Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00001 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

cÖ_g Aa¨vq : evsjv‡`k I AÂjwfwËK †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, mxgvbv, cvwi‡ewkK, Av_©-

mvgvwRK I f~-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡|
gvbwP‡Îi aviYv
c…w_exi gvbwPÎ cvIqv hvq— e¨vwej‡bi Dˇi Mv_yi kn‡ii aŸsmve‡k‡l| me©cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ Avu‡Kb— ‡gRi
‡Rgm ‡i‡bj| gvbwPÎ ˆZwii Ges e¨e¯’vcbvi me‡P‡q AvaywbK e¨envi n‡”Q wRwcGm (GPS-Global Positioning
System) Ges wRAvBGm (GIS-Geographical Information System)|
 GPS Øviv †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk, `ªvwNgvsk, `~iZ¡ I D”PZv Rvbv hvq| GQvovI H ¯’v‡bi DËi w`K, ZvwiL
I mgq m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv hvq| GIS n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨ msiÿY I we‡kølY e¨e¯’v|
 gvbwP‡Î wZbwU c×wZ‡Z †¯‹j wba©viY Kiv nq| K. eY©bvi mvnv‡h¨, L. †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Ges M. cÖwZf~ Abycv‡Zi
mvnv‡h¨|
 Dc¯’vwcZ welqe¯‘/ Kvh© Abymv‡i gvbwP·K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : ¸YMZ gvbwPÎ I cwigvYMZ gvbwPÎ|
 Kv‡h©i Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi gvbwPÎ wb¤œiƒc :
01. K¨vWv÷ªvj ev †gŠRv gvbwPÎ †Kvb f~wg ev wewìs Gi mxgvbv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨)
02. f~ms¯’vwbK gvbwPÎ 03. †`qvj gvbwPÎ 04. GUjvm gvbwPÎ
05. cÖvK…wZK gvbwPÎ 06. f~-ZvwË¡K gvbwPÎ 07. RjevqyMZ gvbwPÎ
08. Dw™¢¾ welqK gvbwPÎ 09. g„wËKv welqK gvbwPÎ 10. mvs¯‹…wZK gvbwPÎ
f~-ms¯’vwbK gvbwP‡Îi Av‡iK bvg— ˆewPΨm~PK gvbwPÎ| GB gvbwPθ‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq— cÖK…Z RwicKv‡h©i
gva¨‡g| mvaviYZ Gi g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZK I mvs¯‹…wZK `yB ai‡bi Dcv`vb †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b wegvb w`‡q Qwe
†Zvjvi gva¨‡g GB gvbwP‡Îi behy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| GB gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j 1 : 20,000 n‡j fv‡jvfv‡e ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvq|
wewfbœ †`k wewfbœ †¯‹‡j GB gvbwPÎ ˆZwi K‡i| me‡P‡q Av`k© I RbwcÖq n‡”Q weªwUk‡`i ˆZwi Kiv gvbwPÎ hvi †¯‹j
wQj 1 : 25, 000 †_‡K 1 : 100,000 Ges Av‡gwiKv‡Z GB gvbwP‡Îi †¯‹j _v‡K mvaviYZ 1:62,500 Ges
1:125,000| evsjv‡`‡k weªwUk †¯‹jwU AbymiY K‡i| [Z_¨m~Î- gva¨wgK f~‡Mvj]
 ‡¯‹j Abymv‡i gvbwP·K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
(K) e„nr †¯‹j gvbwPÎ : ÿz`ª GjvKv‡K e„nr †¯‹‡j A¼b K‡i hLb A‡bK eo K‡i †`Lv‡bv nq ZLb Zv‡K e„nr †¯‹j
gvbwPÎ ejv nq| †bŠPjvPj msµvšÍ bvweK‡`i PvU©, wegvbPjvPj msµvšÍ ˆegvwbK‡`i PvU©, †gŠRv I K¨vWv÷ªvj cÖf…wZ
e„nr ‡¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ| †hgb: 1:10,000 †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ|
(L) ÿz`ª ‡¯‹j gvbwPÎ : hLb e¨vcK GjvKv‡K †QvU K‡i KvM‡R A¼b Kiv nq ZL Zv‡K ÿz`ª †¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ e‡j|
†hgb: 1 : 1000,000; 1 : 2500,000 cÖf…wZ ‡¯‹‡ji gvbwPÎ|

