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Askx`vwi e¨emvq
4
f~wgKv
eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi mivBj-bvwmibMi ms‡hvM mo‡K cwUqv wej I wZZvm b`xi Dci †mZz wbg©vY I iv¯Ív †givgZ
nIqvi ci G A‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Av‡M bvwmibM‡ii gvbyl nwicyi-gvaecyi
n‡q XvKv-PÆMÖvg-wm‡jUmn †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b hvZvqvZ KiZ| GLb mivBj-bvwmibMi ms‡hvM mo‡Ki ag©Zx_©
NvU mviv eQi Kg©PÂj _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i el©vKv‡j ms‡hvM mo‡Ki `yB cv‡k cÖwZw`b nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl Av‡m
†mŠ›`h©¨ †`Lvi Rb¨| A_P Gi Av‡M mܨvi ci †mLv‡b †jvKRb cvIqv †hZ bv| Pv LvIqvi GKgvÎ GKwU †`vKvb
wQj, GLbI ZvB Av‡Q hv mܨvi ci eÜ _v‡K cÖvqkB| †m GjvKvi evwm›`v wek¦we`¨vj‡q weweG co–qv wZb eÜz
Bdivb, webq I Avwib weKvj †ejvq nuvU‡Z wM‡q Avwe¯‹vi Kij GZ gvby‡li wfo A_P fvj GKwU †`vKvb †bB
†hLv‡b A‡cÿvgvb †jv‡Kiv GKUz e‡m Pv †L‡Z cv‡i| wZb eÜz wm×všÍ wbj Zviv GLv‡b GKwU e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡e|
†h‡nZz Zviv memgq _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv †mRb¨ Zv‡`i evj¨eÜz Rvwnb‡K mve©ÿwYK Askx`vi wn‡m‡e wb‡e| Zv‡`i
e¨emvq n‡e †gŠmygwfwËK| Z‡e GKwU ¯’vqx †`vKvb _vK‡e †mLv‡b gvbm¤§Z Pv Kwdmn cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQz cvIqv
hv‡e| Zv‡`i Avkv Zv‡`i G D‡`¨vM G A‡ji D`xqgvb hyeK‡`i‡K fwel¨Z D‡`¨v³v n‡Z Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡e|
Dc‡ii wZb eÜzi e¨emvwqK wm×v‡šÍ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv Askx`vwi
e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨, MVb cÖYvjx, myweav I mxgve×Zv, Pzw³cÎ, we‡jvcmvabmn wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~ n
cvV-4.1 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi aviYv I ˆewkó¨
cvV-4.2 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb, myweav I Amyweav
cvV-4.3 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi I Askx`vi‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
cvV-4.4 : Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ, welqe¯‘ I bgybv
cvV-4.5 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ I wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg
cvV-4.6 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab I Gi c×wZ
cvV-4.7 : Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv, evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb
mvims‡ÿc
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨B g~ jZ: Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o I‡V|
G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h e¨emvq MVb K‡i, Zv‡K Askx`vwi
e¨emvq e‡j|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb †gvZv‡eK Askx`vwi e¨emvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mK‡ji Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv
cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h Pzw³e× m¤c‡K©i m„wó
nq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Askx`vi Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv‡`i e¨emvq‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi `vq cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZfv‡e I mgwóMZfv‡e enb K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
(K) 10 (L) 20
(M) 30 (N) 40
2| e¨vswKs Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
(K) 10 (L) 20
(M) 30 (N) 40
3| KZ mv‡ji AvBb Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ nq?
(K) 1890 (L) 1932
(M) 1991 (N) 2001
4| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q cwiPvjbvq wbhy³ me©wb¤œ e¨w³i msL¨v KqRb?
