Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 1 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj

mnvqK †bvU-01
evsjv‡`k welqvewj (01)
wm‡jevm : cÖvPxb hyM †_‡K bevwe Avgj, Bs‡iR kvmb, †`kwefvM
fvm©b : b‡f¤^i, 2021
wm‡jev‡mi GB As‡ki cÖkœ we‡kølY
KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43
Aa¨vq GK : evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq welqvewj
cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji BwZnvm (cÖvPxb
3 6 2 2 4 9 3
Kvj †_‡K †`kwefvM), K…wó I ms¯‥…wZ

cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji BwZnvm, K…wó I ms¯‥…wZ

 evOvwj RvwZ—— Aw÷ªK, `ªvweo Ges Avh© RvwZi mswgkÖ‡Y MwVZ GKwU msKi RvwZ|
 mgMÖ evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx wef³ wQj— `yB fv‡M| h_v— Avh© Ges Abvh©| Avh©c~e© Rb‡Mvôx wef³ wQj— Pvi fv‡M|
h_v— †bwMÖ‡Uv, Aw÷ªK, `ªvweo I g‡½vwjq ev †fvUPxbxq|
 cvuP-Qq nvRvi eQi c~‡e© B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Aw÷ªK Rb‡Mvôx evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i— ‡bwMÖ‡Uv‡`i civwRZ K‡i|
 cÖvq Pvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© evsjvq `ªvweoiv Av‡m— AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi LvBevi wMwic_ w`‡q| mf¨Zvq DbœZZi `ªvweoiv
mÿg nq— Aw÷ªK RvwZi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z|
 wLª÷c~e© 1500 A‡ã LvBevi wMwic_ w`‡q K‡Kkxq A‡ji Avh©‡Mvôx fviZe‡l© cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wLª÷c~e© cÖ_g kZ‡K
evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| †fvUPxbxqiv ev g‡½vj‡qW (Mv‡iv, †KvP, wÎcyiv, PvKgv, ivReswk) Av‡m— g‡½vwjqv †_‡K|
 Avh©‡`i evsjvq AvMg‡bi mgq evsjvq evm KiZ— Aw÷ªKiv (Abvh©)| Aw÷ªKiv Avh©‡`i †P‡q mf¨Zvq wcwQ‡q _vKvq
Avh©iv Abvh©‡`i Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i evsjvq AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i|
 mbvZb agv©ej¤^x Avh©‡`i cÖavb ag©MÖš’ n‡”Q— †e` [43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] Ges Zv‡`i Avw` wbevm— cvi‡m¨ (eZ©gvb Bivb)|
 Aveyj dR‡ji ÔAvBb-B-AvKeixÕ MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g ÒevsjvÓ kãwU e¨eüZ nq| e½ + Avj/AvBj Gi mgš^‡q evsjv kãwU
MwVZ| me©cÖ_g e½ bv‡gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq— HZ‡iq AviY¨K MÖ‡š’| mycÖvPxb e½ †`‡ki mxgv m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Av‡Q—
bxnviiÄb iv‡qi ÔevOvwji BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’|
cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
evsjv bv‡gi GKwU ALÐ †`‡ki Rb¥ GKev‡i nqwb| Gi hvÎv ïiæ nq Rbc`¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q| DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I wewfbœ
mvwnZ¨MÖ‡š’ cÖvq 16wU Rbc‡`i K_v Rvbv hvq|
cyЪ o ivRavbx— cyЪbMi| cieZ©xKv‡j bvg— gnv¯’vbMo|
o AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, e¸ov| (kU©KvU- isivw`e)|
o cÖvPxbZg Rbc`— cyЪ| [43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi] cÖvPxb ivRavbx— cyЪbMi| GB Rbc`‡K ejv nq—
cÖvPxb mg„× Rbc`|
o gnv¯’vbMo— cÖvPxb cyЪbMixi aŸsmve‡kl| GLv‡b cÖvß cv_‡ii PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv wjwc‡K aviYv Kiv
nq— evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß cÖvPxbZg wkjvwjwc|
o 1808 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g gnv¯’vbM‡oi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ K‡ib— d«vwÝm eyKvbb n¨vwgjUb|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 2 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
o 1879 wLª÷v‡ã cyЪea©‡bi ivRavbxiƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡ib— weªwUk cÖZœZË¡we` Av‡jKRvÛvi Kvwbsnvg|
‡M․o o ivRavbx— KY©myeY©| Gi Ae¯’vb wQj— gywk©`vev` †Rjvq| 7g kZ‡K ‡M․oivR ejv n‡Zv— kkv¼‡K|
o AšÍfy©³ GjvKv— PvucvBbeveMÄ, gvj`n, gywk©`vev`, exif~g, cwðg ea©gvb, b`xqv| (g‡b ivLyb Pvcv
gvgyi wewe b`x‡Z)| evsjv‡`‡ki ‡Rjv— PvucvBbeveMÄ| Ô‡M․‡oiÕ D‡jøL cvIqv hvq— cvwYwbi MÖ‡š’|
o evsjvq gymjgvb hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z †M․o ejv n‡Zv— jÿYveZx‡K|
e½/ o ivRavbx— BwZnv‡m cvIqv hvq bv| e½ Rbc` †_‡K— evOvwj RvwZi DrcwË| fvlv wQj— Aw÷ªK|
M½vwiWvB o AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— XvKv, MvRxcyi, gqgbwmsn, dwi`cyi, Lyjbv, ewikvj, ev‡MinvU, cUzqvLvjx| (g‡b
ivLyb : DGM dwi` Lye evMcUz)| eZ©gv‡b e„nËg XvKv †Rjv cÖvPxbKv‡j e½ Rbc‡`i AšÍf©y&³ wQj|
o M‡o D‡VwQj— evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I `wÿY-c~e© w`‡K| M½v I fvMxi_xi gvSLv‡bi AÂjwU wQj— e½|
o cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z cvIqv hvq— e‡½i `yÕwU A‡ji bvg| h_v— weµgcyi Ges be¨|
o F‡M¦‡`i ÔHZ‡iq AviY¨KÕ MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g Ôe½Õ †`‡ki bvg cvIqv hvq|
mgZU o ivRavbx— eo KvgZv/‡ivwnZwMwi| wnD‡qb mvO-Gi g‡Z, mgZU bv‡g Rbc` wQj— Kvgiƒ‡c|
o AšÍfz©³ GjvKv— ‡bvqvLvjx I Kzwgjøv| eo KvgZv bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj— eZ©gvb gqbvgwZ|
o eZ©gv‡b gqbgwZ A‡j †h aŸsmve‡kl †`Lv hvq Zv— cÖvPxb bMix I †e․× wenv‡ii Aewkóvsk|
o kvjeb wenvi Aew¯’Z— gqbvgwZ‡Z| wenviwU wbg©vY K‡ib— ‡`ees‡ki 4_© ivRv kÖxfe‡`e|
nwi‡Kj o ivRavbx— kÖxnÆ| AšÍfy©³ GjvKv— c~e©e½ (wm‡jU, wÎcyiv, PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg)|
e‡i›`ª o ivRavbx— BwZnv‡m ivRavbx cvIqv hvq bv| DËie‡½i cÖvPxb Rbc`| Ab¨bvg— ev‡i›`ªx Rbc`|
o AšÍfy©³ GjvKv— e¸ov cwðgvsk, w`bvRcy‡ii wKQz Ask I ivRkvnxi DËi cwðgvsk (‡hgb- cvebv)|
o e‡i›`ªi Ae¯’vb wQj— cy‡Ðªi GKwU Ask Ry‡o| M‡o I‡V— M½v I Ki‡Zvqvi ga¨eZ©x A‡j|
o evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g hv`yNi ÔÔe‡i›`ª hv`yNiÕÕ ivRkvnx‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq— 1910 mv‡j|
P›`ªØxc o evsjvi cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ÿz`ª Rbc`| ewikvj †Rjvi c~e©bvg— P›`ªØxc|
o AšÍfy©³ GjvKv— Lyjbv, ewikvj, ev‡MinvU, †MvcvjMÄ, cUzqvLvwj| (g‡b ivLyb: P›`ªØxc Lye evMcUz)
o Ae¯’vb wQj— ev‡jk^i I †gNbvi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b| Rbc`wUi g~j f~LÐ wQj— eZ©gvb ewikvj †Rjv|
Zv¤ªwjß o AšÍfy©³ GjvKv— nwi‡K‡ji `wÿ‡Y cwðge‡½I †gw`bxcyi †Rjv wQj Gi cÖvY‡K›`ª|
o mßg kZK †_‡K GwU cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K— `Ðfzw³ bv‡g|
ivp o ivRavbx— ‡KvwUel©| iv‡pi Av‡iK bvg wQj— m~² Rbc`| M‡o I‡V— fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡i|
o AšÍf©y³ GjvKv— cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi `wÿY As‡k|

cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‣bwZK BwZnvm

327-326 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wMÖK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq †_‡K cÖK…Z BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| wMÖK †jLK‡`i K_vq
evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWvBÕ bv‡g GKwU kw³kvjx RvwZi evm¯’vb wQj fvMxi_x I cÙvi ga¨eZx© A‡j| wMÖK MÖš’KviMY ÔM½vwiWvBÕ
QvovI ÔcÖvwmAqÕ bv‡g Aci GK RvwZi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
cÖvPxb mv¤ªv‡R¨i µg : †g․h© kvmbvgj—— ¸ß kvmbvgj—— ‡M․o kvmbvgj—— cvj kvmbvgj—— ‡mb kvmbvgj
P›`ª¸ß  fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mv¤ªvR¨— ‡g․h©|
†g․h©  ‡g․h© esk cÖwZwôZ nq— 321 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã (Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Z¨v‡Mi `yB eQi ci)|
 †g․h© kvm‡bi cÖwZôvZv— P›`ª¸ß †g․h©| P›`ª¸ß †g․h©‡K ejv nq— fvi‡Zi cÖ_g m¤ªvU|
 ivRavbx— cvUwjcyÎ| cÖavbgš¿x— PvYK¨| PvYK¨ Gi QÙbvg— †K․wUj¨|
‡g․h© hy‡M  †K․wUj¨ iwPZ MÖ‡š’i bvg— ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ (15 LÐ)| PvY‡K¨i Ab¨ Av‡iKwU bvg— Ôweòz¸ßÕ|
evsjv  fviZ P‡j— PvYK¨ bxwZ‡Z|
(wLª÷c~e© m¤ªvU  m¤ªvU A‡kvK (269-232 wLª÷c~e©) wQ‡jb— ‡g․h© es‡ki Z…Zxq m¤ªvU|
(324- A‡kvK  evsjv †g․h©‡`i GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ n‡qwQj— m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j|
232)
 cÖvPxb cyЪbMi wQj— ‡g․h©‡`i evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx|
 m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki GKwU wkjvwjwc cvIqv hvq— gnv¯’vbM‡o|
 m¤ªvU A‡kvK Kwj½ hy‡×i fqvenZv †`‡L MÖnY K‡ib— ‡e․×ag©|
 GRb¨ m¤ªvU A‡kvK‡K ejv nq— †e․× a‡g©i Kb÷¨vbUvBb|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 3 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
o G es‡ki m~PbvKvix wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq— gnvivRv kÖx¸ß‡K|
o ¸ß ivRv‡`i Aax‡b eo †Kv‡bv A‡ji kvmK‡K ejv n‡Zv— gnvmvgšÍ|
o ‡g․h©‡`i g‡Zv evsjvq ¸ß‡`i ivRavbx wQj— cyЪbMi| Z‡e ¸ßes‡ki ivRavbx wQj— cvUwjcyÎ (cvUbv)|
o ¸ß hyM‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq— mvgwMÖKfv‡e fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ| KviY— G kvmbvg‡j mvwnZ¨,
`k©b, MwYZ, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, wkí, weÁvb I cÖhyw³, Avwe®‥vi cÖf…wZ DrKl© AR©b K‡iwQj|
¸ß hy‡M o ¸ß hy‡M Avwef~©Z n‡qwQj— Kvwj`vm, eivnwgwni, Avh©fÆ, weòzkg©v cÖgyL e¨w³eM©|
evsjv o `ya©l© cvnvwo ûb RvwZi cÂg kZ‡K evsjv Avµg‡Y ¸ß kvm‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
cÖ_g  ¸ß es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv ejv nq— cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß‡K (320 wLª÷vã)|
P›`ª¸ß  wZwb cvUwjcy‡Îi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb— 320 wLª÷vã| wZwb DËi e‡½i wKQz Ask `Lj K‡ib|
mgy`ª¸ß  mgy`ª Myß (340-380 wLª÷c~e©vã) wQ‡jb— ¸ß es‡ki †kÖô kvmK|
 Zvu‡K ejv nq— cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi ‡b‡cvwjqb|
 mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j mgMÖ evsjv Rq Kiv n‡jI Ki` ivR¨ wQj— mgZU|
wØZxq  mgy`ª¸‡ßi g„Zz¨i ci cvUwjcy‡Îi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb— wØZxq P›`ª¸ß (380-415 wLª÷vã)|
P›`ª¸ß  Dcvwa— Ôweµgvw`Z¨Õ| Zvui kvmbvg‡j fviZe‡l© G‡mwQ‡jb— •PwbK Zx_©hvÎx dv-wn‡qb|
 g‡b ivLyb : dvnv` (dvnv— dv- wn‡qb, `— wØZxq P›`ª¸ß)|
wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMZ cwieªvRK
cwieªvR‡Ki bvg ‡`‡ki bvg ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki Avg‡j fviZe‡l© AvMgb evsjvq AvMgb
‡gMvw¯’wbm wMÖm P›`ª¸ß †g․h© wLª÷c~e© 302 -
dv-wn‡qb Pxb wØZxq P›`ª¸ß cÂg kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©
gv-ûqvb Pxb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn - 1406 wLª÷v‡ã
wnD‡qb mvO Pxb nl©ea©b 630 wLª÷v‡ã 638 wLª÷v‡ã
gynv¤§` web ZzNjK (fviZ) 1333 wLª÷v‡ã 1346 wLª÷v‡ã
Be‡b eZzZv gi‡°v
dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn (evsjv)
 cÖ_g Pxbv cwieªvRK wn‡m‡e fviZe‡l© G‡mwQ‡jb— dv wn‡qb|
 wnD‡qb mvO bvj›`v gnvwenv‡ii Aa¨ÿ kxjf‡`ªi Kv‡Q †e․× ag©kv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡ib|
 cÖ_g we‡`wk ch©UK wn‡m‡e Ôev½vjvÕ kã e¨envi K‡ib— Be‡b eZzZv| wZwb evsjvi bvgKiY K‡ib— ÔcÖvPzh©c~Y© biKÕ|
kkv¼  ¸ß es‡ki cZ‡bi ci evsjv `ywU ¯^vaxb iv‡R¨i D™¢e nq| h_v— cÖvPxb e½ I †M․o ivR¨|
 kkv¼ wQ‡jb— ¸ß ivRv gnv‡mb ¸‡ßi GKRb ÔgnvmvgšÍÕ|
 Dcvwa— ivRvwaivR| ag© wQj— ‣ke| kkv¼ cÖ_g ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib— ‡M․‡o|
 wZwb wQ‡jb— cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡f․g b„cwZ| (41Zg wewmGm)
¸ß  ivRavbx— KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev‡` Aew¯’Z)| wZwb cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡ib|
cieZx© nl©ea©b  nl©ea©b wQ‡jb— cyl¨f~wZ es‡ki †kÖô ivRv|
evsjv  Pxbv †e․× cwÐZ wnD‡qb mvO fviZ md‡i Av‡mb— nl©ea©‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j| wZwb ÔwmwÜÕ bv‡g
GK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wnD‡qb mvO ivRv kkv¼‡K AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib—†e․×ag© we‡Ølx e‡j|
 nl©ea©‡bi mfvi Kwe evbfÆ iPbv K‡ib— Ônl©PwiZÕ|
gvrm¨b¨vq  Zv¤ª kvm‡b AvL¨vwqZ cÖvq 100 eQi (7g-8g kZK) a‡i `y‡hv©Mc~Y© AÜKvi hyM— gvrm¨b¨vq|
 cyKz‡i eo gvQ †QvU gvQ‡K a‡i wM‡j †djvi g‡Zv wek„•Lj cwiw¯’wZ‡K e‡j— gvrm¨b¨vq|
 gvrm¨b¨v‡qi Aemvb N‡U— Aóg kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q cvj ivR‡Z¡i DÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|

