Gm.Gm.GBP.

Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-1

f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek (Geography and Environment)

f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek BDwbUwUi 1g cv‡V cvV¨ welq wnmv‡e f‚‡Mvj Gi m¤ú‡K© aviYv cve|
GQvov f~‡Mv‡ji msÁv, f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi ïiæi BwZnvm, AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji aviYv m¤ú‡K©
Rvbe|
f‚‡Mvj aviYvi µgweKvk GKw`‡b nqwb, 2q cv‡V f‚‡Mv‡ji µgweKvk m¤ú‡K© GKwU mgq
wfwËK aviYv cve|
f‚‡Mv‡ji cwiwa hv wKbv `ywU g~javivq wef³, cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK f‚‡Mvj, G‡`i m¤ú‡K©I
aviYv cve 3q cv‡V| 4_© cv‡V cwi‡e‡ki A_©, cÖK…wZ I Dcv`vbmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|
5g cv‡V f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡e‡ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Ges 6ô cv‡V mgv‡R f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wkÿvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbe| MVbMZ w`K w`‡q GB BDwbUwU f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©
cÖv_wgK aviYv †`‡e|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 1

 we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cvV 1.1 - cvV¨ welq wnmv‡e f‚‡Mvj : msÁv I aviYv (Geography

as a Discipline: Definition and Concept)

GB cvV †k‡l hv Rvbv hv‡e–

 f‚‡Mvj m¤ú‡K© aviYv;
 f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi ïiæ
 AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji aviYv m¤ú‡K©|

f‚‡Mvj c„w_exi Dcwifv‡Mi ¯’vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q| Z‡e f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i QvovI GB wel‡q
f~-c„‡ôi DcwifvM, ¯’vb| f‚ZvwË¡K weÁvbx, AvenvIqvwe`, Rxewe`¨v, mgy`ªweÁvbx Ges weÁv‡bi Av‡ivI †ek wKQy
kvLvqI f‚-c„‡ôi DcwifvM Ges Zj‡`‡ki welqvw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q| Z‡e, ïaygvÎ f‚‡Mvj
welqB f‚-c„‡ôi Dcwifv‡Mi wewfbœ welqvw`i GKwU mgwb¦Z ¯’vbwfwËK aviYv †`q|
AZx‡Z msNwVZ NUbvejx Ges eZ©gv‡bi NUbvmg~n c„w_exi †Kvb bv †Kvb ¯’v‡bi mv‡_
RwoZ| GB me NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z wM‡q gvbyl †h GjvKvq NUbv N‡U‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
AvMÖnx nq| gvby‡li ¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi GB AvMÖn †_‡KB f‚‡Mv‡ji wfwË ˆZwi nq|

f‚‡Mvj Kv‡K e‡j?

MÖxK cwÛZ B‡i‡Uvm‡_bxm (Eratosthenes) cÖ_g f‚‡Mvj kãwU e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb| MÖxK kã
ÔwRI' (Geo-) A_© f‚gÛj ev c„w_ex Ges ÔMÖvwd' (graphy) A_© eY©bv, mvwe©K A‡_© gvby‡li
B‡i‡Uvm‡_bxm, nvU©‡kvb, Avevm GB c„w_exi eY©bv| f‚‡Mvj wel‡qi GB g~j aviYvi AvR Aewa †Zgb eo ai‡bi †Kvb
wcUvi †n‡MU, ûg‡evë|
cwieZ©b nq bvB| Z‡e GB cÖm‡½ f‚‡Mvj Gi `ywU AvaywbK msÁv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
nvU©‡kv‡bi g‡Z- ÔGeography is concerned to provide accurate, orderly and rational
descriptions and interpretations of the variable character of the earth's surface'ÑÔf‚-
c„‡ôi ˆewPÎgq ˆewkó¨vejxi mwVK, †kªYxe× Ges hyw³m½Z eY©bv Ges we‡kølYB f‚‡Mv‡ji
Av‡jvP¨ welq'|
Av‡iKRb weL¨vZ e„wUk AvaywbK f‚‡Mvjwe` wcUvi †n‡MU (1981) Gi g‡Z- ÔGeography is
the study of the earth's surface as the space within which the human population
lives'| A_©vr †h kv¯¿ f‚-c„ô‡K gvbe‡Mvwôi emev‡mi ¯’vb wnmv‡e Aa¨qb K‡i ZvnvB
f‚‡Mvj| jÿ¨Yxq †h f‚‡Mv‡ji G `ywU AvaywbK msÁvi g~j e³e¨ MÖxK‡`i †`Iqv msÁvi
Abyiƒc|
Z‡e, f‚‡Mvj wel‡qi g~j `„wófw½ I e¨vL¨v `v‡bi c×wZMZ w`K Kvj I mgv‡Ri cUf‚wgi
Kvj I mgv‡Ri cUf~wgi Av‡jv‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| GB cÖm‡½ mß`k kZK †_‡K eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wbe©vwPZ wKQy msÁv
Av‡jv‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
bx‡P †`Iqv n‡jv|
Geography is that part of mixed mathematics, which explains the state of the earth
and of its parts, depending on quantity, viz. its figure, place, magnitude and motion,
with the celestial appearence. (- Varenius, 1622)

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 2
Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Geography is the study of the earth. It explains the varieties found in the various parts
of the earth. - Kant, I. (late 18th century)
Geography is the science related to nature... in it are studied and described all things
found on earth. - Humboldt, A. Von (early 19th century)
Geography is the department of science that deals with the globe in all its features,
phnomena, and relations as an independent unit, and shows the connection of this
unified whole with man and with mans creator. - Ritter, C. (early 19th century)
Geography`s goal is nothing less than an understanding of the vast, interacting
system comprising all humanity and its natural environment on the surface of the
earth. - Ackerman, E.A (1963)
Geography seeks to explain how the subsystems of the physical environment are
organized on the earths surface and how man distributed himself over the earth in
relation to physical features and the other man. -Ad hoc committee on Academy of
Science, Washington D.C (1965)
Geography is concerned with the existing material system forming the geographyical
sphere of the earth as an environment for the actual or potential development of
human society, together with the material aspects of social development expressed in
its regional complexes within the geographical environment. - Anlechin, V.A (1973)
Geography is the study of relationship between man and his environment through
space and time. - Anonymous (unknown)(1990)
Dc‡ii GB me msÁv ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K jÿYxq †h, Dwbk kZ‡Ki ûg‡evë ch©šÍ f‚‡Mv‡ji
Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK Dcv`v‡bi Ici AwaK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q; gvbyl I f~‡Mvj-cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I
mvgvwRK msMVbmg~n †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ cvq bvB| Z‡e ûg‡evë-Gi mgmvgwqKKv‡ji f‚‡Mvjwe` gvby‡ li mywbweo m¤úK©|
Kvj© wiUvi, gvbyl‡K f‚‡Mv‡ji Av‡jvP¨ welq wnmv‡e mwe‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| fz‡Mv‡j
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I gvby‡li mywbweo m¤úK© cieZ©x cÖvq me f‚‡Mvjwe`B Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
wesk kZvãx‡Z gvbyl cÖhyw³MZ DrKl©Zvi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi
K‡i Avm‡Q| gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Û cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Avi wbqš¿‡Ki f‚wgKvq bv _vK‡jI Gi
cÖfve‡K enb‡hvM¨ gvÎvq ivLvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebvgq weKí D™¢ve‡bi w`‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡”Q mgq I ¯’v b|
hv‡Z cwi‡ekMZ fvimvg¨Zv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nq| ZvB, AvaywbK f‚‡Mvjwe`MY mgq I
¯’v‡bi Av‡jv‡K cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi m¤úK`©‡KB f‚‡Mv‡ji g~L¨
welq wnmv‡e †`L‡Z Pvb (Elahi, 2000)|

f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi ïiæ

f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi ïiæi BwZnvm kZ kZ eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv| aviYv Kiv nq gvbe mf¨Zvi Avw`Kvj
†_‡KB gvbyl hLb eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ m¤ú` wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qov‡bv,
†mB †_‡KB gvby‡li wbKU ¯’v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cvq| MÖxK hy‡Mi cwÛZMY c„w_ex m¤úwK©Z MÖxK hyM, f~‡Mvj I
Z_¨vejx msMÖn K‡ib| Zuviv Ávb PP©vi myweavi Rb¨ G me Z_¨vejx‡K `y‡Uv cÖavb As‡k fvM gnvRvMwZK
K‡ib : f‚‡Mvj (c„w_exi f‚-fvM m¤úwK©Z Ávb PP©v) I gnvRvMwZK we`¨v (AvKvk,
ZviKvivwR I gnvRMZ welqK Ávb PP©v)| B‡i‡Uv‡m‡_wbm (ca. 273 - ca. 192 B.C)-Gi

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 3

 we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

g‡Z f‚‡Mvj wQj c„w_exi mwVK eY©bv| Zuvi RxeÏkvq wkjv, g„wËKv I Dw™¢` m¤ú‡K© wecyj
Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq|
MÖxK `vk©wbKMY c„w_exi ¯’vb eY©bvi evwn‡iI ¯’vb mg~‡ni ZviZg¨ Ges Gi KviY AbymÜvb
Aÿvsk wfwËK Rjevqy K‡ib| †hgb, c„w_exi Rjevqy m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ Zuviv Gi AÂjwfwËK †kªYx wefvM K‡ib
AÂj| hv A‡bKUv AvaywbK AÿvskwfwËK Rjevqy A‡ji Abyiƒc| Z‡e, MÖxK‡`i ˆZwiK…Z gvbwPÎ
f‚‡Mvj Ávb PP©vq me‡P‡q †ewk Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q|
f‚‡Mvj welqK ÁvbPP©v ga¨ hy‡M n«vm cvq, we‡klZ: BD‡iv‡c| wek¦ cwiågY hy‡M (1500-
1900) bZzb bZzb †`k Avwe¯‹v‡ii d‡j †fŠ‡MvwjK Áv‡bi K`i †e‡o hvq| GB mgqKvi
weÁvbxiv †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨vejx‡K GKwU weÁvbwfwËK KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq `uvo Kiv‡bvi †Póv
K‡ib| GB Kv‡R, weÁvbx evn©bnvW©vm †fwiwbqvm (1622-1650) me‡P‡q AMÖYx f‚wgKv
iv‡Lb|
wZwb †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨vejx‡K `ywU As‡k fvM K‡ib| GKwU, cÖvK…wZK hvi AvIZvq
Evn©b nvW©m †fwiwqvm evqygÛjxq, cvwb Ges Ak¥gÛjxq welqK Z_¨vejx AšÍf‚©³| AciwU, c„w_exi mvgvwRK I
f~‡Mvj‡K (1) cÖvK„wZK (2) mvs¯‹…wZK web¨vm/aib m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vejx we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Z‡e, f‚‡Mvj welq PP©vi GB
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK GB
`yBfv‡M fvM Kiæb|
ch©v‡q †fwiwbqvm ¯úóZB gvby‡li mv‡_ evwn¨K c„w_exi AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K©i Ici we‡kl
¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib|
†fwiwbqvm f‚‡Mvj welq‡K GKwU weÁvb wfwËK KvVv‡gv w`‡q _vK‡jI GB‡ÿ‡Î Bgvby‡qj
Kv›U (1724-1804) f‚‡Mvj‡K weÁv‡b ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z we‡klfv‡e Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| Kv‡›Ui
g‡Z, Ávb‡K wZbfv‡e msMwVZ Kiv hvq| GK) Ávb PP©vi cÖvßdj‡K welq MwZ ZviZ‡g¨i
Bgvby‡qj Kv›U-Ávb‡K wfwˇZ †kªYx wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g| Gi dj¯^iƒc †hgb, imvqb, f‚ZË¡, cÖvYxwe`¨v, Dw™¢`we`¨v
wZbfv‡e msMwVZ Kiv hvq|
BZ¨vw` hv wbqgve× †ÿÎ (Systematic fields) bv‡g cwiwPZ| `yB) HwZnvwmK c×wZ
Aej¤^‡b A_©vr mg‡qi Av‡jv‡K m¤úK© we‡ePbv Kiv| wZb) wKfv‡e ¯’vbmg~n ci¯ú‡i
m¤úwK©Z Zv Rvbvi gva¨‡g| g~jZ: GB welqwUB f‚‡Mvj PP©vi †ÿÎ|

f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖvPxb aviYvmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|

AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji aviYv

Kv‡›Ui †`Iqv `vk©wbK KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g f‚‡Mvj Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi mv‡_ wb‡Ri GKwU `„p
Ae¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q| cieZx©‡Z f‚‡Mvj PPv©i cÖavb jÿ¨ `uvovq wewfbœ welqmg~‡ni
AvaywbK f~‡Mvj c„w_ex c„‡ôi
welq †Kv_vq, †Kvb I Gi ¯’vwbK eY©bv, we‡kølY I ai‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv Ges Zv‡`i Zzjbv I ZviZg¨ Zz‡j aiv|
djvdj|
f‚‡Mvj PPv©q wZbwU cÖavb cÖavb welq ¸iæZ¡ cvq:
• c„w_ex c„‡ôi welqmg~n (Features) †Kv_vq (Where) Aew¯’Z?
• GB me welqmg~n †Kb †mLv‡b Aew¯’Z? Ges
• GB me welqmg~‡ni GB Ae¯’v‡bi djvdj wK?