(K) 1 (L) 2
(M) 3 (N) 4
2. mgwš^Z g~jab: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi BwZevPK w`K n‡jv mgwš^Z g~ jab| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g~ja‡bi
mgš^‡q e¨emvq m¤úªmviY AwaK mnRZi nq|
3. `ÿ cwiPvjbv: e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Askx`vi‡`i wewfbœ `ÿZv I AwfÁZv _v‡K| d‡j Askx`vwi
e¨emvq msMVb `ÿfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
4. mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv: Askx`vwi e¨emvq msMV‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡K Askx`viB e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK I cwiPvjK| ZvB
wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi AvšÍwiKfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq wb‡Ri Ae`vb iv‡L| d‡j Gi Dbœqb
mywbwðZ nq|
5. SuywK eÈb: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mxgvnxb `vq mKj Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi
e¨w³MZfv‡e I mw¤§wjZfv‡e mZK© _vKvi †Póv K‡i|
6. mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ: mvaviYZ: GKK wm×všÍ n‡Z †hŠ_fv‡e M„nxZ wm×všÍ DËg n‡q _v‡K| Askx`vwi e¨emvq
msMV‡b mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
7. mnR FY cÖvwß: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi c‡ÿ e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi FY cvIqv hZ KwVb, Askx`vwi
e¨emv‡qi c‡ÿ Zv ZZUvB mnR n‡q _v‡K| KviY Askx`vi‡`i †hŠ_ cÖqvm BwZevPK welq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
8. we‡klvq‡Yi myweav: Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡klÁ‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| GRb¨ G e¨emvq we‡klvq‡Yi myweav
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j mdjZv AR©b m¤¢e nq|
9. mxgvnxb `v‡qi c‡ivÿ myweav: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q `vq Amxg nIqvq mKj Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AZ¨šÍ
mZK© _v‡K| d‡j e¨emv‡q mvdj¨ Av‡m|
10. bgbxq: G e¨emv‡qi GKwU BwZevPK w`K n‡jv Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³c‡Îi wewfbœ aviv mn‡RB
cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| d‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Lvc LvIqv‡bv mnR nq| G bgbxqZvi my‡hvM e¨emv‡q
mdjZv Av‡b|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Amyweav
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ myweavi cvkvcvwk A‡bK¸‡jv AmyweavI cwijwÿZ nq| cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm G e¨emv‡qi
g~j wfwË| †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y G wek¦vm fvO‡Z cv‡i| ZLb e¨emv‡q bvbv mgm¨v nq| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi
Amyweav¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mxgvnxb `vq: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i `vq mxgvnxb| e¨emv‡qi `vq ïay Askx`vi‡`i g~jabB bq,
e¨w³MZ m¤úwˇKI `vqe× K‡i| d‡j A‡b‡KB Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q †Zgb Drmvn cvq bv|
2. AwbwðZ ¯’vwqZ¡: ¯’vwq‡Z¡i AwbðqZv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi GKwU eo Amyweav| Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva,
g„Zz¨, †`DwjqvZ¡, gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ BZ¨vw` †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
3. A-n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ gvwjKvbv: †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡b †hgb †kqvi‡nvìviMY mn‡RB †kqvi wewµ K‡i gvwjKvbv
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`viMY Zv cv‡ib bv| G Rb¨ A‡b‡KB G e¨emv‡q wewb‡qvM
Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
4. †MvcbxqZvi Afve: GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¯^Z¡vwaKvix †hfv‡e e¨emv‡qi †MvcbxqZv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i,
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Zv m¤¢e nq bv|
5. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q †h †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡`i m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRb| hv
LyeB kÖg I mgq mv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| d‡j A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ nq|
6. AcPq: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Z`viwK, iÿYv‡eÿY I wbqš¿‡Y GK gvwjKvbvi g‡Zv AvšÍwiKZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq
bv| ÒmK‡ji `vwqZ¡ A_©vr Kv‡iv `vwqZ¡ bvÓ-G †ev‡ai Kvi‡b G e¨emv‡q AcPq nq|
7. Av¯’vi Afve: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi AvBbMZ c„_K mËv bv _vKvq Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ AwbwðZ| d‡j G e¨emv‡qi
mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ cÿmg~‡ni Av¯’vi Afve _v‡K|
iwng I Zvi `k eÜz wg‡j GKwU Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Pvq| D³
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) e¨emvqwU Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K wKfv‡e MVb Kiv hv‡e Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR
mvims‡ÿc
Askx`vwi e¨emvq mn‡R MVb Kiv hvq|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY _v‡K|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q mKj Askx`vi‡`i gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i e¨w³MZ bvg, h‡ki Kvi‡Y mybvg e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i `vq Amxg/mxgvnxb|
¯’vwq‡Z¡i AwbðqZv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi GKwU eo Amyweav|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`viMY gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 1 Rb (L) 2 Rb
(M) 3 Rb (N) 4 Rb
2. mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZ Rb?
