gnvbex (mt)-Gi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v (623-632 Lªxt)*

f~wgKv
in&gvZzwj−j AvÕjvgxb gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mt) ïaygvÎ GKRb bexB wQ‡jb bv, eis wZwb wQ‡jb
GKvav‡i GKRb †kªô mgvR ms¯‹viK I gnvb ivóªbvqK| wZwb wQ‡jb ag© I ivóª Dfq ms¯’vi cwiPvjK 1| Zvui
Rxeb mvabvi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Aa¨vq nj g`xbvq Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖwZôv| †MvÎ Kj‡n wjß hvhvei I gi“evmx
Avieevmx†K Amvgvb¨ ivR‰bwZK cÖÁv, msMVbx ¶gZv I GKwbôZvi gva¨‡g GKB m~‡Î MÖw_Z K‡i mßg
kZvãxi ïi“‡Z wZwb †Mvov cËb K‡ib GKwU ÔD¤§vn&Õ wfwËK iv‡óªi| Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj gvby‡l gvby‡l
mvg¨ ïaygvÎ Avj−vni cÖf~‡Z¡¡| wki‡Ki mKj wPý g~‡jvrcvwUZ n‡qwQj mgv‡Ri AsMb n‡Z| Aemvb n‡qwQj
gvby‡li Dci gvby‡li cÖf~‡Z¡i| gvbyl ¯^v` †c‡qwQj gyw³ I ¯^vaxbZvi, wd‡i †c‡qwQj gvbyl wnmv‡e weKwkZ nevi
mKj †gŠwjK AwaKvi| cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj AvBb I b¨v‡qi kvmb| kvmK cwiYZ n‡qwQ‡jb RbM‡Yi †me‡K|
gvby‡li wbivcËv I †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡iwQj ivóª| mgv‡R bvixivI †c‡qwQ‡jb ghv©`vi
Avmb| iwPZ n‡qwQj µxZ`vm I `vmx‡`i gyw³i †mvcvb| mgvR n‡Z †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi my` D‡”Q` n‡q Z`&¯’‡j
cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj RbKj¨vYgyLx RvKvZ e¨e¯’v| abx I `wi‡`ªi AvKvk-Kzmyg cv_©K¨ n‡qwQj msKzwPZ| g`xbv
iv‡óªi ivóªcÖavb n‡qwQ‡jb imyjyj−vn& (mt) ¯^qs| gnvb Avj−vn& Inxi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq wewa-weavb
AeZxY© Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Avi gnvbex (mt) Zvui mv_x‡`i mv‡_ ïiv ev civgk© I mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g †mBme wewa-
weavb Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B M‡o D‡VwQj GKwU my›`i cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v 2| HwZnvwmK‡`i
g‡Z, g`xbvi GB ivóªwU wQj gvbe BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g mvsweavwbK miKvi Ges m‡ev©Ëg RbKj¨vYKvgx ivóª| imyj
(mt)-Gi RxeÏkv‡ZB GB iv‡óªi we¯—…wZ N‡UwQj g`xbv kni Qvwo‡q Avi‡ei cÖvq 19 j¶ eM©gvBj GjvKv Ry‡o
3
| ivóª wPš—vi BwZnv‡m gnvbex (mt) cÖwZwôZ g`xbvi Bmjvgx ivóªwU GK Abb¨ `„óvš— n‡q Av‡Q| e¶¨gvb wbe‡Ü
gnvbex (mt) KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ g`xbv iv‡óªi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K I ˆewkó¨mg~n Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

gnvbexi mgqKvjxb Avi‡ei mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ

gnvbex (mt) KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx ivóª Z_v Gi cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© Bmjvg c~e©
Avi‡ei mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© wKQyUv aviYv †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei c~‡e© Avj−vn&i
`yB gnvb bex hxï (nhiZ Cmv Avt) I nhiZ gynv¤§` (mt) Gi ga¨eZx© mg‡q †Kvb bexi AvMgb N‡Uwb| Bmjv‡g
GB mgqUv‡K AvBqv‡g Rv‡nwjqv ev Ôg~L©Zvi hyMÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv Bmjvgx ÔÁvb I Av‡jviÕ hy‡Mi
wecixZ| Rv‡njx hy‡M Avieiv `yB e„nr As‡k wef³ wQj 4| cÖ_g Ask n‡”Q gi“evmx †e`yBb| ga¨ Avi‡e wQj
G‡`i emevm| G‡`i wbw`©ó †Kvb emwZ wQjbv| Giv Zv‡`i DU, †gl I †Nvov Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek
†LvuRvi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq Ny‡i †eovZ| G‡`i Rxeb hvcb wQj AZ¨š— mv`vwm‡a| Giv wQj
kw³kvjx, D`¨gx I AwZw_civqb| Avie‡`i Aci AskwU Avie DcØx‡ci wewfbœ kn‡i Qwo‡q wQwU‡q emevm
KiZ| hvhvei †e`yBb‡`i Zzjbvq Giv mf¨Zvi w`K w`‡q A‡bKUv AMÖmi wQj| Giv e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i mv‡_
RwoZ wQj Ges erm‡i `yÕevi evwYR¨ mdi KiZ| evwYR¨ md‡i Zviv kx‡Zi mgq B‡q‡gb I `w¶Y Avi‡e,
Avi MÖx¯§Kv‡j c¨v‡jóvBb I wmwiqvi cÖavb kni I bMimg~‡n Mgb KiZ 5|

‡mŠR‡b¨ t RvYv©j Ae BmjvwgK GW&wgwb‡÷ªkb, msL¨v-1 kxZ 1995| wbeÜwU evei †nvmvBb wmwÏKxi mv‡_
†hŠ_fv‡e wjwLZ|

1
 hvhvei Avieiv cwievi, †MvÎ, `j BZ¨vw`‡Z wef³ wQj Ges cÖ‡Z¨K cwievi, `j I †Mv‡Îi GKRb cÖavb
ev †bZv wQj| c~e©cyi“l‡`i bvgvbymv‡i cwievi I †Mv‡Îi bvgKiY Kiv nZ| G m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK Ave`yj Kwig
e‡jb, Ò‡Mv‡Îi eÜbB wQj Avie‡`i mgvR e¨e¯’vi g~j wfwË| †MvÎB Zv‡`i miKvi Ges †MvÎ cÖavbB wQj
Zv‡`i miKvi cÖavb| GB m~‡Î †MvÎB wQj mve©‡fŠg Ges †Mv‡Îi cÖwZB Zv‡`i AvbyMZ¨ _vKZ| †Mv‡Îi evB‡i
GKmv‡_ emevm Kiv Avi‡ei mgmvgwqK Ae¯’vq m¤¢e wQjbvÓ 6| eqm, e¨w³Z¡ , mZZv, cÖÁv I ¯^v¯’¨ BZ¨vw`i
wfwˇZ †MvÎxq cÖavb wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| myZivs †e`yBb‡`i mvgvwRK I cÖkvmwbK msMV‡bi †gŠwjK BDwbU wQj
†MvÎ hvi wfwË wQj i‡³i m¤ú©K| Gm.G.wKD.†nvmvBbx (1966)-Gi g‡Z, mvaviYfv‡e Avie Ges we‡klfv‡e
†e`yBbiv Av`k©MZfv‡e MYZš¿x wQj| Zviv `jxq cÖavb wbev©P‡b Ask wbZ, wKš‘ ÒZvi Av‡ivwcZ (†¯^”QvPvix)
kvm‡bi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©bÓ KiZ bv| `jxq cÖavb mvaviYZt cÖexY I Ávbx‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ KvDw݇ji m¤§y‡L
Zvui wm×vš— †NvlYv Ki‡Zb| Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Avie‡`i Rxeb AZ¨š— mv`vwm‡a wQj| ZvB Zviv miKvi,
cÖkvmb, Awdm I Awdm Kg©KZv© BZ¨vw`i e¨vcv‡i †Zgb gb‡hvMx wQjbv|

Ab¨w`‡K, knievmx Avie‡`i bMi-ivóª wfwËK miKv‡ii Aw¯—Z¡ wQj, wQj wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ| †m mgqKvi
HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡Z, Òg°vi Avw`evmx‡`i GKwU wmwU nj (City Hall) wQj hvi bvg wQj `vi“b b`&Iqv (m‡¤§jb
K¶)7| ‡bZ…¯’vbxq I kn‡ii wewkó e¨w³eM© `‡ji Kvh©vejx Ges e¨emv-evwYR¨ msµvš— Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨
†mLv‡b wgwjZ n‡Zb| GQvovI Zv‡`i Av‡iv A‡bK cÖwZôvb wQj| Wt gynv¤§` nvwg`yj−vn& 21wU cÖwZôv‡bi K_v
D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb, h_vt 1) b`&Iqv ; 2) gkIiv ; 3) wKqv`vn& ; 4) †m`vbv ; 5) wnhvev ; 6) †mKvqv ; 7) BgvivZzj
evBZ ; 8) Bdv`v ; 9) BRvRvn& ; 10) bwm ; 11) KzeŸv ; 12) Avbœvn ; 13) widv`vn ; 14) AvgIqv‡j gvn&Riv ;
15) BÕmvi ; 16) GkbvK ; 17) ûKzgvn& ; 18) †mdviv ; 19) BKve ; 20) eyqvÕ; Ges 21) wnjIqv byb bdi 8|