gnvwek^ I †R¨vwZ®‹gÐjx
c„w_exi Pviw`‡K wN‡i i‡q‡Q gnvKvk| gnvKv‡k AmsL¨ ‡R¨vwZ®‹ i‡q‡Q| Giv myk…•Ljfv‡e wbR¯^ K¶c‡_ wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z Ny‡i
‡eov‡”Q| Gme b¶Î Ges G‡`i MÖn I DcMÖn‡K e‡j— ‡R¨vwZ®‹| gnvKv‡k P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn, b¶Î, a~g‡KZy, Dév, bxnvwiKv,
cvjmvi, K…òevgb (Black Dwarf), K…òMn&ei (Black Hole) cÖf…wZ mewKQy‡KB ‡R¨vwZ®‹ e‡j| G‡`i mevB‡K wb‡q
MwVZ n‡q‡Q gnvwek¦|
‡hme ‡R¨vwZ‡®‹i wb‡Ri Av‡jv I DËvc Av‡Q Zv‡`i b¶Î e‡j| b¶Î¸‡jv n‡jv R¡jšÍ M¨vmwcÐ, Giv
bÿÎ nv&B‡Wªv‡Rb I wnwjqvg M¨vm w`‡q ‰Zwi| GB M¨vm AwZ D”P (cÖvq 60000 †mjwmqvm) ZvcgvÎvq R¦j‡Q|
▪ Av‡jv cÖwZ ‡m‡K‡Û AwZµg K‡i— cÖvq 3 j¶ wK‡jvwgUvi c_| GB ‡e‡M 1 eQ‡i ‡h cwigvY `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i
Zv‡K e‡j— GK Av‡jvK el©| m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M— 8 wgwbU 19 ‡m‡KÛ| myZivs c„w_ex
†_‡K m~‡h©i `~iZ¡— cÖvq 15 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| Av‡jvKel© e¨envi K‡i cwigvc Kiv nq— `~iZ¡| [41Zg wewmGm]
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00002 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
▪ m~h© c„w_exi wbKUZg— bÿÎ| m~‡h©i wbKUZg b¶Î— cÖw·gv ‡m›UvivB (Proxima Centauri)| c„w_ex ‡_‡K Gi
`~iZ¡— cÖvq 4.20 Av‡jvK el© hv cÖvq 38 j¶ ‡KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
bÿÎgÐjx (Constellation) : ‡gNgy³ AÜKvi iv‡Z AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKv‡j g‡b nq K‡qKwU bÿÎ we‡kl AvK…wZ‡Z
wg‡j †RvU †eu‡a‡Q| Gfv‡e Avgv‡`i cwiwPZ AvK…wZ‡Z bÿÎ`j‡K e‡j— ÔbÿÎgÐjxÕ| G‡`i ‡KvbwU †`L‡Z fjøy‡Ki
g‡Zv, †Kv‡bvUv wkKvwii g‡Zv| G‡`i g‡a¨ mßwl©gÐj (Great Bear), Kvjcyiæl (Orion), K¨vwmIwcqv
(Cassiopeia), e„nr Kz°zigÐj (Canis Major) D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
▪ M¨vjvw· (Galaxy) : gnvKv‡k MÖn, b¶Î, a~wjKYv, a~g‡KZy ev®úKy‡Ði wekvj mgv‡ek‡K e‡j— M¨vjvw· ev
b¶ÎRMr| gnvKv‡k M¨vjvw· i‡q‡Q— 100 wewjqb| mwc©jvKvi M¨vjvw·¸‡jv e„nr AvK…wZi Ges Dce„ËvKvi
M¨vjvw·¸‡jv ‡ewk D¾¡j| †Kvb GKwU M¨vjvw·i ÿz`ª Ask‡K e‡j— Qvqvc_|
▪ bxnvwiKv (Nebulae) : gnvKv‡k AmsL¨ ¯^ív‡jvwKZ ZviKvi Av¯ÍiY‡K e‡j— bxnvwiKv| M¨vmxq c`v‡_© c~Y©
bxnvwiKv‡K e‡j— M¨vmxq bxnvwiKv|
▪ Qvqvc_ (Milky Way) : ‡Kvb GKwU M¨vjvw· ¶y`ª Ask‡K e‡j— Qvqvc_ ev AvKvkM½v| GKwU Qvqvc_ j¶ ‡KvwU
b¶‡Îi mgwó| ‡mŠiRMr G iKg GKwU Qvqvc‡_i AšÍM©Z|
▪ Dév (Meteor) : iv‡Zi ‡gNgy³ AvKv‡k A‡bK mgq g‡b nq ‡hb b¶Î GB gvÎ L‡m coj| GB NUbv‡K e‡j—
b¶ÎcZb ev Zviv Lmv| Giv Avm‡j ‡Kvb b¶Î bq, G‡`i‡K e‡j— Dév|
▪ a~g‡KZz (Comet) : gnvKv‡k gv‡S gv‡S GKcÖKvi ‡R¨vwZ‡®‹i Avwef©ve N‡U| G‡`i GKwU gv_v I GKwU ‡jR Av‡Q|
Gme ‡R¨vwZ®‹‡K e‡j— a~g‡KZy| ‡R¨vwZwe©Ávbx GWgÛ n¨vwj ‡h a~g‡KZy Avwe®‹vi K‡ib ‡mwUi bvg— n¨vwji
a~g‡KZy| n¨vwji a~g‡KZy †`Lv hvq— cÖwZ 76 eQ‡i GKevi| n¨vwji a~g‡KZz †`Lv †M‡Q— 1759, 1835, 1910 I
1986 mv‡j| n¨vwji ayg‡KZz †`Lv hvq— 240 wLª÷c~e© Aã †_‡K| cieZ©x n¨vwji a~g‡KZz †`Lv hv‡e— 2062 mv‡j|
▪ MÖn (Planet): gnvKl© e‡ji cÖfv‡e m~h©‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z ‡R¨vwZ®‹‡K e‡j— MÖn| Avgv‡`i ‡mŠiRM‡Zi MÖn—
AvUwU| h_v— eya, ïµ, c…w_ex, g½j, e…n¯úwZ, kwb, BD‡ibvm I ‡bcPyb| A_©vr m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i Nyi‡Q MÖn— 8wU|
▪ DcMÖn: MÖn‡K wN‡i AvewZ©Z ‡R¨vwZ®‹‡K e‡j— DcMÖn ev Pvu`| Giv MÖn‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i ‡Nv‡i— gnvKl© e‡ji cÖfv‡e|
G‡`i wbR¯^ Av‡jv ev Zvc bvB| Giv Av‡jv ev Zvc cvq— m~h© ev bÿÎ †_‡K| Pvu` c…w_exi— GKgvÎ DcMÖn| ‡Kvb
DcMÖn bvB— eya I i| DcMÖn me‡P‡q ‡ewk— kwbi| kwb MÖ‡ni me‡P‡q eo DcMÖn— UvBUvb|
K…wÎg DcMÖn : gvby‡li ˆZwi wewfbœ DcMÖn Av‡Q hviv c„w_exi Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Q| G‡`i e‡j K…wÎg DcMÖn| evsjv‡`‡ki
†cÖwiZ cÖ_g ÿz`ªvK…wZi (b¨v‡bv m¨v‡UjvBU) K…wÎg DcMÖ‡ni bvg— Ôeª¨vK A‡š^lvÕ|
▪ NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) n‡jv— gvwK©b gnvKvk M‡elYv ms¯’v| GwU
1958 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| m`i `ßi— IqvwksUb wWwm‡Z|
▪ gnvk~‡b¨ hvÎv ïiæ nq— 4 A‡±vei, 1957 mv‡j| GwUi m~Pbv nq— mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ¯úyUwbK-1 bvgK
K…wÎg DcMÖn gnvk~‡b¨ Dr‡ÿc‡Yi gva¨‡g| ¯úyUwbK-II bv‡g GKwU gnvKvk hv‡b ÔjvBKvÕ bv‡g GKwU RxešÍ cÖvYx
(KzKzi) †cÖiY K‡i— ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb|
▪ gbyl¨evnx gnvKvk hvb gnvk~‡b¨ ‡cÖiY Ki‡Z mÿg nq 3wU ‡`k— ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb (ivwkqv), hy³ivóª I Pxb| Z‡e
me©cÖ_g cvVvq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb— 1961 mv‡j|
▪ gnvk~‡b¨ MgbKvix cÖ_g gvbe— BDwi M¨vMvwib (‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb)| wZwbB we‡k^ cÖ_g gnvk~‡b¨ ågYKvix e¨w³|
gnvk~b¨hvb— f÷K-1| mgq— 12 GwcÖj, 1961 wLª÷vã|
▪ gnvk~‡b¨ MgbKvix cÖ_g gvbex— f¨v‡jwšÍbv †Z‡i‡m‡Kvfv (‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb)| gnvk~b¨hvb— f÷K-6| mgq—
16 Ryb, 1963 wLª÷vã|
▪ P‡›`ª AeZiYKvix cÖ_g P›`ªhv‡bi bvg— A¨v‡cv‡jv-11| GwU P›`ªc„‡ô AeZiYKvix cÖ_g gbyl¨evnx gnvKvkhvb| GB
P›`ª Awfhv‡b Ask †bb— gvwK©b b‡fvPvix bxj Avg©÷ªs, gvB‡Kj KwjÝ Ges GWzBb AwÛªb| Pvu‡` AeZiYKvix cÖ_g
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00003 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
e¨w³ bxj Avg©÷ªs P›`ªc„‡ô cv iv‡Lb— 20 RyjvB, 1969 wLª÷v‡ã| wZwb G mgq D”PviY K‡ib— This is a small
step for a man but a giant leap for mankind. gnvKv‡k cÖ_g ch©UK— gvwK©b abKz‡ei †Wwbm wU‡Uv|
▪ gnvKv‡k cÖ_g bvix ch©UK— Bivwb es‡kv™¢~Z Avby‡kn Avbmvwi| gnvKv‡ki cÂg ch©UK— Pvj©m wm‡gvwb|
▪ Av‡gwiKvb †iv‡evwUK †¯úmµvdU cv_dvBÛvi g½jMÖ‡n AeZiY K‡i— 1997 mv‡j|
g½jMÖ‡n †cÖwiZ gvwK©b gnvk~b¨hvb— fvBwKs c„w_exi cÖ_g evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM K…wÎg DcMÖn— AvwjevW© nj
e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡n cvVv‡bv K…wÎg DcMÖn— M¨vwjwjI P›`ªc„‡ô AeZiYKvix cÖ_g gnvk~b¨hvb— P›`ªhvb-1
‡mŠiRMr (Solar System)
m~h© Ges Zvi MÖn, DcMÖn, MÖnvYycyÄ, AmsL¨ a~g‡KZy I AMwYZ Dév wb‡q ‡mŠiRMr MwVZ|
m~h© n‡jv— gvSvwi AvKv‡ii njy` e‡Y©i b¶Î| Gi e¨vm— cÖvq 13 j¶ 84 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi Ges fi— cÖvq (1.99 ×
10¹³) wK‡jvMÖvg| c…w_ex, Ab¨vb¨ MÖn, DcMÖ‡ni Zvc I Av‡jvi g~j Drm— m~h©| m~h© ‡_‡K MÖn¸‡jv `~iZ¡ Abyhvqx cici
‡hfv‡e i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv— eya, ïµ, c„w_ex, g½j, e…n¯úwZ, kwb, BD‡ibvm Ges ‡bcPyb| eya, ïµ, g½j, e…n¯úwZ I kwb
‡ek D¾¡j nIqvq ‡Kv‡bv hš¿ QvovB ‡`Lv hvq| BD‡ibvm I †bcPzb GZUv Kg D¾¡j †h `~iexÿY hš¿ Qvov G‡`i †`Lv hvq
bv|
eya (Mercury) ïµ (Venus)
o m~h© n‡Z ey‡ai Mo `~iZ¡— 5.8 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| o m~h© n‡Z i Mo `~iZ¡— 10.8 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
o ey‡ai e¨vm— 4,850 wK‡jvwgUvi| o i e¨vm— 12,104 wK‡jvwgUvi|
o m~h©‡K GKevi cÖ`w¶Y K‡i Avm‡Z ey‡ai mgq jv‡M/ o m~h©‡K GKevi cÖ`w¶Y K‡i Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M— 225
eya MÖ‡n eQi nq— 88 w`b| w`b| i †Kvb DcMÖn bvB| GwmW e„wó nq|
o eya ‡mŠiRM‡Zi ¶y`ªZg Ges m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖn— o ‡mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q D¾¡j I DËß MÖn— ïµ|
eya| ey‡ai †Kvb DcMÖn bvB| o ïµ MÖn‡K ‡fv‡ii AvKv‡k ïKZviv Ges mܨvi
o ey‡ai gva¨vKl©Y ej Lye Kg nIqvq GwU ‡Kvb AvKv‡k mܨvZviv wn‡m‡e ‡`Lv hvq| ïKZviv ev
evqygÐj a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| GLv‡b ‡gN, e„wó, mܨvZviv Avm‡j ‡Kvb Zviv bq|
evZvm, cvwb I cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ‡bB| o w`b I iv‡Zi g‡a¨ Av‡jvi we‡kl ZviZg¨ nq bv|
c„w_ex (Earth) g½j (Mars)
o m~h© ‡_‡K c…w_exi Mo `~iZ¡— 15 ‡KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| o m~h© ‡_‡K g½‡ji Mo `~iZ¡—22.8 ‡KvwU
o c„w_exi e¨vm— cÖvq 12,667 wK‡jvwgUvi| wK‡jvwgUvi|
o c…w_ex GKevi m~h©‡K cÖ`w¶Y Ki‡Z mgq ‡bq— 365 o g½‡ji e¨vm— cÖvq 6,787 wK‡jvwgUvi|
w`b 5 NÈv 48 wgwbU 47 ‡m‡KÛ| ZvB GLv‡b 1 eQi o m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K GKevi Nyi‡Z mgq jv‡M— 687 w`b|
nq— 365 w`‡b| GwU m~‡h©i— Z…Zxq wbKUZg MÖn| o c…w_exi wbKUZg cÖwZ‡ekx— g½j|
o c„w_exi GKgvÎ DcMÖn— Pvu`/P›`ª| o Lvwj ‡Pv‡L g½j MÖn‡K— jvj‡P ‡`Lvq|
o c„w_exB †mŠiRM‡Zi GKgvÎ MÖn hvi evqygЇj o g½‡ji DcMÖn— 2wU| h_v— wW‡gvm I wd‡evm|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I ZvcgvÎv i‡q‡Q hv o w`bivwÎi cwigvY— cÖvq c…w_exi mgvb|
Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘ ev‡mi Dc‡hvMx nIqvq cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ o Aw·‡Rb I cvwbi cwigvY LyeB Kg Ges Kve©b-WvB-
i‡q‡Q| A·vB‡Wi cwigvY GZ ‡ewk (kZKiv 99 fvM) ‡h
cÖvYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv m¤¢e bq|
e„n¯úwZ (Jupiter) kwb (Saturn)
o m~h© †_‡K GwUi Mo `~iZ¡— 77.8 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi| o m~h© †_‡K GwUi Mo `~iZ¡— 143 †KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
o e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni e¨vm— 139,822 wK‡jvwgUvi| o kwb MÖ‡ni e¨vm— 120,000 wK‡jvwgUvi|
o m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K GKevi Nyi‡Z mgq jv‡M— 4,331 o m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K GKevi Nyi‡Z mgq jv‡M— cÖvq 29.5