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 4
Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖ_g cÖkœwU f‚‡Mv‡ji g~j Dccv`¨ welq n‡jI Ô†Kv_vq' Gi gva¨‡g g~jZ: †Kvb e¯‘i
Ae¯’vbMZ e¨vL¨vB wb‡`©k K‡i| †Kvb e¯‘ ïaygvÎ †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z Rvb‡j f‚‡Mvj PPv© LyeB
msKxY© n‡Zv| ZvB, †Kvb e¯‘ †hLv‡b Av‡Q †Kb †mLv‡b Aew¯’Z, wKfv‡e †m¯’v‡b Gi
D™¢e/weKvk N‡U, f‚‡Mvj GB me wel‡qi e›UbMZ ZviZg¨ I web¨v‡mi my¯úó e¨vL¨v `v‡b
†Póv K‡i _v‡K|

f‚‡Mvj PPv© †_‡K jä Ávb‡K 6wU cÖavb aviYvq fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv n‡jv:
K. wek¦gqZv (Globalism) N. AvšÍ:ms‡hvMgqZv (Inter relatedness)
L. ˆewPÎZv/wewagqZv (Diversity-Variability) O. cwieZ©b (Change)
M. ¯’vwbK Ae¯’vb (Spatial Location) P. ms¯‹…wZ (Culture)

K. wek¦gqZv: c„w_ex‡K GKwU f‚‡MvjK wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq Ges Gi mv‡_ †mŠiRM‡Zi
f~‡Mvj PP©v jã Ávb 6wU
we‡kl m¤úK© Av‡Q| ZvQvov, f‚‡MvjK‡K wewfbœ Aÿ I `ªvwNgv †iLv Øviv fvM Kiv nq, hv cÖavb avibvq wef³|
c„w_exi ¯’vbMZ cwigvc, AvenvIqv I RjevqyMZ ZviZg¨ Rvb‡Z mnvqK nq| †gvU K_v,
c„w_ex, m~h© m¤úwK©Z Ávb, MÖxW, †¯‹j, GB meB AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|
L. ˆewPÎZv: c„w_ex c„‡ôi wewfbœ e¯‘ Amgvbfv‡e ew›UZ, d‡j c„w_ex ˆewPÎgq A_v©r ¯’vb
mg~‡n cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| GB weweagqZv cÖKv‡k f‚‡Mv‡j wZbwU aviYv e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v:
web¨vm, ¯’vwbK ZviZg¨ I AvÂwjKiY|
M. ¯’vwbK Ae¯’vb: ¯’vwbK Ae¯’vb‡K I wZbwU Dc-aviYvq cÖKvk Kiv nq| h_v: Ae¯’vbMZ
(Position)Ñ(hv c„w_ex c„‡ô †Kvb e¯‘i mywbw`©ó Aÿ I `ªvwNgv †iLvwfwËK Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k
K‡i), ¯’vbMZ (hv †m ¯’v‡bi cÖK…wZ eySvq) I cwiw¯’wZMZ (hv cvk©¦eZx© e¯‘i Av‡jv‡K Gi
Ae¯’vbMZ ¸iæZ¡ Bw½Z K‡i)|
N. AvšÍ:ms‡hvMgqZv: f‚-ˆewPÎgqZv m‡Ë¡I f‚‡Mvjwe`MY g‡b K‡ib, c„w_exi ¯’vbmg~‡ni
mv‡_ Ges welqmg~n ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| f‚‡Mv‡ji GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| ¯’vb I
welqmg~‡ni G cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK©‡K wewfbœ bv‡g f‚‡Mv‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †hgb- AvšÍ:
wbf©ikxjZv, AvšÍ: ms‡hvM, ¯’vwbK wg_w®Œqv Ges ¯’vwbK mn-mskªe|
O. cwieZ©b: f‚-c„‡ôi ˆewkó¨vejx m`v cwieZ©bkxj| gvbyl, cÖK…wZ f‚-c„‡ôi G cwieZ©‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© G‡R›U wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb, gvbyl ebf‚wg DRvo K‡i, d‡j f‚wgÿq †e‡o hvq
Ges b`x‡Z evowZ cwj R‡g b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©b K‡i| b`xi c_ cwieZ©b wKsev b`xi
bve¨Zv K‡g hvIqvq †bŠcwienb e¨e¯’v I K…wl‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i| Avevi cÖK…wZ AwZ Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨B f‚wgK¤ú ev Av‡Mœq ZrciZvi gva¨‡g †Kvb ¯’v‡bi f‚-c„‡ô e¨vcK cwieZ©b  cÖv K…wZK
Avb‡Z cv‡i| f‚-c„‡ôi G cwieZ©b mva‡b †h me cÖwµqvmg~n Kvh©iZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wZb  ‰Re
fv‡M †`Lv‡bv nq| h_v:  mvgvwRK
 cÖwµqv mg~n|
• cÖvK…wZK cÖwµqvmg~n (Physical Processes)
• ˆRe cÖwµqvmg~n (Biotic Processes)
• mvgvwRK cÖwµqvmg~n (Social Processes)
P. mvs¯‹…wZK AÂjmg~n : AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq n‡jv gvbyl wewfbœ
cwi‡e‡k wKfv‡e wb‡R‡K gvwb‡q †bq Ges cÖvK…wZK cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v‡K KZLvwb Rq K‡i

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 5

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

wb‡Ri AMÖhvÎv‡K Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvbv| gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZi gvb/chv©q ØvivB wbav©wiZ
nq †m KZLvwb cÖK…wZ‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e| mvs¯‹…wZK AÂj welq †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb PPv©
gvbyl I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i m¤úK© QvovI Gi AvniY I mnbkxjZv Ges gvbeZv m¤ú‡K©
aviYv †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

cvV ms‡ÿc
f‚‡Mvj wel‡qi cÖavb jÿ¨ gvby‡li Avevmf‚wg wnmv‡e c„w_ex‡K Rvbv| MÖxK hyM †_‡K
f‚‡Mvj aviYvi †MuvovcËb nq| †m mgq f‚‡Mvj c„w_exi f‚fvM I gnvRvMwZK we`¨vPP©vq
mxgve× wQj| MÖxK‡`i ˆZwiK…Z gvbwPÎ f‚‡Mvj PP©vq we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| BD‡ivcxq
wek¦ cwiågY hy‡M f‚‡Mvj wel‡qi K`i evo‡Z _v‡K| G mg‡qi weÁvbx Bgvby‡qj Kv›U
f‚‡Mvj‡K weÁv‡b ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| AvaywbK hy‡Mi f‚‡Mvj PP©vq
wewfbœ wel‡qi ¯’vwbK eY©bv, we‡kølY I Ae¯’vbMZ ai‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv Ges
ci¯ú‡ii Zzjbv I ZviZg¨ AbymÜvb Kivi w`‡KB mwe‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.1

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1| mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b (mgq- 3 wgwbU) t
1.1 MÖxK cwÛ‡Zi msM„nxZ Z_¨vejx‡K cÖavb KqwU fv‡M fvM K‡ib?
K. 2wU L. 3wU M. 4wU
1.2 f‚‡Mvj kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb-
K. B‡i‡Uvm‡_bxm L. Bgvby‡qj Kv›U M. ÷ªv‡ev
1.3 Kv‡›Ui g‡Z Ávb‡K msMwVZ Kiv hvq-
K. 2 fv‡e L. 3 fv‡e M. 4 fv‡e

2| k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb (mgq- 3 wgwbU) t

2.1. B‡i‡Uvm‡_bxm wkjv, g„wËKv I ... ... ... ... m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib|
2.2. †f‡iwbqvm †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨vejx‡K `ywU c„_K fv‡M fvM K‡ib| GKwU cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj;
AciwU ... ... ... ...|
2.3. f‚c„‡ôi cwieZ©b mva‡b †h me cÖwµqvmg~n Kvh©iZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv... ... ... ...,
ˆRe I mvgvwRK|

mswÿß cÖkœvejx (mgq 3 * 2 = 6 wgwbU)

1. f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖK…wZ wK?
2. f‚‡Mvj `k©‡b Bgvby‡qj Kv‡›Ui Ae`vb wK?
3. f‚‡Mvj PP©vq †Kvb †Kvb welq ¸iæZ¡ cvq?

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 6
Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. f‚‡Mvj m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b Ges f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi ïiæ wKfv‡e n‡qwQj eY©bv Kiæb|
2. AvaywbK f‚‡Mvj m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 7

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cvV 1.2 - f‚‡Mvj aviYvi µgweKvk (Development of Geographic Knowledge)

GB cvV †k‡l hv Rvbv hv‡e–

 f‚‡Mvj aviYvi µgweKvk m¤ú‡K©|

f‚‡Mvj aviYvi D™¢e I weKvk †hgb me©Î mgvb bq †Zgwb mgq‡f‡`I Gi weKv‡k e¨vcK
Kvjµg, welqwfwËK
ZviZg¨ N‡U‡Q| f‚‡Mvj Gi weKvk‡K Kvjµg, welqwfwËK Ges ch©vqwfwËK GB wZbfv‡e Ges ch©vqwfwËK
cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Z‡e, Kvjµg Abymv‡i weeiYB Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e myweavRbK| KviY, Zv‡Z
mgq wePv‡i f~‡Mv‡ji wPšÍvi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv m¤¢e| wb‡¤œ Kvjµg Abymv‡i
f‚‡Mv‡ji weKvk Avw`, ga¨ I AvaywbK hyM GB wZb c‡e© Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

Avw`hyM: f‚‡Mv‡ji hvÎv ïiæ MÖxK `vk©wbK‡`i ÁvbPPv© †_‡K| ZvB ïiæ‡ZB f‚‡Mvj aviYvi f~‡Mvj Gi weKvk‡K
AMÖMwZ‡Z MÖxK I †ivgvb‡`i Gme Ae`vb mviwY-1.2.1 ms‡ÿ‡c †`Iqv n‡jv: Kvjµg Abymv‡i eY©bv
Kiv Zzj bvg~j Kfv‡e
mvwe©Kfv‡e ejv hvq, MÖxK hy‡M f‚‡Mvj welqK aviYvi †h D‡¤œl N‡U Zv cÖavbZ cÖvK…wZK I myweavRbK|
MvwYwZK f‚‡Mvj‡K mg„× K‡i| MÖxK‡`i cÖ¯ÍvweZ c„w_exi wZbwU Rjevqy A‡ji aviYv-Dò,
bvwZkx‡Zvò I kxZj AwZgvÎvq mijxK…Z n‡jI AvKi Ávb wnmv‡e eZ©gv‡bI Gi MÖxK hy‡M cÖvK…wZK I
MvwYwZK f~‡Mvj Ávb
MÖnb‡hvM¨Zv Av‡Q| mg„× nq|

MÖxK‡`i †`Iqv Rjevqy A‡ji

cÖavb fvM¸‡jv wK wK|

wPÎ-1.2.1 : †n‡iv‡WvUvm-Gi AswKZ c„w_exi gvbwPÎ|

mviwY 1.2.1: MÖxK I †ivgvb f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae`vb

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 8
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MÖxKhyM
mgqKvj f‚‡Mvjwe` †fŠ‡MvwjK aviYv
wLª÷ c~e© 600-140 mvj †_‡jm 1. R¨vwgwZK PPv©i gva¨‡g f‚c„‡ô Aew¯’Z welqmg~‡ni cwigvc I Ae¯’vb
Rvb‡Z mÿg nb|
2. c„w_ex‡K cvwb‡Z fvmgvb PvKwZ AvK…wZi e¯‘ wnmv‡e cÖ_g aviYv
Avw`hyM| †`b|