g°vi AwfRvZ cwievimg~n KwZcq wbwÏ©ó Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b KiZ| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ wQj ch©UK I nvRx‡`i
†mev cÖ`vb I i¶Yv‡e¶Y| GmKj †mevg~jK Kv‡Ri e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Zviv g`xbvi ga¨w`‡q hvZvqvZKvix
evwYR¨ Kv‡djvi KvQ †_‡K Ki Av`vq Ki‡Zb|

gnvbex (mt) GB gi“evmx †e`yBb I knievmx Avie‡`i‡K Zv‡`i wbR wbR ag©, HwZn¨, K…wó I ‡MvÎxq cÖ_v
AUzU †i‡L GKB D¤§vn& ev RvZxq †PZbvq D¾xweZ K‡i m~Pbv K‡iwQ‡jb GKwU GK‡Kw›`ªK Kj¨vYKvgx
iv‡óªi|

g`xbv iv‡óªi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg

gnvbex (mt) Gi Rxeb mvabvi GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© I my`~icÖmvix wm×vš— wQj, g°v n‡Z g`xbvq wnRiZ| GB
wnRiZ D³ A‡ji ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm‡KB ïay e`‡j †`qwb, Bmjv‡gi weKv‡kI GKwU we‡kl ch©vq wnmv‡e
wPwýZ n‡q Av‡Q| hxï L„‡ói g„Zz¨i 622 ermi ci, nhiZ gynv¤§` (mt) HwZnvwmK cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvui gvZ…f~wg
g°vbMix †Q‡o g`xbvq wnRiZ K‡ib| ZrKvjxb g`xbvq gynvwRi Ges Avbmvi QvovI A‡bK Bû`x emevm
KiZ| Zviv wewfbœ †Mv‡Î wef³ wQj| †m mg‡q g`xbvq cÖavbZt wZb †kªYxi †jv‡Ki evm wQj| h_vt 1) g`xbvi
Avw`g †cŠËwjK m¤cÖ`vq; 2) we‡`kx Bû`x m¤cÖ`vq ; Ges 3) be `xw¶Z gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq 9 | G‡`i Kv‡iv mv‡_
Kv‡iv Av`‡k©i †Kvb wgj wQj bv, eis Zvi Dci wQj `jMZ wnsmv I we‡Øl| G mKj wewfbœ †MvÎ Ges wfbœ a‡g©i
Abymvix †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ kvwš— I mg‡SvZv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ imyj (mt) cÖv_wgKfv‡e †h e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib, Zv GKLvwb
`jx‡j wjwce× Kiv nq| IUv‡KB wKZve-Di-imyj ev imyj (mt) Gi wKZve ev `jxj ejv nq 10| GB `jxjB
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m HwZnvwmK g`xbv mb` bv‡g cwiwPZ| Reuben Levy Gi g‡Z, GB g`xbv mb‡`i g‡a¨B wbwnZ
wQj Bmjvgx iv‡óªi exR 11| GB mb‡`i gva¨‡gB †MvovcËb nq Bmjvgx cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi fxZ| ivóªweÁv‡bi
msÁvbyhvqx, GKwU ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq PviwU Dcv`v‡bi t 1) GKwU wbwÏ©ó f~LÛ ; 2) GKwU Rb‡Mvôx ;
3) mve©‡fŠg miKvi ; Ges 4) RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ GKvZ¥‡eva| gnvbex (mt) Gi wnRi‡Zi mgq g`xbvq f~LÛ Ges
Rb‡Mvôx wQj, wKš‘ †Kvb miKvi wQjbv Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ GKvZ¥ev‡aiI Afve wQj| gynv¤§` (mt) KZ©„K GB
wKZve (mb`) Rvix Kivi d‡j, Zvui †bZ…Z¡vaxb GKwU cÖvwZôvwbK miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq| GQvovI mb‡`i
2
kZv©byhvqx, g`xbv iv‡óª emevmKvix mevB wg‡j GKB D¤§vvn& ev RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB D¤§vn& ïay agx©q e¨vcv‡i
wQjbv, wQj mvgvwRK Ges ivR‰bwZK e¨vcv‡iI | G‡Z eySv hvq †h, GLv‡b D¤§vn& kãwU bvMwiK A‡_© e¨eüZ
n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K, GB mb‡`i (msweavb) gva¨‡g g`xbvq †h cÖvwZôvwbK miKvi e¨e¯’vi D‡¤§l N‡U, gynv¤§`
(mt) n‡qwQj ‡mB miKv‡ii cÖavb |

gnvbex (mt ) KZ©„K ivóª MV‡bi †hŠw³K wfwË

gnvbex (mt) KZ…©K mßg kZvãx‡Z g`xbv mb` RvZxq Pzw³i gva¨‡g D¤§vn& wfwËK ivóª MV‡bi NUbv‡K
†KD †KD HwZnvwmK cÖ‡qvRb ev †m mgqKvi cwiw¯’wZRwbZ D‡`¨vM e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| wKš‘ Gi †cQ‡b †h
‡hŠw³K KviY I my`~i cÖmvix D‡Ïk¨ wbwnZ wQj, Zv cweÎ KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z ¯úó| imyj (mt)-Gi gva¨‡g
Avj−vn& nhiZ Av`g (Avt) †_‡K ïi“ K‡i wewfbœ bex I im~j‡`i gva¨‡g cÖPvwiZ Bmjvg‡K gvbeRvwZi Rb¨
Rxeb weavb wnmv‡e c~Y©v½Zv w`‡q‡Qb (Avj-KyiAvb,8t5)| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi c~Y© weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Kg©KvÛ h_v- ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ ”Pv© BZ¨vw` Avj−vn&i AvbyMZ¨ Z_v kixqv AvB‡bi KvVv‡gvq
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ agx©q-ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e Bmjvgx ivóª Acwinvh©|

c„w_exi BwZnv‡m wewfbœ mg‡q bex I imyjMY †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb ïay wbR wbR m¤cÖ`vq‡K †n`v‡q‡Zi c‡_
AvnŸv‡bi Rb¨| Zvuiv †KD KLbI bZzb mgvR MVb ev ivóª cÖwZôvq m‡Pó nbwb| wKš‘ nhiZ (mt) †cÖwiZ
n‡qwQ‡jb we‡k¦i me©hy‡Mi mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ in&gvZzwj−j AvÕjvgxb wnmv‡e (Avj-KyiAvb,34t28)| c~‡e©i
bexM‡Yi `vwqZ¡ wQj ïay gvbyl‡K mZ¨, b¨vq I Avj−vn&i AvbyM‡Z¨i c‡_ Avnevb Rvbv‡bvi| GmKj mvaviY welq
QvovI gnvbex (mt)-†K we‡klfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj gvby‡li gv‡S b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi (Avj-
KziAvb,42t15); gvbyl‡K mrK‡g©i wb‡`©k cÖ`vb I AmrKg© cÖwZnZ Kivi (Avj-KyiAvb,3 t 110); Ges
gvbyl‡K Aaxb¯’ ivLvi mKj ai‡Yi K…wÎg eÜb †_‡K gy³ K‡i GKgvÎ Avj−vn&i cÖfy‡Z¡ mevi Rb¨ mgvb
gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi (Avj-KyiAvb,7t 157; 17t 33; 4t 29; 49 t 11-13)|

mgv‡R b¨v‡q cÖwZôv, mrK‡g©i wb‡`©k I AmrKg© cÖwZnZKiY Ges gvbegyw³ I gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv
BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mvgvwRK KZ…„©‡Z¡i, A_v©r bxwZ wbav©i‡Yi ¶gZv Ges wm×vš— ev¯—evq‡bi †¶‡Î Kgx©
msMVb I †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi| AZGe, Avj−vn&i AvbyM‡Z¨i wfwˇZ msMwVZ mgv‡R Dc‡ivwj−wLZ
`vwqZ¡mg~n h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`b cÖwµqvq imyj (mt) cÖwZôv K‡ib Bmjvgx ivóª I cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v | G QvovI
K‡jgvi cÖ_g D”Pvi ÒjvÓ k‡ãi gva¨‡g †NvwlZ mKj ai‡Yi K…wÎg KZ©„‡Z¡i wei“‡× †NvwlZ we‡`ªvn Ges
ÒBj−vj−vn&Ó-Gi AvbyM‡Z¨ MwVZ Rxeb e¨e¯’vi wbivcËv I mg„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU agx©q-ivR‰bwZK mvgwiK
KvVv‡gv hv GKgvÎ Bmjvgx iv‡óªB m¤¢e|

gnvbex (mt)-Gi ivóª I cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v

nhiZ (mt) KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ g`xbv ivóªwU wQj GKwU ag©wfwËK ivóª| D³ iv‡óª agx©q AvBbB ivóªxq AvBb
wnmv‡e M„nxZ n‡qwQj| Z‡e gnvbex (mt) ivóªxq e¨vcv‡i bvMwiK mvavi‡Yi gZvgZ‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb
Ki‡Zb| | Ri“ix cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wZwb RbM‡Yi civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Zb 12| nqiZ (mt)-Gi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi mePvB‡Z
¸i“Z¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ wQj mnRZv I mijZv| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq ¯’vqx ‡Kvb Awdm ev wbqwgZ †eZbf~K ‡Kvb Kg©Pvix
e¨e¯’v wQjbv| mKj agx©q, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi †K›`ª wQj gm&wR`| G‡Z nhiZ (mt) emevm
Ki‡Zb, cÖv_©bv Ki‡Zb, Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb, mv¶vrcÖv_x© I we‡`kx ch©UK‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Zb, mgv‡Ri
Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© mvnvev‡`i mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Zb Ges mgmvgwqK ivRv, mgªvU I ivóªcÖavb‡`i Kv‡Q †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨
cÎvw` iPbv Ki‡Zb| ZvB ejv hvq, ZLb m¤ú~Y© A‡_© bv n‡jI wefvMxq ev w`Iqv‡bÕi A‡bK Kvh©vejx
AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv nZ 13| wb‡gœ gnvbex (mt) KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ g`xbv iv‡óªi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi wewfbœ
w`K Zz‡j aiv nj|

Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© m¤ú~Y© Av‡jvPbvwU‡K QqwU Aa¨v‡q wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔKÕ As‡k i‡q‡Q Bmjvgx iv‡óªi
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i welqwU| ÔLÕ †Z Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q g`xbv iv‡óªi Kg©Pvix e¨e¯’vcbv| ÔMÕ As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q
3
miKvix ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v| ÔNÕ †Z ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v| Avi ÔOÕ †Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q
cÖkvmwbK Revew`wn e¨e¯’v I gnvbex (mt)-Gi ivóª I cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨mg~n | me©‡k‡l, Dcmsnvi
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q ÔPÕ As‡k|

K. mve©‡fŠgZ¡
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg cÖavb A½| Bmjvgx iv‡óª mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GKgvÎ Avj−vn&i | cweÎ †Kviv‡b †NvlYv Kiv
n‡q‡Q, ÒAvj−vn& e¨ZxZ Kv‡iv Av‡`k ev AvwacZ¨ bvBÓ 14| Avj−vn&i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kivi A_© GB †h, hv‡`i
nv‡Z ivóªxq ¶gZv Awc©Z n‡e Zviv n‡eb Avj−vn&i AvB‡bi Aaxb| g~jZt Avj−vn&i AvbyM‡Z¨i Rb¨B hy‡M hy‡M
imyjM‡Yi AvMgb| g`xbv mb` Abyhvqx g`xbv iv‡óª gynv¤§` (mt) Gi mvwe©K KZ…©Z¡ ¯^xK„Z n‡qwQj| wKš‘ Zvui
†mB KZ…©Z¡ mve©‡fŠg Avj−vn&i cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i c‡_ †Kvb cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i bvB| wewkó ivR‰bwZK wPš—vwe`
†evw`b,15 Awób 16 I ne&m 17 mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wel‡q GRvZxq gZB †cvlY K‡i‡Q| ne&m e‡jb t ÔÔ The Ruler
was above his own laws but under God’s or under the law of natureÓ 18| nhiZ (mt)-Gi
ivóªxq KZ…©‡Z¡i mg_©‡b †nvmvBbxi gš—e¨ n‡”Q t Ò He regulated social relations, he raised armies and
commanded them, he acquired territories and administered themÓ 19| cÖK…Zc‡¶, g`xbv iv‡óª
Avj−vn&B wQ‡jb AvBbZ mve©‡fŠg Ges gnvbex (mt) wQ‡jb Kvh©Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix |

L. miKvix Kg©Pvix e¨e¯’v

c~‡©eB D‡j−wLZ n‡q‡Q †h, nhi‡Zi (mt) mg‡q †Kvb ¯’vqx I †eZbf~K Kg©Pvix cÖkvmb wQjbv | Z‡e g`xbv
iv‡óªi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ nqiZ (mt) wb‡qvwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb wZb ai‡Yi miKvix Kg©Pvix, h_v t 1)
Avj-Iqvjx (Mf©Yi); 2) Avj-Avwgj ( Ki Av`vqKvix); Ges 3) Avj-KvRx (wePviK)| Gfv‡e wZwb be
cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vq Kg© wefvRb bxwZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib (mviYx-1 I 2)|

mviYx-1
gnvbex (mt) cÖewZ©Z g`xbv iv‡óªi
cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv I cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©ve„›`

cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZv©e„›`

‡K›`ª imyjyj−vn& (mt)

DRviv LvËve
(civgk©KMY) ( †m‡µUvixMY)

cÖv‡`wkK Kg©KZ©ve„›`

cÖ‡`k mg~n Avj-Iqvjx Avj-Avwgj Avj-KvRx

(10wU) (cÖv‡`wkK MfY©i) (ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v) (wePviK)
Drmt Mohammad Al-Buraey, Administrative Development: An Islamic perspective
(London: KP1, Ltd., 1985), c„t 240-246 ; Ges Journal of Islamic Admisnistration, Vol.1.
No.1, Winter 1995, c„t 112-128|
4
 mviYx-2
gnvbex (mt) Gi mwPevjq
gnvbex (mt)
(agx©q I ivóªxq cÖavb Ges cÖavb wePvicwZ)

`ßi mg~n mwPevjq

( gm&wR`-B-bewe)
mwPeMY
Avj−vn&i Inx (cÖZ¨v‡`k) mg~n wjwce×KiY | nhiZ Avjx (ivt) I nhiZ Imgvb (ivt) (Zvu‡`i
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z DevB-web-KvÕe I Rv‡e`- web-ZvweZ)

RvKvZ I m`&Kv n‡Z cÖvß A_© I m¤úwËi Avj RynvBg-web-Avj-mvZ Ges Avj-RyevBi web Avj- AvIqvÔg
wnmve msi¶Y
‡LRyi n‡Z m¤¢ve¨ Av‡qi wnmve ˆZix û`ÔBdv web-Avj-Bqvgb

RbM‡Yi ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hvM †iKW© | Avj-gyMxivn web-myAvBe Ges Avj-nvQvb-web-bvwgi

wewfbœ †MvÎ I Zv‡`i cvwbi wnmve msi¶Y Ave`yj−vn- web-Avj-AviKvg Ges Avjv web-DLevn&
(GQvovI GB `߇i AvbQvi ,cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i-
‡iKW© ivLvnZ)|

ivRb¨eM© I †MvÎ cÖavb‡`i Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ Rv‡q`-web-ZvweZ Ges Ave`yj−vn-Be&‡b Avj-AvKivg

wPwVi Lmov ˆZix K |

ivóªxq Av‡qi wnmve msi¶Y gyqvwKe-web-Avwe dvwZgv

Drm t S.M. Imamuddin, A Political History of the Muslims, Vol. 1 : ÒProphet and the
Pious CaliphsÓ (Dacca: S.M. Shahabuddin,
wmj‡gvni msi¶Y| 1970),p.230
nvbRvjvn& ; gnvbex (mt) Gi mwPevjq m¤ú‡K© we¯—
-web Avj-ivex
vwiZ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb Dr.S.A.K. Husaini, Arab Administration (Delhi: Idarah-e-
Adabiyati, 1976), p. 17-18 Ges Dr. Muhammad Yasin Mazhar Siddique, Organization of
Government Under the Prophet (SM), evsjvq Abyev` K‡i‡Qb gynv¤§` Beªvnxg f~Buqv (XvKvt BmjvwgK
dvD‡Ûkb, 1994)|
K
cieZx©Kv‡j †Lvjvdv‡q ivÔ‡k`xb-Gi kvmbvg‡j w`Iqvb-B-Bbmvn bv‡g c„_K GKwU cÎ †hvMv†hvM I
bw_cÎ wefvM m„wó Kiv nq hv wQj Bmjvgx cÖkvm‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g w`Iqvb ev wefvM hvi †MvovcËb K‡i‡Qb
¯^qs gnvbex (mt)|

1. Avj-Iqvjx ev cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v

gnvbex (mt) KZ©„K be cÖwZwôZ iv‡óªi ivRavbx wQj g`xbvq| cÖkvmwbK Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ wZwb
Avie‡`k‡K KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡`‡k wef³ K‡ib Ges cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ‡`‡k GKRb K‡i Iqvjx ev cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v
wbhy³ K‡ib| IqvjxMY cÖ‡`‡k RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ kvwš—-k„•Ljv i¶v, wk¶v`vb, Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi Ges AvB‡bi

5
 kvmb Z_v b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvq cÖwZkÖ“wZe× _vK‡Zb| g`xbv Ges cvk©¦eZx© AÂj ¯^qs gnvbex (mt)-Gi
kvmbvaxb wQj| g`xbv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡`k¸‡jv wQj t ZvBgv, Avj-Rvbv`, ebywK›`, g°v, bvRivb,
B‡q‡gb, nvRiv-gvDZ, Dgvb Ges evn&ivBb| Be&‡b wnkv‡gi eY©bv g‡Z, whqv` web& jweZ nvRiv-gvD‡Zi,
Avjx web& Avey Zvwje bvRiv‡bi, gyqvh web& Rvevj B‡q‡g‡bi, Bqvjv web& DgvBqv Avj-Rvbv‡`i, Avjv web&
nvhivbx evn&ivB‡bi cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb 20| GQvovI BqvwR` Be‡b Avey mywdqvb ZvBgv
Ges BËve Be‡b DmvB` g°vi MfY©i wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb 21| Iqvjxi †hvM¨Zv I ¸Yv¸‡Yi g‡a¨ wQj Bmjvgx
Ávb, †Lv`vfxi“Zv , mZZv, KZe©¨wbôv Ges b¨vqwbôZv 22|

2. Avj-Avwgj
iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ges Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_, ivóªxq Kimg~n myôzfv‡e Av`v‡qi Rb¨
gnvbex (mt) Iqvjx QvovI ¶z`ª ¶z`ª AÂj ev eo eo †Mv‡Îi Dci Avwgj wbhy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| Avwg‡ji KvR
wQj wbw`©ó A‡ji gymwjg‡`i KvQ †_‡K RvKvZ I mv`Kvn& Ges Bmjvgx iv‡óª emevmKvix I ivóªxq mKj
my‡hvM-myweavw` I wbivcËv †fvMKvix Agymwjg‡`i wbKU †_‡K wRwRqv Ki Av`vq Kiv| AvwgjMY DbœZ
PwiÎ I ag©cÖvY mvnvex‡`i ga¨ n‡Z wb‡qvwRZ n‡Zb|