w`b (12 eQi)| AvqZb— c„w_exi cÖvq 1300 ¸Y| eQi| AvqZb— c…w_exi cÖvq 760 ¸Y eo|
o ‡mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q eo MÖn— e„n¯úwZ (MÖnivR)| o ‡mŠiRM‡Zi wØZxq e…nËg MÖn— kwb|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc
o e„n¯úwZi DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v— 67wU| DBwKwcwWqv I o
bvmvi I‡qemvBU Abymv‡i— 79wU|
o evqygÐj ‰Zix— nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I wnwjqvg M¨vm w`‡q| o
o wbR A‡¶ GK evi AveZ©‡b mgq jv‡M— 9 NÈv 53
wgwbU|
BD‡ibvm (Uranus)
o m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K GKevi Nyi‡Z mgq jv‡M— 84 eQi|
o wbR A‡¶ GK evi AveZ©‡b mgq— 10 NÈv 49
wgwbU| ‡mŠiRM‡Zi Z…Zxq e„nËg MÖn— BD‡ibvm|
o DcMÖn— 27wU| meyR MÖn bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Ô‡Kcjvi-452weÕ n‡jv cªvq c„w_exi mgvb GKwU MÖn| weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, GwU GKwU wkjvgq MÖn|
# 00004 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
kwbi DcMÖn— 62wU| DBwKwcwWqv I bvmvi
I‡qemvBU Abymv‡i— 82wU| [cwieZ©bkxj Z_¨]
kwb †ewóZ—D¾¡j ejq Øviv| f~-Z¡K XvKv—
ei‡d|
‡bcPzb (Neptune)
o m~h© ‡_‡K `~iZ¡ cÖvq— 450 ‡KvwU wK‡jvwgUvi|
o m~‡h©i Av‡jv I ZvcgvÎv Lye Kg— ‡bcPzb MÖ‡n|
o AvqZb— cÖvq c„w_exi 72 ¸Y|
o DcMÖn— 14wU|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ô‡Kcjvi-452weÕ Kx? [44Zg wewmGm]
(K) GKwU gnvKvkhvb (L) c…w_exi g‡Zv GKwU MÖn
(M) m~‡h©i g‡Zv GKwU b¶Î (N) NASA-Gi AZ¨vaywbK ‡Uwj‡¯‹vc D: L
02. Av‡jvKel© e¨envi K‡i Kx cwigvc Kiv nq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) `~iZ¡ (L) mgq (M) fi (N) IRb D: K
03. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU e„nr †¯‹j gvbwPÎ? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. 1 : 10,000 L. 1 : 100,000 M. 1 : 1000,000 N. 1 : 2500,000 D: K
04. c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg gvbwPÎ cvIqv hvq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM): 05]
K. Px‡bi cÖvPx‡ii Kv‡Q L. e¨wej‡bi Dˇii Mv_yi kn‡ii aŸsmve‡k‡l
M. `wÿY Avwd«Kvi wf‡±vwiqv cÖ‡`‡k N. Biv‡bi wmivR kn‡iii aŸsmve‡k‡l D: L
05. ‡Kvb MÖ‡ni ZvcgvÎv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. ïµ L. c„w_ex M. g½j N. eya D−K
06. f~-c„‡ôi †mŠi`xß I AÜKviv”Qbœ As‡ki ms‡hvM¯’j‡K Kx e‡j? [cÖvK cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-13]
K. ¸iæe„Ë L. Qvqve„Ë M. †Mva~wj N. Elv D: L
07. m~‡h©i Ae¨ewnZ mgq‡K wK e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-10]
K. Elv L. ga¨vý M. †Mva~wj N. ivwÎ D: K
08. c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K KZ gvBj †e‡M Ny‡i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-05]
K. N›Uvq 57000 gvBj L. N›Uvq 67000 gvBj M. N›Uvq 62000 gvBj N. N›Uvq 70000 gvBj D: L
09. AvKv‡k D¾¡jZg bÿÎ †KvbwU? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (fjMv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (W¨v‡dvwWj): 12]
K. aªæeZviv L. cÖw·gv †m‡›UivB M. jyäK M. Ryjn D: M
10. Av`gmyivZ ejv nq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx): 12]
K. Kvjcyiæl‡K L. mßwl©gÐj‡K M. K¨vwmIwcqv‡K N. myib`x‡K D: K
e¨vL¨v: Av`gmyiZ / Kvjcyiæl: gvN ev †cŠl gv‡m ivw·Z c~e© AvKv‡k wkKvwi‡e‡k gvbyl AvK…wZi GKwU bÿÎgÐj †`Lv
hvq G‡K Av`gmyiZ ev Kvjcyiæl|
11. aªæeZviv †`Lv hvq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 12; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (K¨v‡gwjqv) : 12; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
K. DËi †Mvjv‡a© L. `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© M. c~e© †Mvjv‡a© N. cwðg †Mvjv‡a© D: K
e¨vL¨v: aªæeZviv †`Lv hvq— DËi †Mvjv‡a©| †fvi †ejvq c~e© AvKv‡k ïKZviv, mܨv‡ejvq mܨvZviv bv‡g cwiwPZ| aªæeZviv wVK
gv_vi Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i— my‡giæ we›`y‡Z| aªæeZviv Ae¯’vb K‡i— my‡giæ we›`y‡Z|
12. KZ eQi cici n¨vwji a~g‡KZz Avwef~©Z nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK (bvMwj½g): 12; †iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡Mvjvc) : 11]
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00005 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
K. 65 eQi L. 70 eQi M. 76 eQi N. 80 eQi D: M
13. GKwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g a~g‡KZzi bvg wK? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 05]
K. n¨vwj L. jviv M. Dév N. jvBwbqvi D: N
14. c„w_ex gnvKv‡ki GKwU— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 92]
K. bxnvwiKv L. †R¨vwZ®‹ M. bÿÎ N. DcMÖn D: L
15. c„w_ex n‡Z m~‡h©i Mo `~iZ¡- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv): 13]
K. 17 †KvwU wK.wg. L. 15 †KvwU wK.wg. M. 10 †KvwU wK.wg. N. 13 †KvwU wK.wg. D: L
16. †mŠiRM‡Zi MÖ‡ni msL¨v KqwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. 8 L. 7 M. 6 N. 10 D: K
17. m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i N~Y©vqgvb †R¨vwZ®‹gÐjx‡K ejv nq- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 11]
K. bÿÎ L. c„w_ex M. †mŠiRMr N. eya D: M
18. c„w_ex m~‡h©i GKwU- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 03]
K. bÿÎ L. DcMÖn M. MÖn N. Qvqvc_ D: M
19. c„w_exi wbKUZg MÖn †KvbwU? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 18]
K. g½j L. eya M. ïµ N. e„n¯úwZ D: M
20. ‡Kvb MÖ‡ni †Kvb Pvu` †bB? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wZ¯Ív) : 10]
K. g½j L. eya M. e„n¯úwZ N. ïµ D: L
21. gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvMZ iwk¥ I KYv‡K wK e‡j? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 93]
K. Avjdv †i L. weUv †i M. Mvgv †i N. KmwgK †i D: N
22. m~h© †K›`ª K‡i N~Y©vqgvb †R¨vwZ®‹gÐjx‡K ejv nq- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wkDjx) : 11]
K. bÿÎ L. c„w_ex M. †mŠiRMr N. eya D: M
23. m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖ‡ni bvg wK? [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (UMi) : 11; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (hgybv): 13]
K. RywcUvi L. ‡fbvm M. gvK©vwi N. gvm© D: M
24. m~‡h©i AvqZb c„w_ex A‡cÿv eo- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11]
K. 13 wgwjqb ¸Y L. 10 wgwjqb ¸Y M. 1.3 wgwjqb ¸Y N. 1.0 wgwjqb ¸Y D: M
25. c„w_exi RgR bv‡g cwiwPZ †Kvb MÖn? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 10]
K. kwb L. g½j M. eya N. ïµ D: N
26. ‡Kvb MÖ‡ni ZvcgvÎv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. c„w_ex L. g½j M. eya N. ïµ D: N
27. c„w_ex n‡Z Pvu‡`i `~iZ¡ KZ? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12]
K. 384,000 wK.wg. L. 3,95,000 wK.wg. M. 4,05,000 wK.wg. N. 4,20,000 D: K
28. c„w_exi Pviw`‡K Pvu‡`i GKevi Nyi‡Z jv‡M- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13]
K. 27 w`b L. 28 w`b M. 29 w`b N. 30 w`b D: K
29. c„w_exi wbR Aÿc‡_ AveZ©b‡K wK ejv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (ewikvj wefvM) : 03]
K. AvwýK MwZ L. AwfKl© M. evwl©K MwZ N. mij MwZ D: K
30. cÖ_g K…wÎg DcMÖn DÇqb K‡i †Kvb †`k? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 12]
K. hy³ivóª L. Pxb M. Rvcvb N. ivwkqv D: N
31. c„w_exi wbR A‡ÿ AveZ©‡bi w`K n‡”Q- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK-12; cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13]
K. c~e© n‡Z cwðg w`‡K L. cwðg n‡Z c~e© w`‡K
M. DËi n‡Z `wÿY w`‡K N. `wÿY n‡Z DËi w`‡K D: L
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00006 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
c„w_exi AvKvi-AvK…wZ
gnvKvkPvix BDwi M¨vMvwib 1961 mv‡ji 12B GwcÖj ¯úyUwb‡K P‡o c„w_ex‡K cÖ`wÿ‡Yi mgq eyS‡Z cv‡ib c„w_ex
Ô‡MvjvKviÕ Z‡e DËi-`wÿ‡Y wKQzUv Pvcv| c„w_exi cÖK…Z AvK…wZ n‡jv A‡bKUv ÔAwfMZ †Mvj‡KiÕ (Oblate Spheriod)
g‡Zv|
 c„w_exi †giæ‡`kxq e¨vm— 12,714 wK‡jvwgUvi|  c„w_exi wbi¶xq e¨vm— 12,757 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 †giæ‡`kxq I wbiÿxq e¨v‡mi cv_©K¨— 43 wK.wg.|  c„w_exi Mo e¨vm— 12,734.5 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 MYbvi myweav‡_© e¨vm aiv nq— 12,800  c„w_exi Mo e¨vmva©— 6,400 wK‡jvwgUvi|
wK‡jvwgUvi|
 wbi¶xq cwiwa— 40,077 wK‡jvwgUvi| (me©e„nr)  ‡giæ‡`kxq cwiwa— 40,009 wK‡jvwgUvi|
 MYbvi myweav‡_© c„w_exi Mo cwiwa aiv nq— 40,000 wK‡jvwgUvi|
Aÿ‡iLv, `ªvwNgv‡iLv I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †iLvmg~n (Latitude, Longitude and other important Lines)
Aÿ‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq—wbiÿ‡iLv †_‡K DËi ev `wÿ‡Y Ae¯’vb| g~j ga¨‡iLv †_‡K Rvbv hvq—c~e© ev cwð‡g
Ae¯’vb|
Aÿ‡iLv :
 c„w_exi †MvjvK…wZ ‡K›`ª w`‡q DËi-`w¶‡Y KwíZ ‡iLv‡K e‡j— Aÿ ev †giæ‡iLv|
 Aÿ ev †giæ‡iLvi DËi-cÖvšÍ we›`y‡K e‡j— DËi †giæ ev my‡giæ Ges `wÿY-cÖvšÍ we›`y‡K e‡j— `wÿY †giæ ev Kz‡giæ|
wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye‡iLv :
 `yB ‡giæ ‡_‡K mgvb `~i‡Z¡ c…w_ex‡K c~e©-cwð‡g ‡eób K‡i KwíZ ‡iLvi bvg— wbiÿ‡iLv ev welye‡iLv|
 wbi¶‡iLvi DËi-`w¶‡Y c…w_ex‡K wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q— `yB fv‡M|
 wbi¶‡iLvi DËi w`‡Ki c…w_exi A‡a©K‡K e‡j— DËi ‡Mvjva© I `w¶Y w`‡Ki A‡a©K‡K e‡j— `w¶Y ‡Mvjva©|
 wbiÿ‡iLvi Acibvg— gnve„Ë, ¸iæe„Ë, 0° Aÿ‡iLv, welye‡iLv|
 c…w_exi ‡Mvjxq AvK…wZi Rb¨ wbi¶‡iLv e…ËvKvi, ZvB G ‡iLv‡K e‡j— wbi¶e…Ë|
 GB wbi¶‡iLv‡K 0° a‡i DËi w`‡K I `w¶Y w`‡K `yB ‡giæ ch©šÍ aiv nq— 90° ev GK mg‡KvY|