A¨vbvw·g¨vÛvi 1. Lvov Kv‡Vi `‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ m~h-© MÖn-Zviv cÖf…wZi Av‡cwÿK Ae¯’vb
cwigv‡ci D‡`¨vM †bb|

†nK¨vwUqvm 1. f‚ga¨mvMi, Øxcmg~n, cÖYvjx I `~ieZx© ¯’vb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`b| Zvui
g‡Z, c„w_exi AvKvi P¨vÞv I †MvjvKvi Ges MÖxm Gi †K‡›`ª
Aew¯’Z|

(500) †n‡iv‡WvUvm 1. K…òmvMi, ivwkqvi †¯Íc Z…bf‚wg I cvim¨ A‡ji Awaevmx‡`i

RxebhvÎv I ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`b|
2. cÖ_g `ªvwNgv AsKb K‡ib|
3. bxj b` m„ó eØxc m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b|
4. c„w_exi gvbwPÎ AsKb K‡ib (wPÎ-1.2.1)

(384-322) A¨vwi÷Uj 1. AÿvskMZ ZviZg¨ f‚-c„‡ôi wewfbœ As‡ki gvby‡li e¨envi wbqš¿b
K‡i|

wn‡cv‡µUvm 1. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ †KvbI A‡ji gvby‡li RvZxq ˆewkó¨vejxi

wbexo m¤úK© Av‡Q|

(276) B‡i‡Uvm‡_wbm 1. c„w_exi AvK…wZ †MvjvKvi bq e‡j wZwb `vex K‡ib| wZwbB cÖ_g
mwVKfv‡e c„w_exi AvqZb cwigvc K‡ib|
2. c„w_ex †_‡K m~h© P‡›`ªi `~iZ¡ cwigv‡ci †Póv K‡ib|
3. Aÿvsk I `ªvwNgv Øviv mwVKfv‡e †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Ae¯’vb wbY©q K‡ib|
4. c„w_exi gvbwPÎ AsKb K‡ib (wPÎ-1.2.2)

(140) wncviKvm 1. cÖ_g Aÿ‡iLvi wfwˇZ c„w_ex‡K K‡qKwU Rjevqy A‡j fvM K‡ib|
2. mgZj KvM‡R †MvjvKvi c„w_ex‡K AsKb Kivi †KŠkj Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib|

†ivgvb hyM
mgqKvj f‚‡Mvjwe` †fŠ‡MvwjK aviYv
wLª÷c~e© 64 mvj ÷ªv‡ ev cÖavb MÖš’ ÔwRIMÖvwdqv'|
1. HwZnvwmK I ivR‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj m¤úwK©Z aviYv †`b|
2. f‚‡Mvj I BwZnv‡mi cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv Zz‡j a‡ib|
3. c„w_exi gvbwPÎ ˆZix K‡ib (wPÎ-1.2.3)

136 wLª÷v‡ã K¬wWqvm U‡jwg cÖavb MÖš’ - A¨vjgvMvó' I Ôw` AvDU jvBb Ae wRIMÖvdx'|
1. gvbwPÎ cÖ¯‘ZKiY|
2. c„w_ex‡K 360wU As‡k fvM K‡i Aÿvsk I `ªvwNgv e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g
†h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi mwVK Ae¯’vb wbb©‡qi c×wZ cÖPjb K‡ib|
3. U‡jwgi cÖ¯‘ZK…Z gvbwP‡Î cÖ_g e‡½vcmvMi, M½v b`x I Zvi Drm

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 9

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

wngvjq ce©Z †`Lv‡bv nq (wPÎ-1.2.4)|

4. Avie DcØxc I bxj b‡`i Drm m¤úK© eY©bv †`b|

wPÎ-1.2.2 : B‡i‡Uvm‡_wbm Gi AswKZ c„w_exi gvbwPÎ|

f‚‡Mv‡j U‡jgxi cÖavb

Ae`vb wK wK?

MÖxK I †ivgvb f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i Ae`vb mvwe©Kfv‡e 4wU kvLvq fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
K) f‚‡Mvj g~jZ: Ae¯’vb I wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM I wbf©ikxjZv welqK eY©bvq
mxgve×|
L) †Kv‡ivMÖvwd, cÖK…wZi wewfbœ ˆewPÎgq As‡ki g‡a¨ wgj ev †hvMm~Î †LvuRvi †Póv|
M) †Uv‡cvMÖvwd, GKwU c„_K welq ev GK ai‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv|
N) Km‡gvMÖvwd, c„w_exi AvKvi, AvqZb I Gi wewfbœ Askwe‡k‡li eY©bv|

MÖxK I †ivgvb‡`i mgmvgwqKKv‡j Pxb †`‡kI f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi weKvk N‡U; we‡klZ f‚‡Mv‡j MÖxK I †ivgvb‡`i
ZË¡Ávb I m~² cwigvc, k~‡b¨i e¨envi Ges `kwgK c×wZ cÖPjb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ZvQvov, mgmvgwqK Kv‡j
Px‡bi ¯’vbwfwËK g„wËKv, K…wl Drcv`b I cvwb c‡_i cwienb m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bv, cvwb Pxb †`‡kI f‚‡Mvj
Áv‡bi weKvk
P‡µi aviYv, AevwÂZ ebf‚wg aŸs‡mi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© AvMvg mZK©Zv †mB mgqKvi f‚‡Mvj N‡U|
aviYvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ Bw½Z K‡i| GB mg‡q Px‡bi KvMR Avwe®‹vi, eB Qvcv‡bvi
c×wZ, e„wógvcvi hš¿ Ges mgy‡`ª e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Py¤^Kxq K¤úvm D™¢veb, f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi
m¤úªmvi‡Y we‡klfv‡e Ae`vb iv‡L|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 10
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wPÎ-1.2.3 : óªv‡evi AswKZ c„w_exi gvbwPÎ

wPÎ 1.2.4- K¬wWqvm U‡jwgi AswKZ c„w_exi gvbwPÎ

fviZxq f‚‡Mv‡ji Avw`hy‡M fvi‡ZI f‚‡Mvj PPv© n‡q‡Q| aviYv Kiv nq †h, fviZxq f‚‡Mv‡ji DrcwˇZ ag©
DrcwˇZ ag© we‡kl we‡kl f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Avw`hy‡Mi fviZxq ag©MÖš’ I ch©UK‡`i ågbKvwnbx †_‡K GB †`‡ki
f‚wgKv ‡i‡L‡Q| f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Z‡e, †R¨vwZ©kv¯¿, MvwYwZK f‚‡Mvj I gvbwPÎ AsK‡b
fviZxq‡`i Ae`v‡bi K_v Rvbv hvq|
ˆPwbK f‚‡Mv‡ji
Ae`vb wK wK?
ga¨hyM
Lªxt 300-
ga¨hy‡M †fŠ‡MvwjK aviYvi weKv‡k GK ai‡bi ¯’weiZv Av‡m| GB hy‡Mi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj wLª÷xq
1500|Zx_©hv_v 300 mvj †_‡K cÖvq 1500 mvj ch©š|Í ga¨hy‡Mi f‚‡Mvj aviYvi Ab¨Zg Drm wQj Zx_©hvÎv
I ch©U K‡`i ågY| I ch©UK‡`i ågb weeiY| GB me weei‡Y MÖxK I †ivgvb‡`i †_‡K AwR©Z †fŠ‡MvwjK
Ávb‡K m¤úªmvwiZ Kivi †Kvb cÖqvm wQj bv| †ekxi fvM †ÿ‡ÎB wbi‡cÿ Z‡_¨i Afve|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 11

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

ZvQvov, wgkbvix ev evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi BZ¯‘ wewÿß Z_¨vw` †_‡KI wKQy wKQy f‚‡Mvj
welqK aviYv cvIqv †hZ| Z‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb-weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`v‡bi
K_v ¯^xKvi Kiv nq| gymjgvb‡`i Gme Ae`v‡bi K_v wb‡Pi mviYx 1.2.2 G D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv:
mviYx 1.2.2 : gymjxg f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i Ae`vb (700-1500 mvj)

f‚‡Mvjwe`
Be‡b BDKvj (900 mvj)
Avj ejwL (921 mvj)
Avj gvmyw` (beg kZvãxi †k‡l)
Avj gvKw`wm (985 mvj)
Avj weiæbx I Be‡b wmbv
Avj Bw`ªwm (1154)
Be‡b eZzZv
Be‡b Lvj`yb
Ae`vb
c„w_exi µvšÍxq A‡j gvbeemwZ bvB Giƒc cyivZb MÖxK aviYv åvšÍ cÖgvY K‡ib|
c„w_exi cÖ_g Rjevqy m¤^Üxq gvbwPÎ (climatic atlas) ˆZix K‡ib|
†gŠmygx evqyi wek` weeiY †`b|
c„w_ex‡K 14wU Rjevqy A‡j fvM K‡ib| ga¨hyM
cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj PPv© K‡ib| fviZ ågb wKZve Avj wn›`y cy¯Í‡K fviZ
Dcgnv‡`k m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ nq|
†ivgvb cwÛZ U‡jwgi A‡bK aviYv‡K åvšÍ cÖgvwbZ K‡ib|
ga¨ Gwkqv, fviZel© I Pxb ågb K‡ib| ågbwfwËK eû g~j¨evb †fŠ‡MvwjK
Z_¨vw` cÖKvk K‡ib|
gymwjg ivR‰bwZK-†fŠ‡MvwjK `k©‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v †`b|

ga¨hy‡Mi †klfv‡M ïiæ nq BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi mgy`ª Awfhvb| mgy‡`ªi ZU‡iLv eivei
cZz©MxR bvweKMY mgy`ª Awfhvb kyiæ K‡i| G me bvweK‡`i g‡a¨ Kj¤^vm, fvm‡Kv-Wv-Mvgv, mgy`ª Awfhvb
ev‡_v©‡jvwgD w`qvR, g¨v‡Mjvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Kj¤^vm bZzb †`k Avwe®‹v‡ii mv‡_ AvUjvw›U‡Ki
mgy`ª †mªvZ I evqy cÖevn m¤ú‡K© we¯Í„Z Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| fvm‡Kv Wv Mvgv fvi‡Z †cŠuQevi
mnRZg mgy`ªc_ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| bZzb †`k Avwe®‹vi Ges Zv Dcwb‡ek wnmv‡e M‡o
†Zvjvi cÖwµqv P‡j cÖvq Aóv`k kZvãx ch©š|Í G me Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© eû
ARvbv Z_¨ Rvbvi my‡hvM ˆZix nq| G mgq †bŠ Awfhv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbwPÎ we`¨vi e¨vcK
Dbœqb mvab nq| ZvQvov, mgy‡`ª w`K wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g µm÷vd, c‡i AKU¨v›U Ges Zv
AviI cwigvwR©Z n‡q †m·U¨v›U bvgK hš¿ Avwe®‹vi nq|
mgy‡`ª _vKv Ae¯’vq mwVK `ªvwNgvMZ Ae¯’vb I mgq wbY©‡qi Rb¨ G mgq Rb n¨vwimb bvgK
GKRb weªwUk bvweK 1714 mv‡j †cÛzjvg Nwo ˆZix K‡ib| K¨v‡Þb KzK 1768 mv‡j fviZ
gnvmvMi I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii `wÿY As‡k A‡óªwjqv I A¨v›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
mwVK Ae¯’vb MZ aviYv †`b|
ga¨hy‡Mi †klfv‡Mi me‡P‡q eo †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi n‡jv f‚‡Kw›`ªK eªþv‡Ði `„wófw½i åvšÍ
aviYvi cwieZ©b| wb‡Kvjvm †KvcviwbKvm 1497-1529 wLª÷v‡ã aviYv †`b †h, mg¯Í MÖnB wb‡Kvjvm
†KvcviwbKvm,
m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K †Nv‡i| c‡i †Kcjvi (1618 mv‡j) I cÖgvY K‡ib †h MÖn¸‡jv m~‡h©i †Kcjvi,
Pvwiw`‡K Dce„ËvKvi c‡_ †Nv‡i| M¨vwjwjI (1623 mv‡j) †KvcviwbKv‡mi m~h©‡Kw›`ªK gZ M¨vwjwjI
AåvšÍ e‡j cÖgvY `vwLj K‡ib|
mß`k kZvãxi ïiæ †_‡K f‚‡Mvj Gi weÁvbwfwËK bZzb a¨vb aviYvi D‡¤œl NU‡Z _v‡K|
GB‡ÿ‡Î f¨v‡iwbqvm I K¨v‡›Ui Ae`vb we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| f¨v‡iwbqvmB cÖ_g f‚‡Mvj
ÔmvaviY' I Ôwe‡kl' As‡k fvM K‡ib hv cieZx©‡Z ÔcÖYvjxe×' (Systematic) I ÔAvÂwjK'
(Regional) f‚‡Mvj wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| ÔmvaviY' f‚‡Mvj mg¯Í c„w_ex‡K BDwbU