wewfbœ ivResk I cÖwZôvKvj

esk/iv‡R¨i bvg cÖwZôvKvj esk/iv‡R¨i bvg cÖwZôvKvj esk/iv‡R¨i bvg cÖwZôvKvj
¸ß cieZ©x esk lô kZK KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ beg kZK ïi esk GKv`k kZK
LoM esk mßg kZK P›`ª esk `kg kZK ‡mb esk Øv`k kZK
‡`e esk Aóg kZK eg© esk GKv`k kZK
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 4 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
o evsjvq cÖ_g eskvbyµwgK kvmb ïiæ nq— cvj es‡ki gva¨‡g| cvj ivRviv wQ‡jb— †e․× ag©vej¤^x|
o Avh© ms¯‥…wZ mgwaK weKvk jvf K‡i— cvj kvmbvg‡j| ÔPh©vc`Õ iwPZ nq— cvj ivRv‡`i mg‡q|
o cvj ivRv‡`i wcZ…f~wg wQj— e‡i›`ª GjvKv| cvj kvmbvg‡j msNwUZ we‡`ªv‡ni bvg— •KeZ© we‡`ªvn|
o me‡P‡q `xN©‡gqvw` esk— cvj esk| cvj es‡ki ivRvMY GKUvbv ÔPvikÕ eQi G‡`k kvmb K‡ib|
o cvj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv— ‡Mvcvj (750-781 wLª÷vã)|
ag©cvj  cvj ivRv‡`i g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô— ag©cvj| Zvui kvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj— evsjv I wenvie¨vcx|
cvj (781-  Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib— ag©cvj| wZwb Uvbv 40 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
esk 821 wLª.)  ag©cvj wQ‡jb— ivRv †Mvcv‡ji cyÎ|
(750- cÖ_g  gnxcv‡ji ivRZ¡Kvj wQj— 50 eQi|
1161) gnxcvj  w`bvRcy‡ii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk©`vev‡`i gnxcv‡ji mvMi`xwN wbg©vY K‡ib— gnxcvj|
wØZxq  ‣KeZ© we‡`ªvn nq— ivRv wØZxq gnxcv‡ji Avg‡j| ïay †R‡j m¤úª`vq‡K •KeZ© ej‡jI
gnxcvj cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †R‡j, K…lK I kÖgRxex gvbyl‡K ‣KeZ© ejv n‡Zv|
 ‣KeZ© we‡`ªvn‡K Ab¨ †h bv‡g ejv n‡Zv— Ôe‡i›`ª we‡`ªvnÕ ev ÔmvgšÍ we‡`ªvnÕ|
ivgcvj  cvj es‡ki me©‡kl mdj ivRv— ivgcvj| Zvui kvmbvg‡j ivRavbx wQj— ÔivgveZxÕ|
 ivgcv‡ji ivRZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq— mܨvKi b›`xi ÔivgPwiZÕ MÖš’ †_‡K|
‡bvU : ivgcv‡ji cieZ©x kvmKMY wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| d‡j Zvu‡`i c‡ÿ cvjes‡ki nvj k³ nv‡Z aiv m¤¢e
wQj bv| ivgcv‡ji ci Kzgvicvj (AvbygvwbK 1124-1129 wLª÷vã), Z…Zxq †Mvcvj (1129-1143 wLª÷vã) I
g`bcvj (AvbygvwbK 1143-1161 wLª÷vã) G‡K G‡K cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| ev‡iv kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M weRq
†m‡bi nv‡Z cvj‡`i wejywß N‡U|
†mb o ‡mb es‡ki ivRv‡`i Avw`wbevm— `wÿYv‡Z¨i KY©vUK|
kvmbvg‡j o ‡mb es‡ki cÖ_g cyiæl— mvgšÍ †mb| wZwb ivp A‡j M½v b`xi Zx‡i cÖ_‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|
evsjv o mvgšÍ †mb ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z bv cvivq †mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv cyiæl ejv nq— ‡ngšÍ †mb‡K|
(1061- ‡ngšÍ †mb  ‡mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv— ‡ngšÍ †mb|
1204  ‣KeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni mgq cvj es‡ki ivRv ivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib— ‡ngšÍ †mb|
wLª÷vã) weRq †mb  ‡ngšÍ †m‡bi ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib— weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª÷vã)
 cvj es‡ki cZb N‡U— weRq †m‡bi nv‡Z| wZwb wQ‡jb— ‡mb es‡ki me©‡kÖô ivRv|
 cÖ_g ivRavbx— ûMwj †Rjvi w·eYx, wØZxq ivRavbx— weµgcyi (eZ©gvb gyÝxMÄ †Rjv)|
ejøvj †mb  Ô`vbmvMiÕ I ÔA™¢zZmvMiÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK— ejøvj †mb (1160-1178 wLª÷vã)|
 mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi we‡kl K‡i †K․wjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ— ejøvj †mb|
j²Y †mb  ‡mb es‡ki me©‡kl ivRv| Zvui cÖavbgš¿x I agx©q cÖavb wQ‡jb— njvqya|
‡bvU : 1206 wLª÷v‡ã j²Y‡m‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zvui `yB cyÎ wek^iƒc ‡mb I †Kke ‡mb h_vµ‡g wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| j²Y‡m‡bi
eskaiMY AšÍZ 1245 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ivRZ¡ K‡ib wKš‘ †Kke ‡m‡bi ci †mbMY evsjvq ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb Ggb GLbI cÖgvY
cvIqv hvqwb| [41Zg wewmG‡mi cÖkœ: †mb es‡ki (1070-1230 wLª÷vã) †kl kvmbKZ©v †K wQ‡jb? GLv‡b mgqKvj D‡jø‡Li gva¨‡g
A‡cÿvK…Z `ye©j ivRv I ÿz`ª iv‡R¨i b„cwZ †Kke ‡mb‡K DËi wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi Bw½Z ‡`qvq †Kke †mbB MÖnY‡hvM¨ DËi| Z‡e †mb
es‡ki mgqKvj D‡jøL bv _vK‡j ev 1070-1206 _vK‡j j²Y †mb‡KB me©‡kl ivRv wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ DËi n‡Zv|]
‡mb es‡ki gymwjg ‡mbvcwZ BLwZqvi DÏxb gyn¤§` eLwZqvi LjwR b`xqv AvµgY Ki‡j e„× jÿY †mb †Kvb cÖwZ‡iva bv
kvm‡bi K‡i b`xc‡_ c~e©e‡½i ivRavbx eZ©gvb gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡e jÿY †m‡bi
Aemvb civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
evsjvi ga¨hyM
 evsjvq gymjgvb kvmb cÖvq mv‡o cvuPk eQi (1204-1765 wLª÷vã) ¯’vqx n‡qwQj|
 evsjvq gymwjg kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib— BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjRx|
 fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g Bmjv‡gi kvmb cÖPj‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb— gynv¤§` web Kvwmg| wZwb 712 wLª÷v‡ã wmÜz I
gyjZv‡bi ivRv `vwni‡K civwRZ K‡ib| wZwb me©cÖ_g Dcw¯’Z nb— wmÜzi †`ej kn‡i|
 1192 mv‡j ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy‡× gyn¤§` Nyix c„w_¡ivR †P․nvb‡K civwRZ K‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g gymwjg kvm‡bi
m~Pbv K‡ib|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 5 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj

w`wjø mvjZvbvZ
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv— KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK| wZwb w`wjøi ÔKyZze wgbviÕ wbg©vY K‡ib|
 fviZe‡l© ZzwK© mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv— KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK|
gymwjg kvmb