3. Avj-KvRx
imyj~j−vn& (mt) cÖewZ©Z cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vq Z…Zxq ai‡Yi Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb Avj-KvRx ev wePviK| gnvbex (mt)
cÖ‡`kmg~‡n Iqvjx I Avwgj‡`i mv‡_ GKRb wePviK‡KI wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| KvRxMY Iqvjx ev cÖv‡`wkK
MfY©i †_‡K ¯^vaxb wQ‡jb Ges mivmwi gnvbex (mt)-Gi wbKU wi‡cvU© Ki‡Zb| gnvbex (mt)-wQ‡jb iv‡óªi cÖavb
wePvicwZ| wZwb g`xbvi gmwR‡` e‡m ivRKv‡h©i mv‡_ mv‡_ wePviKvh©I ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Zb| wePviK c‡`i Rb¨
†hvM¨Zv I ¸Yv¸Y wQj AZ¨š— K‡Vvi| wePviK‡`i we‡klfv‡e KziAvb I nv`x‡mi dKxn& ev AvB‡bi Ávbm¤úbœ
Ges GKB mv‡_, agx©q I b¨vq-wePvi Kivi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ n‡Z nZ| †Kvb †Kvb mgq wePviK‡`i‡K MfY©‡ii
`vwqZ¡I cÖ`vb Kiv nZ| GQvovI Zvuiv IqvK&d m¤úwË I bvevj‡Ki welq m¤úwËiI †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| nhiZ
Avjx (ivt) Ges gyqvh Be&‡b Rvevj (ivt) cÖgyL wewkó mvnvexMY imyj
(mt)KZ©„K wePvicwZ wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi †MŠie I †mŠfvM¨ AR©b

M. ivR¯^ e¨e¯’v
nqiZ (mt)-Gi kvmbKv‡j g`xbv iv‡óªi ivR¯^ Av`vq I Avq-e¨q †`Lvïbvi Rb¨ †Kvb A_© wefvM ev
†UªRvix wQjbv| ivR¯^ msMÖ‡ni Dr†mi g‡a¨ wQj cÖavbZt RvKvZ, `vb I m`&Kvn&| AwZwi³ Drm mg~‡ni g‡a¨
wQj f~wg ivR¯^ (LvivR),f~wg Ki (dvÕB), MwbgZ I wRwRqv BZ¨vw`| wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi msw¶ß cwiwPZ Zz‡j aiv
nj t

RvKvZ
Bmjvg a‡g©i weavb Abymv‡i, †Kej m½wZm¤úbœ gymjgvb bvMwiK‡`i‡KB RvKvZ w`‡Z nZ| RvKvZ k‡ãi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q ÒcweÎKiYÓ | wKš‘ e¨envwiK A‡_©, †h †Kvb ai‡bi enb‡hvM¨ ev ¯’vbvš—i‡hvM¨ m¤ú`
GKwU wbwÏ©ó cwigv‡Y (wbmve)24 ‡cŠuQ‡j, Zvi Dci †`q Ki‡K RvKvZ ejv nq| m¤ú‡`i iKgvix wnmve
Abyhvqx, RvKv‡Zi Rb¨ wbwÏ©ó m¤ú`¸‡jv‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, h_v t 1) Lv`¨km¨; 2) M„ncvwjZ Rš‘ ; 3)
¯^Y© I ‡iŠc¨ BZ¨vw` g~j¨evb avZz ; Ges 4) evwYR¨ `ªe¨|

6
 cweÎ KziAv‡bi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx, RvKvZ n‡Z msM„nxZ A_© AvUwU Lv‡Z e¨wqZ n‡e| GB LvZ¸‡jv
n‡”Q t 1) Mixe I A¶g‡K mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb; 2) AfveMÖ¯’‡`i Afve `~ixKiY ; 3) RvKvZ Av`vqKvix
Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb cÖ`vb ; 4) Mixe bIgymwjg‡`i fib-‡cvlY ; 5) `vm I e›`x gyw³ ; 6) FYMÖ‡¯’i mvnvh¨ ;
7) Avj−vn&i c‡_ wRnv`; Ges 8) gymvwd‡ii mvnvh¨v‡_© (hviv we‡`k md‡i A_© K…”QZvq c‡o)|

`vb I m`&Kvn
`vb n‡”Q m`&Kvn& I RvKv‡Zi b¨vq †`q mvnvh¨ | Z‡e RvKvZ n‡”Q Acwinvh©, Avi `vb I m`Kvn& nj
Hw”QK| cweÎ KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z RvKvZ I m`&Kvn& cÖ`v‡bi wel‡q DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q 25| D³
A_© e¨‡qi Rb¨ AvU †kªYxi cÖvc‡Ki wel‡qI KyiAv‡b wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| Zviv n‡”Q t wbKU AvZ¥xq, Abv_ I
GwZg wkï, AfveMÖ¯’, ch©UK, wf¶zK, e›`xgyw³i Rb¨ †`q cY, wRnv‡` AskMÖnYKvix Ges Afv‡e
mvnvh¨cÖv_x© A_P j¾vekZt Zv cÖKvk K‡ibv| `vb I m`&Kvn& cÖ`vb m¤ú~Y© e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi Ges †KejgvÎ
Avj−vn&i cÖwZ wek¦vm I fw³i wb`k©b ¯^iƒc c~Y©Kg© wnmv‡e cÖ‡`q|

Avj-LvivR
ivR¯^ Av‡qi GKwU cÖavb Drm wQj Avj-LvivR ev f~wg ivR¯^| Agymwjg K…wl cÖRv‡`i Dci gynv¤§` (mt)
GB Ki avh© K‡ib| GB K‡ii cwigvY wQj f~wg‡Z Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i 21 Ask26| nhiZ (mt) Lvqei weR‡qi ci
me©cÖ_g †mLvbKvi K…wlf~wgi Dci GB Ki avh© K‡ib 27| Z_vKvi Bû`xMY gymwjg iv‡óªi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i
†bq Ges LvivR cÖ`v‡bi k‡Z© †mLvbKvi K…wl‡hvM¨ f~wg Pvlvev‡`i AwaKvi jvf K‡i|

Avj-dvB
nhiZ (mt) Gi ivóªxq Av‡qi Ab¨Zg Drm wQj Avj-dvB ev ivóªxq f~m¤úwË| wewRZ †`‡ki Avev`x
f~wgi KZKvsk mivmwi iv‡óªi `L‡j wb‡q †bqv nZ| H mKj K…wl f~wg‡K Avj-dvB ev ivóªxq f~m¤úwË ejv
nZ 28| Gmj m¤úwËi Avq †_‡K gnvbex (mt) Gi AvZ¥xqe‡M©i fiY-‡cvlY Ges †`‡ki Abv_ bvix-wkï,
Mixe-`ytLx, cwieªvRK Ges Ab¨vb¨ RbwnZKi Kv‡R e¨q Kiv nZ 29|

MwbgZ
AvwfavwbK A‡_,© MwYgZ ej‡Z ab-‡`ŠjZ‡K eySvq| wKš‘ HwZnvwmK I e¨envwiK A‡_©, hyׇ¶‡Î
kµc‡¶i wbKU n‡Z cÖvß m¤ú`‡K MwYgZ ev Bs‡iRx‡Z booty ejv nq| hyׇ¶‡Î kµc‡¶i †h mKj
gvjvgvj gymjgvb ˆmwbK‡`i n¯—MZ nZ, †m¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i -15 Ask gnvbex (mt) Z_v iv‡óªi Rb¨
†i‡L, Aewkó -45 Ask hy‡× (†Rnv‡`) AskMÖnYKvix ˆmwbK‡`i gv‡S e›Ub K‡i †`qv nZ 30|

wRwRqv
wRwRqv Bmjvgx iv‡óª emevmKvix Agymwjg bvMwiK mvavi‡Yi Dci avh©K…Z GKwU wbivcËv Ki|
cweÎ KyiAv‡bi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i, nhiZ (mt) Agymwjg cÖRvi Dci GB wRwRqv avh© K‡ib 31| Bmjvgx ivóª
KZ…©K Rxeb I m¤úwË i¶vi `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi wewbg‡q Agymwjg Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ hviv cÖwZi¶v Kv‡R
AskMÖnY Ki‡Zb bv, ïay ZvivB ivóª‡K GB Ki cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (mt)-Gi kvmbKv‡j GB
K‡ii cwigvY wQj gv_vwcQy GK w`bvi| wKš‘ Agymwjg ag©hvRK, wkï, gwnjv, Db¥v` I Mixe hviv wRwRqv
cÖ`v‡b A¶g, Zviv Ges cxwoZ I `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš— e¨w³‡K wRwRqv n‡Z †iqvZ †`qv nZ| LvivR
Ges wRwRqv n‡Z cÖvß A_© iv‡óªi cÖwZi¶v Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv nZ|

N. Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v

nhiZ (mt) Gi †Kvb wbwÏ©ó mvgwiK wefvM ev wbqwgZ ‰mb¨ evwnbx wQjbv| cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq wZwb
RvwZ‡K Avnevb Ki‡Zb| Bmjv‡gi wei“‡× AvMÖvmx kw³i wei“‡× Drmvnx e¨w³MY ‡m”Qvq hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z
7
 n‡Zb| Gfv‡e MwVZ †mbvevwnbxi mev©wabvqK wQ‡jb gnvbex (mt) ¯^qs| ‡hv×v‡`i wb‡qvM, cªwk¶Y, A‡¯¿
mw¾ZKiY Ges mg¯— gymwjg ˆmb¨‡`i wb‡`©k cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` nhi‡Zi (mt) wb‡Ri nv‡Z wQj| mvaviYZ wZwb
wQ‡jb hyׇ¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vbKvix me©vwabvqK| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Gi Rb¨ wZwb Dc‡bZv wbev©wPZ Ki‡Zb|
nhiZ (mt)-Gi kvmbKv‡j gymjgvb‡`i‡K eûmsL¨K hy‡× AskMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Z¤§‡a¨ gynv¤§` (mt)
¯^qs 27wU hy‡× †mbvcwZZ¡ K‡ib Ges Aewkó¸‡jv‡Z GK GKRb cÖwZwbwa‡K ‡mbvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i
†cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb 32|

‰mb¨ evwnbx cÖavbZt wZb fv‡M wef³ wQj| hyׇ¶‡Î ˆmb¨ web¨vm Kivi mgq cweÎ KyiAv‡bi AvqvZ
(61t4) Abymv‡i mde›`xfv‡e ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek Kiv nZ| cÖ_g m‡d (jvBb) ekv©avixMY evg nvuUz‡Z fi w`‡q
mvg‡b Xvj wb‡q kµ wbKUeZx© nIqvi A‡c¶v Ki‡Zb| wØZxq jvB‡b Zxi›`vRMY cwigvYgZ `~i‡Z¡ ey¨n
iPbv Ki‡Zb Ges Z…Zxq jvB‡b Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbx mvgwMÖK Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯—~Z _vK‡Zb| e`‡ii hy‡×
gnvbex (mt) ˆmb¨w`M‡K mde›`x K‡i mvwR‡q ¯^qs cÖwZmvwi‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i md ev jvBb †mvRv K‡iwQ‡jb
33
|

O. gnvbex (mt)-Gi ivóª I cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨mg~n

imyjyj−vn& (mt)-Gi cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi †h msw¶ß cwiPq Dc‡i Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wb‡gœv³ ˆewkó¨mg~n dz‡U
D‡V t

1) ag© ivóª
g`xbv ivóªwU wQj cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU ag© ivóª| Gi cÖwZôv n‡qwQj Avj−vn&i GKRb im~j ev †cÖwiZ evZv©evnK
KZ©„K| wZwb cweÎ KziAv‡bi Av‡jv‡K Gi AvBb-Kvbybmg~n cÖeZ©b K‡ib| hw`I wZwb iv‡óªi me©gq KZ©v
wQ‡jb, ZeyI wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q gnvb cÖf~ Avj−vn&i wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Zb| †gvU K_v, D³ iv‡óª Avj−vn&i
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wQj me©Rb¯^xK…Z|

2) mgZv
g`xbv iv‡óªi wØZxq ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q mgZv| ‡mLv‡b AvB‡bi †Pv‡L †`‡ki kvmK I RbMY mevB wQj mgvb|
Ggb wK gnvbex (mt)I GKRb mvaviY gvbyl wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zb| mgmvwqK we‡k¦i ivRb¨eM© I
ivóªcÖavbMY Hk¦wiK AwaKvi ev Immunity -Gi †h `vex K‡i _v‡Kb, g`xbv iv‡óª ¯^qs gnvbex (mt)-Gi Rb¨
†Zgb †Kvb AwaKvi msiw¶Z wQjbv| AvB‡bi kvmb Kv‡qg Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb wb‡Ri AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡KI
kvw¯— w`‡Z KzÚv‡eva K‡ib bvB| GK`v Pzwii Aciv‡a a„Z måvš— gKRygx eskxq dvwZgv web&‡Z Avmv` bvgxq
GK gwnjvi c¶ n‡q †KD kvw¯— gIKz‡di Av‡e`b Rvbv‡j, im~j (mt) Amš‘ó n‡q e‡jwQ‡jb t Ò‡Zvgv‡`i
c~‡e© eû m¤cÖ`vq‡K Avj−vn& aŸsm K‡i‡Qb, †Kbbv Zviv GKB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `ye©j‡`i kvw¯— w`Z, wKš‘ abx I
mej‡`i †Q‡o w`Z| Avj−vn&i Kmg ! dvwZgv web&‡Z †gvnv¤§`I hw` Pzwii Aciv‡a a„Z nZ, Zvn‡j Zvi
Rb¨I Avwg kixqv AvB‡b wbav©wiZ GKB ai‡Yi kvw¯—i wb‡`©k w`ZvgÓ (eyLvix kixd)| AvaywbK hy‡M
Bsj¨v‡Ûi kvmbZ‡š¿ ÒivRv ‡Kvb Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡ib bvÓ e‡j ¯^xK…Z A_ev evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K
msweav‡b ¶gZvmxb ivóªcwZ‡K Av`vj‡Z Revew`wn Kiv †_‡K gy³ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q (Aby‡”Q` 51 (1)
(2)| Avevi msm` m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ Kigy³ wKQy e¨wZΓgagx© my‡hvM-myweavI wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘
gnvbex (mt) KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ g`xbv iv‡óª †Zgb †Kvb my‡hvM Kv‡iv Rb¨ msiw¶Z wQjbv| ZvB †`Lv hvq,
ivóªcwZ n‡qI Lwjdv nhiZ Avjx‡K (ivt) GKRb mvaviY bvMwi‡Ki b¨vq KvRxi `iev‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡Z
n‡qwQj b¨vqwePv‡ii cÖv_x© wnmv‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e, Ljxdv IgiÕ (ivt) †KI Ry¤§vi cÖKvk¨ mgv‡e‡k Revew`wn
Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q mgZvi wfwˇZ evqZzj gv‡ji m¤ú` weZiY m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡kœi| ‡Kej ag©fxi“Zv I mrKg© Ges
DbœZ PwiÎ I kixqZ mš^‡Ü cvwÛZ¨B wQj †mLv‡b gvby‡li gvb I ghv©`v wbavi©‡Yi gvcKvwV| D³ iv‡óª
Avie-Abvie, mv`v-Kv‡jv, D”PeY©-wbgœeY© Z_v eY©ev‡`i †Kvb ¯^xK…wZ wQjbv| nhiZ (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡Kvb
bvKKvUv Kvj Kvd«xI hw` ¯^xq †hvM¨Zve‡j †Zvgv‡`i †bZv wbe©vwPZ nq, Z‡e †Zvgiv Zvu‡K gvb¨ KiÓ
(Avj-nv`xm)|
8
 3) kªg wefvRb
ivóªxq cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©vejx‡K myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ msMwVZKi‡Yi bxwZ Abyhvqx, kªg
wefvRb (Division of Work) Acwinvh©| g`xbv iv‡óªI †`Lv hvq †h, nhiZ (mt) ivóªxq cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ
Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Iqvjx, Avwgj, KvRx, gyn&Zvwme BZ¨vw` c` m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z nhiZ (mt)-Gi
cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvq kªgwefvRb bxwZi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q|

4) cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZv© wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †gavi Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc

g`xbv iv‡óªi cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Kg©KZv© wb‡qv‡Mi wfwË wQj †gav I †hvM¨Zv| Z_vq ¯^RbcÖxwZ ev
c¶cvwZ‡Z¡i †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv| g`xbv ivóª MV‡bi c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e gnvbex (mt) cÖ_‡g M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb
GK`j Av`k©evb gvbyl| ag©civqbZvi mv‡_ mv‡_, Zv‡`i mZZv I †bZ…‡Z¡i †hvM¨ZvI weKwkZ nq mgfv‡e|
G‡`i‡KB wb‡qvM `vb Kiv nq wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK `vwq‡Z¡| miKvix Kg©KZv© wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î cweÎ KziAv‡bi
wb‡`©k n‡”Q, Ò(Kg©Pvix) wnmv‡e DËg nB‡e †mB e¨w³ †h Ôkw³kvjxÕ Ges Ôwek¦¯—Õ (m~iv Kvmvm,28t26)|
wb‡qv‡Mi mgq †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ cÖv_x©‡K ev` w`‡q ¯^RbcÖxwZi Avkª‡q Kg †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ cÖv_x© wb‡qv‡Mi wei“‡×
ûuwkqvix D”PviY K‡i nhiZ gynv¤§` (mt) e‡j‡Qb, Ò‡h AwaKZi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ Kv‡iv e`‡j Kg
†hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ KvD‡K wb‡qvM Kij, †m Avj−vn& Ges Avj−vn&i imy‡ji mv‡_ wek¦vmNvZKZv KijÓ (Be&‡b
ZvBwgqv )|

5) c`‡mvcvb bxwZ
gnvbexi (mt) cÖkvmb wQj c`‡mvcvb wbf©i| Avj−vn&i AvBb ev KyiAv‡bi wb‡`©kvejx‡K wk‡ivavh© K‡i
cÖkvm‡bi kx‡l© Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Qb ¯^qs imyj (mt)| Zvui mivmwi wbqš¿‡Y wewfbœ wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡kxjMY Kg©iZ
_vK‡Zb| cweÎ KyiAv‡b Avj−vn& wb‡`k© K‡i‡Qb, AvwZDj−vnv Iqv AvwZDi imyjy, Iqv Dwjj Avg‡i
evBbvKzg, A_v©r Ô†Zvgiv Avj−vn&i AvbyMZ¨ Ki, gvb¨ Ki ivmyj‡K Ges †bZ…Z¡ †g‡b Pj Zvu‡`i hv‡`i†K
†Zvgv‡`i ga¨ n‡Z ¶gZvmxb Kiv n‡q‡QÕ 37| Z‡e Bmjvgx iv‡óªi cÖkvmb c`‡mvcvb wfwËK n‡jI Gi
Kvh©µg Avbyf~wgK ( Horizontal) chv©‡qI we¯—…Z wQj|

6) MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z wm×vš— MÖnY

Bmjvgx kvmb e¨e¯’vi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bxwZ n‡”Q kyiv ev mswk−ó e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g wm×vš— MÖnY| †KviAv‡bi wb‡`©k n‡”Q, Iqv Avgi“ûg ïÕiv evBbvûg A_v©r Ô‡Zvgiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I civg‡k©i gva¨‡gÕ38|g`xbv iv‡óªi kvmb e¨e¯’v wQj cy‡ivcywi
MYZvwš¿K| hw`I gnvbex (mt) wQ‡jb gymwjg D¤§vn&i me©gq †bZv Ges Zvui Abymvixiv Zvui Av‡`k webv
ev‡K¨ †g‡b Pj‡Zb, Z_vwc wZwb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡q mvnvev‡`i mv‡_ civgk© I gZ wewbgq Ki‡Zb|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, e`‡ii hy‡×i mgq im~j (mt) cÖ_gw`‡K gymwjg †hv×v‡`i‡K e`‡ii cÖvš—‡i GKwU wbwÏ©ó
¯’v‡b Zvey LvUv‡bvi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| welqwU P~ovš—KiY wb‡q mvnvev‡`i mv‡_ civg‡k©i mgq R‰bK
mvnvev wfbœZi RvqMvq †hLv‡b cvwbi †dvqviv Aew¯’Z, Z_vq †mbv QvDbx mwi‡q †bevi civgk© †`b hv‡Z
kµc¶ cvwbi myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq| civg©kwU hyw³m½Z g‡b nIqvq Ges Gi DcKvwiZv we‡ePbv K‡i
imyj (mt) Zv MÖnY K‡ib Ges gymwjg evwnbx‡K Zv‡`i QvDbx cvwbi †dvqvivi cvk¦©eZx© ¯’v‡b mwi‡q †bevi
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| Abyiƒcfv‡e, Iû‡`i hy‡×i mgqI AwaKvsk mvnvevi gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i
imyj (mt) Zvui wbR¯^ g‡Zi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bv nIqv m‡Ë¡I g`xbv bMixi evB‡i wM‡q kµc‡¶i †gvKv‡ejv
Kivi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| gnvbex (mt)-†K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© agx©q, ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi
Rb¨ DRviv (gš¿xeM©) Ges LvËve (†m‡µUvixMY) QvovI wQ‡jb wcÖq mnPi ev mvnvexMY| nhiZ (mt) ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
wel‡q Zv‡`i civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡e Bmjvgx cÖkvm‡b RbM‡Yi AwaKvi I AskMÖnY n‡qwQj Kvh©Z
¯^xK…Z| GgbwK, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ivR‰bwZK I mvgwiK e¨vcv‡i Agymwjg‡`i mv‡_I civgk© Kivi bwRi i‡q‡Q |

9
 7) mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi
Avj−vn&i wb‡`©k Abyhvqx kvwš— I b¨vqwePv‡ii gnvb Av`k©B wQj g`xbv iv‡óªi cÖavb j¶¨| Avj−vn& b¨vq
I wbi‡c¶fv‡e wePvi Kivi Rb¨ gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb| Bmjvgx wePvi e¨e¯’vq ivRv-cÖRv ,
gymjgvb-Agymjgvb, Avie -Abvie, AvZ¥xq-AbvZ¥xq Ges D”P-bxP †Kvb †f`v‡f` wQjbv| Avj−vn&
e‡jb, Kzj Avgviv ivweŸ wej wKm‡Z A_v©r (‡n gynv¤§`) ejyb, Avgvi cÖwZcvjK wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb b¨vqwePvi
cÖwZôviÕ 39| Ab¨Î ejv n‡q‡Q, Iqv BRv nvKvgZzg evBbvbœvwm Avb ZvnKzgy wej Av`j& A_v©r ÔAvj−vn&i
Av‡`k n‡”Q hLb wePvi Ki‡e ZLb b¨vq wePvi Ki‡eÕ 40| Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q, Bqv AvBq~¨nvj−vwRbv AvÕgvby
KzÕby KvIqvwgbv wej wKm&‡Z ïnv`vqv wjj−vwn IqvjI AvÕjv AvbdzwmKzg AvIDj Iqvwj`vB‡b Iqvj
AvKivwebv dvjv ZvËvweqyj nvIqv Avb ZvÕw`jyÕ A_v©r Ô‡n wek¦vm¯’vcbKvix MY ! †Zvgiv Avj−vn&i D‡Ï‡k¨
mZ¨ mv¶¨`vbKvix I mywePvi cÖwZôvKvix nI| hw`I GUv †Zvgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i A_ev wcZv-gvZv I AvZ¥xq-
¯^R‡bi cÖwZK~j nq Ges b¨vqwePv‡i ¯^xq cÖe„wËi AbymiY K‡ivbvÕ 41| ZvB Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, g`xbvi
Bmjvgx iv‡óª b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î gnvbex (mt) wb‡RI m‡Pó n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Bmjvgx AvBb-Kvby‡b
AwfÁ, mr, †Lv`vfxi“ I wbt¯^v_©ci b¨vqevb e¨w³‡`i‡K cÖkvmK I KvRx c‡` wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb|

8. cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZv
cÖv‡`wkK Kg©KZv©MY A_v©r Iqvjx, Avwgj Ges KvRx Zvu‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mivmwi imyjyj−vn&i (mt) wbKU
`vqx _vK‡Zb| nhiZ (mt) cÖ‡`k mg~‡ni ivR¯^ Av`vq I Avq-e¨q Z`viwKi Rb¨ Revew`wn Ges fvimvg¨ (
Checks & Balance ) bxwZ i¶v Ki‡Zb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GK`v GK e¨w³‡K ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Avwgj c‡`
wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Kiv nq| H Avwgj ivR¯^ Av`vq K‡i g`xbvq G‡m ej‡jb, ivR‡¯^i wKQy Ask wewfbœ e¨w³ Zv‡K
Dcnvi wnmv‡e w`‡q‡Q| ZvÕ ï‡b nhiZ (mt) e‡jwQ‡jb, Ò‡m e¨w³i KZB bv fyj aviYv hv‡K Avgiv ivR¯^
Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wb‡qvM K‡iwQjvg A_P †m G‡m ej‡Q, ÔG Ask Avcbv‡`i Rb¨ I H Ask Avgv‡K †`qv n‡q‡QÕ|
hw` †m e¨w³ Zvi wcZvgvZvi N‡i e‡m _vKZ, Zvn‡j wK Zv‡K †Kvb wKQy †`qv nZ 34?Ó nhiZ (mt) Av‡iv e‡jb,
ÒhLb †Kvb e¨w³‡K Avgiv †Kvb Kv‡R wbhy³ Kwi, ZLb Zv‡K Avgiv †eZb fvZvI w`‡q _vwK| hw` †KD Gi
ciI wKQy AwZwi³ myweav wb‡q _v‡K, Z‡e Zv n‡e wek¦vm f‡½i bvgvš—i 35|
GQvovI mvgvwRK AbvPvi I A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AmvayZv cÖwZ‡iva Ges cÖkvmwbK †¯^”QvPvwiZv †_‡K
bvMwiK‡`i i¶vi Rb¨ Kvjµ‡g Avj wnm&ev (evRvi cwi`k©K) Ges w`Iqvb-Avj- gvRvwjg (Awf‡hvM Z`š—
Kvix) bv‡g `yÕwU cÖwZôv‡biI cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡qwQj 36|

9) gvbeZvi weKvk
g`xbv ivóªwU wQj c„w_exi BwZnv‡m gvbeZv weKv‡ki GK bZzb ms¯’v| †hLv‡b wewfbœ ag© I †Mv‡Îi
wfwˇZ gvbe mgvR wQj eûav wef³, †mLv‡b wZwb e„nËi gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi j‡¶¨ Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK
KvVv‡gv iPbv K‡ib †hLv‡b wfbœ agv©ej¤^xMY wbR wbR ag©, HwZn¨ I K…wó eRvq †i‡LI cvi¯úwiK kª×v I
mngwg©Zvi mv‡_ cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx iv‡óªi we‡klZ¡ GLv‡bB| AvaywbK hy‡M A‡b‡KB g‡b
K‡ib, ÔBmjvgx ivóª n‡”Q ïay Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi iƒcvqb †¶Î| ïay bvgvR, †ivRv, nR¡ , RvKvZ, wnRve,
we‡q-ZvjvK, Pzwii kvw¯— BZ¨vw` welq m¤úwK©Z Bmjvgx weavbB GLv‡b K‡qg n‡eÕ| wKš‘ Bmjvgx iv‡óªi
w`Mš— eû cÖmvwiZ| wewfbœ ag© I g‡Zi AbymvixMY wKfv‡e GKB iv‡óª wg‡j wg‡k emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i,
Bmjvgx ivóª n‡e ZviB mdj `„óvš—¯’j| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, D`vi gvbeZv I wek¦‡evaB n‡”Q Bmjvgx
iv‡óªi g~j †cÖiYv| cÖm½µ‡g D‡j−L¨ †h, Bmjvgx mgvR e¨e¯’vq kixq‡Zi †h K‡VviZv m¤¢e, Bmjvgx iv‡óª
eis Zv A‡bKvs‡k wkw_j| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, Bmjvgx mgv‡R g~wZ©c~Rv m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| wKš‘ Bmjvgx iv‡óª
†cŠËwjK‡`i Rb¨ g~wZ©c~Rv ïay Aby‡gvw`ZB bq, eis wewfbœfv‡e Agymjgvb‡`i ag©, ms¯‹…wZ I Rvb-gv‡ji
wbivcËv Ges miKvix cÖkvm‡b AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi I my‡hvM msiw¶Z 42|