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 12
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wnmv‡e cvV K‡i wKšÍz Ôwe‡kl' f~‡Mv‡j c„w_exi GK GKwU AÂj I †`k‡K Avjv`vfv‡e
mvaviY I we‡kl Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq|
cÖYvjx×
I AvÂjK| Kv›U cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj‡K ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †`Iqvi †Póv K‡ib| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h gvbe
mf¨Zvi DbœwZ‡Z cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji we‡kl f‚wgKv Av‡Q| ZvQvov, Kv›U cÖK…wZi mv‡_
gvby‡li m¤úK©‡K Awe‡”Q`¨ wnmv‡e †`‡L‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z BwZnv‡mi wfwËf‚wg cvwb f‚‡Mvj|
mgMÖ Aó`k kZvãxe¨vcx fz‡Mv‡j cÖYvjxe× c×wZi PPv© n‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖvK…wZK welqvejxi
cÖwZ †ekx †SvuK †`Lv hvq| GB mg‡qi c~‡e© f‚wgiƒ‡ci DrcwË msµvšÍ wech©qev`
(Catastrophism) `„wófw½i cwie‡Z© mvgÄm¨ev` (Uniformitarianism) Pvjy nq| GB
gZev` Abyhvqx f‚wgiƒc AvKw¯§K †Kvb f‚-Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y bq eis ax‡i ax‡i bvbvb
cÖwµqvi Kvh©Kvi‡Yi d‡j eZ©gvb f‚wgiƒ‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb †h me cÖwµqv Kvh©iZ
Av‡Q, AZx‡ZI GKB cÖvwµqv KvR K‡i‡Q| ZvB, ÔeZ©gvbB AZx‡Zi PvweÓ(Present is the
key to the past)|
f‚‡Mvj Gi weKvk mva‡b Aóv`k kZvãx ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY GB mgq weÁv‡bi GK ¯^Zš¿ kvLv
wnmv‡e f‚‡Mvj ¯^xK…wZ cvq| ZvQvov, GB wel‡qi AvIZvq wK cvV Kiv n‡e, Zv wKfv‡e n‡e
GB wb‡qI h‡_ó AMÖMwZ mvwaZ nq| ivR‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK f‚‡Mvj I cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj Gi
cwiwa I wgjb‡ÿÎ wb‡q GB mgq †ek weZ©K Pj‡Z _v‡K|

ga¨hy‡Mi gymjgvb‡`i †fŠ‡MvwjK Áv‡bi

cÖavb w`K¸‡jv wK wK?

AvaywbK hyM
AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji †MvovcËb nq Rvgv©b f‚‡Mvjwe` Av‡jKRvÛvi db ûg‡evë I Kvj©
wiUv‡ii gva¨‡g| f‚‡Mvj cv‡Vi c×wZ wb‡q Df‡q g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, †Kvb ¯’v‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK
Av‡jKRvÛvi-db-
ûg‡evë wePvi ïiæ n‡e †mB ¯’v‡bi cÖvK…wZK cwie‡k Gi eY©bv w`‡q, Zvic‡i cÖavb Drcbœ `ªe¨ I
I Kvj© wiUvi Ab¨vb¨ gvbexq welqvejxi eY©bv w`‡Z n‡e| Dbwesk kZvãx ch©šÍ GB cvV c×wZ Abym„Z
nq| GB c×wZi jÿ¨ n‡jv cwi‡e‡ki ˆRe I A‰Re wel‡qi g‡a¨ A_©c~Y© m¤úK© Lyu‡R †`Lv
hv cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` wnmv‡e wPwýZ nq| d‡j, AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji ïiæ †_‡KB `„wó wbe× nq
cÖvK…wZK welq¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †i‡L G‡`i Kvh©KviY m¤^‡Ü Rvbvi †Póv
Kiv|
ûg‡evë I wiUv‡ii g„Zz¨i ci G‡`i gZev`‡K hviv mgybœZ ivLvi Rb¨ †Póv K‡i‡Qb Z¤§‡a¨
†d«WwiK ivU‡Rj I G‡jb †m¤új Ab¨Zg| Giv DfqB gvbe mgv‡Ri cÖK…wZ wbav©i‡Y
cwi‡e‡ki Acwimxg wbqš¿Y _v‡K e‡j wiUv‡ii aviYv mg_©b K‡ib| GBfv‡eB cwi‡ekMZ
†d«WwiK ivU‡Rj I
G‡jb wbqš¿Y ev` Pvj~y nq| ivU‡Rj g‡b Ki‡Zb, gvbe mgvR‡K eyS‡Z cÖ_‡g Ôcwi‡e‡ki
PvwP©j †m¤új| kw³¸‡jv‡K fvjfv‡e Rvbv me‡P‡q Riæix| wesk kZvãxi †Mvov‡ZB cwi‡ekMZ
wbqš¿bev‡`i wecix‡Z †fŠ‡MvwjK‡`i `„wó wbe× nq m¤¢vebvev‡`i (Possibilism) w`‡K|
wKfv‡e cÖK…wZi ˆeix/cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v‡K Lvc LvB‡q gvbyl cÖK…wZi wecyj m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q‡Qb †fŠ‡MvwjKMb Zvi wfwˇZB m¤¢vebvev` aviYv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvb|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 13

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZx©Kv‡j f‚‡Mv‡j ïiæ nq gvwÎK wecøe (Quantitative Revolution)| G ‰eÁvwbK c×wZ
wecø‡ei cÖe³viv g‡b K‡ib †h, f‚‡Mvj‡K Av‡iv ZvwË¡K wfwˇZ `uvo Kiv‡Z n‡j G‡Z AviI e¨envi I Z‡Ë¡i
mij Dc¯’vcbv
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ e¨envi cÖ‡qvRb Ges Z‡Ë¡i w`KwU mijfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv `iKvi|
msL¨vZvwË¡K G wecøe f~‡Mvj‡K fveg~jK (Ideographic) kv¯¿ †_‡K ixwZg~jK
(Nomothetic) weÁv‡b cwiYZ K‡i| f‚‡Mv‡ji G gvwÎK wecøe mgxÿvi c×wZ I D‡Ï‡k¨
†gŠwjK cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m| msL¨vZvwË¡K †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †fŠ‡MvwjKiv
mvavibxKiY m~Î I ZË¡ MVb, g‡Wj wbgv©‡Yi Ges †ÿÎwe‡k‡l fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvm
†`Iqvi cÖwZ AwaKZi g‡bv‡hvMx nb| G me f~‡Mvjwe`‡`i g‡a¨ Pi‡j, wcUvi †n‡MU,
DBwjqvg evs‡M, eªvqvb e¨vix Ab¨Zg| f‚‡Mv‡ji G aviv GLbI Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q|

AvaywbK fz‡Mv‡j ûg‡evì I wiUvi

wK Rb¨ weL¨vZ?

cvV ms‡ÿc
f~‡Mvj wel‡qi weKvk‡K Kvjµg, welqwfwËK I ch©vqwfwËK G wZbfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
f‚‡Mvj PP©vi Avw` hy‡M cÖvK…wZK I MvwYwZK f‚‡Mvj Ávb m¤^„× wQj| ga¨hy‡M f‚‡Mvj PP©vq
¯’weiZv Av‡m| G mgq †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb we¯Ív‡i gymjgvbMY D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
we‡klZ: c„w_exi Rjevqy, µvšÍxq A‡ji gvbe emwZ m¤úwK©Z aviYv I †gŠmygx Rjevqy
msµvšÍ aviYvi e¨vcK AMÖMwZ nq| AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev`-Gi cÖPjb
N‡U| Z‡e, wesk kZvãxi ïiæ‡ZB wbwgËev‡`i wecix‡Z m¤¢vebvev‡`i w`‡K `„wó wbe× nq|
G mgq f‚‡Mvj Ávb PP©v msL¨vZvwË¡K wecø‡ei w`‡K AMÖmi nq Ges eZ©gv‡b Zv AviI
cwikxwjZ n‡q ZË¡MVb I g‡Wj wbg©v‡Yi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 14
Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.2

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1. mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b (mgq- 3 wgwbU)|
1.1 f‚‡Mvj hvÎvi ïiæ-
K. MÖxK‡`i L. †ivgvb‡`i M. gymjgvb‡`i †_‡K
1.2 MÖxK‡`i cÖ¯ÍvweZ c„w_exi Rjevqy AÂj-
K. 3wU L. 4wU M. 5wU
1.3 c„w_exi mwVK AvqZb cÖ_g cwigvc K‡ib-
K. †n‡iv‡WvUvm L. B‡i‡Uvm‡_wbm M. K¬wWqvm U‡jwg

mswÿß cÖkœ (mgq 6 wgwbU)t

1. cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. m¤¢vebvev‡`i aviYvwU wK eySvq?
3. f¨vwiwbqvm Gi cÖYvjxe× I AvÂwjK f‚‡Mvj aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. MÖxK I †ivgvb hy‡Mi f‚‡Mvj Áv‡bi wewfbœ w`K Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ga¨ hy‡Mi f‚‡Mvj m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b|
3. f‚‡Mv‡ji AvaywbK hyM m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 15

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cvV 1.3 : f‚‡Mvj wel‡qi cwiwa (Scope of Geography)

GB cvV †k‡l hv Rvbv hv‡e–

 cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK f‚‡Mvj wK;
 f‚‡Mv‡ji Dc-wefvMmg~n;
 f‚‡Mv‡ji wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü|

f‚‡Mvj PPv© `y‡Uv g~j avivq wef³: cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK f‚‡Mvj| †h me f‚‡Mvjwe` cÖvK…wZK
f‚‡Mvj PPv© K‡ib Zv‡`i g~L¨ welq cÖvK…wZK welqvw`| †hgbÑ wkjv, f‚wgiƒc, b`-b`x,
Rjevqy, g„wËKv BZ¨vw`| Avevi, gvbweK f‚‡Mvjwe`MY gvbyl I Zvi Kg©KvÛ msµvšÍ wel‡q f‚‡Mv‡ji `ywU
aviv-cÖvK…wZK I
KvR K‡ib| cÖvK…wZK wKsev gvbweK f‚‡Mvj G Dfq kvLvqB e¨vcK we¯Í„wZ N‡U‡Q; d‡j gvbweK|
Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB eû DcwefvM M‡o D‡V‡Q| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z (wPÎ-1.3.1) AvaywbK fz‡Mv‡ji
DcwefvMmg~n I G‡`i mg‡MvÎxq welqmg~n †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Qwe‡Z jÿ¨Yxq †h, f‚‡Mv‡ji
cÖwZwU DcfvM (†hgbÑ cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj, A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj, AvPiYMZ f‚‡Mvj) Gi
mg‡MvÎxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wbexofv‡e mshy³| †hgb, cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj, f‚-ZË¡, AvenvIqv we`¨v
Ges Rxewe`¨vi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e mshy³| Avevi AvPiYMZ f‚‡Mvj b„ZË¡we`¨v Ges ivR‰bwZK
f‚‡Mvj ivóª weÁv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|

wPÎ 1.3.1 : AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡ji DcwefvMmg~n I G‡`i mg‡MvÎxq welqmg~n|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 16
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”PZi chv©‡q f‚‡Mv‡ji G DcfvM m‡Ë¡I G wel‡qi g~j e³e¨ wb‡q GLbI A¯úóZv i‡q
†M‡Q, we‡klZ ¯‹zj †_‡K K‡jR chv©‡q| f‚‡Mv‡ji GB cwiPqMZ A¯úóZv `~ixKi‡Y gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óª '70 Gi `k‡K f‚‡Mvj welqK Dc‡`óv c¨v‡bj‡K wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi Dci
wi‡cv©U Ki‡Z ejv nq|
K. f‚‡Mvj Gi cÖKw… Z wK? Ab¨vb¨ mgvR weÁvb,
cÖvK…wZK weÁvb I gvbweK wel‡qi mv‡_ Gi m¤úK© wK?
L. welqwUi mvgvwRK g~j¨ I jÿ¨ wK?
Dchy©³ wel‡qi Dci Dc‡`óvMY cÖ_‡gB f‚‡Mv‡ji cwiwa wK Zv wPwýZ K‡ib| f‚‡Mv‡ji
cwiwa e¨vL¨vq Zviv wb¤œwjwLZ avc¸‡jv AbymiY K‡ib|
K. f‚‡Mvj cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK?
f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq ¯’vwbK web¨vm (Areal arrangement)| Gi cÖavb Kvh©‡ÿÎ f‚-
¯’vwbK weY¨vm, c„‡ôi DcwifvM Ges jÿ cÖvK…wZK-mvs¯‹…wZK welqmg~‡ni e›UbMZ ZviZ‡g¨i web¨vm, Gi
cÖcÂ, wewe‡ai
g‡a¨ HK¨| mv‡_ hy³ wbqvgKmg~n wPwýZ K‡i G¸‡jvi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiv Ges Zv‡`i AvšÍ:m¤úK© Zz‡j
aiv| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb PPv©i gva¨‡g we‡k¦i wewfbœ cÖc‡Âi (Phenomena) AvcvZ: wek„´Lj
web¨v‡mi g‡a¨ GKwU k„´Lj web¨vm cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i| f‚‡Mvj wewe‡ai g‡a¨ HK¨
(Unity in Diversity) Lyu‡R †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
wewe‡ai g‡a¨ HK¨ wK?

