‡bv e›`yK n‡Z m f‡ii ¸wj v †e‡M ‡ei nIqvq e›`yKwU wcQ‡bi w`‡K V †eM cÖvß nj|
AZGe, ¸wj †Quvovi c~‡e© e›`y‡Ki fi‡eM = M  0  0
¸wj †Quvovi c~‡e© ¸wji fi‡eM = m  0  0
¸wj †Quvovi c~‡e© †gvU fi‡eM = 0  0  0
 
Avevi, ¸wj †Quvovi ci e›`y‡Ki fi‡eM = M  V  MV
 
¸wj †Quvovi ci ¸wji fi‡eM = m  v  mv
 
¸wj †Quvovi ci †gvU fi‡eM = MV  mv
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Îvbhvqx,
wµqvi c~‡e© fi‡e‡Mi mgwó = wµqvi ci fi‡e‡Mi mgwó
 
 0  M V  mv

88 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

 
ev, M v  mV ......... ......... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............ ........... ........ ........... ...(3.9)
Dc‡ii mgxKiY n‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi ¸wj I e›`y‡Ki fi‡eM ci¯úi mgvb I wecixZgyLx| hw` M  m nq
Z‡e V  v A_©vr, e›`y‡Ki fi ¸wji Zzjbvq hZ †ewk n‡e, Zvi cðvr†eM ZZB K‡g hv‡e|
Abyaveb 3.9: †bŠKv †_‡K jvd †`qvi mgq †bŠKv wcQ‡bi w`‡K MwZkxj nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.3: 10 g f‡ii GKwU ey‡jU 6 kg f‡ii GKwU e›`yK †_‡K 300 ms-1 †e‡M wbwÿß n‡jv|
e›`yKwUi cðvr †eM KZ n‡e?
mgvavb:
g‡b Kwi e›`y‡Ki cðvr †eM  V
fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Î n‡Z Avgiv cvB
MV  mv GLv‡b,
mv e›`y‡Ki fi, M = 6 kg
V e›`y‡Ki cðvr‡eM, V  ?
M
0.01  300 Mywji fi, m = 10 g = 0.01 kg
= Mywji †eM, v = 300 ms-1
6
= 0.5 ms-1
DËi: 0.5 ms-1
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.4: 40kg I 60kg f‡ii `ywU e¯Íy h_vµ‡g 12ms-1 I 4ms-1 †e‡M wecixZ w`‡K hvevi
mgq G‡K Aci‡K av°v w`‡q GKwU e¯Íy‡Z cwiYZ nq| mshy³ Ae¯’vq e¯‘؇qi †eM we‡kølY Kiæb|
mgvavb:
fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î n‡Z cvB,
m1v1  m2 v2  ( m1  m2 ) v GLv‡b,
m v  m2 v2 cÖ_g e¯‘i fi, m1 = 40 kg
v 1 1
m1  m2 wØZxq e¯‘i fi, m2 = 60 kg
( 40 12)  60  (4) cÖ_g e¯‘i Avw`‡eM, v1 = 12 ms-1

( 40  60) wØZxq e¯‘i Avw`‡eM, v2 = -4 ms-1
= 2.4 ms-1 mshy³ Ae¯’vq e¯‘؇qi †eM, v = ?
DËi: 2.4 ms-1

mshy³ Ae¯’vq e¯‘؇qi †eM cÖ_g I wØZxq e¯‘i c„_K c„_K †e‡Mi †P‡q Kg Ges GB †e‡Mi w`K cÖ_g e¯‘i
w`‡K|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î: GKvwaK e¯‘i g‡a¨ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv wfbœ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ej bv _vK‡j †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K
Zv‡`i †gvU ˆiwLK fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡U bv|
   
 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2

ejwe`¨v 89
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4

eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b |
1| 10 kg f‡ii †Kvb e¯‘ 12 ms-1 †e‡M MwZkxj n‡j Zvi fi‡eM KZ n‡e?
(K) 12 kgms-1 (L) 10 kgms-1
(M) 120 kgms-1 (N) 1.2 kgms-1
2| 4 N ej GKwU e¯‘i Dci 1 s e¨vcx wµqv Ki‡j fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b KZ?
(K) 2 kgms-1 (L) 4 kgms-1 (M) 8 kgms-1 (N) 16 kgms-1
3| fi‡e‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi mwVK weeiY n‡jvÑ
miY
i) fi‡eM=fi
†eM
ii) fi‡eM GKwU †f±i ivwk
iii) fi‡e‡Mi gvÎv MLT-1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

90 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

cvV-3.5 msNl©
Collision

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 NvZej I e‡ji NvZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© I Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `ywUi e¯Íyi g‡a¨ GKgvwÎK w¯’wZ¯’vcK msN‡l©i mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.5.1 NvZ ej I e‡ji NvZ :

Impulsive Force and Impulse of Force
NvZ ej :
msÁv t Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ Lye eo gv‡bi †h ej cÖhy³ nq Zv‡K NvZ ej e‡j|
e¨vL¨v t Lye mxwgZ mg‡qi Rb¨ Lye eo gv‡bi NvZ ej cÖhy³ nq| A‡bK mgq GB NvZ e‡ji gvb GZ eo nq †h
Gi wµqvKvj Lye Kg n‡jI Gi cÖfve `„wóMÖvn¨ nq| †h ¯^í mgqe¨vcx NvZ ej cÖhy³ nq †mB mgq Ab¨vb¨ e‡ji
cÖfve D‡cÿv Kiv nq|
D`vniY t aiv hvK †Kv‡bv e¨vUmg¨vb e¨vU w`‡q †Kv‡bv wµ‡KU ej‡K AvNvZ Kij| e¨vU KZ…©K cÖhy³ ej F
ejwUi fi‡eM cwieZ©b K‡i| †h mgq a‡i wµ‡KU ejwU e¨vUwUi ms¯ú‡k© _v‡K, †m mg‡q e¨vU KZ…©K cÖhy³ ej
wµ‡KU ejwUi Ici wµqvkxj Ab¨vb¨ e‡ji Zzjbvq A‡bK eo nq| e¨vU KZ…©K cÖhy³ Giƒc ej NvZ ej|
e‡ji NvZ :
msÁv t †Kv‡bv ej I e‡ji wµqvKv‡ji ¸Ydj‡K H e‡ji NvZ e‡j| G‡K J Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
GKK : e‡ji Nv‡Zi GKK n‡e, ej  mg‡qi GKK| myZivs Gm.AvB GKK n‡”Q Ns hv kgms-1 Gi mgZzj¨|
gvÎv t e‡ji Nv‡Zi gvÎv n‡e ej  mgq Gi gvÎv|
A_v©r, MLT-2 T = MLT-1

F ej †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci t mgq a‡i wµqv Ki‡j,
  
J  Ft  mat
 
 v  v 
e‡ji NvZ  m  t
 t 
 
 mv  mv  fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b ....... ...... ....... ...... ...... .......... ............. .......... (3.10)
e‡ji NvZ fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mgvb|

3.5.2 msNl© (Collision) t

aviYv : GKRb e¨vUmg¨vb hLb e¨vU w`‡q wµ‡KU ej‡K AvNvZ K‡ib ZLb ejwU Lye `ªæZ †e‡M MwZkxj nq|
moK `yN©Ubvq GKwU Mvwo m‡Rv‡i Ab¨ GKwU Mvwo‡K cÖPÛ ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| G¸‡jv n‡jv msN‡l©i ev¯Íe Ges
evwn¨K D`vniY| cvigvYweK, wbDwK¬q Ges †gŠwjK KYvmg~n hLb msN‡l© wjß nq, ZLb cixÿ‡Yi gva¨‡gI
Avgiv G‡`i m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wKQy Rvb‡Z cvwi|

ejwe`¨v 91
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

msN‡l©i Rb¨ `ywU e¯Íy‡K me mgq cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cigvYy RM‡Z Ggb A‡bK msNl© N‡U,
†hLv‡b msN‡l© AskMÖnYKvix KYvmg~n ci¯ú‡ii cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m bv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq GKwU Avjdv
KYv hLb GKwU ¯^Y© wbDwK¬qv‡mi Lye wbK‡U Av‡m, ZLb Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ Giv ci¯úi‡K cÖPÛ e‡j weKl©Y K‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î w¯’i Zwor weKl©YRwbZ NvZ e‡ji m„wó nq Ges msNl© N‡U| A_©vr hLb GKwU MwZkxj e¯Íy Ab¨ GKwU w¯’i
ev MwZkxj e¯Íy‡K av°v †`q, ZLb e¯Íy `ywUi g‡a¨ msNl© n‡q‡Q ejv nq|
msÁv t `ywU e¯Íy AwZ Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ KvQvKvwQ Avm‡j hLb G‡K Ac‡ii Ici e„nr ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges G‡`i
MwZi nVvr I e¨vcK cwieZ©b N‡U, ZLb GB NUbv‡K msNl© e‡j|
msN‡l©i mgq e¯Íy `ywUi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Ici GKwU ej wµqv K‡i| G ej `ywU‡K wµqv I cÖwZwµqv ej e‡j| msN‡l©i
NUbvq Avgiv kw³i msiÿY bxwZ I fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kwi| msN‡l©i NUbvq mgq‡K mywbw`©ófv‡e
msN‡l©i c~‡e© Ges msN‡l©i c‡i wk‡ivbv‡g wef³ Kiv hvq| myZivs msNl© n‡jv GKwU NUbv hvi wbgœewY©Z
ˆewkó¸‡jv i‡q‡Q|
1. GwU Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ N‡U|
2. msN‡l©i c‡i ‡h NUbv N‡U, Zv msN‡l©i c~‡e©i NUbv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K|
3. msN‡l©i mgq fi‡eM Ges kw³ DfqB msiwÿZ nq|
4. msN‡l© AskMÖnYKvix e¯Íymg~n GKwU Ave× e¨e¯’v ev wm‡÷g MVb K‡i|
msN‡l©i cÖKvi‡f` t msN‡l©i mgq †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi †gvU fi‡e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv A_©vr fi‡eM msiwÿZ
nq| wKšÍy `ywU e¯Íy msN‡l© wjß n‡j G‡`i MwZkw³ msiwÿZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ msN‡l©i mgq e¯Íyi MwZkw³
msiwÿZ nq wKbv, Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i msNl©‡K `yfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq :
(1) w¯’wZw¯’vcK msNl© (Elastic collision) Ges
(2) Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© (Inelastic collision)