evsjvq w`wjø‡Z
myjZvwb Avgj (1204-1538) w`wjø mvjZvbvZ (1206-1526)
¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avgj (1338-1538) gyNj kvmb (1526-1540)
AvdMvb kvmb (1538-1576) AvdMvb kvmb (1540-1555)
gyNj kvmb (1576-1857) gyNj kvmb (1576-1857)
my‡e`vix kvmb
bevex kvmb
 w`wjøi mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv— kvgmywÏb BjZzrwgk| wZwb wQ‡jb KzZzeDwχbi RvgvZv| Zvi Dcvwa wQ‡jv—
ÔmyjZvb- B- AvhgÕ|
 w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b cÖ_g bvix gymwjg kvmK— ivwRqv myjZvbv (BjZzrwg‡ki Kb¨v)
 dLiæwÏb gyeviK kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j w`wjøi kvmK wQ‡jb— gyn¤§`-web-ZzNjK| [gynv¤§` web ZzNjK w`wjø †_‡K
†`ewMwi‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| wZwb †mvbv I iæcvi gy`ªvi cwie‡Z© cÖZxK Zv¤ªgy`ªv cÖPjb K‡ib|]
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi †kl kvmK— Beªvwng †jvw`|
BLwZqvi DwÏb  kvm‡bi m~Pbv— 1204 wLª. (‡Zi kZ‡K)  Ak^ we‡µZvi QÙ‡e‡k b`xqv †c․uQvb|
gyn¤§` web  ivR¨ ¯’vcb— evsjvi DËi I DËi cwðgvs‡k  ivRavbx— jÿYveZx (‡M․o)| GwU gymjgvb
eLwZqvi LjwR  weRq K‡ib— b`xqv Avg‡j jL‡b․wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq
evsjvq ZzwK© kvm‡bi BwZnvm
HwZnvwmK wRqvDwÏb evivbx evsjv‡`‡ki bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb— ÔeyjMvKcyiÕ| Gi A_©— Ôwe‡`ªv‡ni bMixÕ|
myjZvb  LjwR gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô wQ‡jb|  wZwb evsjvq gymjgvb kvmK‡`i g‡a¨
wMqvmDwÏb BIR †b․evwnbxi †MvovcËb K‡ib
LjwR
gyn¤§` Nyix fvi‡Z ZivB‡bi 1g hy×  AskMÖnYKvix— gyn¤§` Nyix I c„w_¡ivR †P․nvb|
me©cÖ_g ZzwK© (1191 wLª.)  Rqx— c„w_¡ivR †P․nvb| gyn¤§` Nywi civwRZ nb Ges
mv¤ªv‡R¨i ¯^‡`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib|
we¯Ívi K‡ib ZivB‡bi 2q hy×  AskMÖnYKvix— gyn¤§` Nyix I c„w_¡ivR †P․nvb|
(1192 wLª.)  Rqx— gyn¤§` Nyix| c„w_¡ivR †P․nvb civwRZ I wbnZ
nb| gymwjg mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|
myjZvb gvngy`  MRbxi myjZvb gvngy` fviZ AvµgY K‡ib— 17 evi|
 myjZvb gnvgy‡`i mfvKwe wQ‡jb— gnvKwe †di‡`․mx|
 Zvui mfvi weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb— Avj †eiæbx|
evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvwb kvm‡bi BwZnvm (1338-1538)
myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx wQj— †M․o|
dLiæwÏb  evsjvq cÖ_g ¯^vaxb gymwjg mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv| ivRavbx wQj— †mvbviMvuI|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 6 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
gyeviK kvn  †mvbviMvu‡qi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv I `Lj K‡ib— 1338 wLª÷v‡ã| wbR bv‡g gy`ªv cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb|
(1338-  dLiæwÏb me©cÖ_g Rq K‡ib— PÆMÖvg| wZwb Pvu`cyi †_‡K PÆMÖvg ch©šÍ GKwU iv¯Ív •Zwi K‡iwQ‡jb|
1349)  Zvui kvmbvg‡j evsjvq Av‡mb— Be‡b eZzZv| fviZe‡l© Av‡mb— 1333 wLª÷v‡ãi 12B †m‡Þ¤^i
gynv¤§` web ZzNj‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j| wZwb evsjvi bvgKiY K‡ib Ô‡`vhLcyi Avh wbqvgZÕ ev ÔAvkxe©v`cyó
biKÕ ev ab-m¤ú`c~Y© biK| Zvui ÔwKZveyj †invjvÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ evsjvi Aciƒc eY©bv cvIqv hvq| wZwb
cÖ_g we‡`wk wn‡m‡e Ôev½vjvÕ kã e¨envi K‡ib|
Bwjqvm kvnx esk (1342-1412 wLª÷vã)
1352 wLª÷v‡ã Bwjqvm kvn dLiæÏxb gyeviK kvn‡K civwRZ K‡i †mvbviMvuI `Lj K‡i cvÐzqvq ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|
kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn  Zvui kvmbvg‡j evsjvi mKj A‡ji Awaevmx evOvwj e‡j cwiwPZ nq|
(1342-1358 wLª÷vã)  wZwb wQ‡jb— mgMÖ evsjvi cÖ_g gymwjg me©cÖ_g gymwjg AwacwZ|
 wZwb evsjvi ivRavbx †M․o †_‡K cvÐyqv bMix‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
 wZwb kvn B-evOvjv, kvn-B-evOvwjqvbÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
 Zvui kvmbvg‡j mgMÖ evsjvfvlx AÂj cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V Ôev½vjvnÕ bv‡g|
wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn  cÖL¨vZ Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡ni cÎvjvc n‡Zv|
(1393-1411 wLª÷vã)  ivRavbx wQj— †mvbviMvuI|
hy‡M hy‡M evsjvi wewfbœ bvg
e½ mgªvU AvKe‡ii mfvKwe Aveyj dR‡ji eB ÔAvBb-B-AvKeix‡ZÕ cªvPxb bvg e½ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
ev½vjvn myjZvb Bwjqvm kvn e‡½i bvgKiY K‡ib Ôev½vjvnÕ— 1352 mv‡j|
RvbœvZvev` gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb ev½vjvi bvg ‡`b ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ— 1538 mv‡j|
my‡e evsjv gyNj mgªvU AvKei RvbœvZvev‡`i bvgKiY K‡ib Ômy‡e evsjvÕ— 1576 mv‡j| my‡e k‡ãi A_© cª‡`k|
A_©vr mgªvU AvKei evsjv‡K cª_g cª‡`kwfwËK fvM K‡ib|
‡e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝ jW© Wvj‡n․wm my‡e evsjvi bvgKiY K‡ib Ô‡e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝÕ— 1854 mv‡j|
c~e© e½ jW© KvR©‡bi Avg‡j e½f½ n‡j e‡½i bvg nq Ôc~e© e½Õ— 1905 mv‡j|
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb mvsweavwbKfv‡e c~e© e‡½i bvg Ôc~e© cvwK¯ÍvbÕ nq— 1956 mv‡j|
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kvh©Ki nIqvi gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvg nq ÔMYcªRvZš¿x evsjv‡`kÕ— 1972
evsjv‡`k mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i|
cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvwn es‡ki kvmb
LvbRvnvb Avjx •eVK Kivi Rb¨ GKwU `ievi M‡o †Zv‡jb, hv c‡i lvU ¸¤^yR gmwR` nq| ev‡MinvU †Rjvi `wÿY cwð‡g
Aew¯’Z GKwU ga¨hyMxq gmwR`| gmwR`wU‡Z 81wU M¤^yR i‡q‡Q| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki wZbwU wek^ HwZn¨evnx ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨
GKwU| ev‡MinvU kniwU‡KB wek^ HwZn¨evnx ¯’v‡bi gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q| 1985 wLª÷v‡ã UNESCO GB gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i|
‡M․‡oi Ô`vwLj `iIqvRvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ weivU I my›`i †ZviYwU wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb— eieK kvn|
nvewm kvmb  evsjvq nvewm kvmb ¯’vqx n‡qwQj— gvÎ Qq eQi|
(1487-1493 wLª÷vã)  PviRb nvewm myjZv‡bi— wZbRb‡KB nZ¨v Kiv nq|
‡nv‡mb kvwn esk (1493-1538)
AvjvDwÏb û‡mb  Zvui kvmbvgj wQj— evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †M․iegq|
kvn (1493-  wZwb cÖwZôv K‡ib— ‡M․‡oi Ô‡QvU †mvbv gmwR`Õ I Ô¸gwZØviÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
1519 wLª÷vã)  Zvui kvmbvgj‡K e‡½i gymjgvb kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq| ivRavbx wQj— GKWvjv|
 û‡mb kv‡ni mgq evsjvi ivR¨mxgv e„w× cvq| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv Rq K‡ib|
 wZwb wQ‡jb— ‡nv‡mb kvwn hy‡Mi †kÖô myjZvb| wZwb AvivKvwb‡`i PÆMÖvg ‡_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib|
 AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j— •eòe a‡g©i cÖeZ©K kÖx‣PZb¨‡`‡ei Avwef©ve N‡U|
 wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQ‡jb|
bvwmiDwÏb Aveyj  bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j fvi‡Z gyNj mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv cvq|
gyRvddi bymiZ  ‡M․‡oi weL¨vZ ÔK`g imyjÕ fe‡bi cÖ‡Kv‡ô bymiZ kvn GKwU g wbgv©Y K‡ib| †M․‡oi weL¨vZ
kvn Ôeo †mvbv gmwR`Õ ev Ôev‡iv`yqvwi gmwR`Õ Zvui Avg‡ji KxwZ©|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 7 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
wMqvmDwÏb  evsjvi †kl ¯^vaxb myjZvb|
gvngy` kvn  200 eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avg‡ji mgvwß nq— 1538 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kvn k~i †M․o `Lj Ki‡j|

AvdMvb kvmb
`yBk eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avg‡ji mgvwß nq- 1538 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kvn k~i †M․o `Lj Ki‡j| gyNj m¤ªvU evei I Zvui cyÎ
ûgvq~b, ‡nv‡mb kvnx hy‡Mi †kl w`K †_‡KB †Póv KiwQ‡jb evsjv‡K gyNj AwaKv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z| wKš‘ AvdMvb‡`i Kvi‡Y
gyNj‡`i G D‡Ïk¨ mdj nqwb|
‡ki kvn
 †kikvn 1537 wLª÷v‡ã `yBevi evsjvi ivRavbx †M․o AvµgY K‡ib| ZLb w`wjøi m¤ªvU ûgvqyb †ki kv‡ni (cÖK…Z bvg-
†ki Lvb) wcQz avIqv K‡i evsjvi ivRavbx †M․o AvµgY K‡ib| †M․‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h© gy» n‡q
ûgvqyb Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ|
 ‡ki Lv‡bi mv‡_ ûgvqyb civwRZ nb—1539 mv‡j| gyNj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb‡K civwRZ K‡i †ki Lvb Dcvwa †bb †ki
kvn| K‡b․‡Ri hy‡× n‡qwQj— ûgvqy‡bi civRq| G hy‡× civR‡qi gva¨‡g †ki kvn w`wjøi wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib|
Gfv‡e `xN©w`b ci evsjv Avevi w`wjøi kvm‡b P‡j Av‡m| †ki kvn k~i es‡ki e‡j G mg‡qi evsjvi kvmb wQj k~i
AvdMvb es‡ki kvmb| wZwb w`wjø †_‡K cZ©ywMR‡`i weZvwoZ K‡ib|
 evsjv `Lj K‡ib— 1540 wLª÷v‡ã| †Nvovi Wv‡Ki cÖPjb K‡ib| fviZe‡l© Ô`vgÕ gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡ib— ‡ki kvn|
 MÖ¨vÛ Uª¨v¼ †ivW wbgv©Zv †ki kvn‡K ejv nq— mo‡K AvRg| ‡ki kvn RvwZ‡Z wQ‡jb— cvVvb|
 wZwb KeywjqZ I cvÆv cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K| wZwb †mvbviMvuI n‡Z jv‡nvi ch©šÍ iv¯Ív wbg©vY K‡ib|
cvwbc‡_i cª_g hy× cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy× cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×
 hy‡×i mvj— 1526 wLª÷vã  hy‡×i mvj— 1556 mv‡j  hy‡×i mvj— 1761 mv‡j
 cÖwZcÿ— evei I Beªvwng  cÖwZcÿ— AvKe‡ii †mbvcwZ ‣eivg Lvb  cÖwZcÿ— kvn Ave`vwj I
†jvw` Avw`j kvn mywii cÖavbgš¿x wngy| gvivVv‡`i g‡a¨ msNwUZ nq|
 djvdj— evei Rqx nq  djvdj— ‣eivg Lvb Rqx nq| G hy‡× wngy  djvdj— AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki
 gyNj mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq wbnZ n‡j AvKei w`wjø AwaKvi K‡ib| me‡P‡q eo GB hy‡× gvivVviv
 evei GB hy‡× fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m  cvwbc_ DËi-cwðg fvi‡Zi nwiqvbv iv‡R¨ civwRZ nq|
cÖ_g Kvgvb e¨envi K‡ib| Aew¯’Z hgybv b`xi ZxieZ©x GKwU kni|
 evsjvq †kl AvdMvb kvm‡Ki bvg `vD` Lvb Kiivwb|

gyNj kvmb
(fviZe‡l©- 1526-1757 wLª. Ges evsjvq 1576-1757 wLª÷vã)
m¤ªvU  gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv— evei| AvZ¥Rxebx— ZzhyK-B-evei ev ÔeveibvgvÕ ev eve‡ii Rxebx (gyNj‡`i
RwniDwÏb g‡a¨ cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebx)| MÖš’wU iwPZ n‡qwQj— ZzwK© fvlvq| Rb¥— iæk ZzwK©¯Ív‡bi dviMvbvq|
gyn¤§`  wZwb wcZvi w`K †_‡K •Zgyi jO Ges gv‡qi w`K †_‡K †Pw½m Lv‡bi eskai wQ‡jb|
evei  wZwb fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki A‡hva¨vq Ôevewi gmwR`Õ wbgv©Y K‡ib¥— 1527 wLª÷v‡ã| 1992 mv‡ji 6
(1526 wW‡m¤^i DMÖev`x wn›`y‡Mvôx HwZnvwmK GB gmwR`wU †f‡½ †d‡j| evewi gmwR`-ivg Rb¥f~wg gvgjvi P~ovšÍ
-1530 ivq ‡NvlYv K‡i— fvi‡Zi mywc«g ‡KvU© (9 b‡f¤^i 2019 wL«÷v‡ã)|
wLª÷vã)
 1526 mv‡ji 12B GwcÖj cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× m¤ªvU evei Beªvwng †jvw`‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i gyNj
mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| evei g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib— 1530 wLª÷v‡ã| mgvwnZ Kiv nq— Kveyj|
m¤ªvU  eve‡ii †R¨ô cy‡Îi bvg— ûgvq~b| ûgvq~b k‡ãi A_©— fvM¨evb|
bvwmiDwÏb  ûgvq~b ÿgZv jvf K‡i— 1530 wLª÷v‡ã| c‡ii eQi †ki kv‡ni weiæ‡× Avevi Awfhvb cwiPvjbv
gyn¤§` K‡ib| wKš‘ K‡b․‡Ri wbKU wejMÖv‡gi G hy‡× civR‡qi gva¨‡g †ki kv‡ni wbKU civwRZ n‡q
ûgvq~b wmsnvmbPy¨Z nb— 1540 wLª÷v‡ã|
(1530-  ûgvq~b civwRZ nb— 1539 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kv‡ni mv‡_ †P․mv‡ii hy‡× ‡ki kv‡ni wbKU|
1540  cvim¨ m¤ªv‡Ui mnvqZvq ûgvq~b cybivq w`wjøi wmsnvmb D×vi K‡ib— 1555 wLª÷v‡ã|
wLª÷vã)
 wZwb MÖš’vMv‡ii wmuwo †_‡K c‡o gviv hvb— 1556 wLª÷v‡ã|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 8 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
 †M․‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvq~b Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ|