(K) 10 Rb (L) 20 Rb
(M) 30 Rb (N) 40 Rb
3. e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 10 Rb (L) 20 Rb
(M) 30 Rb (N) 40 Rb
4. g~jab QvovI Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Avek¨K n‡jv-
(K) `vq (L) Pzw³cÎ
(M) cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm (N) Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb
5. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi †ÿ‡Î-
(i) wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq; (ii) we‡iv‡ai m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq; (iii) gybvdv e„w× cvq|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
Askx`vwi e¨emvq
wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
(K) mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ej‡Z mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ
e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³ Amxg `vq en‡bi k‡Z© Pzw³e× n‡q †h e¨emvq MVb
K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| Giƒc Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡K wb‡Pi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1. Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq
Giƒc e¨emv‡qi ¯’vqxZ¡ Askx`v‡ii B”Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Î Askx`viiv e¨emv‡qi
¯’vwqZ¡ Kvj I †gqv‡`i mxgvbv wba©viY bv Ki‡j Zv‡K Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
mvims‡ÿc
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ej‡Z mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡KB †evSv‡bv nq|
mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³
Amxg `vq en‡bi k‡Z© Pzw³e× n‡q †h e¨emvq MVb K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
†h Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg bv _v‡K ev GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve×
_v‡K, Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj|
eZ©gvb wkÿv_© x wn‡m‡e Avcwb †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb& ai‡bi Askx`vi n‡Z Pvb,
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Zvi c‡ÿ hyw³ †`Lvb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR
mvims‡ÿc
†h Askx`viMY e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM Ges mwµqfv‡e cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib, Zviv mwµq
Askx`vi|
†h Askx`vi e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡ib bv Ges cwiPvjbvqI Ask †bb bv, gybvdvi wewbg‡q ïaygvÎ
wb‡Ri bvg e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`b, wZwb bvggvÎ Askx`vi|
Pzw³ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve× n‡j wZwb mxwgZ Askx`vi|
†h mKj e¨w³ e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡qI †gŠwLK K_vevZ©v I AvPvi-AvPi‡Y Askx`vi wn‡m‡e cwiPq
†`b, wZwb AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Pzw³c‡Î e¨emv‡qi †gqv` D‡jøL Kiv nq bv Ggb Askx`vwi e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) wbw`©ó Askx`vwi (L) Hw”QK Askx`vwi
(M) mxwgZ `vq Askx`vwi (N) Amxg `vq Askx`vwi|
2. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq KZ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K?
(K) `yB (L) wZb
(M) Pvi (N) cuvP
3. †gŠmygx c‡Y¨i e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi wb‡Pi †Kvb †kÖwYfz³?
(K) mxwgZ `vq Askx`vwi (L) mvgwqK Askx`vwi
(M) wbw`©ó Askx`vwi (N) Hw”QK Askx`vwi
4. GKwU weªR wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq †Kvb ai‡bi?
(K) Hw”QK Askx`vwi (L) wVKv`vwi Askx`vwi
(M) wbw`©ó †gqvw` Askx`vwi (N) wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi
5. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVbZš¿ n‡jv-
(K) mnR MVb cÖYvjx (L) cvi¯úvwiK wek¦vm
(M) Pzw³cÎ (N) ¯§viKwjwc
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj| evsjv‡`†k
envj 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Askx`vwi m¤cK© m„wó nq Pzw³ †_‡K, mvgvwRK
gh©v`v †_‡K bq| Askx`vi‡`i g~ja‡bi AbycvZ, jvf-ÿwZ eȇbi AbycvZ, Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡, AwaKvi,
cvwikªwgK, e¨emvq cwiPvjbv c×wZ, FY MÖnY, we‡iva wb®cwË cÖf…wZ hveZxq welq Pzw³c‡Î D‡jøL Kiv nq| Pzw³
†gŠwLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Pzw³ †h ai‡bi †nvK bv †Kb Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Pzw³
Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK; Z‡e Zv wjwLZ nIqvq evÃbxq| GRb¨ Pzw³B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~jwfwË|
Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘
Pzw³c·K Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~jwfwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| fwel¨‡Z Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡f`