(1) w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© (Elastic collision) t †h msN‡l© e¨e¯’vi fi‡eM I MwZkw³ DfqB msiwÿZ nq, Zv‡K
w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© e‡j|
w¯’wZ¯’vcK msN‡l©i mgq e¯Íy i MwZkw³ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kw³‡Z (†hgb- Zvc, kã BZ¨vw`) iƒcvšÍwiZ nq bv|
wKQy ev¯Íe msNl©‡K w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq| †Kbbv G‡ÿ‡Î, MwZ kw³i Lye ÿz`ª Ask Ab¨vb¨ kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| cvigvYweK, wbDwK¬q Ges †gŠwjK KYv¸jvi g‡a¨ †h msNl© N‡U, Zv n‡jv w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©| Rvbv
msNl©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ G¸‡jvB n‡jv Av`k© w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©| mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv cvÎ ga¨¯’ M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ ni
g‡a¨ ‡h msNl© N‡U Zv n‡jv w¯’wZ¯’vcK| G Kvi‡YB AYymg~n cv‡Îi g‡a¨ me©`v MwZkxj _v‡K| hLb ‡Kv‡bv †Uwbm
ej gvwU ¯úk© K‡i Dc‡i I‡V, ZLb †m msNl©‡K AvswkK w¯’wZ¯’vcK ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ejwU cybt cybt wd‡i Av‡m
Ges Gi c~‡e©i AvK…wZ wd‡i cvq|

(2) Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© (Inelastic collision) t †h msN‡l© fi‡eM msiwÿZ nq, wKšÍy MwZkw³ msiwÿZ nq bv,
Zv‡K Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© e‡j| GKwU ivev‡ii ej `„p cvUvZ‡b AvNvZ Ki‡j, ejwUi AvKvi weK…Z nq Ges Gi
MwZkw³ n«vm cvq| G Kvi‡YB ivev‡ii e‡ji mv‡_ cvUvZ‡bi †h msNl©, nv n‡jv Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK| msN‡l©i c‡i
msN‡l© AskMÖnYKvix e¯Íy `ywU hw` GK‡Î hy³ nq Ges GKB †e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K, Z‡e †mB msNl© n‡e c~Y©fv‡e
Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK|
D`niY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq - hLb GKwU ¸wj jÿ¨e¯Íy‡K AvNvZ K‡i jÿ¨e¯Íyi †fZ‡i Xy‡K c‡o, ZLb ¸wj I
jÿ¨e¯Íyi msNl© n‡jv Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©|

92 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

GKgvwÎK w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© (One Dimensional Elastic Collision)

GB Aby‡”Q‡` Avgiv GKgvwÎK w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| hw`I msN‡l©i mgq m„ó ej¸‡jvi
gvb Rvbv _v‡K bv, ZeyI msN‡l©i c~‡e© e¯Íy `ywUi MwZ ev †eM Rvbv _vK‡j msN‡l©i c‡i G‡`i MwZ ev †eM †Kgb
n‡e Zv Avgiv †ei Ki‡Z cvwi|
msNl© m„wóKvix `ywU e¯Íyi Av‡cwÿK MwZ‡eM msN‡l©i c~‡e© I c‡i GKB mij‡iLvq _vK‡j GB msNl©‡K
GKgvwÎK msNl© e‡j|
   
v1i v2i v1 f v2 f

msN‡l©
i ic~c~‡e©‡e©
msN‡l© msN‡l©ii mgq
msN‡l© mgq msN‡l©
msN‡l© i ci
i c‡i
wPÎ: 3.6

g‡bKwi, GKB mij‡iLv eivei `ywU e¯Íy MwZkxj i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q G‡`i g‡a¨ msNl© msNwUZ n‡jv|
msN‡l©i c‡i e¯Íy `ywU GKB mij‡iLv eivei MwZkxj n‡jv|
aiv hvK, m1 I m 2 f‡ii `ywU ‡MvjvKvi e¯Íy G‡`i †K›`ªØ‡qi ms‡hvRK mij‡iLv eivei GKB w`‡K v1i I v2 i ‡e‡M
MwZkxj| †Kv‡bv GK mgq e¯Íy `ywUi g‡a¨ w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© n‡jv| msN‡l©i ci e¯Íy `ywU h_vµ‡g v1 f Ges v 2 f
†e‡M GKB mij‡iLv eivei GKB w`‡K Pj‡Z _vKj|
myZivs fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î Abymv‡i Avgiv cvB,
m1 v1i + m 2 v2 i = m1 v1 f + m 2 v 2 f
ev, m1 ( v1i - v1 f ) = m 2 ( v 2 f - v2 i ).... .............. ............. ............. .............. .......... .......... (3.11)
Avevi, †h‡nZz msNl©wU w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©, MwZkw³i msiÿY m~Î Abymv‡i cvB,
1 1 1 1
m1 v1i 2 + m2 v 2i 2 = m1 v1 f 2 + m2 v 2 f 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
ev, m1 (v1i  v1 f )  m2 ( v2 f  v2 i )
ev, m1 (v1i  v1 f )(v1i  v1 f )  m2 (v2 f  v2 i )(( v22i f vv2i2i) )....... ..... ...... .......... ............. ............ (3.12)
mgxKiY (3.12) †K mgxKiY (3.11) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,
v1i  v1 f  v 2 f  v 2i
ev, v1i  v 2i  v2 f  v1 f ....... ...... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ...... ...... (3.13)
A_©vr GKgvwÎK w¯’wZ¯’vcK msN‡l©i †ÿ‡Î msN‡l©i c~‡e© †MvjK `ywUi ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi nIqvi Av‡cwÿK
†eM, msN‡l©i c‡i ci¯úi †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvIqvi Av‡cwÿK †e‡Mi mgvb|
mgxKiY (3.13) †_‡K cvB,
v2 f  v1i  v1 f  v2 i ........... ............. .............. .................. ............... ............... ............ (3.14)
mgxKiY (3.14) n‡Z v 2 f Gi gvb (3.11) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
m1 ( v1i  v1 f )  m2 (v1i + v11if ̶ v2i  v2 i )
ev, m1v1i  m1v1 f  m2v1i  m2 v1 f  2 m2v2i
ev, v1 f (m1  m2 )  v1i ( m
m21  m12 )) 2 m2 v2 i
 m1  m2   2 m2 
ev, v1 f    v1i    v2i .......... ...... ...... ...... ....... ...... .......... ............. ..... (3.15)
m
 1  m2  m
 1  m2 

ejwe`¨v 93
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cybivq mgxKiY (3.14) †_‡K cvB,

v1 f  v2 f  v2 i  v1i ......... ......... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... .......... (3.16)
mgxKiY (3.16) †_‡K v1 f Gi gvb (3.15) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,
m1 (v1i  v2 f  v2 i  v1i )  m 2 (v 2 f  v2 i )
ev, v2 f ( m1  m 2 )  2 m1v1i  ( m 2  m1 )v 2 i
 2m  m m 
ev, v2 f   1
v1i   2 1
v2 i ..... ...... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. (3.17)
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
mgxKiY (3.15) I (3.17) ‡_‡K msN‡l© AskMÖnYKvix e¯Íy `ywUi P~ovšÍ †eM wbY©q Kiv hvq|
K‡qKwU we‡kl †ÿÎ :
1. msNl©Kvix e¯Íy `ywUi fi mgvb n‡j, A_©vr m1 = m2 n‡j, mgxKiY (3.15) I (3.17) †_‡K cvB, v1 f  v2 i
Ges v2 f  v1i
A_©vr mgvb f‡ii `ywU e¯Íyi g‡a¨ GKgvwÎK w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© NU‡j, e¯Íy `ywU Zv‡`i †eM wewbgq K‡i|
2. msN‡l©i c~‡e© wØZxq e¯ÍywU (fi m2 ) w¯’i _vK‡j, A_©vr v2 i  0 n‡j
GKwU MwZkxj e¯Íy Aci GKwU mgf‡ii w¯’i e¯Íy‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j msN‡l©i ci cÖ_g e¯ÍywU †_‡g hv‡e Ges wØZxq
e¯ÍywU cÖ_g e¯ÍywUi mgvb †eM wb‡q Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
Abyaveb 3.10: `ywU m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui g‡a¨ hw` msNl© N‡U, Zvn‡j MwZkw³ I fi‡e‡Mi Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡eÑ e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.5: wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb| DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ NUbvi wgwjZ †eM KZ n‡e Ges MwZkw³
msiwÿZ n‡e Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
v v
u1 = 15 ms-1 u2 = 5 ms-1 1 2

m1 = 10 kg m2 = 20 kg m1 = 10 kg m2 = 20 kg
msN‡l©i c~‡e© msN‡l©i c‡i

wPÎ: 3.7
wPÎ Abyhvqx, Avgiv Rvwb,
m1u1  m2u 2  (m1  m2 )v
10 15  20  5  (10  20)(v)
ev, 150  100  30  v
ev, 50  30v
5
 v  ms -1
3
`ywU e¯Íyi w¯’wZ¯’vcK msN‡l© fi‡eM msiwÿZ nq wKšÍy MwZkw³ msiwÿZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
1 2 1 2 1 1
msN‡l©i c~‡e© MwZkw³ mu1  mu2  10  (15)2   20  52
2 2 2 2
 5  (15) 2  10  25  1125  250  1375J

94 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

1 2 1 2 5
msN‡l©i c‡ii MwZkw³ = mv1  mv2 v1  v2  v  ms 1
2 2 3
2 2
1 5 1 5
=  10      20   
2 3 2 3
25 25
=5  10   69.44  27.77  9721
9721JJ
9 9
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Dfq †ÿ‡Î MwZkw³ mgvb bq| A_©vr MwZkw³ msiwÿZ n‡e bv|