10) Agymwjg‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y

10
 Agymgvb‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y Pzw³ I Zv A¶‡i A¶‡i cvjb KivUv wQj g`xbv iv‡óªi
Zvrch©c~Y© ˆewkó¨| gnvbex (mt) wRwRqvi (wbivcËv Ki) wewbg‡q Agymwjg‡`i mv‡_ †h mKj ˆgÎx Pzw³
¯^v¶i K‡ib, Zvi g~j welqe¯‘ wQj t
K) Zviv (A_©vr AgymwjgMY) kµ KZ©„K Avµvš— n‡j gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i i¶v Ki‡e ;
L) Zv‡`i‡K Bmjvg MÖn‡Y eva¨ Kiv n‡e bv ;
M) Zv‡`i‡K mKj cÖKvi wbivcËv †`qv n‡e ;
N) Zv‡`i e¨emv-evwYR¨ I m¤úwË AwaKv‡ii wbivcËv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e ;
O) Zv‡`i ag©, ag©¯’vb, agx©q Abyôvb I MxR©vw`i †Kvb ¶wZ Kiv n‡e bv ev ag© cvj‡b evav
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e bv ;
P) Zv‡`i †Kvb bvMwiK AwaKvi ¶zbœ Kiv n‡e bv ;
Q) Zv‡`i wei“‡× mvgwiK evwnbx †cÖiY Kiv n‡e bv ev mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z †hvM`v‡b eva¨ Kiv n‡ebv ; Ges
R) agx©q I wePvi e¨e¯’vq Zv‡`i m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †`qv n‡e 43|
e¯‘Zt g`xbviv‡óª emevmKvix Agymjgvb‡`i Rvb-gvj I ag© cvj‡b wbivcËv cÖ`vb Ges Zvu‡`i mv‡_
b¨vqwePv‡ii cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mt) e‡jb, Òhv‡`i mv‡_ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ
n‡q‡Q, †KD hw` Zv‡`i mv‡_ Ab¨vq AvPiY K‡i wKsev Zv‡`i Dci enb Kivi AwZwi³ †evSv (Ki)
Pvcvq, Z‡e Avwg †kl wePv‡ii w`‡b Zv‡`i wR¤§vi c‡¶ IKvjwZ KieÓ 44|

11) gnvbex (mt) Gi mvsMVwbK †bZ…Z¡

nhiZ (mt) Gi ivóª Z_v cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v we‡k−lY Ki‡j †h welqwUi cÖwZ mevi `„wó AvKwl©Z nq Zv
n‡”Q, Zvui †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx| I‡qevixq aviYvg‡Z wZwb †Kvb MZvbyMwZK (Traditional) ‡bZv wQ‡jb
bv| G cÖm‡½ Al Buraey e‡jb, Ò He did not assert the right to rule and lead by virtue of his
birth or class Ó 45| cweÎ KziAv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx, nhiZ (mt)-†K †KejgvÎ Avie RvwZi Rb¨ bq
eis mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ imyj ev Avj−vn&i evZv©evnK wnmv‡e †cÖiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ Avj−vn& e‡jb,
Iqvgv AviQjbvKv Bj−v KvÕddZvb wjbœv‡m ekxivD IqvbwRiv A_v©r Avcbv‡K mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi Rb¨
mymsev``vZv I mZK©Kvix wnmv‡e cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q 46| Zvui †fZi wQj mnRvZ †bZvi kvk¦Z mKj ¸Yvejx|
AZGe, Zvu‡K Ava¨vwZ¥K (Charismatic) I AvBbMZ (Legal) ‡bZv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| wZwb Zvui
wgk‡bi cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Abymvix‡`i‡K agx©q, ivR‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û D”P chv©‡qi †hvM¨Zvi
Øviv cwiPvwjZ K‡iwQ‡jb| GKvi‡Y mviv we‡k¦i gymjgvb nhiZ (mt)-†K Zv‡`i c_ cÖ`k©K, cwiPvjK I
†bZv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Ges Zvi B‡š—Kv‡ji cÖvq †PŠÏkZ ermi ciI Zvui c_ Abymi‡Y I Zvui wb‡`©k
cvj‡b m‡Pó| GKRb gnvb †bZv wnmv‡e nhiZ (mt)-Gi `¶Zvi K_v eû †jLK wewfbœfv‡e wee„Z K‡i‡Qb|
Zvui mvsMVwbK I cÖkvmwbK mvg‡_©i eY©bv w`‡Z wM‡q Williarm Hocking e‡jb, Ògynv¤§` (mt) Gi wPš—v
I Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ wQj AwfbœZv Ges GB Av`‡k©i Dci cÖwZwôZ wQj Zvui kvmb e¨e¯’v| wZwb GKw`‡K wQ‡jb
Avj−vn&i imyj Ges Ab¨w`‡K wQ‡jb AvBb cÖ‡YZv I g¨vwR‡óªUÓ 47| ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, Ògynv¤§` (mt)
Bmjvgx KgbI‡qj‡_i cÖavb wnmv‡e Avwef~©Z nIqvi `k erm‡ii g‡a¨ AvieRvwZi Pwi‡Î GK e¨vcK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| me©`v Kjn-weev‡` wjß `j I †MvÎmg~‡ni g‡a¨, GK gnvb Av`‡k©i cÖfv‡e HK¨
cÖwZwôZ nq| GZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ GZ eo mvdj¨ AR©b BwZnv‡m bRxi wnmv‡e wPi A¤−vb _vK‡eÓ 48| Zvui
GB gnvb Av`‡k©i cÖfve mgMÖ gymwjg we‡k¦ GLbI mgvbfv‡e weivwRZ i‡q‡Q| Avi GRb¨B Michael H.
Hart we‡k¦ mev©waK cÖfve we¯—viKvix 100 Rb e¨w³i g‡a¨ nhiZ (mt)-†K me©cÖ_g ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½
wZwb e‡jb, Ò He was the only man in history,who was supremely successful on both
religious and secular levels Ó 49|

12) ZË¡ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi ev¯—e wb`k©b

P~ovš—fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, nhiZ (mt) g`xbv iv‡óª miKvi I cÖkvmwbK ZË¡ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi GK gnvb `jxj
fvÛvi m„Rb K‡i‡Qb hv QqwU weL¨vZ nv`xm MÖ‡š’ (eyLvix, gymwjg, wZiwgwh, Avey `vD`,Be‡b gvRvn I
11
bvmvC kixd) wjwce× i‡q‡Q| Zvui A‡bK wb‡`©kbv I K_vq cÖkvm‡bi ‡gŠwjK bxwZgvjv, b¨vqwePvi Ges
`¶Zvi K_v cÖwZfvZ n‡q‡Q| AwaKš—y , AvaywbK cÖkvm‡bi aviYv Abyhvqx, KZ…©Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ †h ci¯úi
wbf©ikxj, Zv AvR †_‡K 1400 ermi Av‡M imyj (mt)-Gi A‡bK nv`x‡m cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½
gnvbex (mt)-Gi GKwU nv`xm n‡”Q, Ò‡Zvgv‡`i †KD hw` †Kvb e¨w³‡K g›`KvR Ki‡Z †`L, Z‡e †m †hb
Zv‡K nvZ Øviv cÖwZnZ K‡i| Avi hw` †m Zv‡ZI AcviM nq, Z‡e †m †hb Aš—i Øviv cwieZ©b Kvgbv K‡i|
Z‡e GwU n‡e Cgv‡bi `ye©jZg cwiPvqKÓ 50|