L. f‚‡Mvjwe‡`i e¨eüZ e¨vL¨`vb c×wZ‡Z Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ ZdvZ †Kv_vq?

f‚‡Mvjwe`MY Z_¨ AvniY I e¨vL¨v`v‡b wZb ai‡bi c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib| h_v: DrcwËMZ
ev HwZnvwmK, Kg©wfwËK Ges Ae‡ivnx c×wZ|
1. DrcwËMZ ev HwZnvwmK c×wZ‡Z †Kvb e¯‘ ev welq m~ÎcvZ Ges Gi weKvk jv‡fi
µgaviv Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki nvIo GjvKvq M‡gi cwie‡Z© †Kb †ev‡iv
av‡bi Pvl Kiv nq ev wm‡j‡Ui wUjv¸‡jv‡Z Bÿz Pv‡li cwie‡Z© †Kb Pv MvQ jvMv‡bv nq|
Avevi, PÆMÖvg I g½jvq †Kb mgy`ªe›`i ev bvivqbM‡Ä †Kb b`x e›`i I cvU wkí KviLvbv
M‡o D‡V‡Q|
2. Kg©wfwËK c×wZi gva¨‡g †Kvb welq wKfv‡e KvR K‡i, Gi Ask we‡klmg~n wK wK Ges
Avjv`v Avjv`v Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e GB¸‡jvi KvR wK Zv Rvbvi †Póv K‡i _v‡K| †hgb,
Z_¨ AvniY I
e¨vL¨v`vb| Kvh©wfwËK c×wZi gva¨‡g GKwU kni‡K wkí GjvKv, emwZ GjvKv, cÖkvmwbK GjvKv I
wkÿv-mvs¯‹…wZK GjvKvq fvM Kiv hvq| GKwU bM‡ii KvR Zvi cvk¦©eZx© ev cðvr` f‚wgi
MÖvgxY Awaevmx‡`i †mev cÖ`vb Kiv| GKwU b`xi KvR Zvi ZxieZx© GjvKvq M‡o IVv
bMi/MÖvgxY emwZi gvjvgvj cwien‡b mnvqZv`vb, cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb mieivn Kiv Ges
we‡bv`‡bi †ÿÎ wnmv‡e e¨envi|
3. Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z c„w_ex c„‡ôi wewfbœ wel‡qi e›U‡b GKwU wewae× wbqg/aviv Lyu‡R †c‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hgb, f‚wgiƒ‡ci MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h wb®‹vkb NbZ¡: f‚wg MVb,
f‚wgi eÜziZv, D”PZv, f‚-Av”Qv`b BZ¨vw` Øviv wbqwš¿Z|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 17

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

†fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨ Avni‡Y wK wK c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq?

M. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY wK Rvb‡Z Pvb?

1. f‚‡Mv‡j ¯’vb - AvÂwjK ˆewkó¨ Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq t
1.1 wK, †Kv_vq Zvi eY©bv †`q - GKwU ¯’v‡bi AZxZmn eZ©gv‡bi wek`/mvgwMÖK welqvw`
Gi AšÍf‚©³| f~‡Mv‡j ¯’vb,
welqwfwËK,
1.2 H ¯’v‡bi we‡klZ¡, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨vejx wK Ges e¨vwZµgx welq¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i| mgq wfwËK,
¯’vwbe›U‡bi
f‚‡Mv‡j H ¯’v‡bi welqwfwËK e›Ub, mshy³Zv I wewfbœ mn‡hvMx Askwe‡kl Gi AvšÍ:m¤úK© ˆewkó¨vejx,
we‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’v‡bi we‡klZ¡i KviY D`NvU‡b m‡Pó nq| gvbyl-f~wgi
m¤ú‡K©,
1.3 H ¯’v‡bi mg‰ewkó¨ m¤úbœ GjvKv¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ K‡i GB¸‡jv‡K c„_K c„_K A‡j gvbwPÎv¼b
we`¨v,
fvM Kivi †Póv K‡i| †hgb: msL¨vZvwË¡K
c×wZi
● f‚-ivR‰bwZK AÂj ● bMi AÂj
● Rjevqy AÂj ● K…wl AÂj
● f‚-cÖvK…wZK AÂj ● Dw™¢¾ AÂj
2. f‚‡Mv‡j welqwfwËK Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq t
2.1 G †ÿ‡Î cÖvK…wZK wKsev gvbweK welq n‡Z cv‡i, hw`I Dfq †ÿÎB ci¯ú‡i m¤úwK©Z|
2.1.1 cÖvK…wZK †ÿ‡Î f‚‡Mvjwe`MY f‚wgiƒc, Rjevqy, cvwb, Dw™¢`, cÖvYx, g„wËKv, wkjv I
LwbR BZ¨vw` welqmg~n we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡Kb|
2.1.2 gvbweK †ÿ‡ÎI we‡klvqb n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î gvby‡li e›Ub Ges Zvui mvgvwRK,
mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I Zv‡`i msMVbmg~‡ni e¨vL¨v`vb K‡i _v‡K|
Gi AvIZvf‚³ A_©bxwZK f‚‡Mvj, ivR‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj, mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK f‚‡Mvj, emwZ
f‚‡Mvj, bMi f‚‡Mvj BZ¨vw`|
2.2 cÖvK…wZK ev gvbweK welqmg~n Rvbvi †ÿ‡Î H ¯’v‡bi †h me wel‡q ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq Zv
wb¤œiƒc:
K) G‡`i Ae¯’vb L) ¯’vwbK e›Ub M) cÖevn/engvbZv, PjvPj, e¨vcb Ges AvšÍ: m¤úK©|
3. f‚‡Mv‡j mgqwfwËK †Kvb ¯’vb ev wel‡qi cwieZ©b aviv Ges G cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqvmg~n
Rvbvi †Póv K‡i hv HwZnvwmK f‚‡Mvj wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
4. f‚‡Mv‡j †Kvb wel‡qi ¯’vwbK e›U‡bi ˆewkó¨vejx, aib, NbZ¡, AvKvi, web¨vm m¤ú‡K©
Rvbvi †Póv K‡i|
5. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY gvbyl-f‚wgi m¤úK© Rvb‡Z m‡Pó nq hv gvbe ev¯‘we`¨v bv‡g cwiwPZ|
6. f‚‡Mv‡j f‚-c„‡ôi bvbvb welqvw` wKfv‡e gvbwPÎ ev †Møv‡e Zz‡j aiv hvq Zvi †Póv K‡i gvbe ev¯‘we`¨v
_v‡K, hv gvbwPÎvsKb we`¨v bv‡g cwiwPZ| f‚‡Mvjwe`Mb wewfbœ †KŠkj D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g
¯’vwbK welqmg~‡ni †Møve wKsev gvbwP‡Î wbf‚©j Ae¯’vb, e›Ub, Mgb c_ BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©‡bi
wewfbœ †KŠkj D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 18
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gvbwPÎ wK Kv‡R jv‡M?

wR, AvB, Gm
7. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY ¯’vb ev AÂj M‡elYvq wewfbœ ai‡bi msL¨vwfwËK c×wZ e¨envi I Dbœqb
mvab K‡i‡Q, ZvQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi †kªbx wefvRb, AvKvk wPÎ, f‚-DcMÖn wPÎ, g‡Wj e¨envi
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| AwZm¤úªwZ, wRIMÖvwdK Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g (wR,AvB,Gm) bvgK
Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK †KŠkj Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g DcvË msiÿY, we‡kølY, mgb¦q mvab I
e¨e¯’vcbv Ges ¯’vb-mgqwfwËK cwieZ©b aviv gvbwPÎvq‡b e¨vcK Dbœqb mvab K‡i‡Qb|

N. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© wK ai‡bi Ávb Øviv mg„× K‡i _v‡Kb?

1. Zvuiv †h †ÿ‡Î Ávb I aviYv †hvMv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i;
• f‚-c„‡ôi AvÂwjK ˆewkó¨vejx,
• f‚-c„‡ôi wewfbœ wel‡qi ¯’vwbK w`K,
• e›Ub ˆewkó¨vejx|
2. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY gvbwPÎ AsKb, msL¨vZvwË¡K, †kªYx wefvRb I Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj D™¢veb
K‡i‡Qb hv Dc‡ii cÖwZwU welq eY©bv, we‡kølY Ges e¨vL¨`v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|

O. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY ev¯Íe c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK, gvbweK welqvw`i AvšÍ: m¤úwK©Z

welqwfwËK ZvwË¡K g‡Wj `vuo Kiv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib|

cvV ms‡ÿc
f‚‡Mv‡ji `ywU aviv: cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK| f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq f‚c„‡ôi
Dcwifv‡Mi ¯’vwbK web¨vm AbymÜvb Ges cÖvK…wZK-mvs¯‹…wZK cÖc mg~‡ni AvšÍ:m¤úK©
e¨vL¨v Kiv| wewe‡ai g‡a¨ HK¨ AbymÜvb Ges Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| f‚‡Mvjwe`MY Z_¨
Avni‡b I e¨vL¨v `v‡b GKvwaK c×wZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgb: DrcwËMZ,
Kg©wfwËK I Ae‡ivnx c×wZ|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 19

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.3

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1. mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b (mgq- 3 wgwbU)t
1.1 f‚‡Mv‡j ¯’vwbK web¨vm Gi cÖavb Kvh©‡ÿÎ f‚-c„‡ôi-
K. DcwifvM L. Af¨šÍi fvM M. gvSvgvwS
1.2 f‚‡Mvjwe`MY Z_¨ AvniY I e¨vL¨v`v‡b-
K. `yB L. wZb M. Pvi ai‡bi c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib
1.3 mgq wfwËK †Kvb ¯’vb ev wel‡qi cwieZ©b aviv Ges G cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqvmg~n
f‚‡Mv‡ji †h kvLvq Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq Zv‡K-
K. HwZnvwmK L. cÖvK…wZK M. mvgvwRK f‚‡Mvj e‡j

mswÿß cÖkœ (mgq 6 wgwbU) t

1. ¯’vwbK web¨vm ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. f‚‡Mvjwe`MY wK Rvb‡Z Pvb?
3. f‚‡Mvj welq c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© wK ai‡bi Ávb `vb K‡i _v‡K?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. f‚‡Mv‡ji cwiwa mwe¯Ív‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 20
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 1.4 : cwi‡ek: A_©, cÖK…wZ I Dcv`vbmg~n

(The Environment : Meaning, Nature and Components)