ev gZwe‡iva m„wó bv nq Ges e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq †Kv‡bv RwUjZv bv N‡U †mRb¨ Pzw³c‡Î wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
D‡jøL _v‡K| mvaviYZ Pzw³c‡Î wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv D‡jøL _v‡K:
1. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q bvg I wVKvbv;
2. e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ, D‡Ïk¨ ev ¯’vwqZ¡;
3. e¨emv‡qi Kvh©Kvj ev ¯’vwqZ¡;
4. Askx`vi‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
5. e¨emv‡qi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY;
6. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡`i cÖ`Ë g~ja‡bi cwigvY I cwi‡kva c×wZ;
7. e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj;
8. †h mKj Askx`vi cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb Zv‡`i cwiwPwZ;
9. e¨emv‡q jvf-‡jvKmvb eÈb c×wZ;
10. Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡, ÿgZv I AwaKvi;
11. e¨emv‡qi Avw_©K eQi ïiæ I †kl mgq;
12. †h e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjv n‡e Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I wnmv‡ei aib;
13. e¨vs‡Ki wnmve cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³M‡Yi bvg;
14. bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY I cyivZb Askx`v‡ii we`v‡qi wbqgvewj;
15. e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨Î n‡Z FY MÖnY c×wZ;
16. Askx`v‡ii g„Zz¨‡Z Zuvi Ask wba©viY, msiÿY I cwi‡kva c×wZ;
17. Askx`vi‡`i AemiMÖnY I ewn®‹v‡ii c×wZ;
18. fwel¨Z we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Zvi gxgvsmv c×wZ;
Z…Zxq cÿ PZz_© cÿ
wZwgi Kzgvi cvj mygbv LvZzb
wcZv-gjq cvj wcZv- †gv: Avãyj gwR`
MÖvg- ZvjvBgvwi MÖvg- wgR©vcyi
WvKNi- KvRjv WvKNi- we‡bv`cyi
_vbv- gwZnvi _vbv- gwZnvi
†Rjv-ivRkvnx †Rjv-ivRkvnx
Avcbvi GjvKvq Pvi eÜz wg‡j GKwU nvievj Ily‡ai e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡eb- G g‡g©
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) KvíwbK Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ GKwU Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR
mvims‡ÿc
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj|
Pzw³ †gŠwLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Pzw³B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb Kiv nq †Kvb& Awd‡m?
(K) wbe܇Ki Awdm (L) wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm
(M) †WcywU Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm (N) wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
2. Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi wbeÜb KvRwU K‡ib-
(K) †iwR÷vi (L) gnvcwiPvjK
(M) Kwgkbvi (N) cwiPvjK
3. 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 58 avivq Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †Kvb& wel‡qi D‡jøL Av‡Q?
(K) Pzw³cÎ (L) MVb cÖYvjx
(M) wbeÜb (N) we‡jvcmvab
4. Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
(i) cÖwZôv‡bi bvg
(ii) cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv
(iii) e¨emv‡q D‡Ïk¨
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
`vwe Av`v‡q Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvëv gvgjv: Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv cÿ hw` AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb ev
Askx`vi‡`i weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i, ïay AwbewÜZ nevi Kvi‡Y evw`c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvëv cvIbv `vwe Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| aviv-69(3)
100 UvKvi †ewk cvIbv Av`vq: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv c‡ÿi weiæ‡× 100 UvKvi †ewk cvIbv
Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†gmvm© Ô†mvbvjx †UªWvm©Õ bvgK GKwU mxwgZ Askx`vwi dvg© 50,000 UvKv Abv`vqx
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) FY Av`v‡q mÿg n‡jv| Gi c‡ÿ hzw³ w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR
mvims‡ÿc
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi KZ©…K wbhy³ wbeÜb Awd‡m cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ Kiv‡K
†evSvq|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ e¨emvq AwbewÜZ e¨emvq A‡cÿv
A‡bK †ewk myweav †c‡q _v‡K|
wbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †h †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢‚Z
AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv AwbewÜZ e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡j Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
100 UvKvi AwaK cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cvëv AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi Rb¨ Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ Rgv †`qvi ci wbeÜK Zv