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 NvZ ej: Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ Lye eo gv‡bi †h ej cÖhy³ nq Zv‡K NvZ ej e‡j|
 e‡ji NvZ: †Kv‡bv ej I e‡ji wµqvKv‡ji ¸Ydj‡K H e‡ji NvZ e‡j| G‡K J Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 
MvwYwZKfv‡e J  Ft |
 msNl©: AwZ Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ e„nr †Kv‡bv ej wµqv K‡i e¯‘i MwZi nVvr I e¨vcK cwieZ©b Kiv‡K msNl©
e‡j|
 w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©: †h msN‡l© fi‡eM I MwZkw³ DfqB msiwÿZ _v‡K, Zv‡K w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© e‡j|
 Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©: †h msN‡l© fi‡eM msiwÿZ nq wKš‘ MwZkw³ msiwÿZ nq bv Zv‡K Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©
e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| MwZkw³ msiwÿZ n‡j G ai‡bi msNl©‡K e‡j?
(K) Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK (L) w¯’wZ¯’vcK
(M) c~Y©w¯’wZ¯’vcK (N) wØgvwÎK msNl©
2| †Kvb ai‡bi msN‡l© fi‡eM msiwÿZ n‡jI MwZkw³ msiwÿZ nq bv?
(K) w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl© (L) GKgvwÎK msN‡l©
(M) wØgvwÎK msN‡l© (N) Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK msN‡l©
3| m1  m2 n‡j Ges u 2  0 n‡j †KvbwU mwVK
(K) v1  u1 Ges v2  2u1 (L) v1  u1 Ges v2   2u1
(M) v1  u1 Ges v2  2u1 (N) v1  u1 Ges v2  0
4| w¯’wZ¯’vcK msNl©Ñ
i) mvaviYZ AYy, cigvYy I †gŠwjK KwYKvi g‡a¨ nq
ii) ej weqvwis‡qi g‡a¨
iii) `ywU Kv`v †Mvjv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AvU‡K †M‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

ejwe`¨v 95
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.6 RoZvi åvgK

Moment of Inertia
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 RoZvi åvgK I PµMwZi e¨vmva© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 K‡qKwU mij †ÿ‡Î RoZvi åvgK I PµMwZi e¨mva© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.6.1 RoZvi åvgK (Moment of inertia) t
msÁv t GKwU KYvi fi I N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z Gi j¤^ `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i ¸Ydj‡K D³ KYvi RoZvi åvgK
e‡j| e¯Íy ga¨w¯’Z me¸‡jv KYvi RoZvi åvg‡Ki mgwó‡K D³ e¯Íyi RoZvi åvgK P
e‡j|
e¨vL¨v t aiv hvK, GKwU e¯Íy Djø¤^ Aÿ PQ Gi mv‡c‡ÿ N~Y©iZ (wPÎ t 3.8)|
KYvwUi fi = m
N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z `~iZ¡ = r
msÁv Abyhvqx, KYvwUi RoZvi åvgK,
I  mr 2 ... ... ........ ........... ........... ............ ............... ............ (3.18)
RoZvi åvgK KYv ev KYvmg~‡ni Z_v e¯Íyi †KŠwYK †e‡Mi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| GwU
wbf©i K‡i N~Y©b Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ e¯Íyi fi e›U‡bi Dci| †KŠwYK †eM Kg ev †ewk n‡j Q
†KŠwYK fi‡eM I MwZkw³ Kg ev †ewk n‡e wK¯Íy N~Y©b Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU e¯Íyi RoZvi wPÎ: 3.8
åvgK AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
3.6.2 PµMwZi e¨vmva© (Radius of gyration) t
3.18bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB, mgMÖ e¯‘KYvi RoZvi åvgK,
I  m1r12  m2 r22  ...........  m nrn 2
 I   mr 2
aiv hvK, N~Y©biZ e¯ÍywUi †gvU fi = M ;
Kíbv Kiv hvK, e¯ÍywUi mg¯Í fi GKwU we›`y‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z Av‡Q| N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z H we›`yi `~iZ¡  K | K Gi
gvb Ggb hv‡Z, MK 2   mr 2  I | KvíwbK G `~iZ¡‡K PµMwZi e¨vmva© ejv nq|

msÁv t N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z Ggb GKwU `~iZ¡ Av‡Q †hLv‡b e¯Íyi mg¯Í fi †K›`ªxf~Z Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Ki‡j RoZvi
åvgK cwiewZ©Z nq bv| H `~iZ¡‡K PµMwZi e¨vmva© e‡j|
Abyaveb 11: PµMwZi e¨vmva© 5m ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3.6.3 RoZvi åvg‡Ki Zvrch© t

(1) ˆiwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î Pjgvb e¯Íyi ˆiwLK fi‡eM = fi  †eM = Mv
N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯Íyi †KŠwYK fi‡eM=RoZvi åvgK†KŠwYK †eM= I
1 1
(2) ˆiwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯Íyi ˆiwLK MwZkw³ = fi(ˆiwLK †eM)2 = Mv 2
2 2

96 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

1 1
N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯Íyi †KŠwYK MwZkw³ =  RoZvi åvgK  (†KŠwYK †eM)2 = I2
2 2
(3) ˆiwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î ˆiwLK Z¡i‡Yi Drm ej Ges ej = fi  Z¡iY = Ma
†KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡Î ˆiwLK Z¡i‡Yi Drm UK© Ges UK© = RoZvi åvgK  †KŠwYK Z¡iY = I
myZvivs ˆiwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯Íyi f‡ii †h f~wgKv, †KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡Î RoZvi åvg‡Ki †mB f~wgKv| Avevi ˆiwLK
MwZi †ÿ‡Î ej †hgb Z¡iY m„wó K‡i, †KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡Î UK© †Zgwb †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó K‡i|
3.6.4 RoZvi åvg‡Ki gvÎv I GKK t
gvÎv : RoZvi åvgK = fi  Aÿ n‡Z `~iZ¡ ev PµMwZi e¨vmva©| A_v©r ML2
2
GKK : Gm.AvB. GKK wK‡jvMÖvg wgUvi (kgm2 )|

3.6.5 RoZvi åvg‡Ki Dccv`¨ :

RoZvi åvgK msµvšÍ `ywU Dccv`¨ i‡q‡Q: G¸wj n‡”Q :
(K) j¤^ Aÿ mg~‡ni Dccv`¨|
(L) mgvšÍivj Aÿ mg~‡ni Dccv`¨:
†Kv‡bv GKwU Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi RoZvi åvgK Rvbv _vK‡j GB Dccv`¨Ø‡qi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡R H A‡ÿi
mv‡_ j¤^ ev mgvšÍivj Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ e¯ÍywUi RoZvi åvgK wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e|
(K) j¤^ Aÿm~‡ni Dccv`¨ : †Kv‡bv mylg mgZj cv‡Zi Z‡j ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z `ywU A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ
cvZwUi RoZvi åvgK؇qi mgwó Aÿ `y BwUi †Q` we›`y‡Z AswKZ j¤^ Aÿ
Z
mv‡c‡ÿ cvZwUi RoZvi åvg‡Ki mgvb|
awi, †Kv‡bv mylg cv‡Zi mgZ‡j ci¯úi j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z `ywU Aÿ OX Ges Y

OY Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cv‡Zi RoZvi åvgK h_vµ‡g I x I I y | H cv‡Z Aew¯’Z x

y P

Ges GB `yB A‡ÿi †Q` we›`y‡Z AswKZ j¤^ OZ eivei cv‡Zi RoZvi åvgK O x
X
y
I z n‡j I x  I y  I z
wPÎ: 3.9
(L) mgvšÍivj Aÿmg~‡ ni Dccv`¨ : †h‡Kv‡bv Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU mgZj
cv‡Zi RoZvi åvgK H A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges cv‡Zi fvi‡K›`ªMvgx Aci GKwU Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ cv‡Zi RoZvi
åvgK Ges Aÿ؇qi AšÍeZ©x `~i‡Z¡i eM© I cv‡Zi f‡ii ¸Ydj GB `yB‡qi mgwói mgvb|
awi, AB Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ M f‡ii GKwU cvZjv mgZj A cv‡Zi RoZvi
åvgK I | CD Aÿ AB A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges cv‡Zi fvi‡K›`ªMvgx| Avevi h
CD Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ cvZwUi RoZvi åvgK I G Ges AB I CD Aÿ؇qi x m 1 1

ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ h n‡j, I = I G  Mh 2

m x 4 4

x2 m2
m5 x5
KwZcq e¯‘i RoZvi åvgK x3 m3
1| GKwU miæ I mylg `‡Ði ga¨we›`y w`‡q Ges Zvi ˆ`‡N©¨i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e
AwZµvšÍ A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ N~Y©vqgvb H `‡Ði RoZvi åvgK wbY©q t
awi, AB `‡Ði fi M , ˆ`N©¨ L Ges Gi ga¨ we›`y O w`‡q `‡Ði ˆ`‡N©¨i wPÎ: 3.10
mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e MgbKvix Aÿ PQ (wPÎ 3.11)| `ÐwU PQ Gi PZzw`©‡K
Nyi‡Q|

ejwe`¨v 97
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awi, ga¨we›`y O n‡Z x `~i‡Z¡ ÿz`ª dx ˆ`‡N©¨i

M
GKwU Ask| `‡Ði GKK ˆ`‡N¨© fi 
l P
M
 dx ‰`‡N©¨i fi   dx
l
A o x B
 PQ Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ H ÿz`ª dx As‡ki
dx
l
M
RoZvi åvgK   dx  x 2
l
wKšÍy `ÐwU A‡bK¸‡jv Abyiƒc ÿz`ª ˆ`‡N¨©i mgwó| Q
 PQ Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ mgMÖ `‡Ði RoZvi åvgK, wPÎ: 3.11
l / 2
l / 2
M 2 M l / 2
2 M  x3 
I  x dx   x dx 
l / 2 l l l / 2 l  3   l / 2
M   l  3  l 3  M  l 3 l 3 
           
3l  2   2   3l  8 8 
M
I  l2
12
Ml 2
Avevi, PµZvi e¨vmva©, K n‡j, MK 2 
12
l2 l l
K   
12 12 2 3
2| miæ mylg `‡Ði GK cÖvšÍ w`‡q Ges Zvi ˆ`‡N©¨i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e AwZµgKvix Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ H `‡Ði RoZvi
åvgK wbY©q Kiæb (wb‡R Kiæb):
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.6: GKwU PvKvi fi 6 kg Ges PµMwZi e¨vmva© 40 cm| Gi RoZvi åvgK †ei Kiæb|
mgvavb: Avgiv cvB,

I  MK 2 GLv‡b,
 6  (0.4)2 PvKvi fi, M = 6 kg
= 0.96 kgm 2
PµMwZi e¨vmva©, K = 40 cm = 0.4 m
DËi: 0.96 kgm2
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.7: GKwU e¯‘ KYvi fi 4 kg Ges N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z KYvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ 0.2 m Gi RoZvi åvgK
KZ?
mgvavb: Avgiv cvB,
I  Mr 2 GLv‡b,
 4  (0.2)2 fi, M = 4 kg
2
= 0.16 kgm N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z `~iZ¡, r = 0.2 m
2
DËi: 0.16 kgm

