ivKqvi `wZ, Mn ivRbwZK

inbygv Avng`
Avgv`i Aev Avgiv wPv bv Kwij Avi Kn Avgv`i Rb fvwee bv| fvwejI ZvZ Avgv`i lvj
Avbv DcKvi nBe bv|

ivKqvi weivRbxwZKiY
eMg ivKqvi (1880-1932) weivRbxwZKiY Ke _K i Zv ejZ cvie bv|
wK ZuvK hfve Dcvcb Kiv nq, mwU h Zuvi weivRbxwZKiYi m mwKZ, G evcvi Avwg wbwZ| GB
iwcRUkvb-B axi-axi mZ ej k-cv nqQ, GKgv mZ ej cwZv cqQ -- GUzKz eywS|
eMg ivKqv GKRb mgvR msviK| evOvwj gymjgvb bvixi AMhvvi c_c`kK| bvix wkvi Rb wZwb Zuvi Rxeb
DrmM Kib; GwU Ab^xKvh G KviY hnZz wZwb wQjb mvLvIqvZ ggvwiqvj Mvjm zji cwZvZv (1911)|
eMg ivKqv GKRb jLK wnmeI ^xKZ, mycwZwZ| meZ wZwbB fviZeli mvwnZ c_g BDUvwcqvb Mi
iPwqZv (myjZvbvi ^c, 1905)| wZwb GKRb ce-jLK; civM-bvgK DcbvmI wjLQb (1924)| c`vc_vi GKRb
AKy mgvjvPK| Gi mePvBZ fvjv bgybv nQ Aeivaevwmbx ce-msKjb, hwU Kjvg wnme cKvwkZ nqwQj,
1928-1930 mvj| AeivaevwmbxZ iqQ Zuvi wbR PvL `Lv 47wU NUbv| fviZi wewfb vb NU hvIqv NUbv -evsjv, wenvi, w`wj, AvwjMo, jLb, jvnvi| ewkifvM NUbv coj nvwm cvq, wK wKQz LyeB ggvwK| gvc QvU njI
eBwU AwfRvZ gymjgvb I wn`y cwievi AbykxwjZ c`vc_vi Zzjvaybv Ki| iYkxj gnj Gi cKvkbvq z nb| agicwZwbwaZKvix gnj GZ ivMvw^Z nb| Gi cwZev` gvnv`x cwKvi `i GKi ci GK Kov wPwV AvmZ _vK|
ivKqv Lye iwmK wQjb| Zuvi jLv we`cvZK| wZwb mgvRi m ZK KiZb| ZvK KvVMovq `uvo KivZb|
c_c`kK| mgvR-msviK| wkvwe`| jLK| ivKqvi Rxeb, Zuvi ARb Ges msMvgK GB LuywUjvi Ici gj
aiv nq| evi-evi Gjv DPvwiZ nq| ivcavb _K miKvii gx, bvix Av`vjbi bZv-Kgx _K mvwnwZK,
zjcavb, wkK, cwZ eQi 9B wWm^i ivKqv iY AvqvwRZ Abyvb mevB cvq GKB myi K_v ejb| wK kni, wK
bMi, wK Rjv-knii AvqvwRZ Abyvb, nqZev zj wKsev gv`vm Kve|
wK Avwg hLb ivKqvi jLv coZ ewm -- k wbq Zuvi Ljv, Zuvi e-eva, wbR wbq cwinvmi vBj, Zuvi ziavi
eyw -- ZLb cej kwi GB Dcvcbi ga duvK-dvKi `LZ cvB| GZewk h cej kw-wbwgZ GB wP fvOZ i
Ki|
ivKqvK wbq huviv MelYv KiQb, Zuv`i ewki fvMB wjLQb ivKqvi GwjU cvwievwiK evKMvDi K_v; wZwb
hB c`v-c_vK wZivi I e-we`c KiQb Zv h mefviZ evcZ wQj bv, Zvi K_v; c`v h DPwe kYxZ mxgve
wQj, m K_v| wbtm`n| Ges G GwU hvM Kiv AZ Riwi h, MvgxY Rwgi gvwjKvbv I LvRbv-Av`vqK K`
Ki vb, c`ghv`veva, AvwfRvZevai hB iweb mvgvwRK eev GB Aj we`gvb wQj -- gvwjK-cRv, mg,
BZ -- c`v-c_v wQj ZviB AweQ` Ask|