GB cvV †k‡l hv Rvbv hv‡e–

 cwi‡ek Ges cwi‡e‡ki cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©|

cwi‡e‡ki msÁv
f‚c„ô¯’ `„k¨gvb Ges A`„k¨ hveZxq ˆRe I A‰Re c`v‡_©i mgb¦‡q cwi‡ek MwVZ| A‰Re
c`v‡_©i AvIZvf‚³ welqmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cvwb, evqygÛj I wkjv-g„wËKv Ab¨Zg| evqygÛj
‰Re I A‰Re c`v‡_©i
mgš^‡q cwi‡ek A`„k¨ n‡jI, wkjv-g„wËKv I cvwb `„k¨gvb| cvwb, evqygÛj I wkjv-g„wËKv mw¤§wjZfv‡e
MwVZ| ˆRe cwi‡e‡ki wfwË M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| cwi‡ek‡K Zvi MVb †gŠ‡ji Av‡jv‡K ˆRe I A‰Re G
`yB cwi‡e‡k fvM Kiv hvq| A‰Re cwi‡ek g~jZ: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zv‡j| cvwb, wkjv
I evqygÛj cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖavb MVbKvix Dcv`vb| Aciw`‡K, G me cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
MVbKvix Dcv`vbB Avevi mg¯Í cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡`i MVb wfwË M‡o †Zv‡j Ges kw³ I LwbR
†RvMv‡bi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek wUwK‡q †i‡L‡Q|

cwi‡e‡ki cÖK…wZ
cwi‡e‡ki cÖK…wZ ej‡Z Gi MVbKvix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cÖK…wZB eySv‡bv nq| cÖvK…wZK I ˆRe
GB Dfq cwi‡ekB AvcvZ: mnR g‡b n‡jI Zv AZ¨šÍ RwUj Ges G‡`i MVb Dcv`vbmg~n
ci¯ú‡i wbexofv‡e m¤úK©hy³| wb‡¤œ Gme cÖvK…wZK I ˆRe cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ MVb
Dcv`vbmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
f‚wg: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Gi Ab¨Zg MVb †gŠj f‚wg, hv wkjv I Lwb‡Ri mgb¦‡q MwVZ| f‚-
c„‡ôi KwVb ewniveibB wewfbœ ai‡bi wkjvq MwVZ| G me wewfbœagx© wkjv f‚-cÖvK…wZK
cÖwµqvi mv‡_ wg_w®Œqvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Aeq‡ei f‚wgiƒc MVb K‡i _v‡K| Gme f‚wgiƒc
f‚wg-wkjv I Lwb‡Ri
mgš^‡q MwVZ| †Kv_vI †hgb KwVb, †Kv_vI big wkjvi, Avevi Ab¨Î Df‡qi mswgkª‡Y MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Avevi, f‚wgiƒ‡ci cÖK…wZ †Kv_vI myD”P cve©Z¨gq ev cvnvwo; Avi †Kv_vI g„`y Xvjwewkó|
f‚wgiƒ‡ci G AvKvi, AvK…wZ I MVb cÖK…wZ †h cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ekxq KvVv‡gv m„wó K‡i Zv me
cÖvYx wKsev Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e Dc‡hvMx bq| ZvB, f‚wgiƒc †hgb ˆewPÎgq, †Zgwb cÖvYx
I Dw™¢‡`i ¯’vb‡f‡` e›Ub ˆewPÎ jÿYxq| †hgb, wngvj‡qi we¯Í„Z cve©Z¨ GjvKvq †h me
cÖvYx evm K‡i Zv evsjv‡`‡ki gZ mgZj f‚wg‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| Avevi, cve©Z¨ GjvKvi
MvQcvjvi aibI †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î mgZj f‚wgi Abyiƒc bq| GKBfv‡e Dli giæf‚wgi cÖvYx
wKsev Dw™¢`R cÖK…wZI cvnvox cwi‡e‡ki †P‡q wfbœ| Z‡e, GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h cÖvbx wKsev
Dw™¢‡`i e›Ub ˆewP‡Îi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ f‚wgiƒc GKKfv‡e `vqx bq, Av‡iv A‡bK wbqvgK Gi
mv‡_ RwoZ|

cwi‡e‡ki cÖK…wZ ej‡Z wK eySvq?

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 21

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cvwb: f‚c„‡ôi wZbfvMB cvwbi AvIZvq| mgy`ªB cvwbi cÖavb Drm| ZvQvov, Zzlvi Av”Qvw`Z
3 fvM cvwb, G‡K
†giæ †`kxq f‚LÛ I D”P cve©Z¨ GjvKvi eidv”Qbœ GjvKvmg~n, b`-b`x, n«`, Rjvf‚wg †K›`ª K‡i mf¨Zv
cvwbi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Drm| cvwb, cÖvYx wKsev Dw™¢` Df‡qiB wU‡K _vKvi Ab¨Zg M‡o D‡V‡Q|
Dcv`vb| cvwbi Drm‡K †K›`ª K‡iB cÖvPxb gvbe mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V‡Q| D¤œy³ f‚c„‡ôi cvwb
m~h©v‡jvK †_‡K cÖvß kw³i gva¨‡g ev¯úvwqZ n‡q wewfbœ Rxe I ˆRe ¯Í‡ii gva¨‡g Avevi Zv
f‚c„‡ôB wd‡i Av‡m, hv cvwb Pµ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G cvwb Pµ kw³ ¯’vbvšÍ‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
iv‡L| †gvU K_v, cvwb RxeRMZ‡K mPj iv‡L|
evqygÛj: f‚Af¨šÍi †_‡K †ei nIqv M¨vmxq c`v_© †_‡KB evqygÛ‡ji m„wó| Gi cÖavb M¨vm M¨vmxq c`v_© †_‡K
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, AviMb I Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW Ges mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm evqygÛ‡ji m„wó|
Av‡Q| evqygÛj m¤ú~Y© f‚-†MvjK gywo‡q †i‡L‡Q Ges gva¨Kl©b kw³i Kvi‡bB Zv c„w_exi
mv‡_ †jc‡U Av‡Q| evqygÛ‡ji cyiæZ¡ welyexq A‡j †ekx Ges †giæ A‡j me †P‡q Kg|
f‚c„ô †_‡K cÖvq 80 wK:wg: D”PZv ch©šÍ evqygÛ‡ji M¨vmxq wgkªY cÖvq mgvb| evqygÛjxq
M¨vm, Aw·‡Rb mg¯Í Rxe RM‡Zi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| evqygÛjxq Ae¯’v
wbqš¿YKvix wbqvgKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m~hv©‡jvK, DòZv, e„wócvZ, evqycÖevn I †gN ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G
me wbqvg‡Ki cvi¯úwiK wg_w®Œqv †_‡KB Rjevqyi D™¢e| wek¦e¨vcx Rjevqyi e¨vcK
ZviZg¨ Av‡Q| RxeRM‡Zi e›Ub MZ ˆewk‡ó¨ RjevqyMZ ˆewP‡Î¨i †hvMm~Î my¯úó|
c„w_exi ˆRe RjevqyR (Bioclimatic) cwi‡e‡ki wfbœZv Abyhvqx welyexq AÂj †_‡K DËi I
`wÿ‡Yi Dfq †Mvjv‡a© D”P, ga¨ I wb¤œ Aÿvskxq A‡j fvM Kiv hvq| Gme ˆRe RjevqyR
cwi‡e‡ki ˆewPÎZv cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡`i e›U‡b Acwimxg ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|
RxeRM‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖvYx, gvbyl| gvby‡li msL¨v wek¦e¨vcx eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 6 wewjqb (QqkZ
†KvwU) hv c„w_exi f‚fv‡Mi cÖvq 30 kZvsk Ry‡o Av‡Q| evKx 70 kZvsk f‚fv‡M RbemwZ
LyeB cvZjv ev Rbgvbek~b¨| nvjKv emwZ GjvKvq gvbylRb grm¨ AvniY, wkKvi,
msMÖnKiY, cïPviY Ges mvgvb¨ dmj Avev‡`i mv‡_ hy³| G me RbemwZ g~jZ: wZbwU c„w_exi f‚fv‡Mi cÖvq
30 kZvsk Ry‡o
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k †`Lv hvq: Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi giægq GjvKvq, `wÿY Av‡gwiKv, Avwd«Kv gvbyl emevm
I `wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi µvšÍxq A‡j Ges Gwkqv I DËi Av‡gwiKvi kxZ cÖavb GjvKvq| K‡i|
MZ K‡qK nvRvi eQi a‡i G me Rb‡Mvwô cÖK…wZi mv‡_ Lvc-LvB‡q cÖvq cÖvK…wZK Rxeb-
hvcb Ki‡Q| Z‡e, eZ©gv‡b G‡`i Rxeb hvÎvq AvaywbKZvi ms¯ú‡k© ax‡i ax‡i cwieZ©b
Avm‡Q|
NbemwZi Rb‡Mvwô ga¨ Aÿvs‡k I DcµvšÍxq A‡j emevm K‡i| DËi †Mvjv‡a©i 20º
†_‡K 50º Aÿvs‡ki g‡a¨ cÖvq 400 †KvwU gvbyl emevm K‡i| NbemwZc~Y© Rbc`mg~‡ni
cÖvq A‡a©K msL¨K †jvKB mgy`ª DcK‚‡ji 100 wK.wg. Gi g‡a¨ emevm K‡i| c„w_exi cÖavb
10wU e„nr bMixi 9wUB mgy`ª DcK‚‡j Aew¯’Z|
wewfbœ Kvi‡Y gvbyl RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j, f‚-cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k Gi
weiƒc cÖwZwµqv n‡”Q| †hgb, evowZ RbmsL¨vi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZw`b AwaK nv‡i f‚wg I RbmsL¨v e„wׇZ
cwi‡e‡k weiƒc
m¤ú‡`i †hvMvb `iKvi n‡”Q, hvi †ek wKQyB bevqb †hvM¨ bq| G‡Z, g„wËKvi De©iZv bó cÖwZwµqv n‡”Q|
n‡”Q, ebf‚wg DRvo n‡”Q| R¡vjvwb fvÛvi wbt‡kl n‡”Q, Rjvavi ms‡KvwPZ n‡”Q Ges Rxe
ˆewPΨ `ªæZ n«vm cv‡”Q| aviYv Kiv nq we‡k¦i RbmsL¨v 200 †KvwU‡Z (1930 mb) †cuŠQv‡Z

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 22
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

1 jÿ eQi jvM‡jI Zv †e‡o 400 †KvwU‡Z †cŠuQv‡Z †j‡M‡Q gvÎ cieZx© 46 ermi|
eZ©gv‡b, cÖwZ eQi 90 wgwjqb †jvK e„w× cv‡”Q|
A‡b‡KiB AwfgZ RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y e¨ZxZ c„w_ex evm‡cv‡hvMx ivLv `y:mva¨ n‡e| cÖhyw³MZ
RbmsL¨vi Awbqš¿Y
cwi‡e‡k gvivZœK Dbœqb, DbœZ hš¿, bZzb ivmvqwbK c`v_© Ges bZzb f‚wg e¨env‡ii A‡bK wKQyB me‡ÿ‡Î
weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó cwi‡ek Dc‡hvMx bv nIqvq, ev¯‘ c×wZ‡Z, cvwb wKsev evqygÛjxq cwi‡e‡ki gvivZœK ÿwZ
K‡i|
mvwaZ nq| †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e c„w_ex, cvwb, f‚wg I evqygÛj Ges Gi ˆRe gÛj wb‡q GKwU
mymgwb¦Z MÖn| d‡j, †h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi A‰Re ev ˆRe gÛjxq †Kvb cwieZ©b eû`~‡ii
cwi‡ek‡KI Zv cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i, Zv evqygÛ‡ji Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
†hgb, †Kvb gnv‡`‡ki GKwU Av‡MœqwMwii D`MxwiZ jvfv evqy cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx
Qwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv eûw`b Rjevqy‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvQvov, wkí DbœZ †`k †_‡K †h
wecyj cwigv‡Y Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I †K¬v‡iv-†d¬v‡iv Kve©b (CFC) evqygÛ‡j hv‡”Q Zv
wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q co‡Q| Gi cÖgvY ¯^iƒc, CFC Gi Kvi‡Y G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki
†÷ª‡UvgÛ‡ji IRb ¯Í‡ii cyiæZ¡ FZzwfwËK n«vm cv‡”Q| A_P, GB gnv‡`kwU‡Z Ab¨ me
gnv‡`‡ki PvB‡Z weï× cwi‡ek weivR K‡i|
ZvB cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi †ÿ‡Î †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e c„w_exi G mgwb¦Z cÖK…wZ‡K ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i
we‡ePbv Kiv Avï cÖ‡qvRb|

cvV ms‡ÿc
MVb‡gŠ‡ji Av‡jv‡K ˆRe I A‰Re c`v‡_©i mgb¦‡q cwi‡ek MwVZ| A‰Re cwi‡ek
g~jZ: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zv‡j| cvwb, wkjv I evqygÛ‡ji cÖavb MVb Dcv`vb|
Avevi, G me cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek MVbKvix Dcv`vbB mg¯Í cÖvYx I Dw™¢` RM‡Zi MVb
wfwË M‡o †Zv‡j Ges kw³ I LwbR †RvMv‡bi gva¨‡g ˆRe cwi‡ek wUwK‡q †i‡L‡Q|
c„w_exi ˆRe cwi‡ek †h me eûwea Kvi‡Y ûgwKi m¤§ywLb, Z¤§‡a¨ wecyj RbmsL¨v
Ab¨Zg| AwaK RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y bevqb‡hvM¨ bq Ggb m¤ú‡`i Dci wek¦e¨vcx
µgea©gvb Pvc evo‡Q; d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek AvR wecbœ|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 23