98 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 RoZvi åvgK: †Kv‡bv KYvi fi I N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z Gi j¤^ `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i ¸bdj‡K D³ Kbvi RoZvi åvgK
e‡j|
 PµMwZi e¨vmva©: N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z Ggb GKwU `~iZ¡ Av‡Q †hLv‡b e¯‘i mg¯Í fi †K›`ªxf‚Z Av‡Q e‡j g‡b
Ki‡j RoZvi åvgK cwiewZ©Z nq bv| H `~iZ¡‡K PµMwZi e¨vmva© e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †Kv‡bv e¯‘i RoZvi åvgK wb‡gœi †Kvb ivwki Dci wbf©i K‡i bv?
(K) fi (L) f‡ii eÈb (M) †KŠwYK MwZ (N) N~Y©b Aÿ
2| †KvbwU mgvšÍivj Aÿ Dccv`¨?
(K) I  I x  I y (L) I  IG  Mk
(M) I  I G  Mh 2 (N) IG  I  Mk2
3| N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z r `~i‡Z¡ ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª fi dm n‡j wbiwew”Qbœ e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î RoZvi åvgK †KvbwU?
(K)  rdm (L)  r 2 dm
1 1 2
(M)  rdm (N)
 r dm
2 2
4| GKwU PvKvi fi 2 kg Ges PµMwZi e¨vmva© 5 m | PvKvwUi RoZvi åvgKÑ
(K) 25 kgm-2 (L) 2.5 kgm2 (M) 0.25 kgm2 (N) 50 kgm2

ejwe`¨v 99
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.7 †KŠwYK fi‡eM

Angular Momentum

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †KŠwYK fi‡eM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠwYK †e‡Mi mv‡_ †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3.7.1. †KŠwYK fi‡eM (Angular Momentum) :

msÁv: N~Y©biZ †Kv‡bv e¯ÍK
y Yvi Ae¯’vb †f±i ev e¨vmva© †f±i I ˆiwLK fi‡e‡Mi †f±i ¸Ydj‡K
†KŠwYK fi‡eM e‡j|

e¨vL¨v: g‡bKwi, r = N~Y©b †K‡›`ªi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv e¯ÍyKYvi e¨vmva© †f±i Ges

p = e¯Íiy ˆiwLK fi‡eM AZGe, msÁvbymv‡i e¯Íwy Ui †KŠwYK fi‡eM
  
L = r  p ........ .......... .......... ....... ............... ................. (3.19)

GwU GKwU ‡f±i ivwk| r
gvb I w`K : †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi gvb, L  rp sin 
 
GLv‡b  n‡”Q r I p Gi ga¨eZ©x †KvY [wPÎ 3.12]| N~Y©b †K›`ª n‡Z
fi‡e‡Mi wµqv‡iLvi j¤^ `~iZ¡ n‡”Q r sin  |
AZGe, †Kv‡bv e¯ÍyKYvi fi‡eM I N~Y©b †K›`ª n‡Z fi‡e‡Mi wµqv †iLvi j¤^
`~i‡Z¡i ¸Ydj †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi gvb wb‡`©k K‡i|
   wPÎ: 3.12
r I p †h Z‡j Aew¯’Z L Gi w`K n‡e H Z‡ji j¤^ eivei| µm ¸Y‡bi

wbqg Øviv L Gi w`K wba©vwiZ n‡e|
GKK I gvÎv
m m2
S.I. c×wZ‡Z †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi GKK n‡”Q kg m  kg kgm22s -1
 kgm
s s
Ges gvÎv n‡”Q ML2T-1|
3.7.2 : †KŠwYK fi‡eM I †KŠwYK †e‡Mi ev RoZvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© :
g‡b Kwi, M f‡ii GKwU e¯Íy m1 , m 2 , m3 .......... ...mn f‡ii n msL¨K KYv w`‡q ˆZix
Ges Aÿ n‡Z KYv¸wji j¤^ `~iZ¡ h_vµ‡g r1 , r2 , r3 .............rn (wPÎ-3.13)| e¯Íwy U AB
m1
A‡ÿi Pviw`‡K  mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Z _vK‡j Gi cÖwZwU KYvi †KŠwYK †eM n‡e  | r1

wKš‘ N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z e¯Íy KYv¸wji j¤^ `~iZ¡ mgvb bv nIqvq G‡`i ˆiwLK †eM mgvb n‡e bv| r2
m2

1g KYvi fi‡eM  m1v1  m1 r1 m3

r3
2q KYvi fi‡eM  m 2 v2  m2 r2 mn
rn
3q KYvi ei‡eM  m3 v3  m3 r3
n Zg KYvi fi‡eM  mn vn  mn rn wPÎ: 3.13

100 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

2
1g KYvi †KŠwYK fi‡eM, L1  m1r1  r1  m1r1 
2
2q KYvi †KŠwYK fi‡eM, L2  m2 r2  r2  m2 r2 
2
3q KYvi †KŠwYK ei‡eM, L3  m3 r3  r3  m3 r3 
2
n Zg KYvi †KŠwYK fi‡eM, Ln  mn rn  rn  mn rn 
e¯Íwy Ui †KŠwYK fi‡eM KYv¸wji †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi mgwói mgvb
awi, e¯Íwy Ui †KŠwYK fi‡eM  L
 L  L1  L2  .......... .............  Ln
2 2 2 2
 m1 r1   m2 r2   m3 r3   .......................mn rn 
2 2 2 2
 (m1 r1  m2 r2  m3 r3  .......................mn rn )
2
 (mi ri ) GLv‡b i Øviv 1,2,3-- BZ¨vw` msL¨v Ges  Øviv mgwó eySvq
 (mi ri ) ‡K AB A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ e¯Íwy Ui RoZvi åvgK e‡j| G‡K I Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
2

2
 I   mi ri
ev, L  I ....... ........... ........ ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ...... .......(3.20)
myZivs †KŠwYK fi‡eM = RoZvi åvgK  †KŠwYK †eM|
‰iwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î f‡ii †h f~wgKv †KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡Î RoZvi åvg‡Ki †m f~wgKv| myZivs †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi †KŠwYK
fi‡eM e¯ÍywUi RoZvi åvgK I †KŠwYK †e‡Mi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb|

3.7.3 N~Y©vqgvb e¯Íiy MwZkw³ (Kinetic Energy of a Rotating Body) t

awi, M f‡ii GKwU `„p e¯Íy AB A‡ÿi Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Q| e¯Íwy U AB A‡ÿi Pviw`‡K  mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Z
_vK‡j Gi cÖwZwU KYvi †KŠwYK †eM  |
M f‡ii e¯Íwy U m1 , m2 , m3 .............mn f‡ii n msL¨K KYv wb‡q MwVZ Ges G KYv¸wji AB Aÿ †_‡K
j¤^ `~iZ¡ h_vµ‡g r1 , r2 , r3 .............rn (wPÎ-3.14) †h‡nZz GB `~iZ¡¸wj mgvb bq myZivs KYv¸wji ˆiwLK †eM
mgvb n‡e bv|
AZGe,
m1 fiwewkó KYvi ˆiwLK †eM, v1  r1
m 1
m2 fiwewkó KYvi ˆiwLK †eM, v2  r2 r 1

m3 fiwewkó KYvi ˆiwLK †eM, v3  r3 r

m
2
2

............................ m 3
r
............................ 3

m n
mn fiwewkó KYvi ˆiwLK †eM, vn  rn  r n

Avevi,
wPÎ: 3.14
1 2 1 2
m1 fiwewkó KYvi MwZkw³, E1  m1v1  m1r1  2
2 2

ejwe`¨v 101
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1 2 1 2
m2 fiwewkó KYvi MwZkw³, E2  m2v2  m2r2  2
2 2
1 2 1 2
m3 fiwewkó KYvi MwZkw³, E3  m3v3  m3r3  2
2 2
............................
............................
1 2 1 2
mn fiwewkó KYvi ˆiwLK †eM, En  mnvn  mnrn  2
2 2
 mgMÖ e¯Íiy MwZkw³, E  E1  E2  E 3  .............E n
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
 m1r1  2  m1r2  2  m3r3  2  ............  mn rn  2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
  2 [m1r1  m2r2  m3r3 ............  mnrn ]
2
1 2
  2  mi ri [GLv‡b  Øviv mgwó eySvq|]
2
1
 I 2 ......... ........ ...... ................ ........... ......... ............ ..... (3.21)
2
2 2 2 2 2
GLv‡b, I   mi ri  m1r1  m2 r2  m3 r3 ............  mn rn ; G‡K RoZvi åvgK e‡j|
Abyaveb 12: PµMwZi e¨vmv‡a©i mv‡_ RoZvi åvg‡Ki m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.8: †KŠwYK fi‡eM KZ n‡j 200 kgm2 RoZvi åvgK wewkó e¯‘i †KŠwYK †eM 5 rads-1
n‡e?
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb,
GLv‡b,
L  I
RoZvi åvgK, I = 200 kgm2
 2000  5
†KŠwYK †eM,  = 5 rads-1
= 1000 kgm2 s-1
†KŠwYK fi‡eM, L  ?
DËi: 1000 kgm2s-1
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.9: GKwU avZe †Mvj‡Ki fi 5 g| GwU‡K 2 m `xN© GKwU myZvi GKcÖv‡šÍ †eu‡a cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û
4 evi N~iv‡bv n‡”Q| Gi †KŠwYK fi‡eM KZ?
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb,
L  mvr GLv‡b,
 mr 2 †Mvj‡Ki fi, m = 5 g = 0.005 kg
 m
 2 N  2 m~Zvi ˆ`N©¨, r = 2 m
r
 t  N~Y©b msL¨v, N = 4
 2  3.14  4  2 mgq, t = 1 s
 0.005   2 †KŠwYK fi‡eM, L  ?
 1 
2 -1
= 0.5 kgm s
DËi: 0.5 kgm2s-1

102 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 †KŠwYK fi‡eM: N~Y©vqgvb †Kv‡bv KYvi Ae¯’vb †f±i Ges fi‡e‡Mi †f±i ¸Ydj‡K †KŠwYK fi‡eM e‡j|
  
L  r p
 †KŠwYK fi‡eM I †KŠwYK †e‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© L  I 
1 2
 N~Y©bkxj e¯‘i MwZkw³, E  I
2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.7

eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î RoZvi åvgK‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) MwZ RoZv (L) w¯’wZ RoZv
(M) mvgwóK RoZv (N) N~Y©b RoZv
2| N~Y©biZ †Kv‡bv KYvi †KŠwYK MwZ‡eM cwiewZ©Z nIqv m‡Ë¡I †KvbwU AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e?
(K) ˆiwLK `ªæwZ (L) RoZvi åvgK
(M) †KŠwYK fi‡eM (N) N~Y©b MwZkw³
3| †Kv‡bv we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ fi‡e‡Mi åvgK‡K Kx ejv nq?
(K) RoZvi åvgK (L) f‡ii åvgK
(M) †KŠwYK fi‡eM (N) UK©
4| GKwU PvKvi RoZvi åvgK 2 kgm-2| PvKvwU wgwb‡U 30 evi Nyi‡Q| Gi †KŠwYK fi‡eM KZ?
(K)  (L) 2
(M) 3 (N) 4
5| †KŠwYK fi‡eMÑ
i) e¯‘i †KŠwYK MwZi Ici wbf©i K‡i
ii) fi‡e‡Mi åvg‡Ki mgvb
iii) e¯‘i fi I †KŠwYK †e‡Mi ¸Ydj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

ejwe`¨v 103
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.8 UK©
Torque
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 UK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠwYK Z¡i‡Yi mv‡_ U‡K©i m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î mg~n wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.8.1 Ø›Ø (Couple)
msÁvt GKwU e¯‘i `ywU wfbœ we›`y‡Z `ywU mgvb, mgvšÍivj I wecixZgyLx ej wµqv Ki‡j D³ ejØq‡K
Ø›Ø ev hyMj ev †Rvoej e‡j|
e¨vL¨v: 3.15 wP‡Î QR GKwU `„p e¯‘| e¯‘wUi A I B we›`y‡Z `ywU mgvb, mgvšÍi vj I wecixZgyLx ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡jv| ejØq n‡”Q, F, F| G `ywU ej wg‡j GKwU Ø›Ø ˆZwi nq|
ej؇qi wµqv‡iLvi ga¨eZ©x j¤^ `~iZ¡‡K ؇›Øi evû (arm of the couple) e‡j|