wK wbqB Gi m Aviv kYxMZ welq hy| Ggb welq hv kYx-MVb cwqvi Af~
| hB cwqv BwZnvmK Av`j
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bZzb cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| h cwqv `xN I wbMnKvix, Amgvb I Geov-Leov | hwU HwZnvwmK, A_vr, cvKwZK bq,
^vfvweK bq, wbwgZ| hwU avivevwnK| GLbI Pjgvb|
cej kwi BwZnvmiPbvq kYx-MVbi GKvskB ewYZ nq| ev`evwK A`k nq co| hvZ gb nq, bqv eevq elg
AbycwZ|
ivKqv mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I ivRbwZK Dvbi mgq Rxeb hvcb KiwQjb| mmgqi evsjv DcwbewkZ| Dbwesk
kZKi kl fvM _K wesk kZKi ii `kKjvZ fO Pzigvi nq cyivbv mvgvwRK webvm: Rwgi gvwjKvbv I
LvRbv-Av`vqK wNi evOvwj gymjgvb`i (hv`i AbKi cvwievwiK fvlv D`y) Avkivd I AvZivd-Gi f`vf`|
cyivbv elgeev cybMwVZ nq| evOvwj gymjgvb gawe kYx (m~Y evsjv-fvlx) -- AvaywbK wkvq wkwZ,
PvKzwiRxex, wewUk mvvwRK Pvwn`v c~iYi ZvwM` Mo IVv, cavbZ MvgxY I KlK evKMvD _K AvMZ -- `Z bZzb
Av`j Mo IV| JcwbewkK wewa-eevi kZ-mvc|
ivKqv RbMnY Kib GB HwZnvwmK mwYi mgq| D_vjcv_vj GB mgq wZwb Rxeb hvcb Kib|
wjIbvi WwfWd, Kv_wib nj Ges Aviv AbK bvixev`x BwZnvmwe`iv evi-evi ejQb, kYx-MVb GKwU wjxq
cwqv (class formation is gendered); Mvovi _KB| evOvwj gymjgvb gawe kYxi ejvqI GwU mZ| bZzbfve
Mo IVv gawe kYxi gZv`k wbgvYKvixiv (wkK, mvwnwZK, mvsevw`K, wkx, JcwbewkK miKvii bwUf KgPvix,
Mvgwmi Re eywRxex ev AMvwbK BUjKPzqjiv) cyivbv mgvRi cyil bZZi bwZKZvK Pvj Kib| Aeivac_v I bvix wkvi cwZ KVvi wblavv nq IV cyivbv mgvRi AvKi ewk| Gi Aemvb cMwZi AMhvvi Rb,
bvix-gywi Rb Acwinvh| Zvi A_ GB bq h wjxq wfbZv nvIqv nq hvq eis GwU AvaywbKic cybMwVZ nq|
gawei kYx-cwiPq enbi wjxq wfbZv wQj K`xq| GB wfbZv-MVbi Rwg wQj weq, cwievi I msmvi| bqv
wewaeevq bvix-cyili Nwb mKK bZzb Av`k I g~jeva viv msvwqZ Kiv nq: weq ne GKwU ezZmyjf eb|
x neb mywkwZ, gvwRZ, iwP-mb| ew-^vgx Avq-ivRMvi Kieb| AvayywbK GKMvgx-weqZ x neb msmvii
mvefg mv| wZwb neb Zuvi GKMvgx-^vgxi `qi ivbx| Ni I evwnii cyivbv wefvRbi cwieZ `Lv `q bZzb
wefvRb: kgi wewbgq bM`-Avq DcvRbi wfwZ iwPZ ivRMvwi cyil/^vgx I wbfikxj bvix/x Ges Zv`i mvbiv|
ivKqv `yUv mvgvwRK eevi cwZ-B wwUKvj wQjb, wK `ytLRbKfve Avgiv ay GKwUi wwUKi evcvi
IqvwKenvj: cyivbv mgvRi cyil AvwacZ| bqv aibi cyil AvwacZK K` Ki Zuvi hB wwUK, Zv DcwZ|