gyNj m¤ªvU‡`i µg
g‡b ivLyb
RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei †KŠk‡j
gyn¤§` evei
bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb evevi nBj AvRvi
gyn¤§` evei R¦i kvwij
AvIi½‡R‡ei
RvjvjDwÏb AvKei kvwn evnv`ywi
‡`‡L| A_©vr
gyn¤§`gynevei
†mwjg b~i DwÏb ¤§` Rvnv½xi evei, ûgvqyb,
AvKei,
gyn¤§` evei
kvnRvnvb Ii‡d Lyiig Rvnv½xi,
kvnRvnvb,
gyAvIi½‡Re
n¤§` evei AvIi½‡Re,
gynv¤§` kvn,
evnv`yi kvn|
gyn¤§`
wØZxq evei
evnv`y i kvn
m¤ªvU  gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i †kÖô kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb 13 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
RvjvjDwÏb  1576 mv‡j evsjv weR‡qi gva¨‡g evsjvq gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i AvwacZ¨ ¯’vwcZ nq|
AvKei  fvi‡Z Bmjvgx kvmbvg‡j wnRwi cwÄKv Abymv‡i mKj KvRKg© n‡Zv| AvKei cÖPwjZ wnRwi Pv›`ª
(1556- el©cwÄKv‡K †m․icwÄKvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi wm×všÍ †bb| Biv‡bi wewkó weÁvbx I ‡R¨vwZwe©` Igi dZzjøvn
1605
wkivRxi mycvwi‡k AvKei 992 wnRix (1584 wLª÷vã) – G evsjv ‡m․i el©cÄxi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| 29 eQi
wLª÷vã)
c~‡e© Zvui wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi w`b †_‡K G cwÄKv cÖPj‡bi wb‡`©k †`b| GRb¨ 963 wnRwi (1556
wLª÷vã) mvj †_‡K e½vã MYbv ïiæ nq| evsjv beel© Ôc‡njv •ekvLÕ Pvjy K‡ib|
 wZwb `xb-B-Bjvnx bv‡g GKk^iv` ag©gZ cÖPjb K‡ib hvi Abymvix wQ‡jb 17 (gZvšÍ‡i 19 Rb) Rb|
 ÔwRwRqv KiÕ I ÔZx_© KiÕ ¯’wMZ K‡ib m¤ªvU AvKei|
 m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ivR¯^gš¿x wQ‡jb— †UvWigj (G †`‡ki miKvwi Kv‡R dviwm fvlv Pvjy K‡ib)|
 m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii mg‡q ev‡iv fu~Bqv‡`i DÌvb N‡U|
 wZwb ÔAg„Zmi ¯^Y©gw›`iÕ, Ôeyj›` `iIqvRÕ wbg©vY K‡ib|
 AvKe‡ii mgvwa— †m‡K›`ªvq| ‣eivg Lvb wQ‡jb— AvKe‡ii wcZv ûgvq~‡bi eÜz|
 ÔAvBb-B-AvKeixÕ bv‡g MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib— AvKe‡ii mfvm` Aveyj dRj| wZwb GB MÖ‡š’ †`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ
kã e¨envi K‡ib| G †`‡ki Rwgi mxgvbvm~PK ÔAvjÕ ( Avwj, AvBj) cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M cÖvPxb bvg Ôe½Õ
k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ÔevsjvÕ kã MwVZ n‡q‡Q eBwU‡Z GiKg AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb eBwUi †jLK|
AviI mfvKwe wQ‡jb †UvWigj, ‣dwR, exiej, gvbwmsn cÖf…wZ| eyjeyj-B-wn›` ejv nq Zvb‡mb‡K|
 ivRcyZ bxwZi cÖeZ©K— AvKei| Ôgbme`vwi cÖ_vÕ cÖPjb K‡ib— AvKei| Ôgbme`vwi cÖ_vÕ n‡j
†mbvevwnbx ms¯‥vi cwiKíbv|
m¤ªvU †mwjg  m¤ªvU AvKei cyÎ Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j fviZe‡l© AvMgb K‡i— Bs‡iRiv|
byi DwÏb  Rvnv½xi wb‡Ri bv‡g gy`ªv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zvui ¯¿x byiRvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg— †g‡niæb-‡bmv|
‡gvnv¤§`  evsjv AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ my‡e`vi wn‡m‡e †cÖiY K‡ib— Bmjvg Lvb‡K| Zvui Avg‡jB Bmjvg Lvb KZ©„K
Rvnv½xi ev‡iv fzuBqv‡`i `gb Kiv nq| G mg‡q Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
(1605-  XvKvi bvgKiY Kiv nq— Rvnv½xibMi|
1627
 mgMÖ evsjv gyNj‡`i kvm‡b Avbqb K‡ib— 1612 wLª÷v‡ã|
wLª÷vã)
 Zvui kvmbvg‡j Bs‡iRiv ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ evsjvq Avbqb K‡i|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 9 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
 Zvui iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i bvg— ÔZzRyK-B-Rvnv½xiÕ|
 Zvui mgvwa Aew¯’Z— jv‡nv‡i|
m¤ªvU  m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb‡K ejv nq— ÔwcÖÝ Ae weìvm©Õ| c„w_exi mßvðv‡h©i Ab¨Zg fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki hgybv
kvnRvnvb b`xi Zx‡ii AvMÖvi ZvRgnj wZwb wbg©vY K‡ib| ZvRgn‡ji ¯’cwZ — I¯Ív` Ckv gv÷vi wmivwR|
Ii‡d  wZwb w`wjø‡Z jvj‡Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib| ÔkvnRvnvbÕ Dcvwa †`b— m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi|
Lyiig  Zvui wbwg©Z wmsnvm‡bi bvg— gq~i wmsnvmb| 1739 mv‡j cvi‡m¨i Awaevmx bvw`i kvn fviZel© AvµgY
(1605- K‡i †Kvwnbyi nxiv, gq~i wmsnvmbmn cÖPzi ab-iZœ n¯ÍMZ K‡i Biv‡b P‡j hvb|
1627  ‡`Iqvb-B-Avg, †`Iqvb-B-Lvm— m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi w`wjøi `iev‡i wbwg©Z Agi KxwZ©|
wLª÷vã)
 Zvui AbygwZµ‡g B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb evsjvi wcwcjvB bvgK ¯’v‡b cÖ_g evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i|
 Zvui ¯¿x ggZvR gnj g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib— 1631 mv‡j| Zvui— cyÎ Pvi Rb I †g‡q `yB Rb| `viv, gyiv`,
AvIi½‡Re, myRv, Rvnvb Aviv I iIkb Aviv| Zvui kvmbvg‡j cZ©ywMR‡`i ûMwj †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv nq|
m¤ªvU  AwZkq ag©cÖvY nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvIi½‡Re‡K ejv nq— wR›`vcxi| wZwb ev`kvn AvjgMxi bv‡gI cwiwPZ
AvIi½‡Re KviY m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Zvi cyÎ AvjgMx‡ii ‡hvM¨Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc G Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
(1658-  m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv— Ôd‡Zvqv-B-AvjgMxixÕ| wZwb wRwRqv Ki cyb¯’vcb K‡ib|
1707  m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi DËivwaKvi ؇›Ø Rvnvb Aviv `viv cÿ Ges iIkb Aviv AvIi½‡R‡ei cÿ Aej¤^b
wLª÷vã) K‡i| AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmbvg‡j evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb— kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
wØZxq  wZwb wQ‡jb me©‡kl gyNj m¤ªvU|
evnv`yi kvn  wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni ci 1858 wLª÷v‡ã Zvu‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vmb †`qv nq Ges †mLv‡bB wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

my‡e`vix Avgj
1576 mv‡j ivRgn‡ji wbKU evsjvi †kl AvdMvb kvmK `vD` Kiivbx civwRZ n‡j evsjvq gyNj kvmb ïiæ nq| G mgq
gyNj kvmK wQ‡jb m¤ªvU AvKei| myev`vwi I bevwe— G `yB c‡e© evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq| ev‡ivf~uBqv‡`i `g‡bi
ci mgMÖ evsjvq my‡e`vix cÖwZwôZ nq| G mgq mgMÖ e½ †`k Ômyen -B-ev½vjvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| gyNj cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ bv‡g
cwiwPZ wQj| cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡K ejv n‡Zv— myev`vi|
Bmjvg  Zvu‡K 1608 mv‡j Ômy‡e`viÕ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`q— m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi|
Lvub  wZwb ev‡ivf~uBqv‡`i `gb K‡i mgMÖ evsjvq myev`vwi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 wZwb 1610 mv‡j wenv‡ii ivRgnj ‡_‡K ivRavbx XvKvq wb‡q Av‡mb Ges bvgKiY K‡ib— Rvnv½xibMi|
 wZwb XvKvi Ô‡avjvB LvjÕ Lbb K‡ib| •mq` AvIjv` †nv‡mb †j‡bi gmwR`wU Zvui wbwg©Z e‡jB Abygvb
Kiv nq| XvKvi †K›`ªxq KvivMvi hv GKwU `yM© wQj Zv wZwb cybwbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| g„Zz¨— 1613 mv‡j|
ev‡ivf~uBqv‡`i m¤ªvU AvKei evsjvi Dci cy‡ivcywi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| evsjvi eo eo Rwg`viiv gyNj‡`i
BwZnvm AaxbZv †g‡b †bqwb| fvwU A‡ji Rwg`viMY Zv‡`i wbR wbR Rwg`vwi‡Z ¯^vaxb wQ‡jb| ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi
Rb¨ Zviv GK‡RvU n‡q gyNj †mbvcwZi weiæ‡× Svuwc‡q co‡Zb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m fvwU A‡ji G
Rwg`viMY ev‡iv f~uBqv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 ev‡iv fyuBqv‡`i Afz¨Ìvb N‡U— AvKe‡ii mgq| Cmv Lvu ‡mvbviMvuI
 evsjvi Rwg`viMY gyNj kvm‡bi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o cÖZvcvw`Z¨ h‡kvi I P¨vwÐKvb
†Zv‡jb| Zvuiv cwiwPZ wQ‡jb— ev‡iv f~uBqv bv‡g| Pvu` ivq I †K`vi ivq kÖxcyi ev weµgcyi
 Awbw`©ó msL¨K Rwg`vi‡K †evSv‡Z Ôev‡ivÕ kãwU K›`c© ivh I ivgP›`ªivq evK&jv ev P›`ªØxc
e¨envi Kiv nq| j²Y gvwYK¨ fzjyqv
 Cmv Lvu Gi RxebKvj— 1529-1599 wLª÷vã| Cmv gyKz›`yivg ivq I mÎvwRr ivq f~lYv ev d‡Znvev`
Lvui ivRavbx wQj— ‡mvbviMvuI| dRj MvRx fvIqvj I Pvu`cÖZvc
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi myev`vi Bmjvg Lvu‡K †cÖiY Ki‡j wZwb KsmbvivqY ivq Zvwnicyi
evsjv †_‡K ev‡ivf~uBqv‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| A_©vr G exi nv¤^xi weòzcyi
mgq evsjv wewRZ nq| cxZv¤^i I bxjv¤^i cyuwUqv
Ckv Lvu †jvnvbx I Dmgvb Lvu †jvnvbx Dwol¨v I wnRjx
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 10 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
hy‡M hy‡M evsjvi ivRavbx ÔXvKvÕ
µg ¯’vbvšÍiKvix AÂj mgqKvj cÖvmw½K eY©bv
cÖ_gevi myev`vi Bmjvg Lvu my‡e evsjv 1610 wenv‡ii ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq wb‡q Av‡mb
Ges bvgKiY K‡ib Rvnv½xibMi|
1638 mv‡j kvn myRv ivRavbx XvKv ‡_‡K wenv‡ii ivRgn‡j wb‡q ‡M‡j c«_gevi XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq|
wØZxqevi myev`vi gxi Rygjv my‡e evsjv 1660 wenv‡ii ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq Av‡bb|
1717 mv‡j beve gywk©`Kywj Lvb XvKv ‡_‡K gKmy`vev` wb‡q ‡M‡j wØZxqevi XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq
(c‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq gywk©`vev`)|
Z…Zxqevi jW© KvR©b c~e©e½ I Avmvg 1905 e½f½ ‡NvlYv Ki‡j c~e©e½ I Avmvg‡K wb‡q
MwVZ nq DËi c«‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv|
1911 mvj jW© nvwW©Ä e½f½ i` Ki‡j c~e©evsjv, cwðg evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq| 1912 mv‡j ivRavbx XvKv
n‡Z KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j, XvKv Z…Zxqev‡ii gZ ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq|
PZz_©evi cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 1947 cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb n‡j c~e© evsjv cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ask
nq Ges c~e© evsjvi ivRavbx nq XvKv|
cÂgevi evsjv‡`k miKvi evsjv‡`k 1972 msweav‡bi 5g Aby‡”Q‡` XvKv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
ivRavbx ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|
 XvKv †gvU ivRavbx nq 5 evi (evsjvi ivRavbx nq 4 evi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq 01 evi)|
 XvKv ivRavbxi gh©v`v nvivq 3 evi|

Kvwmg Lvb  m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb KZ©„K wb‡qvMK…Z cÖ_g myev`vi|

Rywqwb  û‡mb kvwn hyM †_‡KB evsjvq cZz©wMRiv evwYR¨ KiZ| cZ©ywMR‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii gvÎv Pi‡g ‡c․uQ‡j m¤ªvU
kvnRvnv‡bi Av‡`‡k Kvwmg Lvb Zv‡`i‡K k³ nv‡Z `gb K‡ib|
kvn myRv  m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi 2q cyÎ kvn myRv 20 eQi evsjvq myev`vwi K‡ib|
 wZwb Bs‡iR‡`i webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| G mgq Bs‡iR ewYKiv kw³kvjx nq|
 wZwb XvKvi PKevRv‡ii eoKvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib|
gxi Rygjv  AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv (1660-1663 wLª÷vã) myRv‡K `g‡bi Rb¨ evsjvi ivRavbx
Rvnv½xibMi ch©šÍ G‡mwQ‡jb| ZvB m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re Zvu‡K evsjvi myev`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b|
 K…lK‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖ_g ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡ib— gxi Rygjv|
 wZwb XvKv †MU (c~e© bvg gxi Rygjv) wbg©vY K‡ib| me©cÖ_g Avmvg I KzPwenvi ivR¨ gyNj mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
 Zvui Avmvg hy‡× e¨eüZ KvgvbwU Imgvbx D`¨v‡b msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb  kv‡q¯Ív Lvb 1664 wL÷v‡ã evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| AvIi½‡R‡ei gvgv wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lvb (1664-
1688 wLª÷vã)| gM‡`i DrcvZ †_‡K evsjvi Rvb I gvj iÿv K‡ib— kv‡q¯Ív Lvb| wZwb m›Øxc I
PÆMÖvg AwaKvi K‡i AvivKvwb (gM) Rj`myy¨‡`i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c DrLvZ K‡ib|
 myev`vwii †kl w`‡K kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi mv‡_ Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi we‡iva evu‡a| `xN©w`‡bi †Póvi ci
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iR‡`i weZvwoZ K‡ib|
 AvivKvwb Rj`my¨‡`i nwU‡q wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi bvg iv‡Lb— ÔBmjvgvev`Õ| Gi gva¨‡g PÆMÖvg cÖ_gev‡ii
gZ c~Y©fv‡e evsjvi mv‡_ hy³ nq| UvKvq AvU gY Pvj cvIqv ‡hZ— kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡j|
 Zvui Avg‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wkí— †QvU KvUiv, jvjevM †Kjøv, wewe cwii (kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi †g‡q) mgvwa-‡m․a,
†nv‡mbx `vjvb, mwd Lv‡bi gmwR`, eywoM½vi gmwR`, PK gmwR`, mvZ ¸¤y^R gmwR` cÖf…wZ|
cwiwewe cwiwewe wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v I ev`kvn AvIi½‡R‡ei cyÎ gyn¤§` AvRg Gi ¯¿x| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii
KvUivi IqvKd cwi`߇i msiwÿZ kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v wn‡m‡e wbR¯^ AwQqZbvgv †_‡KB kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v
wn‡m‡e wewe cwi‡K (Bivb `yLZ ingZ evby) wPwýZ Kiv hvq| jvjevM `yM© Af¨šÍ‡i feb wZbwUi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q
AvKl©Yxq eM©vKvi feb| fe‡bi †K‡›`ªi eM©vKvi KÿwU‡Z i‡q‡Q wewe cwii mgvwa| (Z_¨m~Î evsjvwcwWqv)
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 11 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj

evsjvq bevex Avgj

gywk©` Kzwj Lvb → myRvDwÏb Lvb → midivR Lvb → Avjxew`© Lvb → wmivRD‡Ï․jv|
gywk©` Kzwj  evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve gywk©` Kzjx Lvb| wZwb evsjvq 1717 mv‡j ¯^vaxb bevex kvmb Pvjy K‡ib|
Lvb (1717-  gywk©` Kzjx Lv‡bi me©vwaK ¯§iYxq KxwZ© ivR¯^ ms¯‥vi (ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi bvg- gvjRvwgbx)|
1727)  Zvui mgq myev‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwbRvgZÕ Avi myev`v‡ii e`‡j c`we nq ÔbvwRgÕ|
 gywk©` Kzwj Lv‡bi mgq D‡”Q`K…Z Rwg`vi‡`i cÖ`Ë fiY‡cvl‡Yi e¨e¯’vi bvg n‡jv— bvbKi|
 evsjvq cÖ_g wZwb ¯^vaxb ivRes‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib|
gyNj m¤ªv‡Ui diiyL wkqvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j gywk©` Kzwj Lvb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei g„Zz¨i ci `ye©j gyNj
m¤ªvUMY `~ieZx© myev¸‡jvi w`‡K †Zgb `„wó w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j, Gme A‡ji myev`viMY A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡R‡`i
AÂj kvmb Ki‡Zb Ges evwl©K 1 †KvwU 3 jÿ UvKv ivR¯^ cvVv‡Zb| Zvui kvmbvg‡j evsjv myev cÖvq ¯^vaxb n‡q c‡o|
Avjxew`©  Avjxew`© Lvb (cÖK…Z bvg— gxRv© †gvnv¤§` Avjx) wQ‡jb— wenv‡ii bv‡qe-B-bvwRg| wZwb midivR
Lvb Lvb‡K civwRZ K‡i evsjvi ÿgZv evsjvi beve nb|
 wZwb evsjvi cÖ_g cÖK…Z ¯^vaxb beve KviY wZwb gyNj m¤ªvU‡`i ivR¯^ cÖ`vb eÜ K‡ib|
 gymjgvb kvmbvg‡j G‡`‡k G‡m AZ¨vPvi I jyU K‡i‡Q— eM©xiv| evsjv †_‡K gvivVv eMx©‡`i weZvwoZ
K‡ib Avjxew`© Lvb|
AÜK~c beve wmivRD‡Ï․jvi KjKvZv Awfhv‡bi mgq njI‡qjmn KwZcq Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix †dvU© DBwjqv‡g e›`x n‡q
nZ¨v wQ‡jb| njI‡q‡ji eY©bv Abymv‡i Rvbv hvq, beve 146 Rb BD‡ivcxq Bs‡iR e›`x‡K GKwU ÿz`ª AÜKvi
cÖ‡Kv‡ô Ave× iv‡Lb| cÖPÐ Mi‡g ÿz`ª RvqMvq 146 R‡bi g‡a¨ 123 Rb k^vmiæ× n‡q gviv hvq| evsjvi
beve wmivR‡Ï․jv‡K ‡nq c«wZcbœ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡qB m¤¢eZ GB Kvwnbx iwPZ I c«PvwiZ n‡qwQj e‡j
Abygvb Kiv nq| njI‡qj KZ©„K cÖPvwiZ GB Kvwnwb AÜK~c nZ¨v bv‡g cÖPvwiZ nq hvi †Kvb HwZnvwmK
mZ¨Zv cvIqv hvqwb|
‡kl beve I  cÖK…Z bvg—wgR©v †gvnv¤§`| wZwb wQ‡jb ‡kl ¯^vaxb beve| Zvui wcZvi bvg— R‡qb DwÏb|
cjvkx hy×  Avjxew`© Lvb beve g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Zvui Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv †eM‡gi cyÎ wmivRD‡Ï․jv‡K Zvui
DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| wmivR evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb gvÎ 23 eQi eq‡m 10
GwcÖj, 1756 mv‡j|
 1756 mv‡j †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© `Lj K‡i †bb Ges KjKvZvi bvg iv‡Lb AvjxbMi|
 Avjxew`©i cÖ_g Kb¨v N‡lwU †eM‡gi B‡”Q wQj Zvui wØZxq fwMœi cyÎ kIKZ R½ beve n‡eb| d‡j wZwb
wmivRD‡Ï․jvi weiæ‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
 cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ nq— 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb| G hy‡× Bs‡iR‡`i c‡ÿ †bZ…Z¡ †`b ievU© K¬vBf|
Zv‡K loh‡š¿ mvnvh¨ K‡ib N‡lwU †eMg, ivq`yj©f, RMr‡kV, gxi Rvdi, DwgPvu`, ivRejøf cÖgyL|
1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cjvwki hy‡× bev‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rvdi wek^vmNvZKZv K‡i hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y weiZ _v‡Kb|
Amnvqfv‡e civRq N‡U wmivRD‡Ï․jvi| Gfv‡eB cjvwki hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq| Avi
GKB mv‡_ evsjvq ga¨hy‡MiI Aemvb N‡U Ges bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|

evsjvq ewYK‡`i AvMgb

1648 mv‡j BD‡iv‡ci hy×iZ wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ GKwU kvwšÍPzw³ nq| G‡K e‡j ÔI‡q÷‡dwjqvi Pzw³Õ| GwU m¤úvw`Z nIqvi
ci kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ n‡j BD‡ivcxq wewfbœ RvwZ bZzb D`¨‡g evwY‡R¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ †ewi‡q c‡o| G‡`i AwaKvs‡ki jÿ¨ wQj
fviZel©|
cZz©wMR o fvi‡Z Avmvi Rjc_ Avwe®‥vi (1487 mv‡j)| 1487 mv‡j— ev_©‡jvwgD w`qvR DËgvkv AšÍix‡c ‡c․uQvb|
o fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki `wÿY DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z DËgvkv AšÍixc n‡q fviZe‡l© Av‡mb— 1498
mv‡j| wZwb KvwjKU e›`‡i ‡c․uQvb| fvi‡Z Avm‡Z fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv Avie bvweK‡`i mvnvh¨ ‡bb|
o BD‡ivcxq‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g fvi‡Z Av‡m I NvuwU ¯’vcb— 1516 mv‡j|
o fvi‡Z cZ©ywMR ev BD‡ivcxq‡`i cÖ_g `yM© wQj Ô‡KvwPbÕ| Zviv evsjv‡Z wdwiw½ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
Ij›`vR o †b`vij¨vÛ ev nj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx‡`i ejv nq— Ij›`vR| Dcgnv‡`‡k Zv‡`i ewYK‡`i gmjvi †kÖô e¨emv|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 12 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
o Zviv B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡iwQj| Zviv evsjvq Av‡m— 1602 mv‡j|
Bs‡iR o gyNj m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j Bs‡iRiv webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cvq| m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
AbygwZµ‡g ûMwj‡Z cZ©ywMRiv kni cÖwZwôZ K‡i| ewYKMY mivmwifv‡e e½‡`‡k evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’vcb
K‡ib— m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Avg‡j|
o e¨emvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwb MVb— 1600 mv‡j|
o Dcgnv‡`‡k/evsjvq Bs‡iR‡`i c«_g KywV— myiv‡U (1608 mv‡j)|
o Bs‡iR evwYwR¨K †Kv¤úvwb KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib|
‡Wwbk o †Wbgv‡K©i Awaevmx‡`i ejv nq— †Wwbk ev w`‡bgvi| ‡Wwbk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡i— 1616 mv‡j|
divwm o BD‡ivcxq‡`i g‡a¨ mevi †k‡l Av‡m| D‡Ïk¨ wQj— mv¤ªvR¨ ¯’vcb|
o divwmiv me©cÖ_g fvi‡Z evwYR¨ KzwVi ¯’vcb K‡i— myiv‡U| cwЇPix bvgK divwm Dcwb‡ekwU ¯’vcb
K‡i d«vu‡mvqv gvwU©b| divwm B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡i A_©mwPe †KvjevU|

evsjvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb

fviZe‡l© evwYR¨ we¯Ív‡ii j‡ÿ¨ 1600 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Û ¯’vwcZ nq Ôw` weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ| 1651 mv‡j ûMwj‡Z Ges
1658 mv‡j KvwkgevRv‡i Zviv evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i| ÔWvP B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ 1630 mv‡j evsjvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡jI
weªwUk‡`i mv‡_ wU‡K _vK‡Z bv †c‡i wKQzKvj c‡i B‡›`v‡bwkqv I gvj‡qwkqvi w`‡K P‡j hvq| Ô‡d«Â B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ
cÖwZôv K‡i divwmiv 1664 mv‡j evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges P›`bbMi Ges PzuPovq k³ NvuwU M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_
wZb `dv hy‡× †n‡i ZvivI cÖvq GKk eQ‡ii evwYR¨ ¸wU‡q B‡›`vPx‡bi w`‡K P‡j hvq|
Mfb©i  B÷ BwÛqv ‡Kv¤úvwbi Aaxb kvmK‡`i ejv nZ Mfb©i|
 cÖ_g Mfb©i- jW© K¬vBf (1765-1772)|
 me©‡kl Mfb©i-Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm (1772-1785)|
Mfb©i  B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmK Z‡e weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Aaxb wQ‡jb|
†Rbv‡ij  fviZ kvmb msµvšÍ ‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v± 1773 Gi gva¨‡g Gi Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
 cÖ_g Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm (1772-1785) Ges
 me©‡kl Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb jW© K¨vwbs (1856-1858)|
fvBmiq  ivYx wf‡±vwiqvi Aaxb kvmbKZ©v‡K fvBmiq ev eo jvU ejv nq|
 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`«v‡ni djkÖæwZ‡Z ‡Kv¤úvwbi kvmb ‡kl nq Ges fvBmiq c‡`i ïiæ nq|
 1g fvBmiq jW© K¨vwbs (1858-1862) Ges me©‡kl fvBmiq jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (gvP© 1947-AvM÷ 1947)
ievU© K¬vBf  Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Bs‡iR Mfb©i ievU© K¬vBf|
 †Kv¤úvwbi †`Iqvwb jvf : 1765 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy‡×i (1764 mvj) ci K¬vBf w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvn Avj‡gi
mv‡_ Gjvnvev‡` GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| GB Pzw³i d‡j ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ gyNj ev`kvn kvn
Avj‡gi wbKU n‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi †`Iqvwb jvf K‡i|
 ‣ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’v (1765) : w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvn& Avj‡gi wbKU n‡Z †`Iqvwb jv‡fi ci evsjvi beve‡K
e„wˇfvMx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i ievU© K¬vBf Ô•ØZ kvmbÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| •ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vq K¬vBf evsjvi
bev‡ei Dci kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡ib| ivR¯^ Av`vq I cÖwZiÿvi `vwqZ¡ b¨¯Í K‡ib
‡Kv¤úvbxi Dci| Gi d‡j beve †c‡jb ÔÿgZvnxb `vwqZ¡Õ Ges †Kv¤úvwb jvf Kij Ô`vwqZ¡nxb ÿgZvÕ|
‣ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi gvivZ¥K cwiYwZ nj wQqvˇii gš^šÍi|
jW© KvwUqvi  wQqvˇii gš^šÍ‡ii mgq evsjvi Mfb©i wQ‡jb jW© KvwU©qvi|
 wQqvˇii gš^šÍi : •ØZ kvm‡bi AvIZvq ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ †c‡q Bs‡iRiv cÖRv‡`i Dci AwZwi³
Ki Av‡ivc K‡i Zv Av`v‡q cÖPÐ Pvc m„wó K‡i| AwZwi³ K‡ii Pv‡c hLb RbMY I K…l‡Ki bvwfk^vm
IVvi Ae¯’v †mmgq †`‡k cici wZb eQi Abve„wói d‡j Livq dm‡ji e¨vcK ÿwZ nq| evsjv 1176
e½vã ev Bs‡iwR 1770 wLª÷v‡ã †b‡g Av‡m `ywf©‡ÿi Kivj Qvqv| `ywf©‡ÿ jÿ jÿ †jvK Abvnv‡i gviv
‡M‡jI †Kv¤úvwb K‡ii †evSv Kgv‡bvi †Kvb c`‡ÿc †bqwb| GB `ywf©‡ÿ evsjvi cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk
‡jv‡Ki g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj| BwZnv‡m GwU ÔwQqvˇii gš^šÍiÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 13 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v±, 1773
•ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vq Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwbi AZ¨vPvi wbcxo‡bi wewfbœ w`K weªwUk cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j Bsj¨v‡Û ‣ØZ kvm‡bi
weiæ‡× Zzgyj ZK© weZK© ïiæ nq| GRb¨ weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mycvwikµ‡g fviZ kvmb msµvšÍ ‡i¸‡jwUs A¨v±, 1773 Kvh©Ki
Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Mfb©‡ii c` Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij c‡` DbœxZ nq|

evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝi Mfb©‡ii kvmb

Iqv‡ib  Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm wQ‡jb— cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g ivR¯^ †evW© MVb K‡ib|
†nw÷sm  AvBb-B-AvKeix MÖš’wU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|
(1772-1785)  fvi‡Z weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i cÖ_g m~Pbv K‡ib wZwb| GÛgÛ evK© Iqv‡ib ‡nw÷sm‡K gvbeRvwZi kÎæ
e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb gywk©`vev` ‡_‡K ivR‡Kvl I ivRavbx KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
 1772 mv‡j †evW© Ae wW‡i±i‡mi wb‡`©‡k ‣ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’v iwnZ K‡ib|
 wZwb cvuPkvjv e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
jW© Kb©Iqvwjm  jW© Kb©Iqvwjm miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i Rb¨ †h wewa weavb Pvjy K‡ib cieZ©xKv‡j Zv ÔBwÛqvb wmwfj
(1785-1798) mvwf©mÕ bv‡g cÖPwjZ nq| wZwb 1789 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvq `k kvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib|
 1793 mv‡j wZwb `k kvjv e‡›`ve¯Í‡K ÔwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ e‡j †NvlYv †`b| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í Rwgi
gvwjK nq Rwg`viMY|
 m~h©v¯Í AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y wbw`©ó w`‡b ivR¯^ cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nIqvq eû Rwg`vi Zv‡`i Rwg`vwi nvivq|
jW© I‡q‡jmwj  gnxk~‡ii kvmbKZ©v wUcy myjZvb wØZxq gnxk~i hy‡× Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ †eªB_I‡qU‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
(1798-1805)  mv¤ªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i jW© I‡q‡jmwj KZ©„K M„nxZ bxwZi bvg AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv| wZwb wUcy myjZvb‡K
AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ MÖn‡Yi Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| wUcy myjZvb GB Avgš¿Y cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j I‡q‡jmwj
1799 mv‡j wUcyi weiæ‡× ÔPZz_© gnxk~i hy×Õ †NvlYv K‡ib| wUcy ex‡ii b¨vq hy× K‡i knx` nb|
 wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv (1800 wLª÷v‡ã)|
 fvi‡Z I‡q‡jmwji kvmbvg‡j mg-mvgwqK BD‡iv‡ci kvmK wQj †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU©|
‡WwfW †nw÷sm (1813-1823)  1817 mv‡j KjKvZv wn›`y K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib|

fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji kvmb

jW© DBwjqvg  mZx`vn cÖ_v : 1829 mv‡ji 4 wW‡m¤^i jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ AvBb K‡i mZx`vn cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib|
†ew›U¼ (1823- GB ms¯‥vi Kv‡R jW© DBwjqvg †ew›U¼ ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡ib| mZx`vn n‡jv
1835) ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ ¯¿x‡KI `vn|
 fviZe‡l© cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖmv‡i me©cÖ_g AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib|
jW© Wvj‡n․wm  Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk mv¤ªvR¨ev`x jW© Wvj‡n․wm Ô¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZÕ cÖ‡qvM
(1848-1856) K‡i mvuZviv, Svuwm, bvMcyi, m¤^jcyi cÖf…wZ ivR¨¸‡jv weªwUk mv¤ªvR¨fz³ K‡ib|
 1850 mv‡j wZwb me©cÖ_g KjKvZv †_‡K WvqgÛ nvievi ch©šÍ ‡UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vcb K‡ib|
 1853 mv‡j wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡k ‡ij †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|
 1856 mv‡j wZwb wn›`y weaev weevn AvBb (The Hindu Widows Re-marriage Act, 1856) cvm K‡i
wn›`y weaev‡`i cybtweevn Pvjy K‡ib| GB AvBb cÖPj‡b Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|

Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmi‡qi kvmb

jW© K¨vwbs  Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij| wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡k KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib|
(1858-1862  wZwb me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e 1856 1858 mvj ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Gi ci
wLª÷vã) 1858 1862 mvj ch©šÍ fvBmiq ev eojvU wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| ZvB wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡ki—
cÖ_g fvBmiq| K¨vwbs-Gi Avg‡j 1857 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k wmcvwn we‡`ªvn nq|
 1861 mv‡j jW© K¨vwbs Dcgnv‡`‡k cywjk mvwf©m I BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m Pvjy K‡ib|
 Rwg`vi‡` i nvZ †_‡K ivqZ‡`i iÿv‡_© K¨vwbs wUb¨vwÝ A¨v± Pvjy K‡ib|
jW© ‡g‡qv  1872 mv‡j jW© †g‡qvi kvmbvg‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi cwiPvwjZ nq|
(1869-1872)
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 14 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
jW© wjUb  1878 mv‡j A¯¿ AvBb (The Arms Act) cvm K‡i webv jvB‡m‡Ý A¯¿ ivLv wbwl× K‡ib|
(1876-1872  msev`cÎ AvBb (Vernacular Press Act) cvm K‡i †`kxq fvlvq cÖPvwiZ msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv niY K‡ib|
jW© wicb  1881 mv‡j kÖwgK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ôd¨v±wi AvBbÕ Pvjy K‡i we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| G AvB‡bi Øviv
(1880-84) kÖwgK‡`i 8 NÈv Kv‡Ri weavb Pvjy Kiv nq|
 1882 mv‡j wZwb DBwjqvg nv›Uvi‡K ‡Pqvig¨vb K‡i cÖ_g fviZxq wkÿv Kwgkb MVb K‡ib|
 KviLvbv‡Z wkï kÖwgK wb‡qvM wbwl× K‡ib| msev`cÎ AvBb iwnZ K‡i msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
 fvi‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©K| BjevU© wej cvm K‡ib|
 Judge me by my acts and not by my words. (jW© wicb KjKvZvi cÖ_g Rbmfvq e‡jb|)
jW© KvR©b  e½f‡½i mgq fvBmiq wQ‡jb|
(1899-1905)  fvi‡Zi e„nËg jvB‡eªwi ÔB‡¤úwiqvj jvB‡eªwiÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|

e½f½ (1905) I e¨vgwdì dzjvi

 1905 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB miKv‡ii P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ ‡gvZv‡eK 1905 mv‡ji 16B A‡±vei Kvh©Ki nq|
 e½f‡½i gva¨‡g evsjv 2wU fv‡M wef³ nq| c«‡`k `yBwU M‡o I‡V—
c~e©e½ I Avmvg o evsjv‡`k I Avmvg‡K wb‡q M‡o I‡V| ¦evsjv G hveZ `yÕevi wef³ nq—
cÖ‡`k o G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj XvKv|
o G cÖ‡`‡ki 1g †jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i wQ‡jb  1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i
e¨vgwdì dyjvi| gva¨‡g|
cwðge½, wenvi o cwðg evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwol¨v wb‡q|  1947 mv‡j fviZ wefw³i
I Dwol¨v cÖ‡`k o G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx wQj KjKvZv| gva¨‡g|

jW© wg‡›Uv  gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‥vi AvB‡bi gva¨‡g jW© wg‡›Uv gymjgvb‡`i c„_K wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi †`b|
(1905-1910)  1910 mv‡j †cÖm A¨v± cÖYqb K‡ib|
jW© nvwW©Ä (1910-1916 wLª÷vã), ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb I e½f½ i`
jW© KvR©b 1905 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB miKvwifv‡e e½f‡½i ‡NvlYv ‡`b| c«wZwµqvq
Av‡›`vj‡bi ïiæ nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi iY‡K․k‡ji AšÍM©Z wQj weªwUk cY¨ eqKU Ges ‡`kxq
wkí I Drcv`b c«wµqvi DbœwZ mvab| GwU 1911 mvj ch©šÍ P‡jwQj| GB Av‡›`vjb wQj
cÖvK-MvÜx hy‡Mi mdjZg Av‡›`vjb¸wji Ab¨Zg| 1911 mv‡j e½f½ i` nq| e½f½ i‡`i
mgq we«‡U‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb 5g RR© (41Zg wewmGm) Ges fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW© nvwW©Ä| 1912
mv‡j ivRavbx KjKvZv Kiv n‡jI 1912 mv‡j w`wjø‡Z n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq (c~e© + cwðg evsjv
= ‡e½j cÖ‡`k)|
XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôv
o 1912 mv‡ji 2 †deªæqvwi XvKvq wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi fvBmiq jW© nvwW©Ä| Gi
gvÎ wZb w`b c~‡e© fvBmiq Gi mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡i wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi Av‡e`b Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb XvKvi beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn,
abevoxi beve •mq` bIqve Avjx †P․ayix, †k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK I Ab¨vb¨ ‡bZ…e„›`|
o 1913 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq bv_vb KwgwUi BwZevPK wi‡cvU© Ges †m eQiB wW‡m¤^i gv‡m †mwU Aby‡gvw`Z nq|
o 1917 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m •mq` bIqve Avjx †P․ayix Bg‡cwiqvj †jwRm‡jwUf KvDw݇j Awej‡¤^ XvKv wek^we`¨vjq wej
cv‡ki AvnŸvb Rvbvb| 1920 mv‡ji 23 gvP© Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij G we‡j m¤§wZ †`b|
o 1921 mv‡ji 1jv RyjvB XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
o GB wek^we`¨vj‡hi cÖ_g DcvPvh© wQ‡jb m¨vi wc. †R. nvU©R Ges cÖ_g QvÎx wQ‡jb jxjv bvM|
jW© †Pgm‡dvW© (1916-1921)
g‡›U¸-‡Pgm‡dvW© AvBb (1919) cÖYxZ nq hv fviZ kvmb AvBb bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB AvBb †gvZv‡eK, †K‡›`ª `yBKÿwewkó
AvBbmfv wQj Z‡e cÖK…Z ÿgZv wQj fvBmi‡qi ev eojv‡Ui nv‡Z| cÖv‡`wkK •ØZkvmb bxwZ Kvh©Ki _vK‡jI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq¸‡jv wQj Mfb©‡ii nv‡Z| GRb¨ RbM‡Yi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vex c~iY nqwb|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 15 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (gvP©-AvM÷, 1947 wLª÷vã)
1947 mv‡ji 3 Ryb weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq ev eojvU gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub fviZel©‡K fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU mve©‡f․g iv‡óª
wef³ Kivi cwiKíbv †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb mvBwij Rb i¨vWwK¬d‡K `ywU mxgvbv wbhy³Kvix Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb K‡ib| 1947 mv‡ji
18 RyjvB weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U ÔfviZ ¯^vaxb AvBb, 1947Õ cÖYxZ nq| G mgq weª‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb wK¬‡g›U GUwj|