3.8.2 ؇›Øi åvgK (Moment of the Couple)

aiv hvK, 3.15 wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z ؇›Øi cÖfv‡e e¯‘wU O we›`y mv‡c‡ÿ Nyi‡Q|
O we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ ejØq Z_v ؇›Øi åvgK, F

 =F.OA+F.OB (∵ Df‡qB abvZ¥K)

=F (OA+OB) F
d
=F.AB
ev, = Fd... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ........ ..... .... (3.22) wPÎ: 3.15
myZivs, ؇›Øi åvgK= Ø›Ø m„wóKvix †h †Kv‡bv GKwU e‡ji gvb  ؇›Øi evû|

Abyaveb 12: Kâvi KvQvKvwQ †V‡j †Kv‡bv `iRv †Lvjv ev eÜ Kiv A‡cÿv `iRvi evB‡ii aviwUi Kâvi
KvQvKvwQ †V‡j †Lvjv ev eÜ Kiv mnRZiÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3.8.3 UK© (Torque):

Pjb MwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯Íyi ˆiwLK Z¡i‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó ivwk n‡jv ej| A_©vr Avgiv ‡`wL †h e¯Íyi Z¡iY m„wói Rb¨
e¯Íy‡Z GKwU ej Aek¨B wµqv K‡i| GLb N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯Íyi †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó
Ki‡Z n‡j mswkøó ivwkwU Kx n‡e| N~Y©b MwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¯Íyi †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wói Rb¨
mswkøó ev hy³ †h ivwk Zv n‡jv UK© ev e‡ji åvgK| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv ev¯Íe
AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K †`L‡Z cvB †h, GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY ej GKwU N~Y©bkxj `iRvq
wewfbœ cwigvY †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU wbf©i K‡i ejwU `iRvq †Kvb we›`y‡Z
Ges †Kvb w`‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Ici| `iRvi evB‡ii cÖv‡šÍ j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ ej
`iRvq m‡e©v”P †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó K‡i| A_P †mB GKB cwigvY ej hw` `iRvi Kâvq
ev N~Y©b A‡ÿ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, ZLb `iRvq Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó nq bv ev
ev¯Í‡e `iRvwU w¯’i _v‡K| myZivs UK© n‡”Q N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î e‡ji mgZzj¨ ivwk| hLb wPÎ: 3.16
N~Y©b Aÿ †_‡K `~‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq ZLb e¯Í‡y Z N~Y©b wµqvi m„wó nq|

104 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

Avi e‡ji GB N~Y©b wµqv m„wói cwigvc n‡”Q UK©| A_©vr UK© N~Y©b cÖeYZv m„wó K‡i (wPÎ: 3.16)|
msÁv t N~Y©vqgvb †Kv‡bv e¯ÍyKYvi Ae¯’vb †f±i Ges KYvwUi Ici cÖhy³ e‡ji †f±i ¸Ydj ev µm ¸Ydj‡K UK©
e‡j|
e¨vL¨v t aiv hvK, cÖm½ KvVv‡gvi g~j we›`y O Gi mv‡c‡ÿ P we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ
 
†Kv‡bv KYvi Ae¯’vb †f±i r (wPÎ 3.17)| KYvwUi Ici cÖhy³ ej F n‡j,
g~jwe›`y O Gi mv‡c‡ÿ KYvwUi Dci
 P
cÖhy³ UK© ev e‡ji åvgK  n‡e,
  
  r  F .......... ........ ............ ................. .............. ........ (3.23)
UK© n‡”Q GKwU ‡f±i ivwk| Gi gvb I w`K `ywUB i‡q‡Q|
gvÎv : U‡K©i gvÎv n‡”Q ej  `~iZ¡-Gi gvÎv
A_©vr MLT-2 L  ML2T2
GKK : Gm.AvB. c×wZ‡Z U‡K©i GKK n‡jv Nm wPÎ: 3.17

3.8.4 †KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡Î wbDU‡bi m~Î

ˆiwLK MwZi †ÿ‡Î wbDU‡bi MwZm~θ‡jv B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡ÎI wbDU‡bi Abyiƒc
wZbwU m~Î Av‡Q| wb‡gœ m~θ‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
cÖ_g m~Î: e¯Íyi Ici evwn¨K UK© wµqv bv Ki‡j, w¯’i e¯Íy w¯’i _vK‡e Ges N~Y©biZ e¯Íy mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Z
_vK‡e|
wØZxq m~Î: N~Y©biZ e¯Íyi †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi H e¯Íyi Ici cÖKz³ U‡K©i mgvbycvwZK Ges †KŠwYK
fi‡e‡Mi GB cwieZ©b cÖhy³ U‡K©i w`‡KB N‡U|
Z…Zxq m~Î: N~Y©biZ e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K wµqvg~jK U‡K©i GKwU mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqvg~jK UK© Av‡Q|

3.8.5 UK© RoZvi åvgK I †KŠwYK Z¡i‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©

aiv hvK, GKwU `„p e¯Íiy GKwU Aÿ (XY ) mv‡c‡ÿ N~Y©bÿg (wPÎ: 3.18 ) e¯Íwy Ui Dci GKwU UK© ( ) cÖ‡qvM
Kiv n‡jv| aiv hvK, e¯Íwy U‡Z n msL¨K KYv Av‡Q| G‡`i fi m1 , m2 ,............mn | N~Y©b-Aÿ n‡Z G‡`i j¤^
`~iZ¡ h_vµ‡g r1 , r2 ,............rn | cÖhy³ UK© wewfbœ KYvi g‡a¨ ew›UZ n‡q hv‡e| aiv hvK, KYv¸‡jvi Dci
Kvh©iZ UK© h_vµ‡g  1 , 2 ,............ n |
   1   2  ..................   n ..... ..... ..... ..... .... (3.24)
Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU `„p e¯Íiy N~Y©b MwZi †ÿ‡Î, e¯Íiy cÖwZwU KYvi †KŠwYK
Z¡iY mgvb| aiv hvK, †KŠwYK Z¡iY  
m1 fiwewkó KYvi †KŠwYK Z¡iY  
Ó Ó Ó ˆiwLK Z¡iY, a1  r1
Ó Ó Ó Dci Kvh©iZ ej, F1  m1r1 wPÎ: 3.18
2
Ó Ó Ó Dci Kvh©iZ UK©, 1 = F1r1  m1 r1  r1  m1 r1 
GKBfv‡e, wewfbœ KYvi Dci Kvh©iZ UK© wbY©q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| (3.24) n‡Z,
   1   2  .......... ........   n

ejwe`¨v 105
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2 2 2
 m1 r1   m2 r2   .................mn rn 
2 2 2
 m1 r1   m2 r2   .................mn rn 
2 2
 (m1r1  m2 r2  .................)
 (  mr 2 )
 I
ev,   I ..... .......... .......... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ................ (3.25)
myZivs, UK© = RoZvi åvgK  †KŠwYK Z¡iY|
  I mgxKiY n‡Z 2q m~Î cÖwZcv`b
  I
d d
I I 0
dt dt
d dI dI
I  [ I aªæeK,  0]
dt dt dt
d
= ( I )
dt
dL
 ...... ....... ....... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ........ ...... (3.26)
dt
UK© = †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi|
2q m~Î n‡Z 1g m~Î cÖgvY:
dL
2q m~Î Abyhvqx,  
dt
dL
  0 (k~b¨) n‡j, 0
dt
ev, L  aªæeK|
Kv‡RB cÖh³y UK© k~b¨ n‡j, †KŠwYK fi‡eM cwiewZ©Z n‡e bv| A_© vr, w¯’i e¯Íy w¯’i _vK‡e Ges N~Y©biZ
e¯Íy mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Z _vK‡e| GwUB n‡”Q GKwU e¯Íyi ‡ÿ‡Î †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi wbZ¨Zv m~Î|
Abyaveb 13: †Kv‡bv N~Y©vqgvb e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ UK© Ges e¯‘i †KŠwYK fi‡eMÑ G‡`i w`K wK memgq GKB nq?
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.10: GKwU PvKvi fi 5 kg Ges PµMwZi e¨vmva© 25 cm| Gi N~Y©b RoZv (RoZvi åvgK)
KZ? PvKvwU 4 rads-2 †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó Ki‡Z KZ gv‡bi UK© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
GLv‡b,
I  MK 2
fi, M = 5 kg
= 5  (0.25)2 = 0.3125 kgm2
PµMwZi e¨vmva©, K = 25 cm = 0.25 m
Avevi UK©,   I  RoZvi åvgK, I  ?
 0.3125  4 = 1.25 Nm GLv‡b,
DËi: 1.25 Nm †KŠwYK Z¡iY,  = 4 rads-2