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i wbeÜb eB‡Z ZvwjKvfz³ I bw_fz³ K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi d‡jÑ
(i) AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e `wjjiƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ cvq
(ii) ev¯Íe Aw¯ÍZ¡ jvf K‡i
(iii) SzuwK n«vm cvq
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2. 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 69(1), 69(2), 69(3) bs avivq wb‡¤œi †Kvb welqwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
(K) Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjvi K_v (L) †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi welq
(M) evwl©K mvavib mfvi ZvwiL wba©vib (N) G‡RÛv ewnfz©Z †Kvb welq Av‡jvPbvq Avbv
(M) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii Am`vPiY Øviv e¨emvq ÿwZmvab n‡e e‡j g‡b n‡j;
(N) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi B”QvK…Zfv‡e Pzw³ kZ© f½ Ki‡j;
(O) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi e¨emv‡qi Zuvi c~Y© Ask Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡j|
Dc‡i DwjøwLZ KviY¸‡jv QvovI Av`vjZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hyw³hy³ I b¨vqm½Z Kvi‡Y Askx`vwi e¨emvq
we‡jvcmva‡bi Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡i|
nvbœvb, gvbœvb I Av`bvb mgcwigvY g~ jab w`‡q GKwU Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †Zv‡j| cvwievwiK †`bvi Rb¨ Av`bvb Av`vjZ KZ…©K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ nIqvq
/wkÿv_© xi KvR
e¨emvqwUi Aemvqb N‡U| wKš‘ cvwievwiK `vq cwi‡kv‡a ïay nvbœv‡bi e¨w³MZ
m¤úwË †µvK Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î nvbœvb †Kvb& ai‡bi Askx`vi Ges wKfv‡e
e¨emvqwU we‡jvcmvab NU‡e Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z e¨emv‡qi welq-m¤cwË I †`bv cvIbvi mvwe©K wb®cwˇK
†evSvq|
Askx`vwi e¨emvq Pzw³ Abymv‡i, eva¨Zvg~jK, we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ, weÁwß Øviv, Av`vjZ KZ…©K
we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g ev Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤cvw`Z Pzw³
Abymv‡i G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 41 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨wZZ mKj Askx`vi †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j;
ev †Kv‡bv NUbv Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv A‰ea n‡q co‡j|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 avivq we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡i|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 43 aviv Abymv‡i B”Qvaxb Askx`vwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Ab¨vb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡K
wjwLZ weÁwßi Øviv e¨emv‡qi we‡jv‡ci B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j Giƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab NU‡e|
Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq ev Askx`v‡ii wel‡q †Kv‡bv gvgjv Kiv n‡j ev e¨emvq f‡½i Av‡e`b Ki‡j Askx`vwi
AvB‡bi 44 aviv Abymv‡i Zv we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. mvaviYZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq KZfv‡e we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i?
(K) 3 (L) 4
(M) 5 (N) 6
2. weÁwß Øviv we‡jvcmvab n‡q _v‡K †mwU †Kvb& ai‡bi Askx`vwi e¨emvq?
(K) Hw”QK (L) mxwgZ `vq
(M) wbw`©ó †gqvw` (N) wbw`©ó cÿ †Kw›`ªK
Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)
Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv
Avgv‡`i g‡b cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i †h, †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab _vK‡jB wZwb Kx Askx`vwi e¨emvq
ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zvn‡j Askx`vwi e¨emvq Ki‡Z bZzb wK Avi †hvM¨Zv jvM‡e? wkÿv_©x eÜzMY G‡ÿ‡Î GKUy
wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡Z †M‡j Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †Kv‡bv e¨w³i hw` Pzw³cÎ
m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wb‡RB cÖwZôvb, ZvB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avevi bvevjK ev Aciv‡a `ÐcÖvß e¨w³ivI Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| miKvwi wewa-wb‡la Abyhvqx cÖRvZ‡š¿i
Kg©PvwiMY †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡q †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †Kv‡bv we‡`wk bvMwiK mvaviYfv‡e Pzw³
m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Av`vjZ KZ…©K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ e¨w³I Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv|
myZivs evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b †h †Kv‡bv cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³ hvi eqm 18 eQi ev Zvi