/DËi Aÿ‡iLv

DËi Aÿ‡iLv/
KK©UµvwšÍ ‡iLv

/`wÿY Aÿ‡iLv
/gnve„Ë/¸iæe„Ë
`wÿY Aÿ‡iLv/
gKiµvwšÍ ‡iLv
/`wÿY Aÿ‡iLv

`wÿY ‡giæwe›`y

mgvÿ‡iLv : wbiÿ‡iLvi mgvšÍiv‡j DËi I `wÿ‡Y KwíZ Aÿ†iLvmg~n‡K e‡j— mgvÿ‡iLv| K‡qKwU mgvÿ‡iLv—
 KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv (Tropic of Cancer)—  my‡giæe„Ë (Arctic Circle)— DËi †Mvjv‡a© 66.50° DËi
DËi †Mvjv‡a© 23.50° DËi Aÿvsk| Aÿvsk|
 gKiµvwšÍ †iLv (Tropic of Capricorn)—  Kz‡giæe„Ë (Antarctic Circle)— `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© 66.50°
`wÿY †Mvjv‡a© 23.50° `wÿY Aÿvsk| `wÿY Aÿvsk
 c„w_ex e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª Drcbœ †KvY— 360°  evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q— KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00007 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

Aÿvsk :
 wbi¶‡iLv ‡_‡K DËi ev `w¶‡Y Aew¯’Z ‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi ‡KŠwYK `~iZ¡‡K e‡j— H ¯’v‡bi A¶vsk|
 cÖwZwU Aÿvsk‡K fvM Kiv nq— wgwbU (’) I †m‡K‡Û (’’)| `~i‡Z¡i GB wgwbU I †m‡K‡Û `ªvwNgv‡KI fvM Kiv nq|
 GKB †Mvjv‡a©i GKB Aÿvs‡ki gvbmg~‡ni ms‡hvM †iLv‡K e‡j— Aÿ‡iLv|
 Aÿvsk wbY©‡qi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨— ‡m·U¨v›U h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Ges aªæeZvivi mvnv‡h¨ Aÿvsk wbY©q|
 ‡h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ m~‡h©i DbœwZ cwigvc Kiv hvq Zv‡K e‡j— ‡m·U¨v›U hš¿|
`ªvwNgv‡iLv (Meridians of Longitude)
 wbi¶‡iLv‡K wWwMÖ, wgwbU I ‡m‡K‡Û fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K fvMwe›`yi Dci w`‡q DËi ‡giæ ‡_‡K `w¶Y ‡giæ ch©šÍ KwíZ
†iLvmg~n— `ªvwNgv‡iLv ev ga¨‡iLv| `ªvwNgv‡iLv¸‡jv— c…w_exi A‡a©‡Ki mgvb| A_©vr GK GKwU Aa©e…Ë|
 wMÖwbP g~j ga¨‡iLv ‡_‡K c~e© ev cwð‡g ‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi ‡KŠwYK `~iZ¡‡K e‡j— H ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgv|
g~j ga¨‡iLv
 hy³iv‡R¨i jÛb kn‡ii Kv‡Q wMÖwbP (Greenwich) gvb gw›`‡ii Dci w`‡q DËi ‡giæ ‡_‡K `w¶Y ‡giæ ch©šÍ
we¯Í…Z ‡h ga¨‡iLv AwZµg K‡i‡Q Zv‡K e‡j— g~j ga¨‡iLv| wMwb‡Pi `ªvwNgv— 00 |
 mgy`‡ª ¯ªvZ Ges evqycÖevn DËi †Mvjv‡a© Wvbw`‡K Ges `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© evg w`‡K †eu‡K hvIqv‡K e‡j— †d‡i‡ji
m~Î|
 `ªvwNgv wbY©‡qi c×wZ i‡q‡Q— `ywU| h_v : (K) ¯’vbxq mg‡qi cv_©K¨ I (L) wMÖwbP mgq Øviv|

K. ¯’vbxq mg‡qi cv_©K¨ : ‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ga¨v‡ý hLb m~h© wVK gv_vi ➢ c„w_exi cwiwa Øviv Drcbœ †KvY— 360°|
Dci Av‡m ‡mLv‡b ZLb `ycyi 12.00 Uv| ➢ g~j ga¨‡iLv GB 360° ‡K 1° c~e© I
L. wMÖwbP mgq Øviv : wMÖwb‡Pi `ªvwNgv k~b¨ wWwMÖ (0°) aiv nq| mg‡qi cwð‡g fvM K‡i‡Q— mgvb `yB fv‡M
wn‡m‡e wMÖwb‡Pi c~e© w`‡Ki †`k¸‡jv— GwM‡q _v‡K Ges cwðg w`‡Ki (cÖwZ fv‡M 180°)|
†`k¸‡jv— wcwQ‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`k wMÖwbP ‡_‡K— 90° c~‡e© Aew¯’Z ➢ cÖwZ 4 wgwbU mg‡qi cv_©‡K¨ `ªvwNgvi
A_©vr evsjv‡`‡ki mgq GwM‡q— 90° × 4 = 360 wgwbU ev 6 NÈv| cv_©K¨ nq— 1°|
▪ Ôe½eÜy gvbgw›`iÕ wbwg©Z n‡”Q©— dwi`cyi †Rjvi fv½v Dc‡Rjvq|
AvšÍRv© wZK ZvwiL‡iLv (International Date Line)
`ªvwNgv‡iLvi wbqgvbymv‡i, g~j ga¨‡iLv ‡_‡K c~e© I cwð‡g AMÖmi n‡j cÖwZ 1° wWwMÖ `ªvwNgvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ mg‡qi
e¨eavb nq— 4 wgwbU| A_©vr 180° Gi Rb¨ cv_©K¨ nq— (180 × 4) = 720 wgwbU ev 12 NÈv| Gfv‡e `yB w`‡K,
c~e© I cwðg w`‡K 12 NÈv K‡i e¨eavb nq— 24 NÈvi| c~e© w`‡K ‡M‡j ev‡o— 12 NÈv Ges cwðg w`‡K ‡M‡j
K‡g— 12 NÈv| A_©vr GKB `ªvwNgvq 180° ‡Z mg‡qi e¨eavb ‡`Lv ‡`q— 24 NÈv|
ZvwiL I ev‡ii ‡h mgm¨v nq Zvi mgvavbK‡í 1884 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi IqvwksU‡b Ô`ªvwNgv I mgqÕ m¤úwK©Z GK
AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b 180° `ªvwNgv‡iLv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL ‡iLv wn‡m‡e w¯’i Kiv nq|
c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Dci w`‡q 1800 AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL‡iLv cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c…w_exi cwðg ev c~e© ‡Mvjv‡a©i ZvwiL wefvR‡Ki (Date Line Divider) KvR K‡i— 180° `ªvwNgv‡iLv| GRb¨B
180° `ªvwNgv‡iLv‡K e‡j— AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL ‡iLv|
cwðgMvgx RvnvR AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL‡iLv AwZµg Ki‡j— GKw`b †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
c~e©Mvgx RvnvR AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL‡iLv AwZµg Ki‡j— GKw`b we‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
cÖwZcv` ¯’vb : f~-c…‡ôi ‡Kv‡bv we›`y ‡_‡K c…w_exi ‡Kvb KwíZ e¨vm f~-‡K›`ª ‡f` K‡i Aciw`‡Ki f~c…ô‡K ‡h we›`y‡Z ¯úk©
K‡i ‡mB we›`y‡K cÖ_g we›`ywUi cÖwZcv` ¯’vb e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZcv` ¯’vb— `wÿY Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡ki wPwji wbK‡U
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00008 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