106 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 Ø›Ø: mgvb, mgvšÍivj I wecixZgyLx `ywU ej hw` GKB e¯‘i `ywU wfbœ we›`y‡Z wµqv K‡i ZLb D³ ejØq‡K
Ø›Ø e‡j|
 UK©: N~Y©vqgvb †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Ae¯’vb †f±i Ges KYvwUi Ici cÖhy³ e‡ji †f±i ¸Ydj‡K UK© e‡j|
  
  r F

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.8
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| wbDU‡bi N~Y©b MwZ msµvšÍ wØZxq m~Îvbymv‡i N~Y©vqgvb e¯‘i-
i) cÖhy³ U‡K©i w`‡KB Gi †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b n‡e
ii) †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi Gi Ici cÖhy³ U‡K©i mgvbycvwZK
iii) e¯‘i †KŠwYK Z¡iY N‡U bv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| †KŠwYK MwZi †ÿ‡Î wbDU‡bi KqwU m~Î we`¨gvb
(K) 1 (L) 2 (M) 3 (N) 4
3| GKwU PvKvi RoZvi åvgK 10 kgm-2| PvKvwU‡Z 10 rads-2 †KŠwYK Z¡iY m„wó Ki‡Z KZ UK© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e?
(K) 10 Nm (L) 100 Nm (M) 50 Nm (N) 200 Nm
4| hLb †Kv‡bv KYvi Ici cÖhy³ UK© k~b¨ ZLb wb‡Pi †Kvb ivwkwU aªæeK nq?
(K) ej (L) †KŠwYK fi‡eM
(M) ˆiwLK fi‡eM (N) †Kv‡bvwUB bq
5| †Kv‡bv we›`y ev A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv e‡ji åvgK‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) UK© (L) Ø›Ø (M) †K›`ªgyLx ej (N) e‡ji evû

ejwe`¨v 107
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.9 †K›`ªgyLx ej
Centripetal Force
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †K›`ªgyLx I †K›`ªwegyLx cÖwZwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji ivwkgvjv cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 iv¯Ívi euv‡K Xvj †`qvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.9.1 †K›`ªgyLx ej I †K›`ªwegyLx ej t
Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force
†Kv‡bv e¯Íyi Dci evwni n‡Z ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j Gi †e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î MwZkxj e¯Íy
mij‡iLvq mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K| hLb †Kv‡bv e¯Íy e„ËvKvi c‡_ P‡j, ZLb e„Ëc‡_i †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z e¯Íwy U ¯úk©K
eivei †h‡Z Pvq| e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyievi mgq e¯Íiy Dci †e‡Mi w`‡Ki mv‡_ j¤^ eivei cÖwZwbqZ ej cÖhy³ nq|
†Kv‡bv e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© e„Ëc‡_i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K ev e¯Íiy †e‡Mi w`‡Ki mv‡_ j¤^| myZivs mij ˆiwLK MwZi
cÖeYZv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i e¯Íy‡K e„Ëc‡_ N~Y©bkxj ivLvi Rb¨ e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© eivei †K‡›`ªi w`‡K GKwU ej wµqv K‡i|
GB ejB †K›`ªgyLx ej (wPÎ: 3.19)| †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji Kvi‡Y e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© †K‡›`ªi w`‡K †h Z¡iY m„wó nq ZvB
†K›`ªgyLx Z¡iY| v
wewfbœ Drm, †hgb- hvwš¿K ej, gnvKl© ej, †PŠ¤^K ej ev ˆe`y¨wZK ej n‡Z
†K›`ªgyLx ej Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| †K›`ªgyLx ej Drcbœ nIqvi Rb¨ N~Y©vqgvb e¯Íy Ges F 
mv
c
2

r
N~Y©b †K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ mivmwi ms‡hvM _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K r
m
Nyievi mgq †K›`ªgyLx ej jvf K‡i| Avevi cigvYyi B‡j±ªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qv‡mi
Pviw`‡K AveZ©b Kv‡j †K›`ªgyLx ej jvf K‡i|
e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyivevi Rb¨ e¯Íyi Dci †K›`ªgyLx ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| G e‡ji
cÖwZwµqv ¯^iƒc GKwU ej e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi Dci e¨vmva© eivei †K‡›`ªi evB‡ii w`‡K wPÎ: 3.19
wµqv K‡i| GUvB †K›`ªwegyLx ej|
†K›`ªwegyLx ej †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji mgvb I wecixZ gyLx, †K›`ªgyLx ej I †K›`ªwegyLx
ej `ywU wfbœ e¯Íiy Dci cÖhy³ nq|
GKwU wXj myZvi GK cÖv‡šÍ †eu‡a nv‡Zi mv‡_ myZvi Aci cÖvšÍ ‡eu‡a e„ËvKvi c‡_
Nyiv‡bv n‡j myZv wX‡ji Dci †h ej e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZvB †K›`ªgyLx
ej Ges myZvi gva¨‡g AvOy‡ji Dci †h ej cÖhy³ nq Zv †K›`ªwegyLx ej (wPÎ:
3.20)|
wPÎ: 3.20
aivhvK, m f‡ii †Kvb e¯Íy r e¨vmv‡a©i e„ËvKvi c‡_ v mg`ªæwZ‡Z Nyi‡j †K›`ªgyLx ej ev †K›`ªwegyLx e‡ji gvb
mv 2
Fc   m2 r ..... .... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ...... .......... .......(3.27)
r
v2
GLv‡b  2 r n‡”Q †K›`ªgyLx Z¡iY|
r
Abyaveb-14: GKwU wXj‡K j¤^v my‡Zvq †eu‡a †Nviv‡bvi †P‡q †Qv‡Uv my‡Zvq †eu‡a Nyiv‡bv Kg Kómva¨ †Kb? e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

108 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

3.9.2 †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji gvb I w`K wbY©q t

aiv hvK, GKwU KYv GKwU e„Ëc‡_ mg-`ªæwZ‡Z AveZ©biZ (wPÎ 3.21)|
e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© r
KYvi mg`ªæwZ  v
aiv hvK, †Kv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© KYvwU A Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q| AwZ ÿz`ª
mgq t c‡i KYvwU B Ae¯’v‡b †cŠQvq| A Ae¯’v‡b Gi †eM
¯úk©K AC eivei| B Ae¯’v‡b †eM ¯úk©K BD eivei|
AC I BD Gi wgjbwe›`y n‡”Q E
OAEB PZzfy©‡R
wPÎ: 3.21
AOB  AEB  2 mg‡KvY
Avevi, BEC  AEB  2 mg‡KvY
 BEC  AOB   ;
B we›`y‡Z KYvwUi †h ‡eM Zv‡K `ywU Dcvsk wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
AC Gi mgvšÍivj w`‡K Dcvsk, v x  v cos 
AO Gi mgvšÍivj w`‡K Dcvsk, v y  v sin 
t mgqwU AwZ ÿz`ª| ZvB,  †KvYwU AwZ ÿz`ª Ges B I A we›`y‡Z AwZ wbKUeZ©x|
Avgviv Rvwb,  AwZ ÿz`ª n‡j, cos   1 Ges sin    (†iwWqvb GK‡K)
 B Ae¯’v‡b, v x  v, v y  v
Avevi, A Ae¯’v‡b, v x  v, v y  0
A_©vr, A Ae¯’vb n‡Z B Ae¯’v‡b †M‡j
v x Gi cwieZ©b  0
v y Gi cwieZ©b  v
‡`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AC eivei †e‡Mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b †bB, A_©vr, †Kv‡bv Z¡iY †bB| AO eivei †e‡Mi cwieZ©b
v
v | AZGe, AO eivei Z¡iY Av‡Q Ges Gi gvb  |
t
v v v2
 †K›`ªgyLx Z¡iY, a   v  v  
t r r
v2
ev, a  ...... ........ ......... ....... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... .... ..... (3.28)
r
Avevi, v =  r
 2r 2
a   2r
r
ev, a   2 r ..... ....... ......... ..... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ...... .... (3.29)
Avgiv Rvwb e‡ji wµqvq e¯Íy Z¡wiZ nq|
wbDU‡bi 2q MwZm~Î n‡Z cvB,
†K›`ªgyLx ej, F  ma

ejwe`¨v 109
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mv 2
ev, F 
r
m(r ) 2
ev, F 
r
ev, F  m 2 r ....... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. .......... ...... ........ ........ .... (3.30)
 
†f±iiƒ‡c, F   m 2 r ....... ....... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ...... ..... (3.31)
  
GLv‡b, (1) r n‡”Q e¨vmva© †f±i| F I r Gi AwfgyL ci¯úi wecixZgyLx ZvB (3.31) bs mgxKi‡Y FYvZœK
wPý e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
5.16. †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji Av‡jv‡K K‡qKwU NUbvi e¨vL¨v t
(1) eµ c‡_ Pjvi mgq mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx Zvi kixi‡K eµZvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K †nwj‡q †`q t
eµ c‡_ Pjvi mgq mvB‡K‡j Av‡ivnx Zvi kixi‡K eµZvi Pjvi mgq Av‡ivnx Ges mvB‡K‡j †h †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji
cÖ‡qvRb Zv †hvMv‡bvi Rb¨B Av‡ivnx‡K Zvi kixi eµZvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K †nwj‡q ivL‡Z nq|
g‡b Kwi, mvB‡Kjmn Av‡ivnxi fi m A_©vr IRb mg Ges r eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i †Kv‡bv eµc‡_ v mg`ªæwZ‡Z
Pj‡Z wM‡q Zv‡K Djø‡¤^i mv‡_  †Kv‡Y †nwj‡q _vK‡Z nq| AZGe, mvB‡Kjmn Av‡ivnx‡Z m„ó †K›`ªgyLx ej
mv 2
 | hw` mvB‡K‡ji Dci iv¯Ívi cÖwZwµqv R nq Z‡e fvimvg¨e¯’vq cÖwZwµqv ej R Gi Abyf~wgK Dcvsk
r
mv 2
R sin  , †K›`ªgyLx ej Ges R - Gi Dj¤^ Dcvsk R cos  , IRb mg Gi mgZv iÿv K‡i|
r

R sin 
mv 2
A_©vr, R sin   Ges R cos  mg R mv
2

r r
R sin 
R sin  mv mv22 / r v2
  ev, tan  
R cos  rmg rg
mg
mg
v2
ev,   tan 1 ...... ........ .......... ........... ......... ..... (3.32)
rg
AZGe, mgxKiY (3.32) n‡Z ejv hvq - wPÎ: 3.22
(i ) †ewk `ªæwZ‡Z eµc‡_ Pj‡Z n‡j eµZvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K †ewk †n‡j _vK‡Z n‡e Ges
(ii) †ewk euv‡Ki iv¯Ívq †ewk †n‡j _vK‡Z n‡e|
Abyaveb-15: euvKv c‡_ AwZ `ªæZ MwZkxj Mvwo †Kb D‡ë hvq?
(2) euv‡Ki iv¯Ív wKsev †ij jvBb KvZ K‡i ivLv nq t
euv‡Ki iv¯Ív wKsev †ij jvB‡bi eµZvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡Ki cvk¦© Aci cvk¦© A‡cÿv wbPz K‡i ivLv nq| G e¨e¯’v‡K
iv¯Ívq e¨vswKs ejv nq| †gvUiMvwo ev †ij Mvwo euv‡Ki iv¯Ív AwZµg Kivi mgq Mvox‡Z †K›`ªgyLx ej bv _vK‡j
Mvwo euv‡Ki wecixZ cv‡k¦© wQU‡K co‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB G ai‡bi `~N©Ubvi nvZ n‡Z Mvox‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ euv‡Ki
iv¯Ívq e¨vswKs cÖ‡qvRb nq|
g‡bKwi, m f‡ii A_©vr mg IR‡bi GKwU Mvwo r eµZvi e¨vmva© wewkó GKwU euv‡Ki iv¯Í v, v mg`ªæwZ‡Z
`~N©Ubv gy³fv‡e AwZµg Kievi Rb¨ iv¯ÍvwU Abyf~wg‡Ki mv‡_ eµZvi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K  †Kv‡Y AvbZ _vK‡Z n‡e|