evsjvq ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb

Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm 1781 mv‡j KjKvZv gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib| Gici 1791 mv‡j ms¯‥…Z K‡jR cÖwZôv Kiv nq| D”PZi wkÿv I
M‡elYv cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv nq ÔKjKvZv wek^we`¨vjqÕ| Gm‡ei g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj GKwU wkwÿZ AbyMZ †kÖwY M‡o
†Zvjv| Z‡e mKj cÖwZeÜKZvi g‡a¨I ¯^vaxbZvKvgx gvbyl ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K|
dwKi-  B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ÿgZv jv‡fi ci cÖ_g we‡`ªvn dwKi— mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
mbœ¨vmx  1760-1800 mvj ch©šÍ G we‡`ªvn P‡jwQj|
Av‡›`vjb  1764 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy‡× gxi Kvwkg dwKi-mbœ¨vmx‡`i wbKU mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| dwKi-mbœ¨vmxM‡Yi
mnvqZvi c‡iI gxi Kvwkg civwRZ n‡j Zvuiv Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb| evsjvq mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªv‡ni
bvqK-bvwqKv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ— fevbx cvVK I †`ex †P․ayivYx|
 Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv dwKi gRby kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci GB Av‡›`vjb †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afv‡e w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o|
e·v‡ii hy× 1760 mv‡j Bs‡iR Mfb©i fvwÝUvU© gxiRvdi‡K ÿgZv †_‡K mwi‡q gxi Kvwkg‡K kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ wmsnvm‡b
(1764 wLª.) emvb| gxi Kvwkg ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z PvIqvq Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ Zvui hy× Awbevh© n‡q
D‡VwQj| beve Bs‡iR‡`i †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡Ï․jv Ges
gyNj m¤ªvU kvn Avj‡gi m‡½ GKwÎZ n‡q 1764 mv‡ji 22‡k A‡±vei wenv‡ii e·vi bvgK ¯’v‡b Bs‡iR‡`i
mv‡_ kw³ cixÿvq AeZxY© nb| `yf©vM¨µ‡g mw¤§wjZ evwnbx †gRi gb‡ivi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq|
PvKgv  ‡bZ…Z¡ †`q— PvKgv ivRv ‡Rvqvb eLm& Lvu|
we‡`ªvn  KviY— PvKgv ivRv †Rvqvb eKm&‡K gy`ªvq ivR¯^ w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g gy`ªv A_©bxwZ
(1776-1789) cÖPj‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| d‡j †mLv‡b Aw¯’iZv †`Lv hvq Ges PvKgv we‡`ªvn msMwVZ nq|
wZZzgx‡ii  wZZzgx‡ii cÖK…Z bvg— gxi wbmvi Avjx wZZzgxi|
Av‡›`vjb  Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Î a‡i wZZzgxi cÖ_g evivmv‡Z Bs‡iR‡`i wec‡ÿ we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib|
 evivmv‡Zi we‡`ªv‡ni ci Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ hy‡×i Avk¼v K‡i wZwb bvwi‡Kjevwoqvq evu‡ki‡Kjøv (1831
wLª÷v‡ã 19 b‡f¤^i) wbg©vY K‡ib| wZZzgx‡ii •Zwi euv‡ki †Kjøv Bs‡iR •mb¨iv aŸsm K‡i 1831 mv‡j|
 Bs‡iR †jd‡Ub¨v›U K‡b©j ÷zqv‡U©i †bZ…‡Z¡ Bs‡iR Kvgvb I †Mvjv¸wj‡Z wZZzgx‡ii evu‡ki †Kjøv P~Y© -
weP~Y© nq| GB hy‡× cÖ_g ev½vwj wn‡m‡e B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× A¯¿aviY K‡i knx` nb| GB hy‡×
Zvui AviI Pwjøk mnPi knx` nb|
mvuIZvj  †bZ…Z¡ †`b `yB fvB wmay Avi Kvby|
we‡`ªvn  eo jvU Wvj‡n․wmi mg‡q mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn (1855 mv‡ji 30 Ryb) nq|
wmcvwn  1856 mv‡j Gbwdì bvgK GK cÖKvi ivB‡dj e¨envi ïiæ nq| GB e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR `vuZ w`‡q †K‡U
we‡`ªvn e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| ¸Re i‡U †h, GB e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR Miæ I ï‡qv‡ii Pwe© w`‡q •Zix| wn›`y-gymjgvb
•mwbK‡`i g‡b aviYv R‡b¥ †h, Zv‡`i ag© webó Kivi Rb¨ GB e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q|
 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvwn g½jcv‡Ð KvZz©R e¨env‡i A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb Ges Zvi EaŸ©Zb
Kg©KZ©v‡K AvµgY K‡ib|
 1857 mv‡ji 1†g wgivU kn‡i ïiæ nIqv weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †mbvevwnbxi wmcvwn‡`i GwU
we‡`ªvn| wmcvwn we‡`ªvn‡K fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy×, gnvwe‡`ªvn, fviZxq we‡`ªvn, 1857 mv‡ji we‡`ªvn
I 1858 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
div‡qwR Ewbk kZ‡K evsjvq M‡o IVv GKwU ms¯‥vi Av‡›`vjb| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q G Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨ wQj ag© ms¯‥vi|
Av‡›`vjb wKš‘ cieZ©x mg‡q GB Av‡›`vj‡b Av_©-mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡ii cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ôdiv‡qwRÕ kãwU ÔdiRÕ kã
†_‡K D™¢~Z| Gi A_© n‡”Q Avjøvn KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ Aek¨ cvjbxq KZ©e¨| G Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨v³v/cÖe³v nvRx
kixqZDjøvn| nvRx kixqZDjøv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci G Av‡›`vj‡bi ‡bZ…Z¡ †`b Zvui my‡hvM¨ cyÎ gynwmbDÏxb Ii‡d
`y`y wgqv| LvRbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPvi †ivaK‡í `y`y wgqv Avjøvni mve©‡f․gZ¡ cÖwZôvi Rb¨
e‡jb ÔÔRwg †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’xÕÕ| `y`y wgqv G Av‡›`vjb‡K ivR‣bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b
iƒc †`b|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 16 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
bxj we‡`ªvn  Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K BD‡iv‡c wkí wecø‡ei d‡j e¯¿wk‡íi GK Af~Zc~e© DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| d‡j
(Indigo Kvc‡o is Kivi Rb¨ bx‡ji Pvwn`v e¨vcK †e‡o hvq| G e¨emv jvfRbK nIqvq bxjPv‡l eva¨ K‡i
Revolt) Bs‡iRiv| wKš‘ bxjKiiv bxjPvlx‡`i bvbvfv‡e VKvZ| bxj Pv‡l Am¤§wZ Rvbv‡j Zv‡`i Dci †b‡g
AvmZ AeY©bxq wbh©vZb|
 bxj Pv‡li cÖwZ‡iv‡a Av‡›`vj‡b cÖ_g cÖev` cyiæl— m`©vi wek^bv_| wZwb 1808 mv‡j Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z
aiv c‡o Ges g„Zz¨`‡Ð `wÐZ nq|
 ZrKvjxb b`xqv Ges eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki h‡kvi ‡Rjvi †P․MvQvq cÖ_g bxj we‡`ªvn †`Lv hvq weòzPiY
wek^vm I w`M¤¢i wek^v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡| 1859-1862 mvj ch©šÍ Av‡›`vjb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|
 bxj we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ 1860 mv‡j miKvi MVb K‡i— Ôbxj KwgkbÕ ev ÔBwÛ‡Mv KwgkbÕ| bxj
Kwgkb bxjPvlx‡`i Awf‡hv‡Mi mZ¨Zv Lyu‡R cvq| Gici miKvi GKwU AvB‡bi Øviv †NvlYv K‡ib †h,
bxjKiiv bxjPvlx‡`i bxj Pv‡l eva¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges †mUv Ki‡j AvBbZ `Ðbxq n‡e| G AvBb
cv‡mi d‡j 1862 mv‡j bxj we‡`ªv‡ni Aemvb nq|
 bxj Pvlx‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnwb wb‡q `xbeÜz wgÎ iPbv K‡ib- Ôbxj `c©YÕ|
AvjxMo AvjxMo K‡jR‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯^Zš¿ ivR‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK aviv m„wó nq, Zv‡K AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb e‡j|
Av‡›`vjb 1875 mv‡j DËi cÖ‡`‡ki AvjxM‡o m¨vi •mq` Avng` Lvb Ô‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨vs‡jv-Iwi‡q›Uvj K‡jRÕ ¯’vcb
K‡ib hv 1920 mv‡j AvjxMo gymwjg wek^we`¨vj‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
fvi‡Zi RvZxq Ks‡MÖm
 cÖwZôvKvj— 1885 wLª÷vã| GwU fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbZg ivR‣bwZK msMVb| (38Zg wewmGm)
 cÖwZôvZv— AemicÖvß Bs‡iR wmwfwjqvb A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg| `jwUi cÖ_g mfvcwZ- D‡gk e¨vbvwR©|
wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM
 cÖwZôvKvj— 30 wW‡m¤^i, 1906 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq| gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖK„Z bvg wQj ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ|
 cÖwZôvZv— beve mwjgyjøvn, AvMv Lvb bIqve wfKvi-Dj-g~jyK| 1g Awa‡ekb— 1906 wLª. Avnmvb gwÄj, XvKvq|

evsjvq mk¯¿ •ecøweK Av‡›`vjb

 1906 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi •ecøweK Av‡›`vjb‡K mš¿vmev`x Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i|
 we«wUk we‡ivax wecøex‡`i j¶¨ wQj cÖavb ‡cÖwm‡WwÝ g¨vwR‡÷«U wKsm ‡dvW©‡K nZ¨v Kiv| ÿzw`ivg, cÖdzjø PvKx wenv‡ii
‡gvRvddicy‡i ‡dv‡W©i Mvwo j¶¨ K‡i ‡evgv wb‡¶c Ki‡j Ab¨ GK Bs‡i‡Ri ¯¿x Ges Kb¨v wbnZ nq| ÿzw`ivg aiv
c‡ob Ges dvuwm nq| cÖdzjø PvKx AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
 PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jyÉb : PÆM«vg A¯¿vMvi jyɇbi Rb¨ ‡bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb— ¯’vbxq b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUD‡Ui wk¶K gv÷vi `v
m~h©‡mb| 1930 mv‡ji 18 B Gwc«j A¯¿vMviwU jyÉb Kiv nq|
 cvnvoZjx †ijI‡q K¬ve AvµgY : cvnvoZjx ‡ijI‡q K¬ve Avµg‡Yi ‡bZ…Z¡ ‡`b— cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi|
 wecøex m~h©‡mb Zvi `j I mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q gv÷vi `v bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1932 mv‡j ‡m‡Þ¤^‡i cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`v‡ii
†bZ…‡Z¡ cvnvoZjx BD‡ivcxqvb K¬ve AvµgY Ki‡j weªwUk miKvi m~h©‡mbmn AwaKvsk wecøex‡K ai‡Z mÿg nq| 1934
mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi Zvu‡K dvuwm †`qv nq|

fviZ Qvo Av‡›`vjb

fvi‡Zi ivR‣bwZK mgm¨v wbim‡b wµcm wgkb e¨_© n‡j gnvZ¥v MvÜxi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1942 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m ÔfviZ QvoÕ `vex‡Z
Bs‡iR we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq|

‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb
 Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b— nvRx †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk I Bjv wgÎ| mgqKvj— 1946-47 wLª÷vã| Av‡›`vjb iscyi I
w`bvRcy‡i Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| GB Av‡›`vjb 19wU †Rjvq Qwo‡q c‡o|
 ‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vj‡bi `vex wQj Drcbœ dm‡ji wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM cv‡e gvwjK Ges `yB fvM cv‡e Pvlx|

Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨- (¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vjb msµvšÍ)

 ‣mq` Avgxi Avjx : gymjgvb‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ‣mq` Avgxi Avjx cÖwZôv K‡ib Ô‡m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ| Avgxi Avjx iwPZ eB‡qi bvg- ÔThe Spirit of Islam’ I ÔA short story of seracens’.
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 17 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
 nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb : `vbkxjZvi Rb¨ `vbexi ev evsjvi nv‡Zg ZvB bv‡g cwiwPZ nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb| wZwb mgvR
‡meK n‡jI mgvR ms¯‥viK bb|
 bIqve Ave`yj jwZd: 1863 mv‡j KjKvZvq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR Ô‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwUÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
gymjgvb‡`i wkÿv we¯Ív‡i wZwb AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
 ivIjvU AvBb : AvBbwU 1918 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z nq| GB AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj msev`c‡Îi Kɇiva Kiv| GB AvB‡bi
cÖwZev‡` RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡M AmsL¨ gvbyl mg‡eZ nq| †Rbv‡ij Wvqv‡ii wb‡`©‡k mvaviY gvby‡li Dci †mbvevwnbx ¸wj
Pvjvq Ges A‡bK mvaviY gvbyl wbnZ nq|
 RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKvÐ : nZ¨vKvÐ msMwVZ nq- 13 GwcÖj, 1919 wLª.| nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
ÔbvBUûWÕ Z¨vM K‡ib|
 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb : 1919 mv‡j ivIjvU Av‡›`vjb I RvwjIqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` gnvZ¥v MvÜx Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| 1920 mv‡ji 8 †m‡Þ¤^i Ks‡MÖ‡mi we‡kl Awa‡ek‡b Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi
hyMcrfv‡e cwiPvjbvi wm×všÍ nq| 1922 mv‡ji 12 †deªæqvwi G Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
 ¯^ivR `j I †e½j c¨v± : 1923 mv‡j ‡`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ„©‡Z¡ ¯^ivR cvwU© MwVZ nq| evsjvq gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_
wPËiÄb `v‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ e½xq Ks‡MÖm KwgwU GKwU mg‡SvZvq †c․uQvq| GB mg‡SvZvwU Ôevsjv Pzw³Õ ev Ô‡e½j c¨v±Õ Pzw³
bv‡g cwiwPZ hv evsjvq wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ewjô f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