`wgZ|
hw` ivKqv euP _vKZb, Lye me wZwb ejZb Avgiv wbRivB Gi Rb `vqx| Zvi cgvY gj GB DwZZ: Avgv`i
hLb ^vaxbZv I AaxbZvvb ev DbwZ I AebwZi h cf` Zvnv eywSevi mvg_UzKzI _vwKj bv, ZLb KvRB Zuvnviv
f^vgx, Mn^vgx cfwZ nBZ nBZ g Avgv`i ^vgx nBqv DwVjb (ivKqv- iPbvejx, Avyj Kvw`i mvw`Z, evsjv
GKvWgx, c. 18)|
cyivbv mvgvwRK kLjv
Aeivaevwmbx ce msKjb ivKqv 1880i `kKi GKwU NUbvi eYbv Kib: KqK Ni exq mv Rgx`vii gvZv,
gvmx, wcmx, Kbv BZvw` GK nR KwiZ hvBZwQjb| Zuvnviv msLvq 20/25 Rb wQjb| Zuvnviv KwjKvZvq ijIq
kb cuwQj ci mi cyil cfzMY Kvhvcj Ab wMqvwQjb| eMg mvnevw`MK GKRb wek AvZxq cyili
ndvRZ ivLv nq...nvRx mvne eMg mvnev`i IqwUs ig emvBZ mvnm cvBjb bv| Zuvnvi Dc`k gZ wewe
2

mvneviv cZK gvUv gvUv Kvcoi eviKv cwiqv kbi cvUdg Dey nBqv (Squat) ewmjb; nvRx mvne g GKUv
gvUv fvix kZiw Zuvnv`i Dci XvwKqv w`jb| Z`vevq ePvixMY GK GKUv evPKv ev evi gZ `LvBZwQjb|
Zvnvw`MK Hic XvwKqv ivwLqv nvRx mvne GK KvY `uvovBqv Lvov cvnviv w`ZwQjb|...
Ub Avwmevi mgq RbK BsivR KgPvix fvv fvv wnw`Z nvRx mvneK ewjjb, gyw! Zvgiv Avmeve wnqvQ nvUv
jv| Avwf Ub AveMv -- cvUdig ci Lvwj Av`wg inMv -- Avmeve bvwn ivnMv! nvRx mvne hvon ewjjb, Ryi,
H me Avmeve -- bvwn AvIivZ nvq| KgPvixwU cybivq GKUv evq RyZvi VvKiv gvwiqv ewjjb, nv, nv -- GB me
Avmeve nvUv jv| (ivKqv-iPbvejx, Avyj Kvw`i mvw`Z, XvKv: evsjv GKvWgx, c. 475-6)|
GB NUbvi Dcmsnvi ivKqv Gfve Uvbb: weweiv c`vi Abyiva RyZvi Zv LvBqvI Uz kwU Kib bvB|
AwbQzK evev-gv`i Kbv-wkvq ivwR KivZ ivKqv cvqkB Ggbaibi hywZK nvwRi KiZb: (A-wkwZ/Aa-wkwZ
bvixi Zzjbvq GKRb) mywkwZ bvix Aviv fvjv gv| cieZxKvj GwU gawe kYxi Kgb m-G cwiYZ nq| Aavx
ce (gwZPi, c_g L, 1905) G wbq AvjvPbv KiZ wMq g~j ce I cv`UxKvq wZwb DjL Kib:
[g~j ce] Avgv`i `k AbK evjK wkKi eZvobvq K we`vi Rvi Gd. G., we. G. cvk nq eU; wK
evjKi gbUv Zvnvi gvZvi mwnZ ivb&vNiB NyiZ _vK! Zvnv`i we`v cixvq G K_vi mZZvi Dcjw nBZ cvi|*
[cv`UxKv] *`vmx cwKv nBZ KZKwj ckvi DZ Kwievi jvf m^iY KwiZ cvwiZwQ bv-ck| When was Cromwell born? (gIqji Rb KLb nBqvwQj?)|
Di| In the year 1649 when he was fourteen years old (1649 mvj hLb wZwb P ermii wQjb)|
ck| Describe his continental policy (Zuvnvi ivxq bxwZ eYbv Ki)|
Di| He was honest and truthful and he had nine children (wZwb mvay cKwZ Ges mZev`x wQjb Ges Zuvnvi