AvwýK I evwl©K MwZ (Diurnal & Annual Motion)

c…w_exi MwZ `y cÖKvi| h_v— AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ| wbR A‡¶i Dci GKw`‡b AveZ©b Kiv‡K e‡j— AvwýK MwZ
(Diurnal Motion) Ges K¶c‡_ GKeQi m~h©‡K cwiµgY Kiv‡K e‡j— evwl©K MwZ (Annual Motion)|
c„w_exi AvwýK MwZ
 c…w_ex Zvi wb‡Ri ‡giæ`‡Ði ev A‡¶i Pviw`‡K w`‡b GKevi wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z cwðg ‡_‡K c~e© w`‡K (Nwoi KvuUvi wecixZ
w`‡K) AveZ©b K‡i| c…w_exi GB AveZ©b MwZ‡K e‡j— ‰`wbK MwZ ev AvwýK MwZ|
 c„w_ex Zvi wb‡Ri ‡giæ`‡Ði Dci GKevi cwðg ‡_‡K c~e© w`‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Z mgq ‡bq— 23 NÈv 56 wgwbU 4
‡m‡K‡Û A_©vr GKw`b| G‡K e‡j— ‡mŠiw`b|
 c„w_exi cwiwa me‡P‡q †ewk— wbiÿ‡iLvq| GRb¨ wbi¶‡iLvq c…w_exi AveZ©‡bi ‡eM— me‡P‡q ‡ewk (NÈvq cÖvq
1700 wK.wg.)| XvKvq c…w_exi AvwýK MwZi ‡eM— NÈvq 1600 wK.wg.| ‡giæi w`‡K AveZ©‡bi ‡eM— Kg‡Z _v‡K|
AvwýK MwZi c…w_ex‡Z w`evivÎ msNUb evqyceÖ vn I mgy`ª‡¯ªv‡Zi m„wó Dw™¢` I cÖvwYRMr m„wó
djvdj ‡Rvqvi-fvu U v m„ wó mgq MYbv ev mgq wba© v iY ZvcgvÎvi ZviZg¨ m„wó

c„w_exi evwl©K MwZ (Annual Motion) ev cwiµgY MwZ (Revolution Motion)

 m~‡h©i gnvKl© e‡ji AvKl©‡Y c…w_ex wb‡Ri A‡¶i Dci Aweivg Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó c‡_ wbw`©ó w`‡K (Nwoi KvuUvi
wecix‡Z) Ges wbw`©ó mg‡q m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Q| c…w_exi GB MwZ‡K e‡j— evwl©K MwZ ev cwiµgY MwZ|
 m~h©‡K GKevi cwiµgY Ki‡Z c…w_exi mgq jv‡M— 365 w`b 5 NÈv 48 wgwbU 47 ‡m‡KÛ| G‡K ‡mŠieQi e‡j|
G‡Z cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 6 NÈv AwZwi³ ‡_‡K hvq| cÖwZ 4 eQi AšÍi ‡deªæqvwi gv‡m 24 NÈv ev 1 w`b evwo‡q mg‡qi
g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ eRvq ivLv nq| Gfv‡e ‡deªæqvwi gvm‡K 1 w`b evwo‡q 29 w`b Kiv nq Ges H eQiwU‡K 366 w`b aiv
nq| hv Awael© (Leap Year) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 evwl©K MwZi djvdj : K. w`evivwÎi nªvm-e„w× Ges L. FZz cwieZ©b nIqv|

w`evivwÎi n«vm-e„w×
c„w_exi AwfMZ †MvjvK…wZ, c„w_exi Dce„ËvKvi Kÿc_, c„w_exi Aweivg AveZ©b I cwiµgY MwZ, c„w_exi Kÿc‡_ †KŠwYK
Ae¯’vb, c„w_exi †giæ‡iLvi me©`v GKBgy‡L Ae¯’vb cÖf…wZ w`evivwÎ n«vm-e„w×i KviY|
ZvwiL DËi †Mvjva© `wÿY †Mvjva©
21 †k Ryb `xN©Zg w`b I ÿz`ªZg ivZ ÿz`ªZg w`b I `xN©Zg ivZ
‡bvU : 21 ‡k Ryb m~h© DËivq‡Yi ‡kl mxgvq ‡cŠuQvq (23.5° DËi Aÿvs‡k), G‡K KK©U msµvwšÍ ev DËi AqbvšÍ w`em e‡j|
22 †k wW‡m¤^i `xN©Zg ivZ I ÿz`ªZg w`b `xN©Zg w`b I ÿz`ªZg ivZ
‡bvU : 22 ‡k wW‡m¤^i m~h© `w¶Yvq‡Yi ‡kl mxgvq ‡cŠuQvq (23.5° `wÿY Aÿvsk), G‡K gKi msµvwšÍ ev `w¶Y AqbvšÍ w`em e‡j|
21 †k gvP© I m~h© wbi¶‡iLvi Dci j¤¦fv‡e wKiY ‡`q| GB `yw`b c…w_exi me©Î w`evivÎ mgvb nq| GB `yw`b‡K
23 †k †m‡Þ¤^i welye (Equinox) e‡j| evmšÍ welye : 21‡k gvP© DËi ‡Mvjv‡a© emšÍKvj| ZvB G‡K evmšÍ welye
(Vernal Equinox) e‡j| kvi` welye : 23‡k ‡m‡Þ¤^i DËi ‡Mvjv‡a© kirKvj| ZvB H w`b‡K
kvi` welye (Autumnal Equinox) e‡j|
▪ wbiÿ‡iLvq w`bivwÎ me©`v mgvb _v‡K|

P›`ªMÖnY I m~h©MÖnY
NUbv mgq Ae¯’vb g‡b ivLvi m~Î
P›`ªMÖnY (Lunar Eclipse) Agvem¨v m~h© (Sun) → c„w_ex (Earth) → Pvu` (Moon) SEM
m~h©MÖnY (Solar Eclipse) c~wY©gv m~h© (Sun) → Pvu` (Moon) → c„w_ex (Earth) SME
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 00009 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. gKiµvwšÍ-‡iLv ‡KvbwU? [44Zg wewmGm]
(K) 23°30© `w¶Y A¶vsk (L) 23°30© DËi A¶vsk
(M) 23°30© c~e© `ªvwNgvsk (N) 23°30© cwðg `ªvwNgvsk D: K
02. m~h©MÖnY N‡U hLb- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 03]
K. Pvu` I m~h© GK mij‡iLvq Ae¯’vq K‡i L. Pvu` I c„w_ex GK †iLvq Ae¯’vb K‡i
M. Pvu`, m~h© I c„w_ex GK mij‡iLvq Ae¯’vq K‡i N. c„w_ex, m~h© I Pvu‡`i gv‡S _v‡K D: M
03. hLb m~h© I P‡›`ªi g‡a¨ c„w_ex Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb nq- [‡iwR÷vW© cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (nvmbv‡nbv) : 11]
K. m~h©MÖnY L. P›`ªMÖnY M. c~wY©gv N. Agvem¨v D: L
04. c„w_ex DËi `wÿ‡Y wKQzUv Pvcv I wbiÿxq A‡j A‡cÿvK…Z ùxZ AvKvi aviY Kivi KviY- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK
(W¨v‡dvwWj)-12]
K. gva¨vKl©Y kw³ L. gnvKl© kw³ M. cÖPÐ DËvc N. Aweivg AveZ©b D: N
05. w`evivwÎ msNwUZ nq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK-13]
K. AvwýK MwZi Rb¨ L. evwl©K MwZi Rb¨ M. gva¨vKl©Y kw³i cÖfv‡e N. †KvbwU bq D: K
06. ‡Kv_vq w`bivwÎ mgvb nq? [cÖvK cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-10]
K. DËi †Mvjv‡a© L. `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© M. wbiÿ‡iLvq N. †giæ A‡j D: M
07. DËi †Mvjv‡a©i me‡P‡q eow`b †KvbwU? [cÖvK cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-10]
K. 21 Ryb L. 1 Rvbyqvwi M. 22 †m‡Þ¤^i N. 21 wW‡m¤^i D: K
08. DËi †Mvjva© I m~‡h©i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk `~iZ¡ nq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-10]
K. 21 Ryb L. 2 Rvbyqvwi M. 23 †m‡Þ¤^i N. 22 wW‡m¤^i D: N
09. `wÿY †Mvjva© I m~‡h©i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk `~iZ¡ nq- [cÖvK cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-13]