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.4

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1. mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b (mgq- 3 wgwbU) t
1.1 f‚c„‡ôi KwVb ewniveib wewfbœ ai‡bi-
K. wkjvq L. Dw™¢‡¾i M. cÖvYxi - mgb¦‡q MwVZ
1.2 cvwbi cÖavb Drm-
K. b`-b`x L. mgy`ª M. c„w_exi Af¨šÍi fvM
1.3 evqygÛjxq M¨v‡mi cÖavb Drm-
K. c„w_exi cÖvYx RMZ L. cÖvYx I Dw™¢¾ M. c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡i

mswÿß cÖkœvejx (mgq 12 wgwbU) t

1. cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. ˆRe I A‰Re cwi‡e‡k cv_©K¨ wK?
3. nvjKv RbemwZi e›Ub D‡jøL Kiæb| Gme GjvKvi †jvK‡`i †ckv wK wK?
4. NbemwZi ˆewkó¨ wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. cwi‡e‡ki A_©, cÖK…wZ I Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 24
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 1.5 : f‚‡Mv‡j cwi‡ek (Environment in Geography)

GB cvV †k‡l hv Rvbv hv‡e–

 f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©|

f‚‡Mv‡ji Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq gvbyl I cwi‡ek| gvbyl I cwi‡ek Gi m¤^Ü wb‡q f‚‡Mvj
gvbyl I cwi‡ek PP©vi eqm A‡bK cyiv‡bv| Z‡e gvbyl I cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li ¯’vb †Kv_vq A_©vr gvbyl
f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj bvwK gvbyl Zvi kªg I †gav Øviv cwi‡ek‡K e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i
we‡eP¨ welq|
Gi wecyj m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMvq; G wb‡q gZ‰ØZZv f‚‡Mv‡j A‡bK cyiv‡bv| wKšÍz gvbyl
cwi‡ek m¤úK© wb‡q gZ cv_©K¨ hvB _vKzK bv f‚‡Mv‡j cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKvi e¨vcv‡i
cÖvq mevB GKgZ|
f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb `ywU aviv- cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK| cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj Gi Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jv‡K
c„_Kfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡j †`Lv hvq Gi cÖavb welq f‚wg, cvwb I evqygÛj| cÖvK…wZK
f‚‡Mv‡ji GB wZbwU welq wb‡qB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V‡Q| f‚wg‡K cÖavb welq wnmv‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡j| c„w_exi cÖavb f‚wgiƒc, G‡`i DrcwË, MVb cwi‡ek I
KvVv‡gv wb‡q f‚wgiƒcwe`¨v bvgK GKwU DcwefvM M‡o D‡V‡Q| G f‚wgiƒc we`¨vq †Kvb f‚wg
MV‡b †h †fŠZ, ivmvqwbK I ˆRe cÖwµqv Kvh©Kvi‡Yi gva¨‡g MwVZ n‡q‡Q Zv we‡kølY K‡i
_v‡K|

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK wK?

ZvQvov, g„wËKv f‚‡Mvj bvgK wel‡q we‡k¦i g„wËKvmg~‡ni e›Ub, DrcwË I K…wl‡Z Gme
g„wËKvi e›Ub, DrcwË I g„wËKvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡klfv‡e cÖvavb¨ cvq| GQvov, g„wËKvmg~n †h me cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k Gi
K…wl‡Z Gi ¸iæZ¡| m‡e©v”P Dc‡hvwMZv †hvMvq Zv Rvbv, wK ai‡bi gvbweK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Kvi‡Y g„wËKvi De©iZv bó
nq Zv g„wËKv f‚‡Mv‡j Zz‡j aiv nq| †gvU K_v, g„wËKv †fŠZ cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Ask wnmv‡e
g„wËKv f‚‡Mvj G wek`fv‡e Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq|
Avevi, evqygÛj I cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki GKwU MVb Dcv`vb| f‚‡Mv‡ji Rjevqy I AvenvIqv
we`¨vq evqygÛ‡ji MVb Dcv`vb, DrcwË I e¨vwß wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| AvenvIqv I
Rjevqyi MVb Dcv`vbmg~‡ni e›UbMZ ZviZg¨ wek¦e¨vcx Rjevqyi †kªYx wefvM Rjevq~
f‚‡Mv‡ji Ab¨Zg welq| ZvQvov, Gme Rjevqyi wfwˇZ †h me Dw™¢¾ I cÖvYxKz‡ji
evqygÛ‡ji MVb
mswkøóZv M‡o D‡V‡Q ZvI Rvbvi †Póv Kiv nq| Rjevqyi ˆewkó¨ we‡klZ: ZvcgvÎv,
Dcv`vb, DrcwË I e„wócvZ, Av‡cwÿK Av`ª©Zv K…wli Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wewfbœ Rjevqy A‡j K…wli ˆewkó¨
e¨vwß m¤ú‡K© Rvbv K…wl f‚‡Mv‡ji GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| ZvQvov, RjevqyMZ ˆewkó¨ gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK
Av‡jvPbv|
mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©KvÛ‡K wewfbœfv‡e †hgb cÖfvweZ K‡i, †Zgwb †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î evowZ
myweavI †RvMvq| †hgb, †giæ A‡ji GmwK‡gviv mviv eQiB grm¨/mxj wkKv‡ii Dci
wbf©i K‡i; †mLvbKvi f‚wg †ewkifvM mgq Zzlvi Av”Qvw`Z _vKvq K…wli †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|
Avevi, giæ A‡ji hvhveiMY Abye©i †e‡j g„wËKvq Pv‡li cwie‡Z© weKí wnmv‡e cï

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 25

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

Pvi‡Yi w`‡KB †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx| gvby‡li Av_©bxwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Rjevqyi G cÖfve A_©bxwZK
f‚‡Mv‡j ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji Av‡iKwU welq cvwb| c„w_exi cvwb m¤ú‡`i e›Ub, ¯^v`y I wgVv cvwb, Gi
Pµ Ges f‚MV‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖwµqv wnmve cvwbi ¸iæZ¡; we‡klZ: ÿq mvab, cwienb I cvwbi e›Ub, Pµ,
¸iæZ¡|
mÂqb Kv‡R| ZvB, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb cvwb| ZvQvov, cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji
b¨vq gvbweK f‚‡Mvj Gi wewfbœ Dcwefv‡M †h me welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv I cwi‡ek
†_‡K wewQbœ bq| †hgb- A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj, K…wl f‚‡Mvj, bMi f‚‡Mvj, emwZ f‚‡Mvj,
RbmsL¨v f‚‡Mvj| G me f‚‡Mv‡ji g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq gvbyl‡K wN‡i, Zvi Pvicv‡ki †fŠZ
cwi‡e‡ki wfwˇZ M‡o D‡V| †hgb, A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i e›Ub, AvniY Ges
gvbexq bvbvb wµqvKjvc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Avevi, bMi wKsev emwZ f‚‡MvjI gvbyl‡K
†K›`ª K‡i n‡jI Zv cÖK…wZi wewfbœ m¤¢vebv‡K gvbyl Zvi wbR¯^ †gav, gbb I kªg Øviv Kv‡R bMi wKsev emwZ
jvwM‡q wKfv‡e M‡o Zzj‡Q bMi wKsev MÖvg emwZ Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î I f‚‡Mvj f‚‡Mvj|
cwi‡ek †K›`ªxK| Ggb wK RbmsL¨v f‚‡Mv‡j I cwi‡ek-Gi ¸iæZ¡ †Kvb As‡k Kg bq|
wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨vi e›Ub, NbZ¡, KvVv‡gv, wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU †`‡ki aviY ÿgZv,
m¤ú‡`i cÖvPyh©Zvi Av‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Kivq RbmsL¨v f‚‡Mvj c‡ivÿfv‡e †m †`‡ki †fŠZ
cwi‡ek KZLvwb Pv‡ci gy‡L (stressful) Av‡Q Zv Bw½Z K‡i|

gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji welqmg~n †Kb cwi‡ek †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq?

f‚‡Mv‡ji Gme Dcwefv‡Mi Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jv †_‡K †h welqwU ¯úó, Zv n‡jv, gvby‡li b¨vq
cwi‡ek f‚‡Mv‡ji GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| cwi‡ek wenxb f‚‡Mv‡ji Aw¯ÍË¡ _v‡K bv| cvwb
cvwb †fŠZ cwi‡e‡ki
†fŠZ cwi‡e‡ki Ask wnmv‡e Rxe RM‡Zi Ab¨Zg cwiPvj‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Ask|
f‚‡Mv‡ji cvwb we`¨v I mgy`ª we`¨v cvwb welqK we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡i| GKBfv‡e Rxe
f‚‡Mv‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k †hme Dw™¢` Av‡Q I cÖvYx emevm K‡i Zv‡`i e›Ub, Avevm¯’j I
ev¯ÍyZš¿ wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov Dw™¢‡`i e¨envi, m¤ú` wnmv‡e Ges
RjevqyMZ fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ebf‚wgi ¸iæZ¡ meB Rxe f‚‡Mv‡ji AvIZvq we‡ePbv
Kiv nq| Dw™¢`‡K wew”Pbœfv‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i, wewfbœ f‚-cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k wek¦e¨vcx †h me
cÖvYx emevm K‡i Zv‡`i ev¯ÍyZš¿, G‡`i e›Ub I gvbe mf¨Zvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ask wnmv‡e
Rxe f‚‡Mv‡j Dw™¢‡`i mv‡_ cÖvYxK‚j‡K I we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
cÖK…wZi Ask wnmv‡e Dw™¢` I cÖvYx Df‡q ev¯ÍyZš¿ M‡o †Zv‡j| gvbyl Zvi AvPiY Øviv Dw™¢` cÖv K…wZK cwi‡e‡k
I cÖvYxK‚‡ji †fŠZ cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| GB me cwieZ©b, †hgb wek¦e¨vcx Dw™¢¾ I cÖvYx wg‡j
e¨vcK ebf‚wg cwi¯‹vi K‡i K…wl f‚wg‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Q| d‡j, GKw`‡K ebf‚wg gv_vwcQy ev¯‘Zš¿ M‡o †Zv‡j|
†hgb n«vm cv‡”Q †Zgwb cÖvYxi Avevm ¯’j I msKzwPZ n‡”Q| AwZgvÎvq ebf‚wg K‡g hvIqvq
wek¦e¨vcx AvenvIqvMZ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡”Q| †hgb, ÿiv, eb¨v, f‚wgÿq, f‚wg am
BZ¨vw`| f‚‡Mv‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Gme cwieZ©b ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 26
Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV ms‡ÿc
f‚‡Mvj Ávb PP©vq cwi‡ek I gvbyl cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq| f‚‡Mv‡ji `ywU g~j aviv:
cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK| cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq f‚wg, cvwb I evqygÛj;
g~jZ: GB wZbwU cÖavb welq wb‡qB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek MwVZ| gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I
cwi‡ek †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq| wek¦e¨vcx wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li
Av_©bxwZK Kg©KvÛ we‡ePbvB GLv‡b cÖvavb¨ cvq| gvbweK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Kvi‡Y wek¦e¨vcx
f‚-cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki †h me cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq f‚‡Mvj Zv ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv
Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.5

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1. k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb (mgq 3 wgwbU) t
1.1 f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb `ywU aviv ... ... ... I ... ... ...|
1.2 cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖavb wZbwU Dcv`vb f‚wg, cvwb I ... ... ...|
1.3 AwZgvÎvq ebf‚wg n«vm cvIqvq wek¦e¨vcx ... ... ... weiƒc cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hv‡”Q|

mswÿß cÖkœvejx (mgq 6 wgwbU) t

1. f‚wgiƒc we`¨vi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq wK?
2. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK eySvq?
3. ev¯ÍyZš¿ wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. f‚‡Mv‡j cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 27