E‡aŸ© hw` wZwb gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ nb Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e †`Dwjqv bv nb Zvn‡j Askx`vi ev m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡ib|
AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvQvov wb‡Ri ˆbc~Y¨ I m„RbkxjZv cÖ`k©‡bi †h my‡hvM GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡q Av‡Q
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Zv Abycw¯’Z| ejv evûj¨ e¨emvwqK †h Ávb I cÖwkÿY wb‡q e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡Z nq †m iKg
my‡hvM I ms¯‹…wZ Avgv‡`i mgv‡R GLbI M‡o D‡Vwb| Ab¨w`‡K e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q cÖvß
g~jab h‡_ó bq, hv †Kv¤úvwb e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †ek mnR I AbyK~j| Avevi `vq I †jvKmvb en‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K
Askx`vi‡K mK‡ji `vq en‡bi weo¤^bv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ A‡b‡KB G RvZxq e¨emv‡q Avm‡Z AbvMÖn
cÖKvk K‡i| AvB‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡ bv _vKvq Z…Zxq cÿ †hgb e¨w³, e¨vsK, wegv ev FY`vbKvwi
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv G RvZxq e¨emv‡qi cÖwZ Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I Avgv‡`i †`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o
DVvi cÖeYZv †gvUvgywU fvj| G mKj Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb GK gvwjKvbv ev †hŠ_g~jabx
e¨emvq ev mgevq mwgwZi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `~e©j I Kg RbwcÖq|
mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b †h †Kv‡bv cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³ hvi eqm 18 eQi ev Zv E‡aŸ©
hw` wZwb gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ nb Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e †`Dwjqv bv nb Zvn‡j Askx`vi ev m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡ib|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o DVvi cÖeYZv †gvUvgywU fvj| Z‡e wewfbœ KviY we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv
hvq evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb GK gvwjKvbv ev †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq ev mgevq mwgwZi †P‡q
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `~e©j I Kg RbwcÖq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. evsjv‡`‡k cÖvßeq¯‹ nIqvi eqm n‡jv-
(K) AvVv‡iv (L) Dwbk
(M) wek (N) GKzk
2. †`Dwjqv n‡jv †mB e¨w³ whwb-
(K) mvRvcÖvß (L) FY cwi‡kv‡a Aÿg
(M) Askx`vi nIqvi A‡hvM¨ (N) AcÖvß eq¯‹
3. Askx`vi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv n‡jv-
(i) cÖvß eq¯‹; (ii) my¯’ gw¯Í¯‹; (iii) †`Dwjqv|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. †mŠif ¯^í cyuwR wb‡q XvKvi avgwÛ‡Z GKwU Lvev‡ii †`vKvb †`q| Lvev‡ii gvb DbœZ Ges Pvwn`v _vKvq Zvi
†`vKv‡bi mybvg GjvKvq `ªæZ Qwo‡q c‡o| eQi †k‡l †m ebvbx‡Z Av‡iKwU Lvev‡ii †`vKvb †Lvjvi wm×všÍ
†bq Ges cyuwR mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Zvi eÜz gwbi‡K Pzw³i gva¨‡g e¨emv‡q wb‡q Av‡m|
K. †Kvb& ai‡bi cÖwZôvb wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci ciB e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i?
L. ¯’vqx g~jab ej‡Z Kx †evSvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. †mŠi‡fi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi e¨emv‡qi aibwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. gwb‡ii AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j †mŠi‡fi e¨emv‡qi c~e©ve¯’vi mv‡_ eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb|
2. wek¦we`¨vjq Rxe‡bi wZb eÜz jyrdzi, †ejvj I iweb GK‡Î GKwU e¨emvq Ki‡e e‡j Pzw³e× n‡jv| wZbRb
mgcwigvY g~ jab wb‡q e¨emvq ïiæ K‡i| jyrdzi I iweb e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡jI †ejvj
AskMÖnY K‡i bv| †ejvj †`‡ki evB‡i covïbv Ki‡Z hv‡e e‡j Zvi `vqI Zvi g~ja‡bi mgvb e‡j mevB
GKgZ nq|
K. Askx`vwi e¨emvq Kx?
L. mwµq Askx`vi ej‡Z Kx eySvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. wZb eÜz cÖwZwôZ e¨emvq msNUbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vix e¨emvq msNUb e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Rbve jyrdi KZ©„K e¨emv‡q msNwUZ mKj Kg©Kv‡Ði `vq Kx Rbve †ejvj‡K enb Ki‡Z n‡e?
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.1 t 1. L 2. K 3. L 4. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2 t 1. L 2. L 3. K 4. L 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3 t 1. L 2. K 3. M 4. N 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.4 t 1. K 2. L 3. M 4. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.5 t 1. N 2. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.6 t 1. M 2. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.7 t 1. K 2. L 3. N