P) Dcmsnvi
ivmyjyj−vn& (mt) KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ g`xbv iv‡óª hw`I AvaywbK iv‡óªi b¨vq my¯úó cÖkvmb hš¿ wQjbv, Z_vwc
†m mg‡qi †cÖw¶‡Z gnvbex (mt)-Gi cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vi h_v_©Zv wQj m‡›`nvZxZ| kixqv bxwZi Dci wfwË
K‡iB G ai‡Yi cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj Ges hvi e¨vcK wfwË wQj e¨w³i gvbweK ¸Yvejx
h_v,mZZv, b¨vq‡eva I mnvbyf~wZ| G cÖm‡½ AvaywbK †jvK-cÖkvmb wPš—vavivq mv¤cÖwZK aviYvi cÖe³v
Avie †jvK-cÖkvmbwe` Ave‡`j nv`x e‡jb, nhiZ (mt)-Gi mg‡qi cÖkvmwbK ZË¡ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi GKwU
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ wQj Zvui gvbeZvev`x `„wóf½x| gnvbex (mt) c„w_ex‡Z GK gnvb Av`k© cÖwZôvi Rb¨
‡cÖwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb| †m Kvi‡Y g`xbv ivóª cÖwZôviI GKwU gnvb D‡Ïk¨ wQj| Avi †mB D‡Ïk¨ nj Bmjvg I
Gi Av`k©‡K ev¯—evqb Kiv| wZwb gvby‡li Bn‡jŠwKK I cvi‡jŠwKK Kvhv©ejx‡K c„_Kfv‡e †`‡Lb bvB, eis
G‡Ki m‡½ Aci‡K m¤úK©hy³ K‡i gvbyl‡K gnvb nevi Av`‡k© DØy× K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v_©
mswk−ó welq¸‡jv civg‡k©i gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Kivi wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb mgv‡R RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi
wfwˇZ AwawôZ KZ…©‡Z¡i msi¶K I cwiPvjK| wZwb I Zvui AbymvixMY wek¦¯—Zvi mv‡_ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb
wbR wbR cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡| †m Kvi‡Y g`xbv ivóª‡K GKwU Av`k© ivóªI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| GmKj welq
we‡ePbv K‡i Avgxi nvmvb wmwÏKx g`xbv ivóª m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,
Ò It was a unique welfare state ever designed by mankind Ó51| AZGe, gnvbex (mt) KZ©„K
cÖwZwôZ g`xbv ivóª I Zvui cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v Avgv‡`i‡K †PŠÏkZ ermi ciI c‡_i w`kvix wnmv‡e c‡_i
wb‡`©kbv †`q| eZ©gv‡b Òbe †jvK-cÖkvm‡biÓ aviYvq †h mvg¨, b¨vqwePvi I `wi‡`ªi Rb¨ mnvbyf~wZi K_v
ejv n‡”Q, Zvi cÖwZdjb Avgiv g`xbv iv‡óªB †`L‡Z cvB| AvaywbK hy‡Mi ivóªxq e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖkvmbK‡g©
Avj−vn&i †KviAvb I imy‡ji (mt) mybœvn A_v©r Bmjv‡gi bxwZgvjvi cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvwMZv m¤úwK©Z mv¤cÖwZK
GKwU NUbv GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| `xN©w`b we‡`kx kvmbvaxb I cvðvZ¨ a¨vb-aviYvi Abymvix
nIqvi Kvi‡Y, wbR ag© I ms¯‹…wZi Kvh©KvwiZvi e¨vcv‡i Av¯’vnviv ev m‡›`ncÖeY Avi‡ei GKwU gymwjg
†`‡ki ivóªxq e¨e¯’vcbv cyYM©V‡bi e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ RvwZms‡Ni gva¨‡g mgmvgwqK
Kv‡ji `yÕRb †jvK-cÖkvmb we‡klÁ‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nq| Luther Gulick Ges James Pollock
bvgK Avš—©RvwZK L¨vwZm¤úbœ GB `yÕRb Av‡gwiKvb we‡klÁ 1962 mv‡j cÖ`Ë Zv‡`i wi‡cv‡U© wj‡L‡Qbt
Ò Islamic culture is one of the best bases for a strong and succesful government and a
strong and efficient bureaucracy in modern timesÓ A_v©r Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q AvaywbK mg‡q
GKwU kw³kvjx miKvi Ges my`¶ AvgjvZš¿ MV‡bi †kªô wfwË 52| Zviv Av‡iv wj‡L‡Qb, Ò The
Shari’ah offers the Egyptians (so to all Muslim countries ) the basic principles and
elements upon which they can erect their new democracy and use their leadership
qualities, citizens’ involvement in the political life of the country and participation in
the administrative machinery in the best interest of the nation as a whole Ó A_v©r Bmjvgx
kixqv (†Kvivb, mybœvn I BR‡Znv`) wgkixq‡`i‡K (AZGe mKj gymwjg †`kmg~n‡K) Zv‡`i bqv MYZš¿
cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv cÖ`vb Ges RvwZi mvwe©K ¯^v‡_© †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejxi h_vh_ e¨envi I
†`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I cÖkvmwbK cÖwµqvq bvMwiK‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i 53| †Kvb
‡gŠjev`x gymwjg M‡elK bq, eis wek¦ e‡iY¨ cvðvZ¨ we‡klÁ‡`i G mKj Dw³ we‡k¦i beRvMwiZ gymwjg
RvwZmg~n‡K nxbgb¨Zv cwinvi Ges AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡Z AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡e--GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ|

12
Z_¨cÄx
1. gwdRyj−vn& Kexi, gymwjg mf¨Zvi ¯^Y©hyM (XvKv t evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1987),c„t 87|
2. gvwmK c„w_ex, AvMó 1995, c„t7|
3. W.gynv¤§` nvgx`yj−vn, gnvbex (mt)-Gi hy‡M wk¶v e¨e¯’v, Av.K.g.Avãyj Kv‡`i Abyw`Z (PÆMÖvg t kvnxb
GKv‡Wgx,1990),c„t 45,DׄZ K‡i‡Qb Aa¨vcK Ave`yb b~i, Ò Bmjvgx iv‡óªi Kg© KvVv‡gv,Ó gbwhj,
Bmjvgx mgvRKj¨vY cwil`, 1991,c„t 17|
4. Muhammad Al Buraey, Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective
(London : KP1,1985),p.240.
5. cÖv¸³, c„t 241|
6. Ave`yj Kwig, ÒwKZveyi im~jÓ (Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g msweavb), Avãyj Kwig m¤úvw`Z, Bmjvgx
HwZn¨, Ryb 1985,evqZzk kid Bmjvgx M‡elYv cÖwZôvb, c„t 1|
7. Muhammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³,c„t 242|
8. W.gynv¤§` nvgx`yj−vn& , Avnv‡` beex †g †bRv‡g ûKygivbx, c„t33|
9. ‡Mvjvg †gv¯—vdv, wek¦bex (XvKvt 1942), c„t147|
10. Ave`yj Kwig, cÖv¸³, c„t15
11. Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam (London : Cambridge University
Press, 1979),p.275.
12. S.A.Q. Husaini, Constitution of the Arab Empire ( Lahore : Shaikh Muhammad
Ashraf, 1958), p.2-4.
13. Mahammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³, c„t 243|
14. Avj-KyiAvb (3 t 189)|
15. De Republica, p. 32 |
16. Lecture on Jurisprudence (London : 1802) p.88.
17. Leviathan, Everyman’s Library Series, p.12
18. cÖv¸³, gyLeÜ|
19. S.A.Q. Hussaini, cÖv¸³, c„t 19|
20. Be‡b wnkvg, mxivZzbœex (mt), cÖ_g LÛ, c„t 965|
21. gynv¤§` byi“j Bmjvg, gnvbexi mwPevjq (XvKv t b~i cÖKvkbx, 1985)c„t 22|
22. Muhammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³, c„t 244|
23. cÖv¸³ , gyLeÜ|
24. we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb Avj gvIqv`x©, AvnKvgym myjZvwbqv, c„t 399,DׄZ K‡i‡Qb Wt
gynv¤§` Avjx AvmMi Lvb, †gvL‡jQyi ingvb, ‡kL jyrdzi ingvb, gymwjg cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi µgweKvk
( ivRkvnx t eyKm c¨vwfwjqb, 1919), c„t 33|
25. Avj-KyiAvb (2 t 40, 77 ; Ges 9t 5) |
26. evjvhyix, dZzn Avj eyj`vb (jvB‡`b, 1866),c„t 27 |
27. Avj gvIqv`x©, cÖv¸³, c„t 366|
28. Avey BDmyd Òeve Avj MvbxgZ,Ó wKZveyj LvivR, c„t 11|
29. evjvh~ix, cÖv¸³, c„t 29|
30. Avj-gvIqv`x©, cÖv¸³, c„t 217-245|
31. Avj-KziAvb (9t 29)|

13
32. Be‡b wnkvg I Avj IqvwK`x Aej¤^‡b ZvwjKv, DׄZ K‡i‡Qb M. Watt, Muhammad at
Medina, c„t 339-43|
33. Be‡b wnkvg, cÖv¸³, c„t 444|
34. DØ„Z K‡i‡Qb Muhammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³, c„t 245|
35. Avey `vD` kixd (1963 t 626), H, c„t 245|
36. Muhammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³, c„t 257-264|
37. Avj-KyiAvb (4t 59)|
38. H (42t38)|
39. H (7 t 27)|
40. H (4 t 58)|
41. H (4 t 135)|
42. ‡Mvjvg †gv¯—vdv, cÖv¸³, c„t 149|
43. W.gynv¤§` Avjx AvmMi Lvb, ‡gvL‡jQyi ingvb I †kL jyrdzi ingvb,gymwjg cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi
µgweKvk, c„t 43|
44. Avgxi nvmvb KZ©„K DׄZ, cÖv¸³, c„t 43|
45. Muhammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³, c„ 246|
46. Avj-KziAvb (34t 27)|
47. Muhammad Al-Buraey, cÖv¸³, c„ 243|
48. cÖv¸³, c„t 243|
49. Michael. H. Hart,The 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in the
History (New York : Hart Publising , 1978), p.33
50. Avj beŸxi Pwj−k nv`xm, 1977 t 110, DׄZ K‡i‡Qb Mahammad Al-Buraey cÖv¸³, c„t
247|
51. gymwjg cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi µgweKvk, c„t 44|
52. DׄZ K‡i‡Qb Ave`yb b~i, ÒBmjvgx iv‡óªi Kg© KvVv‡gvÓ gbwhj, Bmjvgx mgvR Kj¨vY cwil`,
1991, c„t 18|
53. H |

O ye who believe ! Be firm in justice... even in cases against yourself, your parents
or your kindred, whether the case pertain to a rich man or a poor man so follow not
your passion least you lapse from truth Allah is every informed of what ye do.
-Al-Qur’an (4:135)

And do not let hatred by any people dissuade you from dealing justly. Deal justly, for
that is closer to Godliness.
-Al-Qur’an (5:8)

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