bqRb mvbmwZ wQj)| (c. 39)|
bZzb, D`xqgvb mvgvwRK kLjv
ivKqv hw`I bvix-wkvi cej cev wQjb, wZwb RvbZb h ay wkwZ nj bvix gyw NU bv| D`vibwZK
bvixev`x`i wecixZ (ZLb, Ges GLb) ivKqv ai bbwb h wkvcwZvb cekvwaKvi, fZ I kvixwiK BwZ
mgZ -- KvQ hvIqv, XvKv, eenvi Kiv hv cZxKxfve cKvwkZ nq PKvV cibv, `Rvq XvKv, evavwecw AwZg
Kiv wnme, hvi cwigvc msLvMZfve Kiv nq, hv cvqkB cwieZbi hvwK gWji Ici wfw Ki Kiv nq -- bvix
AabZvi mgvavb| G wZwb wLvb bvix`i D`vniY `b: hw`I [GB mgvR] x-wkvi h_ myweav AvQ, ZeyI
igYx Avcb ^Z lvj Avbv fvM KwiZ cvq bv| Zvnv`i gb `vmZ nBZ gyw cvq bv| wLvb mgvR mvgx I x wKQzUv
c_ cvkvcvwk PjjI bvixK Kej g~wZgZx KweZv nBZ wkv `Iqv nBqvQ, ZvB wZwb gbvigv KweZv mvwRqv _vwKZ
Pvnb| FY`vqic M` Aev (prosaic) wZwb eywSZ Ag| (c. 40)|
ivKqv RvbZb h ay c`v-c_vi Aemvb NUj bvix gyw NU bv| G wZwb cvkx bvix`i D`vniY `b, Zuviv c`v
QoQb wK Zuv`i ^Kxq eyw-weePbvi Kvbv cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv| wejvZx mfZvi A AbyKiY Zuviv c`vi evBi
AvmjI Aejv`i Rxebxkwi Kvbv cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv| Zuvnviv h Roc`v_, mB Roc`v_B AvQb| (c. 36)|
Avgvi KvQ eMg ivKqvi wPvi ZvwK iZ nQ GwU AvaywbK eevi wjxq I kYxMZ elgK Abymvb KiZ
mvnvh Ki| Zvi w`K-wb`kbv c`vb Ki| ivKqvi wPv gawe gZv`kK cejgUvBR Ki, Zuvi iPbvi m~ cybcVb
Avgv`i eySZ mvnvh Ki h x-wkvi wevi mI, kvixwiKfve c`vi Aeiva _K gy nIqv mI Avgiv Kxfve

eZgvb -- GKwesk kZK, bqv-D`vibwZK hyM -- cyili KZZi, Zv`i kvmbi, ^Qvmex MvnK| Avgiv Kxfve
gvbwmK `vmZ _K gy bB|
`vmZi exR AwbwnZ bvix-cyili Nwb mKi eovRvj| weqi mK, cwievi, msmvi| cyilRvwZi KZZ
`yfve cKvwkZ nq, Zviv fq c`kb Kwiqv _vKb (c. 22), Avevi GKBm, mvnvMi ^c `Lvb, Avgiv ZvB mvnvM
Mwjqv-Xwjqv ewnqv hvBZwQ (c. 22)| Avi GB Dcjw _KB Avgvi aviYv ivKqv jLb, h cwikg Avgiv ^vgxi
MnKvh eq Kwi, mB cwikg viv wK ^vaxb eemvq KwiZ cvwi bv? (c. 30)|
cwgv bvixev`xiv Aviv AbK ci, 1960-70 Gi `kK hv Dcjw KiwQjb -- hwU Zv`i AwZ-cwiwPZ vMvb
cKvk cvq, ` cvmvbvj BR cwjwUKvj -- eMg ivKqv e AvMB Zv eySwQjb| Mnx cwimi ivRbwZK, LyeB
ivwWKvj GB wPv, GZUvB h G`ki wcZZvwK evviv ZvK bvB Ki `b eMg ivKqvi wPvi weivRbxwZKiYi
ga w`q|
(GB cei c~eZb msiY cKvwkZ nq wbD GR, wWm^i 14, 2009)|
[1,566 k ]