K. 21 Ryb L. 2 Rvbyqvwi M. 23 †m‡Þ¤^i N. 22 wW‡m¤^i D: K

10. `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© DËi-AqbvšÍ N‡U KLb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-13]
K. 23 Ryb L. 22 wW‡m¤^i M. 23 RyjvB N. 21 †g D: L
11. ‡fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvíwbK †iLv evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q wM‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (gyw³‡hv×v †KvUv) :
2016]
K. AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv L. KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv M. gKiµvwšÍ †iLv N. g~j ga¨‡iLv D: L

c„w_exi AÂjwfwËK †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb

c…w_ex‡Z 7 wU gnv‡`k i‡q‡Q (c„w_exi †gvU AvqZ‡b 29 fvM)| h_v : Gwkqv, BD‡ivc, AvwdªKv, DËi Av‡gwiKv, `w¶Y
Av‡gwiKv, I‡kwbqv, G›UvK©wUKv| c…w_exi e…nËg gnv‡`k— Gwkqv (c„w_exi †gvU AvqZ‡bi 30 kZvsk) Ges ¶y`ªZg
gnv‡`k— gvbe emwZnxb eidv”Qbœ gnv‡`k ÔG›UvK©wUKvÕ (c„w_exi ‡gvU AvqZ‡bi 8.9 kZvsk)|
wewfbœ gnv‡`‡ki e„nËg hv wKQz
welq mvMi b`x n«` Øxc Ab¨vb¨
Gwkqv `wÿY Pxb mvMi BqvswmwKqvs Kvw¯úqvb †evwb©I DcØxc— Avie DcØxc
me©wb¤œ ¯’vb*— g„Z mvMi| civaxb †`k— wdwjw¯Íb I ZvBIqvb giæf~wg— ‡Mvwe
Avwd«Kv - bxjb` wf‡±vwiqv gv`vMv¯‹vi D”PZg ce©Zk„½—
e„nËg giæf~wg— mvnviv | me©wb¤œ we›`y*— †jK Avmvj (wReywZ) (ZvbRvwbqv)
BD‡ivc f~ga¨mvMi fjMv j¨v‡WvMv wMÖbj¨vÛ (‡Wbgv‡K©i gvwjKvbvq)
m‡ev©”P we›`y/D”PZg ce©Z— gvD›U Gjeªvm| me©wb¤œ ¯’vb— Kvw¯úqvb mvMi Lvj— my‡qR Lvj
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 000010 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

I‡kwbqv - gv‡i Wvwj©s †MÖU wf‡±vwiqv cÖevj cÖvPxi— †MÖU e¨vwiqvi wid
(cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i)
`. Av‡gwiKv - AvgvRvb - - m‡e©v”P ce©Z— Avw›`R
D. Av‡gwiKv - wgwmwmwc-wg‡mŠix - -
gnv‡`k Gwkqv BD‡ivc Avwd«Kv I‡kwbqv D. `. Av‡gwiKv G›UvK©wUKv
Av‡gwiKv
m‡ev©”P ¯’vb gvD›U gvD›U GjeyR© gvD›U cybvK Rvqv g¨vKwKb‡j AvKv½v¸qv wfbmb
Gfv‡i÷ wKwjgvÄv‡iv g¨vwmd
me©wb¤œ ¯’vb g„Z mvMi Kvw¯úqvb ‡jK Avmvj ‡jK Avqvi ‡W_ f¨vwj f¨vj‡`m mvMø¨vwmqvj
mvMi †cwbbmyjv †UªÂ

BDivj b`x, BDivj ce©Z Ges Kvw¯úqvb mvMi c„_K K‡i‡Q— Gwkqv‡K BD‡ivc n‡Z| eve-Gj gv‡›`e cÖYvjx I
†jvwnZ mvMi c„_K K‡i‡Q— Gwkqv‡K AvwdªKv n‡Z| BD‡ivc gnv‡`k cwiwPZ— cwðgv wek^ bv‡g|
c„w_exi wØZxq e„nËg gnv‡`k— Avwd«Kv| c„w_exi Z…Zxq e„nËg gnv‡`k— DËi Av‡gwiKv|
Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki ga¨fvM w`‡q wM‡q‡Q— 900 c~e© `ªvwNgv †iLv| BD‡iv‡ci `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z— AvwdªKv gnv‡`k|
Gwkqv I BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z nIqvq Zzi¯‹‡K ejv nq— BD‡iwkqvb ivóª|
DËi Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k Aew¯’Z— AvUjvw›UK I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii g‡a¨|
K¨vwiweqvb AÂj/`wÿY fviZxq ØxccyÄ/I‡q÷ BwÛR Aew¯’Z— DËi Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡k|
`wÿY cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Øxcmg~n‡K GK‡Î ejv nq— I‡kwbqv|

gnv‡`kwfwËK ÿz`ªZg I e„nËg †`k

gnv‡`k AvqZ‡b e…nËg AvqZ‡b ¶y`ªZg ‡`k gnv‡`k AvqZ‡b e…nËg AvqZ‡b ¶y`ªZg
‡`k ‡`k ‡`k
Gwkqv Pxb gvjØxc G›UvK©wUKv - -
AvwdªKv Avj‡Rwiqv wm‡Pwjm BD‡ivc ivwkqv f¨vwUKvb wmwU
DËi Av‡gwiKv KvbvWv ‡m›U wKUm A¨vÛ †bwfm I‡kwbqv A‡÷ªwjqv bvDiæ
`w¶Y Av‡gwiKv eªvwRj mywibvg
we‡k^i cvuPwU e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg †`k
e…nËg ‡`k ¶y`ªZg ‡`k e…nËg ‡`k ¶y`ªZg ‡`k
ivwkqv f¨vwUKvb wmwU Pxb f¨vwUKvb wmwU
RbmsL¨vq
AvqZ‡b

KvbvWv ‡gvbv‡Kv fviZ Uyf¨vjy

hy³ivóª bvDiæ hy³ivóª bvDiæ
Pxb Uyf¨vjy B‡›`v‡bwkqv cvjvD
eªvwRj mvbg¨vwi‡bv eªvwRj mvbg¨vwi‡bv
we‡k^i gnvmvMimg~n
 cZz©wMR bvweK dvw`©bv›` g¨vwRjb cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii bvg †`b— c¨vwmwdK| G gnvmvM‡ii kvšÍ Rjivwk †`‡L wZwb
Ggb bvgKiY K‡ib| GwU c„w_exi e„nËg I MfxiZg gnvmvMi| G gnvmvM‡i wg‡k‡Q Ggb mvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q—
Rvcvb mvMi, cxZ mvMi I Pxb mvMi| m‡jvgvb ØxccyÄ, cvcyqv wbDwMwb, cvjvD, wdwjcvBb cÖf…wZ G gnvmvM‡ii Øxc
†`k|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 000011 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
 AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi gnvmvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvqZ‡b wØZxq n‡jI ¸iæ‡Z¡i w`K w`‡q— cÖ_g| AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi `Lj
K‡i Av‡Q we‡k^i— 20 kZvsk RvqMv| AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi DËi AvUjvw›UK I `wÿY AvUjvw›UK GB `yBfv‡M wef³|
AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Øxcmg~n— wMÖbj¨vÛ, wKDev, evnvgv, hy³ivR¨, evigyWv, †WvwgwbKvb cÖRvZš¿|
 gnvmvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fviZ gnvmvMi AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K— Z…Zxq Ges MfxiZvi w`K †_‡K— wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b
i‡q‡Q| G gnvmvM‡ii Dˇi Avie mvMi I e‡½vcmvMi| fviZ gnvmvM‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Øxcmg~n— w`qv‡Mv Mvwm©qv,
wmwmwjm, gvjØxc, gv`vMv¯‹vi, Av›`gvb wb‡Kvei ØxccyÄ, kÖxj¼v, †m›U g¨vwiÕm ØxccyÄ, K‡gvim, gwikvm cÖf…wZ|
 c„w_exi e„nËg mvMi— `wÿY Pxb mvMi, MfxiZg mvMi— K¨vwiweqvb mvMi Ges e„nËg DcmvMi— †gw·‡Kv
DcmvMi|
AvqZ‡b we‡k^ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb
‡QvU‡`i wek^‡Kvl— 90 DBwKwcwWqv I Iqvì© A¨vUjvm— 92 ‡m›Uªvj Bb‡Uwj‡RÝ G‡RwÝ— 95

evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨

‡gŠwjK Z_¨ `wÿY Gwkqvi GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª| ga¨fvM w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv (Tropic of Cancer)|
‡fŠ‡MvwjK Aÿvsk 200 34′ ‡_‡K 260 38′ DËi A¶vsk|
Ae¯’vb `ªvwNgvsk 880 01′ ‡_‡K 920 41′ c~e© `ªvwNgv‡iLv|
AvqZb 147,570 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi ev 56,977 eM©gvBj|
mxgvbv Dˇi— fvi‡Zi cwðge½, ‡gNvjq I Avmvg ivR¨ cwð‡g— fvi‡Zi cwðge½ ivR¨ Aew¯’Z
`w¶‡Y— e‡½vcmvMi Ges c~‡e©— wÎcyiv, wg‡Rvivg ivR¨, Avmvg I gvqvbgvi
‡bvU : evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ mxgvbv i‡q‡Q `ywU †`‡ki| h_v- fviZ I wgqvbgvi| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-cwð‡g—
nvwoqvfv½v b`x evsjv‡`k-fviZ mxgvbvq Ges `wÿY-c~‡e©— bvd b`x fviZ I wgqvbgv‡ii mxgvbvq Aew¯’Z|
¯’jmxgv (fvi‡Zi mv‡_) 3,715 wK‡jvwgUvi 4,156 wK‡jvwgUvi
¯’jmxgv (wgqvbgv‡ii 280 wK‡jvwgUvi 271 wK‡jvwgUvi
mv‡_)
me©‡gvU ¯’jmxgv 3,995 wK‡jvwgUvi 4,427 wK‡jvwgUvi
mgy`ª DcK~‡ji ‰`N©¨ 716 wK‡jvwgUvi 711 wK‡jvwgUvi
me©‡gvU mxgv‡iLv 4,711 wK‡jvwgUvi 5,138 wK‡jvwgUvi
(m~Î : gva¨wgK f~‡Mvj) (m~Î : eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`k)
mgy`m
ª xgv ▪ ‡Uwi‡Uvwiqvj ev ivR‰bwZK— 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj|
▪ A_©‰bwZK GKvšÍ AÂj (EEZ)— 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj ev 370.40 wK‡jvwgUvi|
▪ †gvU mgy`ªmxgv— 118,813 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi|
▪ mvgyw`ªK gvwjKvbv— gnx‡mvcv‡bi †kl mxgvbv| evsjv‡`‡ki mgy‡`ªi gnx‡mvcvb AÂj— 350
bwUK¨vj gvBj| 1 bwUK¨vj gvBj— 1.852 wK‡jvwgUvi| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq †Rjv— 19wU|
mxgvšÍeZ©x fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi mxgvbv i‡q‡Q— 5wU iv‡R¨i| h_v— Avmvg, wg‡Rvivg, wÎcyiv,
ivR¨ I ‡gNvjq, cwðge½| (g‡b ivLvi Dcvq: Avwg ‡g‡N wÎcyiv cvB)|
†Rjv fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x ‡Rjv— 30 wU| evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x fvi‡Zi
cwðge‡½i ‡Rjv— 9wU| h_v— gvj`n, gywk©`vev`, b`xqv, DËi PweŸk ciMbv, DËi
w`bvRcyi, `w¶Y w`bvRcyi, RjcvB¸wo, KyPwenvi, `vwR©wjs|
wgqvbgvi evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ wgqvbgv‡ii mxgvšÍeZ©x ivR¨— 2wU (ivLvBb I kvb)|
wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjv— 3wU (ivOvgvwU, ev›`ievb, K·evRvi)|
‡bvU : evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fviZ I wgqvbgv‡ii †gvU mxgvšÍeZ©x ‡Rjv— 32 wU| fviZ I gvqvbgvi Dfq
‡`‡ki mv‡_B mxgvšÍ i‡q‡Q— 1wU †Rjvi (ivOvgvwU)| †h `yB wefv‡Mi mv‡_ fviZ ev wgqvbgv‡ii †Kvb
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 000012 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

mxgvšÍ ms‡hvM bvB— XvKv I ewikvj| evsjv‡`k-fviZ AgxgvswmZ mxgvšÍ— 2.5 wK‡jvwgUvi (gûixi
Pi)| evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x fvi‡Zi †m‡fb wm÷vm© ivR¨— 4wU (Avmvg, wg‡Rvivg, ‡gNvjq I wÎcyiv)|
evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x bq Ggb †m‡fb wm÷vm© ivR¨— 3wU (gwYcyi, bvMvj¨vÛ I AiæYvPj)|
wefvM PÆMÖvg PÆMÖvg, ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo, ‡dbx, Kywgjøv, eªvþYevwoqv, ev›`ievb I K·evRvi|
Abyhvqx ivRkvnx ivRkvnx, PvucvBbeveMÄ, RqcyinvU, bIMvu|
evsjv‡`‡ki iscyi KywoMÖvg, jvjgwbinvU, cÂMo, bxjdvgvix, VvKyiMvuI, w`bvRcyi|
mxgvšÍeZ©x Lyjbv mvZ¶xiv, h‡kvi, wSbvB`n, Kywóqv, ‡g‡nicyi, PyqvWv½v|
32wU wm‡jU wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ, nweMÄ, ‡gŠjfxevRvi|
‡Rjvi bvg gqgbwmsn gqgbwmsn, Rvgvjcyi, ‡b·KvYv, ‡kicyi|
wQUgnj ‡gŠwjK ▪ wQUgnj wewbgq nq— 31 RyjvB,2015 ga¨iv‡Z (A_©vr 1 AvM÷, 2015)|
(Enclave) Z_¨ ▪ wQUgnj wewbg‡qi wfwË— evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ ¯’j mxgvšÍ Pyw³|
▪ ‡gvU wQUgnj wewbgq nq— 162wU|
▪ evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ hy³ nq— fvi‡Zi 111 wU wQUgnj (AvqZb 17 nvRvi 158 GKi)|
▪ fvi‡Zi mv‡_ hy³ nq— evsjv‡`‡ki 51 wU wQUgnj (AvqZb 7 nvRvi 110 GKi)|
mxgvšÍ Pzw³ ▪ ¯^vÿwiZ nq— 16 †g, 1974 wLª÷v‡ã| ¯^vÿ‡ii ¯’vb— bqvw`jøx, fviZ|
▪ ¯^vÿi K‡ib— e½eÜz I Bw›`iv MvÜx|
▪ `xN© cÖZx¶vi ci 6 ‡g I 7 ‡g (2015) fvi‡Zi ivR¨mfvq I ‡jvKmfvq 119Zg
msweavb ms‡kvabx we‡j mxgvšÍ Pyw³wU cvm nq|
`nMÖvg- ▪ Ae¯’vb wQj— jvjgwbinvU ‡Rjvi cvUMÖvg Dc‡Rjvq| AvqZb wQj— 35 eM©gvBj|
Av½i‡cvZv ▪ we‡klZ¡— GB wQUgn‡ji mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ fviZ ÔwZb weNv Kwi‡WviÕ Ly‡j
wQUgnj w`‡qwQj| wZ¯Ív b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z wZbweNv Kwi‡Wv‡ii gvc wQj— (178 wgUvi × 85 wgUvi)|
gkvjWv½v ▪ wQUgnjwU KywoMÖvg ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z wQj|
fvi‡Zi wewfbœ iv‡R¨i mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjv
cwðge‡½i mv‡_ (15) ivRkvnx, PvucvBbeveMÄ, bIMvu, RqcyinvU, w`bvRcyi, VvKyiMvuI, cÂMo, bxjdvgvix,
jvjgwbinvU, Kywóqv, ‡g‡nicyi, PyqvWv½v, wSbvB`n, mvZ¶xiv, h‡kvi|
Avmv‡gi mv‡_ (4) KywoMÖvg, wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ, ‡gŠjfxevRvi|
wÎcyivi mv‡_ (7) nweMÄ, eªvþYevwoqv, Kywgjøv, ‡dbx, PÆMÖvg, LvMovQwo, ivOvgvwU|
‡gNvj‡qi mv‡_ (4) Rvgvjcyi, ‡kicyi, gqgbwmsn, ‡b·KvYv
wg‡Rviv‡gi mv‡_ (1) ivOvgvwU [G †RjvwUi mxgvšÍ fvi‡Zi wÎcyiv ivR¨ I wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ i‡q‡Q]*
evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`wª eRq
ivq cÖ`vbKvix msMVb ivq cÖ`v‡bi ZvwiL we‡ivac~Y© GjvKv evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b
wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_
ITLOS (International Tribunal for Law of the Sea) 14 gvP© 2012 wLª. 80,000 eM© wK.wg. 50,000 eM© wK.wg.
‡bvU : evsjv‡`k-wgqvbgvi mgy`ªmxgv we‡iva wb®úwËi gvgjvi iv‡qi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k wbqš¿Y jvf K‡i— 1,11,631 eM© wK.wg.|
fvi‡Zi mv‡_
PCA (Permanent Court of Arbitration) 7 RyjvB 2014 wLª. 25,602 eM© wK.wg. 19,467 eM© wK.wg.
▪ e‡½vcmvM‡ii Dci AwaKvi cÖwZôvi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc †bb— e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb (1974 mv‡j)|
▪ e½eÜz miKv‡ii D‡`¨v‡M †Uwi‡Uvwiqvj IqvUvm© GÛ †gwiUvBb †Rvb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq— 1974 mv‡j|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 000013 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv
evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x ¯’vb
iscyi wefvM
‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb ‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
cÂMo evsjvevÜv, †eoyevwo, gvwScvov, †ZZzwjqv| VvKziMvuI evwjqvWvw½, nwicyi, ivYxks‰Kj|
jvjgwbinv nvwZevÜv, eywogvix, `nMÖvg, ‡gvMjnvU| KywoMÖvg ‡iŠgvwi, Kjvevox, BZvjvgvix, f›`iPi|
U
bxjdvgvix wPjvnvUx| w`bvRcyi wnwj, weij, weivgcyi, dyjevox|
ivRkvnx wefvM
‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb ‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
RqcyinvU AvUcvov, †PuPov, cvPwewe| PvucvBbeveMÄ ‡mvbv gmwR`, wkeMÄ, ‡Mvg¯Ívcyi, ‡fvjvnvU,
bIMvu bwRcyi, mvcvnvi, †cvikv | gbKkv, KzwcZjv, Rvwgbcyi, wKiYMÄ|
ivRkvnx cev, ‡Mv`vMvox, PviMÖvg|
Lyjbv wefvM
‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb ‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
Kywóqv ‡fovgviv| mvZÿxiv ‡fvgiv, †`envUv, KvwjMÄ, cÙkvLiv, ˆeKvwi,
‡g‡nicyi gywRebMi, Mvsbx| ˆKLvjx, KzkLvjx, Kjv‡ivqv, ZjyBMvQv
PzqvWv½v `k©bv, RxebbMi, `vgyoû`v|
gqgbwmsn wefvM
‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb ‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
‡kicyi bvwjZvevox gqgbwmsn nvjyqvNvU, KoBZjx|
‡b·KvYv ev`vgevwo, `yM©vcyi
wm‡jU wefvM
‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb ‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
nweMÄ gvaecyi, evjøv, PzbviæNvU| wm‡jU cv`yqv, RwKMÄ, Zvgvwej, weqvbxevRvi,
mybvgMÄ `yqvivevRvi| ‰RšÍvcyi, ‡mvbvinvU, wgbvUzjv, AvswK, cÖZvccyi,
‡gŠjfxevRvi ‡Wvgvevwo, eo‡jLv| †MvqvBbNvU, KvbvBNvU|