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

cvV 1.6 : mgv‡R f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (The

Relevance of Geography and Environment to the Society)

GB cvV †k‡l hv Rvbv hv‡e–

 mgv‡R f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K©|

f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek Ávb †Kb mgv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek
welq wK G m¤ú‡K© Rvbv `iKvi| mijfv‡e ej‡j, f‚‡Mvj nj gvby‡li Avevm¯’j wnmv‡e gvby‡ li Avevm¯’j
wnmv‡e c„w_ex welqK
c„w_ex welqK mgxÿv (Study of the Earth as the home of man)| gvby‡li G Avevm¯’j mgxÿvB f‚‡Mvj|
f‚‡Mvj‡Ki mviv ewniveiY Ry‡oB we¯Í„Z| GLv‡bB gvby‡li ïiæ Ges †kl Ges Avevm¯’‡ji
cÖvq me©ÎB Zvi Dcw¯’wZ Av‡Q| gvbyl G c„w_exi Av‡jv, gvwU, cvwb evqy‡K wbf©i K‡iB Zvi
mg¯Í wµqvKjvc GwM‡q wb‡q hvq|
gvby‡li hveZxq e¯‘MZ cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú` c„w_exB Zv‡K †hvMvq| GgbwK c„w_exi Abvwej
†mŠ›`h¨© †hgb Zvi †PvL Rywo‡q †`q Avevi KzrwmZ welqvw`I Zvi `„wó Govq bv| ZvB hLb
†KD c„w_exi cwi‡ek wb‡q K_v e‡j †m wbðqB gvby‡li mv‡_ m¤úK©wenxb cwi‡e‡ki K_v
e‡j bv| gvbyl I c„w_exi cwi‡ek Awe‡”Q`¨| gvbyl I cwi‡e‡ki G Awe‡”Q`¨Zv‡K `yB fv‡e
†`Lv hvq:
K. wKfv‡e cwi‡ek gvby‡li ÿgZv‡K mxwgZ K‡i, wKfv‡e Zv †Kvb Kv‡R evuav nq bv, Avevi
Ab¨Î evuavi KviY nq; wKf‡e Zv weKí e¨e¯’v‡K mnR K‡i †Zv‡j, Avevi †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
wecwË NUvq; Ges
L. gvbyl cwi‡ek‡K wKfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i, fvj-g›` Dfq ai‡bi wµqvKjv‡ci gva¨‡g †m
wKfv‡e c„w_exi cwieZ©b Avb‡Q|
ÔwKfv‡e' A‡bK kvLvqB cwi‡e‡ki Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li wµqvKjvc Av‡jvwPZ nq| Zvn‡j,
f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡e‡ki we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? wb‡¤œ G wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv-

1. wewe‡ai g‡a¨ HK¨

f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡e‡ki Aw¯ÍË¡ Av‡Q KviY gvbyl f‚c„ô¯’ ˆewPÎ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z Pvq Ges
Gi ¯’vwbK ZviZg¨ Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx| c„w_exi ¯’vb I AÂjmg~‡n †hgb ˆewPÎ Av‡Q Avevi
†Kvb we‡kl cÖK…wZi wePv‡i †ek wKQy ¯’vb ev A‡ji mvgÄm¨ZvI Av‡Q| †Kvb we‡kl
ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K c„w_exi GB me mgagx© mvgÄm¨c~Y© ¯’vb Ges GjvKvmg~n‡K wPwýZ Kiv
I c„_Kagx© GjvKvmg~n‡K Avjv`v KivB ¯’vwbK cv_©K¨KiY (Areal differentiation)|
GKgvÎ f‚‡Mv‡j c„w_exi G ¯’vwbK ˆewPÎZvi g‡a¨B mvgÄm¨c~Y© HK¨ AbymÜvb K‡i _v‡K|
f‚‡Mv‡j Avi GKwU we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv gvby‡li A_©bxwZK ˆewPÎgq Kvh©Kjv‡ci wcQ‡b †h
wbqvgK Kvh©Ki Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv Ges Gi Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K© cÖvK…wZK I mvs¯‹…wZK wbqvgK
mg~‡ni †hvMm~Î wbY©q Kiv|
wewe‡ai g‡a¨ HK¨ Gi AšÍ©wbwnZ e³e¨ wK?

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 28
 Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

2. c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Ae¯’vb

c„w_exi cÖwZwU gvbyl †hLv‡b emevm K‡i Zvi †P‡q e„nËi cwigÛj wb‡q Zvi wµqvKjv‡ci
msL¨vZvwË¡K A_©‰bwZK e¨wß Ges ¯^fveZ:B bvMwiK wnmv‡e Zvi †`‡ki cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q| cÖwZwU †`kB wek¦
Dbœq b cwigvc|
cwi‡e‡ki Ask nIqvq f‚‡Mvjwe`‡`i AvÂwjK f‚‡Mv‡j gvbyl cwi‡ek Ávb we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Ae`vb iv‡L|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki m¤ú` Avni‡Y I e¨env‡i cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii ZviZg¨ Ges Gi
djkÖæwZ‡Z †`k I AÂjMZ Rxeb-hvÎvi gv‡bi †h ˆelg¨ Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| f‚‡Mvj I
cwi‡ek Ávb PPv©i gva¨‡g c„w_exi wewfbœ †`k I AÂjmg~‡ni msL¨vZvwË¡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e|
f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek Ávb Øviv Gi cvVK‡`i †hvM¨ bvMwiK wnmv‡e M‡o †Zvjv hvq| eZ©gvb
we‡k¦i cÖwZwU bvMwiKB Zvi Pvicv‡ki cÖvK…wZK Av_©-mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wbqZB Lvc
LvB‡q Pj‡Q| ZvB cÖvK…wZK Av_©-mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© mwVK Z_¨ AvniY †KŠkj
AeMZ nIqv Riæix| †fŠ‡MvwjK Áv‡bi gva¨‡g G †KŠkj AR©b m¤¢e|
3. gvbm gvbwPÎ
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb Gi PPv©Kvix‡K †Kvb GjvKv ev AÂj m¤ú‡K© GKwU Ôgvbm gvbwPÎ'
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e (Mental map) Kíbv K‡i wb‡Z we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i; we‡kl K‡i Gi cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vb,
Zvi Ae¯’v b I
cvwicvwk¦©K ˆewkó¨vejx, iv¯ÍvNvU, bMi, KjKviLvbv BZ¨vw`| G ai‡bi Ôgvbm gvbwP‡Îi' gva¨‡g †m
Ave¯’v‡K gvbm hLb RvZxq ev we‡k¦i †Kvb ev GjvKv msev`/NUbv Rv‡b ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zvi Ae¯’vb I
gvbwP‡Îi
cvwicvvwk¦©K Ae¯’v‡K Ôgvbm wP‡Îi' mv‡_ wgwj‡q wb‡Z cv‡i; d‡j Zv A‡bK †ekx Zvrch©en
n‡q D‡V|
4. KviY AbymÜvb
f‚‡Mv‡ji PPv©KvixMY †Kvb GKwU GjvKv ev A‡ji cÖvK…wZK ev mvs¯‹…wZK †Kvb ˆewkó¨ †Kb
†m Ae¯’v‡b Zvi KviY AbymÜvb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, b`x AeevwnKvq †Kb cÖvq cÖwZ eQi eb¨v
d‡j mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z nq? cÖwZ eQi eb¨v AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q †R‡bI †Kb b`x Zx‡i †jvK emwZ M‡o
aib, e¨vwß, ¸iæZ¡ I D‡V? G me cøveb f‚wgi emevmKvixMY wKfv‡e eb¨v †gvKv‡ejv K‡i _v‡K? †fŠ‡MvwjK Ávb
weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© mwVK
avibv cvIqv mnR Øviv †Kvb we‡kl wkí ev bMi †Kb Zvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi †fŠZ I Av_©-
nq| mvgvwRK wbqvgKmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K Gi Ae¯’vbMZ e¨vL¨v Lyu‡R| d‡j mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z aib,
e¨vwß, ¸iæZ¡ I weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv cvIqv mnR nq|
5. mvgwMÖK `„wófw½
f‚‡Mvj Gi PPv©KvixMY †Kvb GKwU ¯’vb ev AÂj m¤ú‡K© mn‡RB GKwU mgwb¦Z aviYv w`‡Z
cv‡ib hv H GjvKvq mvgwMÖK ˆewkó¨vejx‡K wPÎvwqZ K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, `wÿY Gwkqvi
mgwš^Z aviYv|
Ô†gŠmygx' I ÔNbemwZc~Y©' AÂj k‡ãi gva¨‡g G A‡ji mv‡_ NbemwZi †hvMm~Î
AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g G A‡ji GKwU mvgwMÖK wPÎ Zz‡j aiv hvq|
6. gvbwPÎ cVb
Ae¯’v b I e¨vwß, f‚‡Mvj PPv©q gvbwPÎ GKwU Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi| gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g welqvw`i (†hgb, AvenvIqv,
¯’vwbK mse×Zv| K…wl, eb¨v ev Liv KewjZ GjvKv) Ae¯’vb I e¨vwß †hgb Zz‡j aiv hvq †Zgwb Gi gva¨‡g
†Kvb ¯’v‡bi wewfbœ msMVbm~n wKfv‡e ¯’vwbKfv‡e msNe×ZvI gvbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 29

we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖvg Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj

hvq| f‚‡Mvj PPv©i gva¨‡g Gi PPv©Kvix‡`i Kvh©Kifv‡e gvbwPÎ e¨envi †kLv‡bv nq hv Avi
†Kvb wel‡q †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ cvq bv|
7. ch©‡eÿY
f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek Ávb Avgv‡`i mviv Rxe‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq welq| f‚‡Mvj Ávb gv‡V cÖZ¨ÿ
ch©‡eÿY-Gi
AvnwiZ nq gv‡V cÖZ¨ÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g| gvV †_‡K msMÖnxZ mwVK Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ †Kvb gva¨‡g f‚‡Mvj Ávb
wel‡q ev NUbvi mwVK e¨vL¨v †`Iqv m¤¢e| ZvB f‚‡Mvj PPv©q ch©‡eÿY‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ AvnwiZ nq|
†`Iqv nq|

cvV ms‡ÿc
mgv‡R f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| f‚‡Mvj Ávb c„w_exi
¯’vwbK ˆewPÎZvi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨c~Y© HK¨ AbymÜvb K‡i _v‡K| †fŠ‡MvwjK Áv‡bi
gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z †`k I AÂjwfwËK gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎv I Kg©Kv‡Ûi ZviZg¨ m¤ú‡K©
Rvbv hvq| ZvQvov, †fŠ‡MvwjK Áv‡bi PP©vKvix‡K †Kvb GjvKv ev AÂj m¤ú‡K© GKwU
gvbm gvbwPÎ Kíbv K‡i wb‡Z we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| f‚‡Mv‡j †Kvb GjvKvi
we‡kl cÖvK…wZK ev mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨vejxi Ae¯’vbMZ KviY AbymÜv‡b m‡Pó nq Ges
†Kvb ¯’vb ev AÂj m¤úwK©Z GKwU mgwb¦Z aviYv w`‡Z mÿg nq| gvbwPÎ e¨envi I
gvV †_‡K cÖZ¨ÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Ávb AvniY Kiv f‚‡Mvj PP©vq we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q
_v‡K|

BDwbU - 1 c„ôv # 30
Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.6
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
1. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb (mgq 3 wgwbU) t
1.1. gvbyl G c„w_exi Av‡jv, gvwU, ------, evqy‡K wbf©i K‡iB Zvi mg¯Í wµqvKjvc GwM‡q
wb‡q hvq|
1.2 b`x AeevwnKvq cÖvq -------- eQi eb¨v nq|
1.3. -------- PPv©q gvbwPÎ GKwU Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi|

mswÿß cÖkœvejx (mgq 8 wgwbU) t

1. ¯’vwbK cv_©K¨KiY ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. gvbm gvbwPÎ wK?
3. f‚‡Mvj PP©vKvixMY †Kvb ¯’vb ev GjvKv AbymÜv‡b wK‡mi Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`b?
4. gvbwPÎ cVb I gvV ch©‡eÿY f‚‡Mv‡j †Kb ¸iæZ¡c~Y?©

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. f‚‡Mv‡j cwi‡ek wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ c„ôv # 31