fviZ wefvMc~e© ivRbxwZ

1937 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb
1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb 1937 mv‡j Kvh©Ki n‡j 1937 mv‡j 1g cÖv‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| ‡Kvqvwjkb :
gymwjg jxM I K…lK cÖRv cvwU©| ‡k‡i evsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK Awef³ evsjvi cÖ_g gyL¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb| wbe©vP‡b Rqx `j I
Avm‡bi msL¨v—
gymwjg jxM 40wU K…lK cÖRv cvwU© 35wU
¯^Zš¿¨ gymjgvb 41wU ¯^Zš¿ wn›`y 14wU
 1938 mv‡j ÔdøvDW KwgkbÕ MwVZ nq|
 ‡k‡i evsjv G.‡K.dRjyj nK ÔFY mvwjwm †evW©Õ MVb K‡ib| wZwb 1941 mv‡j gymjxg jxM Z¨vM K‡ib|
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve  1939 mv‡j gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g wn›`y I gymjgvb bv‡g `ywU Avjv`v RvwZi cÖ¯Íve
K‡ib|
 1940 mv‡ji 23 ‡k gvP© jv‡nv‡i wRbœvni mfvcwZ‡Z¡ gymwjg jx‡Mi evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b ZrKvjxb gyL¨gš¿x
dRjyj nK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib|
 g~jK_v— Dcgnv‡`‡ki DËi-cwðgvÂj Ges DËi-c~e©v‡ji gymjwg Aa¨ywlZ GjvKv¸‡jv wb‡q
GKvwaK ¯^vaxb I mve©‡f․g ivó« MVb| Gi wfwˇZ cvwK¯Ívb iv‡ó«i Rb¥ nq|
wµcm wgkb wµcm wgkb 1942 mv‡ji 23 gvP© K¨vwe‡bU gš¿x m¨vi ÷¨v‡dvW© wµc‡mi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ weªwUk miKvi KZ©…K fvi‡Z
‡cÖwiZ GKwU wgkb| wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvcvb wgÎ c‡ÿi weiæ‡× †hvM`vb Ki‡j Rvcvwb Avµg‡Y weiæ‡×
G†`kxq mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv jvf Kivi Rb¨ ZrKvjxb weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x PvwP©j G `j‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k †cÖiY
K‡ib|
cÂv‡ki wØZxq wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvcvwbiv evg©v `Lj Ki‡j evg©v †_‡K evsjvq Pvj Avg`vwb eÜ n‡q hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i
gš^šÍi evsjvq Lv`¨km¨ µq K‡i evsjvi evwn‡i •mb¨‡`i im` wn‡m‡e cvwV‡q †`qv nq| Amvay, †jvfx I gybvdv‡Lvi
e¨emvqxiv Lv`¨ ¸`vgRvZ ïiæ K‡i| Gw`‡K Abve„wói d‡j evsjvq Lv`¨ Drcv`bI n«vm cvq| cwiYv‡g evsjvq
1943 wLª÷v‡ã ev 1350 e½v‡ã fqven `ywf©ÿ nq hv cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gš¿x wgkb weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x GUwj Zvi gwš¿mfvi wZb m`m¨‡K 1946 mv‡j fvi‡Z †cÖiY K‡ib| G cÖwZwbwa `j‡K gš¿x
wgkb (The Cabinet Mission) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
1946 mv‡ji 1946 mv‡j cÖv‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vP‡b Aveyj nv‡mg Ges ‡mvnivIqv`©xi ‡bZ…Z¡vaxb gymwjg jxM Rqjvf K‡i|
wbe©vPb I 24 GwcÖj gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq| ‡nv‡mb knx` ‡mvnivIqv`©x (MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ) Awef³ evsjvi 2q I ‡kl
†mvnivIqv`©xi gyL¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb| 1937 mv‡j Awef³ evsjvq cÖ_g wbe©vPb nq Ges 1946 mv‡j 2q I me©‡kl wbe©vPb
gwš¿mfv AbywôZ nq|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 18 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Avh©‡`i ag©MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx wQj? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) gnvfviZ (L) ivgvqY (M) MxZv (N) †e` DËi : N
e¨vL¨v : Avh©‡`i cÖavb ag©MÖ‡š’i bvg— ‡e`| †e‡`i iPbv K‡ib— Avh© cy‡ivwnZMY| iwPZ nq— ms¯‥…Z fvlvq| †e`‡K
Avh© mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g wb`k©b we‡ePbv Kiv nq| eªvþY‡`i gyL †_‡K †e‡`i †køvK¸‡jv ï‡b Abymvixiv c~Y¨ jvf Ki‡Zv
weavq †e` kÖæwZ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| cieZ©x‡Z †køvK¸‡jv wjwLZ iƒc jvf K‡i|
02. evsjvi me©cÖvPxb Rbc‡`i bvg Kx? [41Zg I 43Zg wewmGm]
(K) cyЪ (L) Zv¤ªwjwß (M) †M․o (N) nwi‡Kj DËi: K
03. cÖvPxb evsjvq mgZU eZ©gvb †Kvb AÂj wb‡q MwVZ wQj? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) XvKv I Kzwgjøv (L) gqgbwmsn I †b·KvYv
(M) Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx (N) gqgbwmsn I Rvgvjcyi DËi: M
04. HwZnvwmK ÔQq `dv `vwe‡ZÕ †h welqwU AšÍf©y³ wQj bv—— [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv (L) †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ÿgZv (M) ¯^Zš¿ gy`ªv e¨e¯’v (N) wePvi e¨e¯’v DËi: N
05. Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ evsjvi †Kvb mgqKvj‡K wb‡`©k K‡i? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) 5g-6ô kZK (L) 6ô-7g kZK (M) 7g-8g kZK (N) 8g-9g kZK DËi: M
06. evsjvi †Kvb myjZv‡bi kvmbvgj‡K ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) kvgmyÏxb Bwjqvm kvn (L) bvwmiæÏxb gvngy` kvn (M) AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn (N) wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn DËi: M
07. Awef³ evsjvi me©cÖ_g ivRv Kv‡K ejv nq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) A‡kvK (L) kkv¼ (M) †gM`v (N) ag©cvj DËi: L
08. XvKv kn‡ii †MvovcËb nq- 41Zg wewmGm]
(K) weªwUk Avg‡j (L) myjvZwb Avg‡j (M) gyNj Avg‡j (N) ¯^vaxb bevex Avg‡j DËi: M
09. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvq ‡K AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) bIqve Avãyj jwZd (L) m¨vi •mq` Avng`
(M) bIqve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn (N) LvRv bvwRgywÏb DËi: M
10. fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x †K wQ‡jb? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) LvRv bvwRgDÏxb (L) byiæj Avwgb
(M) wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb (N) †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn DËi: K
11. evsjvq †mb es‡ki (1070-1230 wLª÷vã) †kl kvmbKZ©v †K wQ‡jb? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) †ngšÍ †mb (L) ejøvj †mb (M) jÿY †mb (N) ‡Kke †mb DËi: N
12. KvMgvix m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq- [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) †ivR Mv‡W©‡b (L) wmivRM‡Ä (M) m‡šÍv‡l (N) mybvgM‡Ä DËi: M
13. gyw³hy×Kv‡j †KvjKvZvi 8, w_‡qUvi †iv‡W Ôevsjv‡`k evwnbxÕ KLb MVb Kiv nq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) GwcÖj 10, 1971 (L) GwcÖj 11, 1971 (M) GwcÖj 12, 1971 (N) GwcÖj 13, 1971 DËi : M
14. e½f½ i` †K †NvlYv K‡ib? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) jW© KvR©b (L) ivRv cÂg RR© (M) jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (N) jW© Iqv‡fj DËi: L
15. eZ©gv‡b e„nËg XvKv †Rjv cÖvPxbKv‡j †Kvb Rbc‡`i AšÍf©y&³ wQj? (24Zg wewmGm - evwZj)
K. mgZU L. cyЪ M. e½ N. nwi‡Kj DËi : M
16. ivRkvnxi DËivsk, e¸ovi cwðgvsk, iscyi I w`bvRcy‡ii wKQz Ask wb‡q MwVZ (19Zg wewmGm)
K. cjj MwVZ mgf~wg L. e‡i›`ªf~wg M. DËie½ N. gnv¯’vbMo DËi : L
17. cÖvPxb ÔP›`ªØxcÕ Gi eZ©gvb bvg – (11Zg I 30Zg wewmGm)
K. gvjØxc L. m›Øxc M. ewikvj N. nvwZqv DËi : M
18. evsjvq gymwjg kvmb (AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii) m~Pbv K‡ib– (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. Avjx g`©vb LjRx L. ZzNwij Lvb
M. mvgQzwÏb wd‡ivR N. BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwR DËi : N
19. BLwZqvi DwÏb ‡gvnv¤§` eLwZqvi LjRx evsjv Rq K‡ib ‡Kvb mv‡j? (30Zg wewmGm)
K. 1212 L. 1200 M. 1204 N. 1211 DËi : M
20. myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx bvg wK? (29Zg wewmGm)
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 19 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
K. †mvbviMvuI L. Rvnv½xibMi M. XvKv N. †M․o DËi: N
21. Be‡b eZzZv Kvi kvmbvg‡j ‡mvbviMvuI Av‡mb? (25Zg Zg wewmGm)
K. kvgmywÏb wd‡ivR kvn L. nvRx Bwjqvm kvn M. ûmvBb kvn N. dLiæwÏb gyeviK kvn DËi : N
22. ‡Kvb kvm‡Ki mgq †_‡K mgMÖ evsjv fvlvfvlx AÂj cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V Ôev½vjvnÕ bv‡g? (12Zg wewmGm)
K. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn L. kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn M. AvKei N. Ckv Lvb DËi : L
23. Biv‡bi Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ cÎvjvc n‡qwQj evsjvi ‡Kvb myjZv‡bi? (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn L. AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn M. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn N. mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` DËi : K
24. ev‡Minv‡U Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi cÖwZwôZ gmwR`wU KZ M¤^yR wewkó? (19Zg wewmGm)
K. Avwk L. GKvwk M. lvU N. †P․lwÆ DËi : L
25. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo ga¨hyMxq gmwR` †KvbwU? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. Kzmy¤^v gmwR` L. eo †mvbv gmwR` M. lvU M¤^yR gmwR` N. mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` DËi: M
26. AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn KLb e„nËi evsjv kvmb K‡ib? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. 1498-1516 wLª. L. 1498-1517 wLª. M. 1498-1518 wLª. N. 1498-1519 wLª. DËi N
27. ‡M․‡oi ‡mvbv gmwR` Kvi Avg‡j wbwg©Z nq? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. dLiæwÏb †gveviK kvn L. †nv‡mb kvn M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvu N. Cmv Lvu DËi : L
28. ‡gvNj mgªvU‡`i gv‡S ‡K cª_g AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡LwQ‡jb? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. AvKei K. evei M. kvnRvnvb N. ûgvqyb DËi : L
29. ‡Kvb gyNj mgªvU evsjvi bvg ‡`b RvbœvZvev`? (10g wewmGm)
K. evei L. ûgvqyb M. AvKei N. Rvnv½xi DËi : L
30. ‡K evsjv mb MYbv ïiæ K‡ib? (10g, 26Zg I 31Zg wewmGm)
K. j²Y †mb L. Bwjqvm kvn M. weRq †mb N. AvKei DËi : N
31. evsjv (‡`k I fvlv) bv‡gi DrcwË welqwU ‡Kvb Mª‡š’ me©vwaK D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. AvjgMxibvgv L. AvBb-B-AvKeix M. AvKeibvgv N. ZzRyK-B-AvKeix DËi : L
32. ‡Kvb bMix gyNj Avg‡j myev bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj? (16Zg wewmGm)
K. †M․o L. †mvbviMvuI M. XvKv N. ûMwj DËi : M
33. XvKvq evsjvi ivRavbx ¯’vc‡bi mgq gyNj my‡e`vi †K wQj? (26Zg wewmGm)
K. Bmjvg Lvb L. Beªvnxg Lvb M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. gxi Rygjv DËi : K
34. XvKv me©cª_g evsjvi ivRavbx n‡qwQj? (10, 21, 24, 28 Zg wewmGm)
K. 1610 mv‡j L. 1576 mv‡j M. 1905 mv‡j N. 1947 mv‡j DËi : K
35. ‡K evsjvi ivRavbx XvKv †_‡K gywk©`vev‡` ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib? (15Zg wewmGm)
K. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv L. beve gywk©`Kzwj Lvu M. myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb N. myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : L
36. XvKvi Ô‡avjvB LvjÕ †K Lbb K‡ib? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. cwiwewe L. Bmjvg Lvb M. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb N. Ckv Lvb DËi : L
37. XvKvi †QvU KvUiv I eo KvUiv †Kvb GjvKvq? (17Zg wewmGm)
K. PK evRv‡i L. m`iNv‡U M. †cv¯Í‡Mvjvq N. k¨vgevRv‡i DËi : K
38.wewe cwi †K wQ‡jb? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. AvIi½‡R‡ei Kb¨v L. kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v M. gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi ¯¿x N. AvRgymkv‡bi gvZv DËi : L
39. jvjevM `y‡M©i Af¨šÍ‡ii mgvwa‡Z mgvwnZ kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi GK Kb¨vi Avmj bvg (17Zg wewmGm)
K. wewe cwi L. Bivb `yL&Z ÔM. Rvnvbviv N. gwiqg DËi : L
40. XvKvq jvjev‡Mi `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib †K? (16Zg I 36Zg wewmGm)
K. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb L. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb M. gxi Rygjv N. my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb DËi : L
41. ‡Kvb gyNj my‡e`vi PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡i Gi bvg iv‡Lb Bmjvgvev`? (24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. Bmjvg Lvb L. ivRv gvbwmsn M. gxi Rygjv N. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb DËi : N
42. evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve †K? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. beve wmivRD‡Ï․jv L. gywk©` Kzjx Lvb M. Bwjqvm kvn N. AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn DËi : L
43. evsjvq BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g evwY‡R¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ_g G‡mwQ‡jb (10g I 16Zg wewmGm)
K. Bs‡iRiv L. Ij›`vRiv M. divmxiv N. cZz©wMRiv DËi : N
44. Bs‡iR B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb KLb evsjv, wenvi I Dwol¨vi ‡`Iqvwb jvf K‡ib? (24Zg wewmGm- evwZj)
K. 1690 L. 1765 M. 1793 N. 1829 DËi : L
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 20 # evsjv‡`k welqvewj
45. evsjvi ÔÔwQqvˇii gš^šÍiÕÕ Gi mgqKvj?
K. 1770 wLª÷vã L. 1760 wLª÷vã M. 1765 wLª÷vã N. 1756 wLª÷vã DËi : K
46. ÔwQqvˇii gš^šÍiÕ bvgK fqven `ywf©ÿ KZ mv‡j N‡U? (14Zg wewmGm)
K. evsjv 1076 mv‡j L. evsjv 1176 mv‡j M. evsjv 1376 mv‡j N. Bs‡iwR 1876 mv‡j DËi : L
47. Ôevsjvq wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ cÖeZ©b Kiv nq KZ mv‡j? (10g I 34Zg wewmGm)
K. 1700 L. 1762 M. 1965 N. 1793 DËi : N
48. mZx`vn cÖ_v KZ mv‡j iwnZ nq? (22Zg wewmGm)
K. 1819 L. 1829 M. 1839 N. 1849 DËi: L
49. jW© K¨vwbs fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Kvb e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib? (22Zg I 35Zg wewmGm)
K. wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í e¨e¯’v L. mZx`vn wbeviY e¨e¯’v M. ‣ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’v N. cywjk e¨e¯’v DËi : N
50. Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †K wQ‡jb?
K. jW© wg‡›Uv L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub N. jW© Iqv‡fj DËi : jW© K¨vwbs
51. c~e©e½ I Avmvg cÖ‡`k MVbKv‡j weªwUk fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmiq wQ‡jb (29Zg I 37Zg wewmGm I 40Zg wewmGm)
K. jW© wicb L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© wg‡›Uv N. jW© nvwW©Ä DËi : L
52. 1905 mv‡j beMwVZ cÖ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †jd‡U‡b›U Mfb©i †K wQ‡jb? (15Zg wewmGm)
K. e¨vgwdì dzjvi L. jW© wg‡›Uv M. jW© KvR©b N. Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm DËi : K
53. e½f½ i` nq KZ mv‡j? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. 1905 L. 1916 M. 1923 N. 1911 DËi : N
54. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq †Kvb mv‡j? (22Zg wewmGm)
K. 1905 mv‡j L. 1911 mv‡j M. 1935 mv‡j N. 1921 mv‡j DËi : N
55. Dcgnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g fvBm P¨v‡Ýji (25Zg wewmGm)
K. W. i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi L. W. •mq` †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mbM. W. gvngy` †nv‡mb N. m¨vi G. Gd ingvb DËi: N
56. evsjvq gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ AvaywbK wkÿv cÖPj‡b †K AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. ‣mq` Avwgi Avjx L. bIqve Avãyj jwZd M. bIqve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn N. m¨vi •mq` Avn‡g` Lvb DËi : L
57. weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq †K? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. jW© Iqv‡fj L. jW© KvR©b M. jW© †ew›UK N. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub DËi : N
58. evsjvq div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡`¨v³v †K wQ‡jb? A_ev, div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ‡K wQ‡jb? (15Zg, 21Zg I 24Zg
wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. gvIjvbv †KivgZ Avjx L. kvn IwjDjøvn M. nvRx kwiqZyjøvn N. cxi gnmxbywÏb DËi : M
59. Rwg †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’x GwU Kvi †jLv? (14Zg wewmGm)
K. wZZzgxi L. dwKi gRby kvn M. `y`y wgqv N. nvRx kwiqZDjøvn DËi : M
60. Awef³ evsjvi †kl gyL¨gš¿x †K wQ‡jb? (24Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi- evwZj)
K. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x L. G †K dRjyj nK M. LvRv bvwRgDÏxb N. Aveyj nv‡mg DËi : K