110 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

mv 2
(wPÎ 3.23)| G‡ÿ‡Î Mvwo‡Z m„ó †K›`ªgyLx ej  | hw` Mvwoi Dci iv¯Ívi cÖwZwµqv ej R nq Z‡e
r
mv 2
mvg¨ve¯’vq cÖwZwµqv ej R Gi Abyf~wgK Dcvsk R sin  , †K›`ªgyLx ej Ges R Gi Dj¤^ Dcvsk
r
R cos  , IRb mg Gi mgZv iÿv K‡i| R

R cos
mv 2
A_©vr, R sin   Ges R cos  mg
r
2 2 mv2
R sin  mv v r R sin
  ev, tan  
R cos  r rg
h x
mg
2
1 v
  tan ....... ......... ......... ............ .................... (3.33) mg
rg wPÎ: 3.23
Avevi iv¯ÍvwU hw` x GKK PIov nq Ges iv¯Ívi AvbZ cvk¦© A‡cÿv DbœZ cvk¦© h GKK DuPz nq Z‡e wPÎvbymv‡i,
h
sin   ......... ........... .......... ............... ............... ............... ................. ........... ..... (3.34)
x
Abyaveb-16: euvK †bqvi mgq Djø‡¤^i mv‡c‡ÿ 45 †Kv‡Y †n‡j cov wK †Kv‡bv mvB‡Kj Pvj‡Ki c‡ÿ m¤¢e?
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.11: GKwU evjK 4 g f‡ii GKwU cv_i‡K 1 m `xN© myZvi mvnv‡h¨ e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyi v‡”Q|
cv_iwU 25 s G 10 evi c~Y© AveZ©b Ki‡e| myZvi Uvb wbY©q Ki|
myZvi Uvb= †K›`ªgyLx ej
fi, m = 5 g = 0.005 kg
mv 2 myZvi ˆ`N©¨, r = 1 m
F  m 2 r
r mgq, t  25 s
2
 2N  AveZ©b msL¨v, N  10
 m  r
 t  myZvi Uvb, F  ?
2
 2  3.14  10 
 0.005     1 = 4.93 N
 25
2 
DËi: 4.93 N

MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.12: 200 m e¨vmva© wewkó GKwU euvKv c‡_ 50.4 kmh-1 †e‡M Mvwo Pvjv‡Z c_wU KZ †Kv‡Y
KvZ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e? iv¯ÍvwUi cÖ¯’ 1 m n‡j, evB‡ii cvk¦© A‡cÿv KZ DuPz n‡Z n‡e? g = 9.8 ms-2
Avgiv Rvwb, B GLv‡b,
v 2 2
14   0.1 c‡_i e¨vmva©, r = 200 m
tan   
rg 200  9.8 Mvwoi †eM, v = 50.4 kmh-1 =14 ms-1
h
 AwfKl©R Z¡iY, g = 9.8 ms-2
  5.7
iv¯Ívi cÖ¯’, OB = 1 m
GLv‡b  Gi gvb Lye ÿz`ª e‡j O A
e¨vswKs †KvY,   ?
tan   sin   0.1 aiv hvq|
†fZ‡ii cvk¦© †_‡K evB‡ii cv‡k¦©i D”PZv, h = ?

ejwe`¨v 111
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

h h
GLb, sin   
0 B 1m
 h  sin   1  0.1m
DËi: 5.7 ; 0.1m

mvi-ms‡ÿc :
 e¯‘‡K e„ËvKvi c‡_ N~Y©bkxj ivLvi Rb¨ e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© eivei †K‡›`ªi w`‡K †h ej wµqv K‡i Zv‡K †K›`ªgyLx
ej e‡j|
mv 2
 †K›`ªgyLx ej, F   m 2 r
r

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.9
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| ˆe`y¨wZK cvLvi myBP ÔAbÕ Ki‡j cÖ_gve¯’vqÑ
i) Gi ˆiwLK †eM µgvš^‡q evo‡Z _v‡K
ii) G‡Z †KŠwYK Z¡i‡Yi m„wó nq
iii) Gi †KŠwYK †eM µgvš^‡q evo‡Z _v‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| GKwU e¯‘‡K N~Y©biZ ivL‡Z †h ej cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) †KŠwYK fi‡eM (L) RoZvi åvgK (M) †K›`ªgyLx ej (N) †K›`ªwegyLx ej
3| †KvbwUi Rb¨ iv¯Ívi euv‡K mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx‡K euv‡Ki †K‡›`ªi w`‡K †nj‡Z nq?
(K) †K›`ªwegyLx e‡ji †hvMvb †`qvi Rb¨ (L) †KŠwYK †eM evov‡bvi Rb¨
(M) ˆiwLK †eM evov‡bvi Rb¨ (N) †K›`ªgyLx ej †hvMvb †`qvi Rb¨
4| r e¨vmv‡a©i e„ËvKvi c‡_ v mgy`ªwZ‡Z euvK wb‡Z n‡j KZ †Kv‡Y †nj‡Z n‡e? ( g =AwfKl©R Z¡iY)
v2 v2 v2 v2
(K) sin 1 (L) cos1 (M) tan 1 (N) cot 1
 g  g r g r g
5| †K›`ªgyLx ej wµqv K‡iÑ
i) GKwU myZvi GKcÖv‡šÍ †eu‡a hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K e„ËvKvi c‡_ †Nviv‡bv nq
ii) m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K c„w_ex Nyivi mgq
iii) wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K B‡j±ªb¸‡jv Nyivi mgq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
6| iv¯Ívi e¨vswKs wbf©i K‡iÑ
i) Mvwoi `ªæwZi Ici ii) euv‡Ki e¨vmv‡a©i Ici iii) Mvwoi f‡ii Ici
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

112 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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cvV-3.10 e¨envwiK-3 t GKwU d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK wbY©q|

(Determination of Moment of Inertia of a Fly Wheel)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ZË¡ (Theory):
d¬vB ûBj n‡jv Ggb GKwU fvwi PvKv, hv †Kv‡bv Aÿ `‡Ði mv‡_ mshy³ †_‡K Zvi Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Z
cv‡i| GKwU iwki GK cÖvšÍ Aÿ `‡Ûi GKwU †c‡iK Gi mv‡_ AvUwK‡q Aÿ `‡Û K‡qK cvK †cuwP‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ
û‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ IRb Szjv‡bv nq|
iwki cÖv‡šÍ mshy³ fi m †K h D”PZv n‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e co‡Z w`‡j e¯‘wUi w¯’wZkw³ PvKvi N~Y©b RwbZ kw³‡Z,
cošÍ e¯‘i MwZkw³‡Z Ges Nl©‡Yi cÖwZK~‡j m¤úbœ Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
PvKvwUi m‡e©v”P †KŠwYK †eM  Ges Aÿ `‡Ûi e¨vmva© r n‡j ˆiwLK †eM v=r | N~Y©b PvKvi RoZvi åvgK I
1 2
n‡j, Gi N~Y©b MwZkw³  I | PvKvwUi cÖwZ N~Y©‡bi Rb¨ Nl©‡Yi weiæ‡× m¤úbœ Kv‡Ri cwigvY w n‡j m
2
f‡ii e¯‘wU f‚wg‡Z covi c~‡e© PvKvi N~Y©bmsL¨v n1 n‡j †gvU Kv‡Ri cwigvY W=n1w n‡e| m f‡ii e¯‘wU h
cwigvY D”PZvq †b‡g G‡j Zvi w¯’wZkw³i n«vm =mgh kw³i wbZ¨Zvi kZ© n‡j wjL‡Z cvwi,
1 1
mgh  mv 2  I 2  n1w ...... ...... .......... ............ ................ ............. .............. ..........(3.35)
2 2
1 1
mgh  mr 2 2  I 2  n1w ... ...... ... . .............. ............... .............. ............ ......... ......(3.36)
2 2
k³ iwki mv‡_ mshy³ e¯‘wU ivwkmn Aÿ`Ð n‡Z wew”Qbœ nevi ci PvKvwU n2 evi Ny‡i †_‡g †M‡j Zvi N~Y©b
1
MwZkw³ Nl©‡Yi weiæ‡× n2 w  I 2 cwigvY KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|
2
1 2 1
AZGe, w  I . .....................(3.37)
2 n2
(3.36) I (3.37) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
1 1 1 1
mgh  m 2 r 2  I 2  n1 I 2 A
2 2 2 n2
1 1  n  h
mgh  m 2 r 2  I 2 1  1 
2 2  n2  B
 n 
2mgh  m 2 r 2  I 2 1  1 
 n2 
2 2
2mgh  m r
I  2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .............. ...................... ................... ................. ..(3.38)
 (1  n1 / n 2 )

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2 n2
N~Y©b PvKvwUi n2 evi Nyi‡Z 1 †m‡KÛ mgq jvM‡j Zvi Mo †KŠwYK †eM 1  | wKš‘ PvKvwU  †KŠwYK
t
†eM n‡Z mgg›`‡b k~b¨ †eM AR©b K‡i e‡j Mo †KŠwYK †eM,
  
  
2 2
2 n2 
 
t 2
4n2
 ...... ... ...... ... ... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ........ ........... ......(3.39)
t
(3.39) bs mgxKiY n‡Z  Gi gvb (3.38) bs mgxKiY emv‡j cvIqv hvq,
m  ght 2 2
I  2  n2 r  ........ ...... ...... .......... ............. ............ ............. ........... ...... (3.40)
n1  n2  8 n2 

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus):
d¬vB ûBj, k³ iwk ev `wo, wgUvi †¯‹j, _vgv Nwo, ¯øvBW K¨vwjcvm©, IRb e·, ûK BZ¨vw`|

Kvh© c×wZ (Working Procedures):

1. ¯øvBW K¨vwjcvm© Gi gva¨‡g PvKvi Aÿ `‡Û wewfbœ ¯’v‡b GKvwaKevi e¨vmva© wbY©q K‡i Mo e¨vmva© r †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. wPÎvbyhvqx PvKvi wbgœ cÖvšÍ eivei †`qv‡j we›`y A wPwýZ K‡i Dnv n‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K h `~i‡Z¡ Aci GKwU
we›`y B wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e, †mLvb †_‡K fihy³ e¯‘wUi iwk Szjb we›`y n‡Z gy³ nq| GLb A I B Gi
ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ †¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc K‡i h wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. iwki GK cÖvšÍ Aÿ `‡Ûi †c‡iK Gi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ PvKvwU‡K Nywi‡q iwk‡K Aÿ`‡Ûi
1
mv‡_ k³fv‡e †cuwP‡q iwki Aci cÖv‡šÍ kg fi hy³ K‡i fiwU‡K A we›`y eivei wb‡q G‡m PvKvi
2
cÖv_wgK N~Y©b msL¨v n1 wbY©q K‡i h_v¯’v‡b emv‡Z n‡e|
4. fiwU‡K gy³fv‡e †Q‡o w`‡q wb‡P co‡Z w`B Ges fiwU B we›`y‡Z †cuŠQv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ _vgv Nwo Pvjy
Kwi| PvKv w¯’i n‡j _vgv Nwo eÜ K‡i mgq t Ges PvKvi N~Y©b msL¨v n2 wbY©q K‡i wba©vwiZ Q‡K emv‡e|
5. GKBfv‡e Kgc‡ÿ cuvPwU wfbœ f‡ii Rb¨ n1, n2 I t wbY©q K‡i G‡`i Mo gvb wnmve Kwi|

cixÿvi DcvËmg~n (Experimental Data):