PÆMÖvg wefvM
‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb ‡Rjv mxgvšÍeZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
Kywgjøv ‡PŠÏMÖvg, wewei evRvi, eywoPs| K·evRvi DwLq¨v, bvBUscvov, wSgsLvjx
‡dbx we‡jvwbqv, gûixMÄ, dyjMvRx| ev›`ievb AvLvBbVs
LvMovQwo cvbQwo|
wewfbœ †Kv‡Y ‡KvY DËi-cwðg DËi-c~e© `w¶Y-cwðg `w¶Y-c~e©
‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb ¯’vb/‡Rjv ‡ZZywjqv, cÂMo RwKMÄ, wm‡jU k¨vgbMi, mvZ¶xiv ‡UKbvd,K·vevRvi
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 000014 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

wewfbœ w`‡Ki Ae¯’vb ¯’vb Dc‡Rjv ‡Rjv

me©‡k‡li DËi evsjvevÜv/ RvqMxi‡RvZ ‡ZuZywjqv cÂMo
¯’vb `wÿY ‡QuovØxc/‡m›UgvwU©b ‡UKbvd K·evRvi
c~e© AvLvBbVs _vbwP ev›`ievb
cwðg gbvKkv wkeMÄ PvucvBbeveMÄ
DcK~jxq †Rjv (19wU) K·evRvi, Lyjbv, SvjKvwV, h‡kvi/‡MvcvjMÄ, †dbx, PÆMÖvg, Pvu`cyi, ‡fvjv, ewikvj, ei¸bv,
ev‡MinvU, mvZÿxiv, wc‡ivRcyi, †bvqvLvjx, bovBj, j²xcyi, kwiqZcyi Ges cUzqvLvjx।
evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’je›`i
bvg Ae¯’vb fvi‡Z/wgqvbgv‡i bvg Ae¯’vb fvi‡Z/wgqvbgv‡i
evsjvevÜv ‡ZuZzwjqv, cÂMo dzjevwo/`vwR©wjs ‡UKbvd ‡UKbvd, gy›`y (wgqvbgvi)
K·evRvi
‡ebv‡cvj kvikv, h‡kvi †cUªv‡cvj, ebMvuI, nvjyyqvNvU nvjyqvNvU, _yiv
DËi PweŸk ciMbv gqgbwmsn
eywogvix cvUMÖvg, jvjgwbinvU ‡gLvwjMÄ, AvLvDov AvLvDov, AvMiZjv
†KvPwenvi eªvþYevwoqv
wnwj nvwKgcyyi, w`bvRcyi wnwj, `wÿY w`bvRcyi bvKzMvuI bvwjZvevox, †kicyi
‡fvgiv m`i, mvZÿxiv ewminvU, DËi PweŸk `k©bv `vgyiû`v, PzqvWv½v ‡M‡`, b`xqv
ciMbv
‡mvbvgmwR` wkeMÄ, PvucvBbeveMÄ gvnvw`cyi, gvj`v Zvgvwej ‡MvqvBbNvU, WvIwK, cwðg RqwšÍqv
cvnvo, †gNvjq
wm‡jU
wewei evRvi m`i, Kzwgjøv AvMiZjv ‡mvbvnvU fzziæ½vgvix KywoMÖvg
weij weij, w`bvRcyi iwaKvcyi, DËi ‡fvjvMÄ ‡fvjvMÄ, wm‡jU ‡fvjvMÄ,
w`bvRcyi DmgvI, †gNvjq
gywRebMi gywRebMi, †g‡nicyi ü`qcyi, Pvcov, b`xqv cÖvMcyi (cÖ¯ÍvweZ) ‡`ŠjZcyi, Kzwóqv wkKvicyi, b`xqv
▪ evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b miKvi †NvwlZ ¯’je›`i i‡q‡Q— 25wU| hvi g‡a¨ Pvjy i‡q‡Q— 12wU|
▪ evsjv‡`‡ki 24Zg ¯’je›`i— ‡fvjvMÄ Ges 25Zg ¯’je›`i— gywRebMi|
evsjv‡`‡ki wKQz RvqMvi cyivZb I eZ©gvb bvg
bZzb bvg (cyivZb bvg) bZzb bvg (cyivZb bvg) MvBevÜv (fevbxMÄ) PÆMÖvg (Bmjvgvev`)
Kzwgjøv (mgZU) ‡mvbviMvuI (myeY©MÖvg) gywÝMÄ (weµgcyi) XvKv (Rvnv½xibMi)
‡bvqvLvjx (fzjyqv/myavivg) wm‡jU (kªxnÆ/Rvjvjvev`) evnv`yi kvn cvK© (wf‡±vwiqv cvK©) jvjevM `yM© (AvIi½ev` †Kjøv)
gqbvgwZ (‡ivwnZwMwi) ev‡MinvU (Lwjdvev`) ‡m›U gvwU©b Øxc (bvwi‡Kj wRwÄiv) evsjv GKv‡Wwg (ea©gvb nvDR)
wbSzg Øxc (evDjvi Pi) MvRxcyi (Rq‡`ecyi) h‡kvi (LwjdvZvev`) dwi`cyi (dv‡Znvev`)
gqgbwmsn (bvwmivev`) gywRebMi (ˆe`¨bv_Zjv) Lyjbv (Rvnvbvev`) ivRevwo (‡Mvqvj›`)
K·evRvi (dvjwKs) ewikvj (P›`ªØxc/evKjv) ‡dbx (kg‡kibMi) mvZÿxiv (mvZNwiqv)
w`bvRcyi (M‡Ûvqvbvj¨vÛ) Kzwóqv (b`xqv) gnv¯’vbMo (cyÛªyea©b) ‡fvjv (kvnevRcyi)
HwZn¨evnx ¯’vb : cixwewei gvRvi- jvjevM †Kjøvq| ‡eŠ×mf¨Zvi wb`k©b cvIqv hvq- Kzwgjøv gqbvgwZ cÖZœZvwZ¡K
Ae¯’v‡b| eo KvUiv I †QvU KvUiv Aew¯’Z- XvKvi PKevRv‡i| ˆeivMxi wfUv I †Lv`vi cv_iwfUv Aew¯’Z- gnv¯’vbMo,
e¸ov| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZ kni- cyÛªea©b| †nvmwb `vjvb- cyivb XvKvi eLkxevRv‡i|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 000015 # f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek I `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †`kwUi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK mxgvbv i‡q‡Q? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) Pxb (L) cvwK¯Ívb (M) _vBj¨vÛ (N) gvqvbgvi D:N
02. GKB cwigvY e„wócvZ AÂjmg~n‡K †h KvíwbK †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lvbv nq Zvi bvg- [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) AvB‡mvwcø_ (L) AvB‡mvnvBU (M) AvB‡mvn¨vjvBb (N) AvB‡mv_vg© D: L
03. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cÖvPxb emwZ †KvbwU? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) gqbvgwZ (L) cyЪea©b (M) cvnvocyi (N) ‡mvbviMvu D: L
04. evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x fvi‡Zi ivR¨ KqwU? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) 3wU (L) 4wU (M) 5wU (N) 6wU D: M
05. evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb †KvbwU? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. 880 1′ †_‡K 920 41′ c~e© `ªvwNgvs‡k L. 800 31′ ‡_‡K 400 90′ `ªvwNgvs‡k
0 ′ 0 ′
M. 22 30 †_‡K 20 34 `wÿY `ªvwNgvs‡k N. 340 35′ †_‡K 380 DËi Aÿvs‡k D−K
06. evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q− (10g, 16,Zg Ges 22Zg wewmGm)
K. gKi µvwšÍ †iLv L. UªwcK Ae K¨vÝvi M. wbiÿ‡iLv N. g~j ga¨ †iLv D−L
07. evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi mxgvbv KZ? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. 5,138 wK.wg. L. 4,371 wK.wg. M. 4,156 wK.wg. N. 3,978 wK.wg. D−M
08. fviZxq †Kvb iv‡R¨i mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb mxgvšÍ bvB? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. bvMvj¨vÛ L. †gNvjq M. wÎcyiv N. Avmvg D−K
09. evsjv‡`‡ki Dˇi Aew¯’Z− (16Zg wewmGm)
K. †bcvj I fzUvb L. cwðge½, †gNvjq I Avmvg M. cwðge½ I KzPwenvi N. cwðge½ I Avmvg D: L
10. e½eÜy gvbgw›`i ‡Kvb ‡fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb wb©wgZ n‡e?
K. 23.5N 90E L. 23.5S 90W M. 23.5N 90W N. 23.5W 90E D: K
11. c„w_exi e„nËg gnv‡`k †KvbwU? (22Zg wewmGm)
K. Gwkqv L. Av‡gwiKv M. I‡kwbqv N. Avwd«Kv D: K
12. evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †RjvwU evsjv‡`k-fviZ mxgv‡šÍi g‡a¨ bq? (32Zg wewmGm)
K. cÂMo L. mvZÿxiv M. nweMÄ N. K·evRvi D−N
13. Ô`nMÖvgÕ wQUgnj evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †Rjvq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. w`bvRcyi L. bxjdvgvix M. KzwoMÖvg N. jvjgwbinvU D: ‡bvU
e¨vLv: Ô`nMÖvgÕ wQUgnjwU evsjv‡`‡ki jvjgwbinvU †Rjvi, cvUMÖvg Dc‡Rjvq Ges fvi‡Zi KzPwenvi †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgnj wewbg‡qi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb fvi‡Zi wQUgnj †bB|
14. বেনাপ াল সীমান্ত ব ান বেলায়? [োাংলাপেশ েু টমমল প পাপেশপনে অমিসাে - ২০১৭]
( ) মসপলট (খ) োঙ্গামাটি (গ) যপশাে (ঘ) ােনা উ: গ

cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †bvU Kiæb