QK-1: ¯øvBW K¨vwjcv‡m©i mvnv‡h¨ Aÿ `‡Û e¨vmva© (r) wbY©q:
cvVmsL¨v cÖavb fvwb©qvi fvwb©qvi fvwb©qvi †gvU cvV Mo e¨vm ï× Mo e¨vm e¨vmva© e¨vmva©
†¯‹‡ji †¯‹j aªæeK C cvV VC (S+VC) D D=D(e) D r
r=
cvV S cvV V 2
cm cm cm cm cm cm cm m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

114 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

QK-2: n1, n2 Ges t wbY©q

cvV e¯‘i fi P‡µi N~Y©b Mo n1 P‡µi N~Y©b Mo e¯‘i N~Y©‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Mo
m msL¨v n1 msL¨v n2 n2 D”PZv mgq mgq
h t
kg m s s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

wnmve (Calculation)
(3.40) mgxKi‡Y ivwk¸‡jvi gvb ewm‡q wnmve Ki‡j d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK cvIqv hv‡e|

djvdj (Result): wb‡Y©q d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK, I = ..................kgm2|

mZK©Zv (Precautions)
1. Aÿ `‡Ûi e¨vmva© wbY©‡qi mgq ¯øvBW K¨vwjcvm©‡K `‡Ûi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Aÿ `‡Û mv‡c‡ÿ iwki e¨vm Kg nIqv Avek¨K|
3. mgq Ges N~Y©b msL¨v wbf©yjfv‡e MYbv Kivi Rb¨ GKvwaKevi cvV †bqv Avek¨K|
4. Nl©YRwbZ ÿq cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S Aÿ `ЇK wcw”Qj Kivi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

ejwe`¨v 115
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| GKK mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M AveZ©biZ †Kv‡bv `„p e¯‘i RoZvi åvgK msL¨vMZfv‡e Gi MwZkw³i -
(K) mgvb (L) A‡a©K
(M) wظY (N) wZb¸Y
2| wbDwK¬q‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb KYvi cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi Øviv mej wbDwK¬q e‡ji DrcwË nq?
(K) MÖ¨vwfUb (L) wbDwUª‡bv
(M) †gmb (N) B‡jKUªb
3| †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î †KvbwU?
(K) L = aªæeK (L) p = aªæeK (M)  = aªæeK (N) F = aªæeK
4| wb‡Pi †KvbwU †f±i ivwk ?
(K) fi (L) `~iZ¡ (M) UK© (N) RoZvi åvgK

L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t

1| †K›`ªgyLx ej-
i. GKwU Kvh©nxb ej
ii. GwU e¯‘i MwZc‡_i w`‡K wµqv K‡i
mv2
iii. Gi gvb
r
†KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| `ywU GKB f‡ii gv‡e©j mij‡iLv eivei GKB w`‡K Pjgvb Ae¯’vq msN‡l© wjß n‡j G‡`i †eM-
i. GKB _vK‡e
ii. cwiewZ©Z n‡e
iii. wewbgq Ki‡e
†KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i I ii (L) i I ii (M) i I iii (N) ii I iii

M. Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ t

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 1-2 b¤^i cÖ‡kœœi mwVK DËiwU‡Z wUK w`b|
GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv wgwb‡U 1500 evi Ny‡i| myBP eÜ Kivi 4 wgwbU ci cvLvwU eÜ n‡q hvq|
1| myBP eÜ Kivi gy n~‡Z© cvLvwUi †KŠwYK †eM KZ wQj ?
(K) 152 rads-1 (L) 155 rads-1 (M) 157 rads-1 (N) 159 rads-1
2| cvLvwUi †K›`ªfvM n‡Z cÖvšÍfv‡Mi `~iZ¡ 2 m n‡j cÖvšÍfv‡Mi †Kv‡bv we›`yi ˆiwLK `ªæwZ KZ ?
(K) 310 ms-1 (L) 314 ms-1 (M) 318 ms-1 (N) 322 ms-1

116 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 3

N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t
1| wb‡Pi wPÎ jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
u1 = 10 ms-1 u2  5ms 1

m1  40kg m2  60kg m1  40 kg m2  60kg

u 2  5ms 1

m1  10kg
m1  20kg
msN‡l©i c~‡e© msN‡l©i c‡i
wPÎ: 3.10

Dc‡ii wP‡Î GKB mij‡iLvq Pjgvb `ywU e¯‘i msNl© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
K. e‡ji NvZ Kx? 1
L. Agm„Y KvM‡R †jLv KwVb †Kb? 2
M. msN‡l©i ci e¯‘ `ywUi wgwjZ †eM wbY©q Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ NUbvq msN‡l©i ci MwZkw³ msiwÿZ nqwbÑ we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
2| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
h‡kvi-Lyjbv nvBI‡qi g‡Wj K‡jR †ivW msjMœ iv¯ÍvwU 50 m e¨vmv‡a© euvK wb‡q‡Q| H ¯’v‡b iv¯ÍvwU 0.5 m
PIov Ges wfZ‡ii wKbviv n‡Z evB‡ii wKbviv 0.5 m DPuy| euv‡Ki wKQzUv mvg‡b m‡e©v”P MwZ‡e‡Mi
wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv Av‡Q| GKRb †gvUi mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx 8 ms-1 †e‡M euvK wb‡Z wM‡q iv¯Ívi Wvb cv‡k
`Ðvqgvb GKRb e¨w³‡K AvNvZ Kij| UªvwdK cywjk †gvUi mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kij|
K. j¤^ Aÿ Dccv`¨wU Kx? 1
L. †K›`ªgyLx ej‡K msiÿYkxj ej ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxcK Abymv‡i iv¯ÍvwUi e¨vswKs †KvY wbY©q Kiæb| 3
N. c`v_©weÁv‡bi fvlvq †gvUi mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx †`vlx bv wb‡`©vl? MvwYwZKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4
O. mswÿß DËi cÖkœ t
1| †gŠwjK ej Kx, wjLyb|
2| fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î wee„Z Kiæb|
3| e‡ji NvZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvqÑe¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4| RoZvi åvgK Kx, wjLyb|
5| PµMwZi e¨vmva© Kx, wjLyb|
6| †KŠwYK fi‡eM Kv‡K e‡j, wjLyb|
7| †K›`ªgyLx ej ej‡Z Kx †evSvq-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
8| `ªæZMvgx †gvUi PjvP‡ji iv¯Ívi ev‡uK iv¯Ív Xvjy Kiv _v‡K †Kb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
P. wek` DËi cÖkœ t
 
1| wbDwU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î †_‡K F  ma cÖwZcv`b Kiæb|
2| fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î cÖwZcv`b Kiæb|
3| cÖgvY Kiæb †h,  = I
4| GKwU miæ I mylg `‡Ûi GK cÖvšÍ w`‡q Ges ˆ`‡N¨©i j¤^fv‡e MgbKvix A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ `‡Ûi RoZvi åvgK I
PµMwZi e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiæb|
5| mg`ªæwZ‡Z e„ËvKvi c‡_ AveZ©biZ †Kvb e¯‘i Ici wµqvkxj †K›`ªgyLx e‡ji ivwkgvjv cÖwZcv`b Kiæb|

ejwe`¨v 117
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

v2
6| cÖgvY Kiæb, tan  
rg
Q. MvwYwZK mgm¨vewj:
1| GKwU ej 5 kg f‡ii GKwU w¯’i e¯‘i Dci 5 s wµqv Kivi ci ej cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nj| cieZ©x 5 s -G e¯‘wUi
mg‡e‡M P‡j 50 m c_ AwZµg K‡i| e‡ji gvb KZ?
2| GKwU e¯‘i Dci 7 N gv‡bi GKwU ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j e¯‘wU 3ms2 Z¡iY cÖvß nq| e¯‘wUi fi KZ? e¯‘wUi
Dci 5 N gv‡bi Avi GKwU ej 7 N gv‡bi e‡ji mv‡_ 60 †Kv‡Y cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j, e¯‘wUi Z¡iY KZ n‡e?
3| GKwU e¯‘ w¯’i Ae¯’vq wQj| 15 N Gi GKwU ej 4 †m‡KÛ a‡i KvR K‡i †_‡g hvq| e¯‘wU Gici 9
†m‡K‡Û 54 m `~iZ¡ †Mj| e¯‘wUi fi KZ?
4| 5 kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ w¯’ive¯’v †_‡K 250 m wb‡P cwZZ n‡q Kv`vi g‡a¨ 3.5 m cÖ‡ek K‡i †_‡g †Mj|
e¯‘wUi Dci Kv`vi Øviv cÖhy³ ej wbY©q Ki|
5| 10 kg f‡ii GKwU ey‡jU 4 kg f‡ii GKwU e›`yK †_‡K 200 ms-1 †e‡M wbwÿß nj| e›`yKwUi cðvr †eM
KZ n‡e?
6| 40 kg Ges 60 kg f‡ii `ywU e¯‘ ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K h_vµ‡g 10 ms-1 Ges 5 ms-1 †e‡M hvIqvi c‡_
G‡K Aci‡K av°v w`j| av°vi ci e¯‘ `ywU GK‡Î hy³ †_‡K KZ †e‡M Pj‡e?

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1 : 1| (N) 2| (K) 3| (M) 4| (L) 5| (L)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2 : 1| (M) 2| (L) 3| (L) 4| (L) 5| (L)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3 : 1| (M) 2| (N) 3| (N) 4| (L) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4 : 1| (M) 2| (L) 3| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5 : 1| (L) 2| (N) 3| (M) 4| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6 : 1| (M) 2| (M) 3| (L) 4| (L) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.7 : 1| (N) 2| (L) 3| (M) 4| (L) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.8 : 1| (K) 2| (M) 3| (L) 4| (L) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.9 : 1| (N) 2| (M) 3| (N) 4| (M) 5| (N) 6| (K)
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (M) 2| (M) 3| (K) 4| (M)
L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (L) 2| (N)
M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖkœ t 1| (M) 2| (L)
N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t- wb‡R Kiæb| wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
Q. MvwYwZK mgm¨v t 1| 10 N 2| 2.33kg; 4.48 ms-2 3| 10 kg 4| 3549N 5| 0.5ms-1 6| 1 ms-1

118 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq