Abygvb BDwbU

Inference 6
f‚wgKv
‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖwZ gyû‡Z© Avgv‡`i‡K wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, wek¦vm Kivi Rb¨ hvPvB evQvB Ki‡Z nq Ges bZzb
bZzb Z_¨ Rvb‡Z nq| A_v©r Avgv‡`i cÖwZwbqZ Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z nq|GB ÁvbvR©b cÖwµqv cÖZ¨ÿ n‡Z cv‡i,
Avevi c‡ivÿI n‡Z cv‡i| cÖZ¨ÿ Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªq¸‡jv‡K e¨envi Kwi Ges Bw›`ª‡qi Dci
wbf©ikxj nB| c‡ivÿ Áv‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K AvßevK¨, cÖvwaKvi, kÖæwZ I Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq|
Abygvb Ávb AR©‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcvq| Avgv‡`i Bw›`ª‡qi mxgv AwZ mxwgZ| e¯‘RM‡Z Lye Kg AskB
Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| A_P AbšÍ we¯Í…Z G e¯‘RMr GK wekvj ÁvbfvÛvi hvi cÖvq meUzKzB †_‡K hvq
Avgv‡`i Áv‡bi evB‡i| ZvB gvbyl Zvi Ávb I eyw× w`‡q Ggb GKwU Dcvq †ei K‡i‡Q hvi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi Áv‡bi
mxgv a~wjKYv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i gnvk~b¨ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| †m Dcvq n‡jv Abygvb (Inference)| cÖvP¨ I cÖZx‡P¨i
AwaKvsk `vk©wbK I hyw³we` Abygvb‡K ÁvbvR©‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm e‡j g‡b K‡ib| hyw³we`¨vq Abygvb
e¨ZxZ hyw³ MVb Kiv hvq bv| ZvB hyw³we`¨vi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv Abygvb| G Kvi‡YB Abygvb m¤úwK©Z
Av‡jvPbv hyw³we`¨vq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i i‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq04mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 6.1 : Abygv‡bi msÁv (Definition of Inference)
cvV - 6.2 : Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Inference)
cvV - 6.3 : Abygv‡bi ‰ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Inference)
cvV - 6.4 : Abygv‡bi kZ ©(Conditions of Inference)
cvV - 6.5 : Abygv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Kinds of Inference)
cvV - 6.6 : Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi m¤úK© (Relation between Deductive and Inductive Inference)
cvV - 6.7 : Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi AvšÍ:m¤úK© (Correlation between Deductive and Inductive Inference)
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Abygv‡bi msÁv (Definition of Inference)

cvV-6.1
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Abygv‡bi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Avgiv wKfv‡e Abygvb e¨envi Kwi Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Abygvb cÖwµqv e¨env‡ii K‡qKwU ev¯Íe D`vniY (Examples of Using Inference in Daily
Life) t aiæb, Avcwb Avcbvi evev-gvi mv‡_ †i÷z‡i‡›U †L‡Z wM‡q‡Qb| I‡qUvi AWv©i wb‡Z G‡j
Avcbvi evev ej‡jb †h, wZwb gvQ Lv‡eb, Avcbvi gv me&wR Lv‡eb Ges Avcwb gvsm AWv©i w`‡jb|
bZzb Av‡iKRb I‡qUvi †Uª‡Z K‡i Avcbv‡`i Rb¨ AWv©i Kiv Lvevi wb‡q G‡jv| GLb fveyb †Zv wK NU‡e|bZzb
I‡qUvi Lvevi wb‡q G‡m wRÁvmv Ki‡e †h, †K gvQ Lv‡eb? Zvui mvg‡b gvQ ivL‡e| Zvici †K me&wR Lv‡eb? Zvui
mvg‡b me&wR ivL‡e| Gici I‡qUvi Avi †Kv‡bv cÖkœ bv K‡iB Avcbvi mvg‡b gvs‡mi †cøUwU ivL‡e| ‡`Lyb,
GLv‡b wK NU‡jv? I‡qUvi GLv‡b Abygvb c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡jv| A_©vr `yÕR‡bi Z_¨ †R‡bB †m wm×všÍ MÖnY
Ki‡jv †h, Z…Zxq †cøUwU Kvi Kv‡Q hv‡e| Avgiv GLv‡b Abygv‡bi GKwU KvVv‡gv `vuo Kiv‡Z cvwi| gvs‡mi Rb¨
M me&wRi Rb¨ V Ges gv‡Qi Rb¨ F ai‡j KvVv‡gvwU `vuovq F A_ev V A_ev M; F bq; AZGe M| Av‡iKwU
Ae¯’v wPšÍv Kiæb| Avcbvi mvg‡b Avcbvi eÜzi †gvevBj †dvbwU †e‡R DV‡jv| Avcbvi eÜzwU †dvb aivi mv‡_
mv‡_ D”Q¡wmZ n‡q DV‡jv Ges Zvi †Pv‡L-gy‡L Avb‡›`i Qvc †`Lv †Mj| Zvn‡j, Gi †_‡K Avgiv Abygvb Ki‡Z
cvwi †h, †gvevBj †dv‡b Avcbvi eÜzwU Lywki msev` †c‡q‡Q| ïµevi Avcwb K¬vm †_‡K evwo wd‡i Avcbvi
Av`‡ii †QvU †evbwUi nv‡Z GKwU dj w`‡jb| djwU gy‡L w`‡q Avcbvi †evb Zvi gyLwU KzP‡K †dj‡jv Ges Zvi
†Pv‡L gy‡L weiw³i fve dz‡U DV‡jv| Avcwb †Kv‡bv wKQz wRÁvmv bv K‡iB wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jb †h, djwUi ¯^v`
Avcbvi †evb cQ›` K‡iwb|Avcbiv wbðqB my‡WvKz †Ljvi bvg Rv‡bb| G ‡Ljvq msL¨v ev kã Øviv k~b¨¯’vb c~iY
Ki‡Z nq| wb‡Pi Q‡K 1 †_‡K 3 ch©šÍ msL¨v e¨envi K‡i QKwU c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e; †Kv‡bv msL¨v †Kv‡bv Kjvg ev
mvwi‡Z GKev‡ii †ewk e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| Zvn‡j 1g Kjv‡gi †kl Ges 3qmvwii ïiæi NiwU‡Z †Kvb msL¨vwU
em‡e Zv Avgiv wKfv‡e w¯’i Kwi? Aek¨B Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g|
(1) 0 0
0 0 (2)
0 0 0
Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Avgiv cÖwZw`b cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î Abygvb c×wZ e¨envi Kwi| Abygvb n‡jv ch©‡eÿY I c~e©
AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ bZzb welq m¤ú‡K© †hŠw³K wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv| A_v©r Abygv‡b Avgiv Rvbv Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ
ARvbv welq m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi|
Abygv‡bi msÁv (Definition of Inference) t Abygv‡bi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Inference D™¢zZ n‡q‡Q j¨wUb kã
Inferre †_‡K| inferre k‡ãi A_© n‡jv bring in ev Dc¯’vcb Kiv| †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv welq
Dc¯’vcb Kiv| Av‡iv cwi®‹vifv‡e, †Kv‡bv Rvbv wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv ARvbv welq Dc¯’vcb Kiv| A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î (inference) Gi gv‡b n‡jv †Kv‡bv cÖgv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY; a conclusion reached on the
basis of evidence. GLv‡b GKwU welq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Abygvb n‡jv cy‡ivcywi GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv Ges
Abygvb hLb fvlvq cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv n‡q hvq hyw³| hyw³we`¨vq GKvwaK A‡_© Abygvb‡K e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Avgv‡`i Rvbv welq †_‡K ev mZ¨ e‡j M„nxZ AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K †hŠw³K wm×všÍ cÖwZcv`‡bi cÖwµqv n‡jv Abygvb|
 gvbwmK cÖwµqvi djvdj ev wm×všÍ n‡jv Abygvb|
 ev¯Íe Ávb ev mvÿ¨ cÖgvY †_‡K †hŠw³K wm×všÍ cÖwZcv`b KivB n‡jv Abygvb|
 cÖZ¨ÿY Qvov h_v_© cÖgvY I c~e© ¯^xK…Z wm×všÍ †_‡K bZzb wm×všÍ ev ‡hŠw³K AeaviY MVb Kivi cÖwµqv n‡jv Abygvb|
hyw³we`¨vq mvaviYZ Rvbv welq †_‡K ARvbv wel‡q DËi‡Yi gvbwmK cÖwµqv‡K Abygvb e‡j| Avgiv wb‡¤œ
K‡qKRb weL¨vZ hyw³we` KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Abygv‡bi msÁv Zz‡j aiwQ| hyw³we` GBP.WweøD.we. †hv‡md (H.W.B.
Joseph) e‡jb, Abygvb n‡jv GKUv wPšÍb cÖwµqv hv GK ev GKvwaK AeaviY †_‡K Ab¨ GKUv Aeavi‡Y DcYxZ
nq, hvi mZ¨Zv c~e©eZx© Aeavi‡Yi mZ¨Zvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e‡j †evSv hvq| (Inference is a Process of thought
which, starting with one or more judgements, ends in another judgement made necessary by the former)

104 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

Gj. Gm. †÷wes (L.S. Stebbing) Abygv‡bi msÁvq e‡jb †h, Abygvb n‡jv Ggb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv †hLv‡b
cª`Ë †Kv‡bv wKQz ev Z_¨ †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z ev Dcv‡Ë DcYxZ n‡Z nq| (Inference as a
mental process in which a thinker passes from the apprehension of something given, the datum, to
something, the conclusion, related in a certain way to the datum and accepted only because the datum has
been accepted)
AvB. Gg. Kwc (I.M. Copi) Ges Kvj© †Kv‡nb (Carl Cohen) Zvu‡`i Introduction to Logic MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Abygvb
c`wU Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv‡K wb‡`k© K‡i †hLv‡b GK ev GKvwaK eP‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU eP‡b DcYxZ n‡Z
nq| (The term Ôinference’ refers to the process by which one proposition is arrived at and affirmed on the
basis of one or more other propositions accepted as the starting point of the process)
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv Abygv‡bi msÁvq ej‡Z cvwi †h, GK ev GKvwaK ÁvZ Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ
GKwU wbw`©ó c×wZ‡Z GKwU bZzb †hŠw³K wm×v‡šÍ DËi‡Yi gvbwmK cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq Abygvb| †hgb :
mKj wkÿK nb mr gvbyl
mKj mr gvbyl nb †`k‡cÖwgK
AZGe, mKj wkÿK nb †`k‡cÖwgK|
GLv‡b cÖ_g `yÕwU evK¨ ÔmKj wkÿK nb mr gvbylÕ I ÔmKj mr gvbyl nb †`k‡cÖwgKÕ n‡jv AvkÖqevK¨ Ges ÁvZ
mZ¨| Avi Z…Zxq evK¨wU ÔmKj wkÿK nb †`k‡cÖwgKÕ n‡jv wm×všÍ hv AÁvZ mZ¨| wb‡¤œ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Abygvb
cÖwµqv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :

wPÎ- 6.1: Abygvb cÖwµqv

cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Avgiv wKfv‡e Abygvb e¨envi Kwi Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi
wkÿv_©xi KvR
Kiæb|
mvims‡¶c
Avgiv cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b cÖwZwbqZ Abygvb cÖwµqv e¨envi Kwi| KL‡bv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨, KL‡bv A‡b¨i
m¤ú‡K© aviYv ˆZwii Rb¨ wKsev KL‡bv Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨| Abygvb n‡jv GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv
GK ev GKvwaK Rvbv Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ARvbv wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| c‡ivÿ Ávb AR©‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcvq †KvbwU?
(K) AwfÁZv (L) Av‡jvPbv (M) we‡kølY (N) Abygvb
2| Abygv‡bi Bs‡iwR kã ‘Inference’ Gi DrcwË n‡q‡Q‡KvbwU †_‡K?
(K) Inferencia (L) Infer (M) Inferre (N)Infra
3| Rvbv †_‡K ARvbvq DËi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) AvkªqevK¨ (L) wm×všÍ (M) we‡kølY (N) Abygvb

Abygvb 105
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.2 Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Inference)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Inference) t Abygv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Rvbv welq †_‡K ARvbv welq
m¤ú‡K© GKwU wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv AeaviY ev ePb e¨envi Kwi| A_v©r GK ev GKvwaK
eP‡bi wfwˇZ bZzb welq m¤ú‡K© GKwU ePb cÖwZôv Kwi| Gi gv‡b n‡jv Abygv‡bi `yÕwU Ask _v‡K|
cÖ_g As‡k _v‡K cÖZ¨wÿZ welq hv Rvbv Z_¨ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges wØZxq As‡k _v‡K AcÖZ¨wÿZ welq ev bZzb
Z_¨ hv AÁvZ welq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb-
1. cvnv‡o †avuqv †`Lv hvq,
2. †hLv‡b †avuqv †`Lv hvq †mLv‡b Av¸b _v‡K,
AZGe 3. cvnv‡o Av¸b Av‡Q
GLv‡b Abygv‡bi GKwU Ask hvi Dci wbf©i K‡i ev †h mKj Rvbv ePb ev AeaviY‡K AvkÖq K‡i GKwU bZzb
ePb cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ges Ab¨ AskwU n‡jv H mKj Rvbv eP‡bi wfwˇZ cÖwZwôZ AÁvZ ev bZzb ePb|
hyw³we`¨vq G `yÕwU As‡ki `yÕwU bvg i‡q‡Q| †h ePb¸wji wfwˇZ AÁvZ Z_¨ cÖwZôv Kiv nq Zvi bvg bvg
AvkÖqevK¨ Ges †h bZzb ePbwU cÖwZôv Kiv nq Zvi bvg wm×všÍ| cÖ`Ë AbygvbwU‡Z Ôcvnv‡o †avuqv †`Lv hvqÕ Ges
Ô†hLv‡b †avuqv †`Lv hvq †hLv‡b Av¸b _v‡KÕ ePb `yÕwU n‡jv AvkÖq evK¨ Ges Ôcvnv‡o Av¸b Av‡QÕ ePbwU n‡jv
wm×všÍ| GKwU Abygv‡b GKwU AvkÖqevK¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i, Avevi GKvwaK AvkÖqevK¨I _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GKwU
Abygv‡b GKwU gvÎ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GKwU welq my¯úó †h, AvkÖqevK¨ I
wm×v‡šÍi g‡a¨ Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤úK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Avevi GKvwaK AvkÖqevK¨ n‡j †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨I Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤úK©
_vK‡Z n‡e Ges †m m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZB wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi D`vniY `yÕwU jÿ¨ Kiæb-
(1) wbqwgZ Jla †L‡j `xN©Rxex nIqv hvq
hviv e¨vqvg K‡i Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ Lye fvj _v‡K
AZGe, mKj `xN©Rxex gvbyl nq wb‡ivM|
(2) mKj Kwe nq †jLK
mKj †jLK nq wPšÍvwe`
AZGe, mKj eyw×Rxex nq Ávbx|
cÖ_g D`vniYwU‡Z AvkÖqevK¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü †bB Avevi AvkÖqevK¨¸‡jvi mv‡_ wm×v‡šÍi †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü
†bB| Avevi, wØZxq D`vniYwU‡Z AvkÖqevK¨ `yÕwUi g‡a¨ m¤^Ü _vK‡jI †m m¤^‡Üi wfwˇZ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Kiv nq
wb| ZvB Dc‡ivwjøwLZ D`vniY `yÕwU †Kv‡bv Abygvb bq| K‡qKwU wew”Qbœ evK¨ gvÎ|Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwôZ
wm×všÍwU n‡Z nq bZzb Z_¨wfwËK| Abygv‡bi wm×v‡šÍ bZzbZ¡ bv _vK‡j Zv h_v_© nq bv| ZvB hyw³we` evb©vW
†evmv‡¼(Bernard Bosanquet ) e‡jb †h, bZzbZ¡ I Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤^ÜB n‡jv Abygvb c×wZi cÖavb ˆewkó¨| Avevi
Abygvb cÖwµqvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU mywbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| A_v©r Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î ÁvZ welq †h m¤úwK©Z
_vK‡e, AÁvZ welq ev bZzb wm×všÍ †m m¤úwK©Z n‡e| Z‡e bZzb Z_¨ ev AÁvZ welq wfbœ wfbœ c×wZ e¨env‡ii
Kvi‡Y Rvbv Z_¨ ev ÁvZ wel‡qi †P‡q AwZ e¨vcK ev Kg e¨vcK ev mg e¨vcK n‡Z cv‡i|
Gj. Gm. †÷wes (L.S. Stebbing) Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨vi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨vb¨ gvbwmK cÖwµqvi mv‡_ Abygv‡bi cv_©K¨
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, cÖZ¨ÿY wfwËK AeaviY Abygvb n‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb †jvK XvKvi iv¯Ívq nvuUvi
mgq †`L‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi Mvwo jvB‡b `vuwo‡q Av‡Q Ges †m aviYv Ki‡jv UªvwdK R¨v‡gi Kvi‡Y nq‡Zv Mvwo¸‡jv
`vuwo‡q Av‡Q| GUv Abygvbjä AeaviY bq eis cÖZ¨ÿY wfwËK AeaviY| Avevi, cybiæ‡`ªK ev eZ©gv‡bi †Kv‡bv
NUbv †`‡L AZxZ NUbv g‡b Kiv Abygvb bq; GUv ¯§„wZ cybiæ‡`ªK| Abygvb n‡jv Rvbv Z_¨ †_‡K ARvbv bZzb
Z‡_¨ DËiY| G‡ÿ‡Î wm×všÍwU Aek¨B bZzb n‡e Ges AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z n‡e|

106 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

mvims‡¶c
Abygvb cÖwµqvi `yÕwU Ask _v‡K: Rvbv Z_¨ I ARvbv Ask| Abygvb cÖwµqvq Rvbv Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ARvbv wel‡q
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| G wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Abygv‡bi mv‡_
cÖZ¨ÿYwfwËK c~e© AwfÁZvi cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Abygvb?
(K) cÖZ¨ÿYwfwËK (L) ¯§„wZ cybiæ‡`ªK (M) Rvbv Z_¨ †_‡K ARvbv Z‡_¨ DËiY
(N) KvíwYK Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb
2| Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î-
(і) wKQz Rvbv ev ÁvZ Z_¨ _v‡K (іі) GwU GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv
(ііі) bZzb GKwU wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і) I (іі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і), (іі), I (ііі)

3| Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖvß wm×všÍwU -

(і) bZzb Z_¨wfwËK (іі) KvíwYK Z_¨ mg„× (ііі) AvkªqevK¨¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ cÖvß

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) (і) I (іі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і), (іі), I (ііі)

Abygvb 107
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.3 Abygv‡bi ‰ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Inference)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Abygv‡bi ‰ewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Abygv‡bi msÁv I cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| ‰ewk󨸇jv wb‡¤œ
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
Abygvb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv t Abygvb n‡jv ÁvZ mZ¨ †_‡K AÁvZ mZ¨ †cŠuQvi GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv| Avgiv bZzb
Z_¨ ev Ávb ev AÁvZ m‡Z¨ †cŠuQvi Rb¨ `yÕwU aviYv‡K mshy³ K‡i cÖ_‡g AeaviY MVb Kwi| Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gici
Avgiv KZ¸‡jv AeaviY ev evK¨ ev NUbv‡K gvbwmKfv‡e mshy³ Kwi, we‡kølY Kwi, ms‡hvRb-we‡qvRb Kwi Ges
Zvici GKwU bZzb wm×v‡šÍ DcYxZ nB| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‹RvZ wPšÍvi GKwU MwZ ev cvi¯úwiK Awbevh©Zv KvR
K‡i| Abygvb bvgK GB gvbwmK cÖwµqv‡K hLb Avgiv fvlvq (K_¨ ev wjwLZ) cÖKvk Kwi ZLb Zv n‡q hvq hyw ³|
Abygv‡b GK ev GKvwaK Rvbv Z_¨ _v‡K t Abygv‡bi wfwË n‡jv Rvbv Z_¨| GB Rvbv Z_¨ †_‡KB Awbevh©fv‡e
wm×všÍ wb:m„Z Kiv nq| GB Rvbv Z_¨¸‡jv‡K Avgiv mZ¨ e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i †bB| Rvbv Z_¨ GKvwaK n‡j Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i wPšÍv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi w`‡K AMÖmi nq|
Abygv‡b GKwU ARvbv ev bZzb Z_¨ _v‡K t Abygv‡bi g~j KvRwUB n‡jv Rvbv Z_¨ †_‡K ARvbv Z‡_¨ DËiY| GB
ARvbv Z_¨wUB n‡jv bZzb Z_¨ hv‡K hyw³we`¨vi fvlvq ejv nq wm×všÍ| G wm×všÍwU AvkÖqvev‡K¨i g‡a¨ myß
Ae¯’vq _v‡K; Z‡e Zv wKQzUv bZzbZ¡ aviY K‡i|
Abygv‡b ÁvZ Z_¨ I AÁvZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Awbevh© m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K t Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv GK ev GKvwaK
ÁvZ Z_¨ †_‡K AÁvZ Z‡_¨ DcYxZ nB| †hŠw³K cÖwµqvq Áv‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î bZzb Z_¨ I wm×všÍ cÖwZôvi Rb¨
Abygvb e¨envi Kiv nq| G Rb¨ ÁvZ Z‡_¨i mv‡_ AÁvZ Z‡_¨i Awbevh© m¤úK© _vK‡Z nq| ÁvZ Z‡_¨i mv‡_
AÁvZ Z‡_¨i Awbevh© m¤úK© bv _vK‡j ev bZzb Z_¨ ÁvZ Z‡_¨i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bv n‡j Abygvb cÖwµqv h_v_© nq bv|
Abygv‡b wm×v‡šÍi mZ¨Zv ev wg_¨vZ¡ AvkÖqev‡K¨i Dci wbf©ikxj t Abygv‡b †h AvkÖqevK¨¸‡jvi Dci wfwË K‡i
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq †m AvkÖqev¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j wm×všÍwU mZ¨ nq, AvkÖqevK¨¸‡jv wg_¨v ev AvswkKfv‡e wg_¨v n‡j
wm×všÍwU wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
Abygvb cÖwµqvq mywbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nqt Abygvb cÖwµqvq GKwU mvwe©K wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv we‡kl
welq m¤ú‡K© bZzb wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Kiv nq ev we‡kl we‡kl wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K mvwe©K wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Z‡e
Zv mywbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY K‡i n‡Z nq| Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Kiv bv n‡jv wm×všÍ MVb h_vh_
nq bv Ges Zv Abygvb n‡Z cv‡i bv|
mvims‡¶c
Abygvb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv| Gi msÁv I cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv Gi wKQz ˆewkó¨ †`L‡Z cvB| G cv‡V
Avgiv 6wU ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ hvi gva¨‡g mn‡RB Abygvb‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi ˆewkó¨?
(K) wm×všÍ Avkªqev‡K¨i mge¨vcK nq (L) wm×všÍ cÖgvwYZ mZ¨
(M) Rvbv Z_¨ †_‡K ARvbv Z‡_¨ DËiY (N) wm×všÍ AvkªqevK¨ ‡_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z
2| Abygvb cÖwµqvi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
(і) mywbw`©ó c×wZwfwËK (іі) Rvbv I ARvbv Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Awbevh© m¤úK©
(ііі) wm×v‡šÍi mZ¨Zv Avkªqev‡K¨i Dci wbf©ikxj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і), (іі), I (ііі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і) I (іі)
3| Abygv‡b Rvbv welq‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) hyw³ (L) Abygv‡bi wfwË (M) Abygv‡bi dj (N) c`

108 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

cvV-6.4 Abygv‡bi kZ© (Conditions of Inference)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Abygv‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi kZ© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Avgiv Rvwb †h, Abygvb n‡jv Ggb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv †hLv‡b GK ev GKvwaK AvkÖqev‡K¨i wfwˇZ
GKwU †hŠw³K wm×všÍ AbywgZ nq| AvkÖqevK¨ I wm×v‡šÍi cÖK…wZ, wm×všÍ cÖwZôvi cÖwµqv wfbœ wfbœ
†ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ nq| Z‡e gvbwmK cÖwµqv e‡j †hŠw³K Abygv‡b †h iKg B”Qv †m iKgfv‡e AeaviY
w`‡q wm×všÍ MVb Kiv hvq bv| Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI kZ© †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| hyw³we` Rbmb Zvui jwRK eB‡q Abygv‡bi
†ÿ‡Î `yÕwU k‡Z©i K_v e‡j‡Qb| Rbmb Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h `yÕwU k‡Z©i K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv n‡jv:
K. MVbg~jK kZ© (Constitutive Conditions) : Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î ÁvZ Z_¨ †_‡K AÁvZ Z‡_¨ DËi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
MVbg~jK kZ©wU we`¨gvb _vK‡Z nq| G kZ©wU Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ AeaviY¸‡jv Ges AeaviY¸‡jvi
ga¨Kvi AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K©i Dci wbf©i K‡i| G †ÿ‡Î whwb Abygvb MVb K‡ib Zvi f~wgKv _v‡K m¤ú~Y© wbi‡cÿ|
wb‡Pi wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvwU jÿ¨ Kiæb :
A B B C

A C

L. ÁvbMZ kZ© (Epistemic Conditions) : Abygv‡bi Ávb MZ kZ©wU Abygv‡b e¨eüZ AeaviY Ges whwb Abygvb
MVb K‡ib Zvi Áv‡bi ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i Dci wbf©ikxj| A_v©r Abygvb MVbKvix e¨w³ Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h
ePb¸‡jv e¨envi K‡ib †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Zvi KZUzKz Ávb i‡q‡Q ‡m welqwU kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wb‡Pi
AvKviwU jÿ¨ Kiæb-
A B

B C

 A C

‰ea Abygvb cÖwµqvi †ÿ‡Î `yÕwU kZ©B Acwinvh©| `vk©wbK evU©ªvÛ iv‡mj (Bertrand Russell) Zvui Principles of
Mathematics MÖ‡š’ Rbmb KZ…©K D‡jøwLZ `yÕwU k‡Z©i K_v AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Abygv‡bi mv‡_ hy³ wewfbœ ai‡bi k‡Z©i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
Abygvb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv n‡jI hLb †h iKg B”Qv †miKgfv‡e AeaviY wb‡q Abygvb MVb Kiv hvq bv|
Abygvb MV‡bi Rb¨ Rbmb `yÕwU k‡Z©i K_v e‡j‡Qb: MVbg~jK kZ© I ÁvbMZ kZ©|

Abygvb 109
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| Abygv‡bi AvkªqevK¨ I wm×v‡šÍi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© Kxiƒc?
(K) KvíwYK (L) Awbevh© (M) evwn¨K (N) ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
2| Abygv‡bi KqwU kZ©?
(K) cvuPwU (L) PviwU (M) wZbwU (N) `yBwU
3| Abygvb n‡jv-
(і) ÁvZ Z_¨ †_‡K AÁvZ Z‡_¨ hvIqvi cÖwµqv (іі) GwU GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv
(ііі) mZ¨ Avwe®‹v‡ii Dcvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і) I (іі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (і), (іі) I (ііі) (N) (іі) I (ііі)

110 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

cvV-6.5 Abygv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Kinds of Inference)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Abygv‡bi wewfbœ cÖKvi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Abygv‡bi †kÖwYwefvM (Classification of Inference) t Abygvb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi; h_v-
K. Ae‡ivn Abygvb (Deductive Inference), Ges
L. Av‡ivn Abygvb (Inductive Inference)
Ae‡ivn Abygvb (Deductive Inference) t †h Abygvb c×wZ‡Z GK ev GKvwaK AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e
AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq Kg e¨vcK wm×všÍ wb:m„Z nq Zv‡K Ae‡ivn Abygvb e‡j| †hgb-
K. mKj KvK nq Kv‡jv (A)
 wKQz Kv‡jv cvwL nq KvK (I)
G D`vniYwU‡Z AvkÖq evK¨wU mvwe©K Ges wm×všÍwU we‡kl evK¨| G‡ÿ‡Î wm×všÍ AvkÖq ev‡K¨i Zzjbvq Kg e¨vcK|
L. †Kv‡bv gvbyl bq †`eZv (E)
 †Kv‡bv †`eZv bq gvbyl (E)
G AbygvbwU‡Z wm×všÍwU AvkÖq ev‡K¨i mgvb e¨vcK|
M. mKj fveyK nq Kwe (A)
mKj cÖK…wZ-‡cÖwgK nq fveyK (A)
 mKj cÖK…wZ-‡cÖwgK nq Kwe (A)
G AbygvbwU‡Z `yÕwU AvkÖqevK¨ i‡q‡Q Ges AvkÖqevK¨ `yÕwUi ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ Awbevh©fv‡e wm×všÍwU
wb:m„Z n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wm×všÍwU AvkªqevK¨¸‡jvi mge¨vcK|
Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×v‡šÍi mZ¨Zv AvkÖqev‡K¨i mZ¨Zv Øviv wbav©wiZ nq| Giƒc Abygv‡b †h †Kv‡bv AvkªqevK¨
e¯‘MZfv‡e wg_¨v n‡j wm×všÍ Aek¨B e¯‘MZfv‡e wg_¨v n‡e| †hgb-
mKj gvbyl nq wkwÿZ (A)
mKj kÖwgK nq gvbyl (A)
mKj kÖwgK nq wkwÿZ (A)
G AbygvbwU‡Z wm×všÍ ÔmKj kÖwgK nq wkwÿZÕ e¯‘MZfv‡e wg_¨v| KviY G Abygv‡bi GKwU AvkªqevK¨ ÔmKj
gvbyl nq wkwÿZÕ e¯‘MZfv‡e wg_¨v| myZivs GUv ¯úó †h, Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi GKwU AvkÖqevK¨ wg_¨v n‡j wm×všÍ
wg_¨v n‡e| Avevi, Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi AvkÖqevK¨¸‡jv e¯‘Zfv‡e mZ¨ n‡j wm×všÍ Aek¨B mZ¨ n‡e| †hgb-
mKj gvbyl nq giYkxj (A)
mKj †cÖwm‡W›U nq gvbyl (A)
 mKj †cÖwm‡W›U nq giYkxj (A)
Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Deductive Inference) t Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi msÁv I D`vniY we‡kølY
Ki‡j Avgiv Gi K‡qKwU cÖK…wZ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvwi| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
K. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ KL‡bv AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq e¨vcKZi n‡Z cv‡i bv| A_v©r Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi
wm×všÍ AvkÖq ev‡K¨i mgvb e¨vcK n‡e A_ev AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq Kg e¨vcK n‡e| †hgb-
mKj avwg©K nq myLx (A)
 wKQz myLx †jvK nq avwg©K (I)
Avevi,
mKj cÖvwY nq giYkxj (A)
mKj evN nq cÖvwY (A)
 mKj evN nq giYkxj (A)
cÖ`Ë D`vniY `yÕwUi cÖ_gwU‡Z wm×všÍ AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq Kg e¨vcK Ges wØZxqwU‡Z wm×všÍ AvkÖqev‡K¨i mgvb e¨vcK |

Abygvb 111
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

L. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq| †hgb-

mKj dzj nq my›`i (A)
mKj †Mvjvc nq dyj (A)
 mKj †Mvjvc nq my›`i (A)
G AbygvbwU‡Z `yÕwU AvkÖqevK¨ i‡q‡Q| AvkÖqevK¨ `yÕwU Ggbfv‡e m¤úwK©Z †h G¸‡jv †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wm×všÍ
wb:m„Z n‡q‡Q|
M. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡b wm×v‡šÍi mZ¨Zv Avkªq ev‡K¨i mZ¨Zv Øviv wbav©wiZ nq|
N. Ae‡ivn Abygvb m¤ú~Y© GKwU AvKiMZ cÖwµqv| ZvB GLv‡b iƒcMZ ev AvKviMZ mZ¨vZvB wePvh© welq| A_v©r
G‡ÿ‡Î AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K wm×všÍ Abygvb Kivi mgq Abygvb m¤úwK©Z wbqgmg~n AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q wK-bv Zv
wePvi Kiv nq| wKš‘ Ae‡ivn Abygv‡b e¯‘MZ mZ¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv Riæix bq|
O. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi ˆeaZv wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv gvÎvMZ e¨vcvi †bB| G ai‡bi Abygvb nq ˆea n‡e A_ev A‰ea n‡e|
Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Deductive Inference) t Ae‡ivn Abygvb‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
nq| h_v-
1. gva¨g Abygvb, Ges
2. Agva¨g Abygvb
Avgiv Agva¨g Abygvb I gva¨g Abygvb wb‡q BDwbU-7 I 8 G we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
Agva¨g Abygvb bq cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i; h_v-
1. AveZ©b (Conversion)
2. cÖwZeZ©b (Obversion)
3. mgweeZ©b ev mge¨veZ©b (Contraposition)
4. we‡ivavbygvb (Inference by Opposition)
5. m¤^Ü cwieZ©bRwbZ Abygvb (Inference by Change of Relation)
6. D`v`vbms‡hvMNwUZ Abygvb (Inference by Added Determinants)
7. wbðqZvNwUZ Abygvb (Inference by Modal Consequence)
8. AšÍiveZ©b (Inversion)
9. RwUj aviYv‡hv‡M Abygvb (Inference by Complex Conception)
AveZ©b‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq; h_v-
1. mij AveZ©b, Ges
2. A-mij AveZ©b
we‡ivavbygvb †K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv nq; h_v-
1. wecixZ we‡ivavbygvb
2. Aaxb wecixZ we‡ivavbygvb
3. Amg we‡ivavbygvb
4. weiæ× we‡ivavbygvb
Agva¨g Abygv‡bi G cÖKiY¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cieZx©‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
gva¨g Abygvb‡K mvaviYZ wefvRb Kiv nq bv| gva¨g Abygv‡bi GKwU we‡kl cÖKiY n‡jv mnvbygvb| mnvbygv‡b
`yÕwU AvkÖqev‡K¨i ga¨Kvi Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ Awbevh©fv‡e wm×všÍ wb:m„Z nq| mnvbygvb‡K `yB fv‡M fvM
Kiv nq; h_v-
1. AwgkÖ mnvbygvb (Pure Syllogism), Ges
2. wgkÖ mnvbygvb (Mixed Syllogism)
AwgkÖ mnvbygvb‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq; h_v-
1. AwgkÖ wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb, ms‡ÿ‡c wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Pure Categorical Syllogism / Categorical Syllogism)
2. AwgkÖ cÖvKwíK mnvbygvb, ms‡ÿ‡c cÖvKwíK mnvbygvb (Pure Hypothetical Syllogism/ Hypothetical Syllogism)
3. AwgkÖ ˆeKwíK mnvbygvb, ms‡ÿ‡c ˆeKwíK mnvbygvb (Pure Disjunctive Syllogism / Disjunctive Syllogism)
 wgkÖ mnvbygvb wZb cÖKvi; h_v-
1. cÖvKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Hypothetical Categorical Syllogism)
2. ‰eKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Disjunctive Categorical Syllogism)
3. wØKí Abygvb (Dilemma)
 cÖvKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb `yB cÖKvi; h_v-

112 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

1. MVbg~jK cÖvKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Constructive Hypothetical Categorical Syllogism), Ges

2. aŸsmg~jK cÖvKwíK-wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Destructive Hypothetical Categorical Syllogism)
 ˆeKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb `yB cÖKvi; h_v-
1. MÖnYg~jK ˆeKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Inclusive Disjunctive Categorical Syllogism), Ges
2. eR©bg~jK ˆeKwíK wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb (Exclusive Disjunctive Categorical Syllogism)
 wØKí‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq; h_v-
1. MVbg~jK wØKí (Constructive Dilemma), Ges
2. aŸsmg~jK wØKí (Destructive Dilemma)
Av‡ivn Abygvb (Inductive Syllogism) t †h Abygvb c×wZ‡Z K‡qKwU wewkó `„óv‡šÍi Dci wbf©i Dci wbf©i K‡i
cÖK…wZi wbqgvbyewZ©Zv bxwZ I Kvh©KviY wbq‡gi wfwˇZ Av‡ivnvZ¥K Djøç‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU mvwe©K ms‡kølK
wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Kiv nq Zv‡K Av‡ivn Abygvb e‡j| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î wm×všÍwU AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq
bv| Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î wm×všÍwU m¤¢ve¨ nq gvÎ| †hgb-
iwng nq giYkxj
Kwig nq giYkxj
Lv‡jK nq giYkxj
gv‡jK nq giYkxj

GLv‡b K‡qKwU we‡kl `„óv‡šÍi Av‡jv‡K Kvh©KviY wbqg I cÖK…wZi wbqgvbyewZ©Zv bxwZ AbymiY K‡i Av‡ivnvZ¥K
Djøç‡bi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ wn‡m‡e GKwU mvwe©K ms‡kølK evK¨ cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q|Z‡e Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ
wn‡m‡e wewkó evK¨I cÖwZôv Kiv hvq| hyw³we`¨vq wewkó evK¨‡K mvwe©K evK¨ e‡jB MÖnY Kiv nq| †hgb- c„w_ex
I g½j m~‡h©i `yÕwU Mªn Ges m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i AveZ©b K‡i| MÖn `yÕwU m~‡h©i Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ nq| c„w_ex I
g½‡ji AvenvIqv I f~wg GK| c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| AZGe, g½‡jI cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Inductive Inference) t Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi msÁv I D`vniY we‡kølY Ki‡j
Avgiv Gi K‡qKwU cÖK…wZ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi| GMy‡jv n‡jv-
K. Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ mKj †ÿ‡ÎB mvwe©K evK¨ n‡e|
L. Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×v‡šÍ AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq bZzb Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq|
M. Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq Kg e¨vcK n‡e bv|
N. Av‡ivn Abygv‡b e¯‘MZ mZ¨Zvi w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv nq, AvKvi MZ mZ¨Zvi w`‡K bq| A_v©r AvkÖqevK¨ I wm×všÍ
ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wK-bv Zv wePvi Kiv nq|
O. Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×v‡šÍi mZ¨Zv AvkÖqev‡K¨i Øviv mgw_©Z| wKš‘ G mZ¨Zv m¤¢ve¨, cÖgvwYZ bq|
P. Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbvevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq bv|
Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Inductive Inference) t Av‡ivn Abygv‡b cÖK…wZi wbqgvbyewZ©Zv
bxwZ I Kvh©KviY wbq‡gi Dci wbf©i K‡i we‡kl we‡kl `„óv‡šÍi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| G w`K
we‡ePbvq Av‡ivn Abygvb `yB cÖKvi; h_v-
K. cÖK…Z ev h_v_© Av‡ivn (Induction Proper) , Ges
L. AcÖK…Z ev Ah_v_© ev Z_vKw_Z Av‡ivn (Induction Improper)
cÖK…Z ev h_v_© Av‡ivn tAv‡ivn Abygv‡bi †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨mg~n, we‡klfv‡e ÁvZ Z_¨ †_‡K AÁvZ Z‡_¨ DËiY I
Av‡ivnvZ¥K DjøçY †h Av‡ivn Abygv‡b Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Zv‡K cÖK…Z ev h_v_© Av‡ivn e‡j| ‡hgb-K‡qK ev‡ii
AwfÁZvq †`Lv †Mj †h, Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j c`v_© m¤úªmvwiZ nq| Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg KL‡bv †`Lv hvqwb| Gi
wfwˇZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡jv †h, mKj †ÿ‡Î Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M c`v_© m¤úªmvwiZ nq|
cÖK…Z ev h_v_© Av‡ivn wZb cÖKvi; h_v-
1. ‰eÁvwbK Av‡ivn (Scientifec Induction)
2. A‰eÁvwbK Av‡ivn (Unscientific Induction)
3. mv`„k¨vbygvb (Argument from Analogy)
mv`„k¨vbygvb‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. mvay mv`„k¨vbygvb (Good Analogy), Ges
2. Amvay mv`„k¨vbygvb (Bad Analogy)

Abygvb 113
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AcÖK…Z ev Ah_v_© Av‡ivn (Induction Improper) t Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨mg~n, we‡kl K‡i ÁvZ
†_‡K AÁv‡Z DËiY I Av‡ivnvZ¥K Djøçb †h Av‡ivn Abygv‡b Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zv‡K AcÖK…Z ev Ah_v_© Av‡ivn
e‡j| AcªK…Z ev Ah_v_© Av‡ivn AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Av‡ivn e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq; wKš‘ h_v_© A‡_© Av‡ivn bq| †hgb-
GKwU jvB‡eªwii mKj eB cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †Mj mKj eB Dcb¨vm; Gi wfwˇZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡jv †h, ÔGB
jvB‡eªwii mKj eB Dcb¨vmÕ|
AcÖK…Z/ Ah_v_© Av‡ivn wZb ai‡bi| h_v-
1. c~Y©v½ Av‡ivn (Perfeet Induction or Induction by Complete Enumeration)
2. hyw³ mvg¨g~jK Av‡ivn (Induction by Parity of Reasoning)
3. NUbv ms‡hvRb (Colligation of facts)
Abygvb

Ae‡ivn Abygvb Av‡ivn Abygvb e¨vL¨vbygvb

Agva¨g Abygvb gva¨g Abygvb

h_v_©/cÖK…Z Ah_v_©/AcÖK…Z
Av‡ivn Av‡ivn
AveZ©b
Dcv`vb
cÖwZeZ©b ms‡hvMNwUZ ‰eÁvwbK A‰eÁvwbK mv`„k¨vbygvb
Abygvb Av‡ivn Av‡ivn
mgweeZ©b
wbðqZvNwUZ
we‡ivavbygvb
Abygvb c~Y©v½ Av‡ivn hyw³mvg¨g~jK NUbv
m¤^Ü Av‡ivn ms‡hvRb
mij Amij AšÍiveZ©b
AveZ©b AveZ©b cwieZ©bRwbZ
Abygvb RwUj
aviYv‡hv‡M
Abygvb
wecixZ Aaxb wecixZ Amg weiæ×
we‡ivavbygvb we‡ivavbygvb we‡ivavbygvb we‡ivavbygvb

AwgkÖ mnvbygvb wgkÖ mnvbygvb

wbi‡cÿ cÖvKwíK ‰eKwíK cÖvKwíK wbi‡cÿ ˆeKwíK -wbi‡cÿ wØKí

mnvbygvb mnvbygvb mnvbygvb mnvbygvb mnvbygvb

MVbg~jK A¯^xK…wZg~jK
cÖvKwíK wbi‡cÿ cÖvKwíK wbi‡cÿ
mnvbygvb mnvbygvb MVbg~jK wØKí A¯^xK…wZg~jK wØKí

MªnYg~jK ‰eKwíK- wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb eR©bg~jK ‰eKwíK- wbi‡cÿ mnvbygvb

114 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

wkÿv_©xi KvR wewfbœ cÖKvi Agva¨g Abygv‡biGKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
Abygvb g~jZ `yB cÖKvi; h_v: Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn| Ae‡ivn Abygv‡b wm×všÍ AvkªqevK¨ A‡cÿv Kg e¨vcK nq ev
mge¨vcK nq| Av‡ivn Abygv‡b wm×všÍ me mgq AvkªqevK¨ A‡cÿv †ewk e¨vcK nq| Ae‡ivn Abygvb `yB
cÖKvi: Agva¨g I gva¨g Abygvb| Av‡ivn Abygvb `yB cÖKvi; cÖK…Z ev h_v_© Av‡ivn I AcÖK…Z ev Z_vKw_Z
Av‡ivn|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|

1| Abygvb cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi?
(K) 2 (L) 3
(M) 4 (N) 5
2| †h Abygv‡b GKwU gvÎ AvkªqevK¨ †_‡K wm×všÍ AbywgZ nq Zv‡K e‡j-
(K) gva¨g Abygvb (L) Agva¨g Abygvb (M) Ae‡ivn Abygvb (N) Av‡ivn Abygvb
3| Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ -
(і) Avkªqev‡K¨i ‡P‡q †ewk e¨vcK (іі) Avkªqev‡K¨i ‡P‡q Kg e¨vcK
(ііі) Avkªqev‡K¨i mge¨vcK nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і) I (іі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і), (іі), I (ііі)
y

Abygvb 115
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi m¤úK© (Relation between Deductive and

cvV-6.6 Inductive Inference)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi mv`„k¨ (Similarities between Deductive and Inductive Inference):
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq GB `yB ai‡bi Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU w`K
†_‡K mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| mv`„k¨¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Dfq cÖKvi Abygv‡bB Rvbv welq †_‡K ARvbv wel‡q DËi‡Yi †Póv Kiv nq|
2. Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn DfqB gvbwmK cÖwµqv|
3. Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Dfq cÖKvi Abygv‡biB jÿ¨ n‡jv h_vh_ c×wZ AbymiY K‡i mZ¨ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv
Kiv|
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference between Dedtctive and Inductive Inference) t
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ wKQz mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ A‡bK †ewk| Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn
Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ †hme cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡b GK ev GKvwaK AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wm×všÍ wb:m„Z nq| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi
†ÿ‡Î AvkÖqevK¨ me©`vB GKvwaK _v‡K Ges wm×všÍwU KL‡bv AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq bv|
GKwU gvÎ AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Av‡ivn Abygv‡b wm×všÍ MVb Kiv hvq bv|
2. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡b wm×všÍ AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq e‡j G‡ÿ‡Î wm×v‡šÍ Avkªqev‡K¨i AwZwi³
wKQz ejv nq bv| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×v‡šÍ AvkÖqev‡K¨ hv ejv _v‡K bv †m wel‡qI bZzb wKQz ejv nq|
3. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ †Kv‡bv AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq e¨vcKZi n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi
wm×všÍ mvaviYZ AvkÖqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq e¨vcKZi nq|
4. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ we‡kl evK¨ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ we‡kl evK¨ n‡Z cv‡ibv,
me mgqB mvwe©K evK¨ n‡q _v‡K|
5. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi AvkÖqevK¨¸‡jvi e¯‘MZ mZ¨Zv cixÿv bv K‡iB MÖnY Kiv nq e‡j Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi
AvkÖqevK¨ wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi AvkÖq evK¨¸‡jv AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ e¯‘MZ cixÿv K‡i
MÖnY Kiv nq e‡j Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi AvkÖqevK¨ KL‡bv wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv|
6. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kej AvKviMZ mZ¨Zvi w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv nq| A_v©r AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K wm×všÍ
†bIqvi mgq Abygv‡bi mswkøó wbqgmg~n AbymiY K‡i wm×všÍ cvIqv †M‡Q wK-bv, Zv wePvi Kiv nq| AvkÖq
evK¨¸‡jvi e¯‘MZ mZ¨Zv i‡q‡Q wK-bv †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi
`„óvšÍ¸‡jv ev¯Íe mZ¨Zv cixÿv K‡iB MÖnY Kiv nq| d‡j Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvKviMZ I e¯‘MZ
Dfq cÖKvi mZ¨Zvi w`‡KB †Lqvj ivLv nq|
7. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ me©`vB wbwðZ nq| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ me©`vB m¤¢ve¨ nq|
8. Ae‡ivn hyw³ nq ˆea nq, bv nq A‰ea nq; G‡ÿ‡Î ˆeaZvi †Kv‡bv gvÎv †bB| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi
wm×všÍ m¤¢ve¨ nq e‡j KL‡bv m¤¢ve¨Zv †ewk n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi KL‡bv Kg n‡Z cv‡i|
9. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ AvkÖq evK¨ †_‡K wb:m„Z nq; wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ AvkÖqev‡K¨i wfwˇZ
AbywgZ nq|
10. Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq e‡j †h†ÿ‡Î mKj AvkÖqevK¨ mZ¨
†m‡ÿ‡Î wm×všÍwUI mZ¨ nq Ges G iKg †ÿ‡Î wm×všÍ KL‡bv wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi
wm×všÍwU †h‡nZz AvkÖqevK¨ †_‡K Awbevh©fv‡e wb:m„Z nq bv, †m‡nZz mKj AvkÖqevK¨ mZ¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I
Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍwU wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i|

116 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

wkÿv_©xi KvR Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©‡K¨iGKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn, Abygv‡bi `yÕwU wfbœ cÖK…wZi cÖwµqv n‡jI Giv AvšÍtm¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
hyw³we` Ae‡ivn‡K Abygv‡bi g~j cÖwµqv e‡jb, Avevi A‡b‡K Av‡ivn‡K Abygv‡bi g~j cÖwµqv ej‡Z Pvb|
g~jZ: Ae‡ivn‡K AvkªqevK¨ mieivn K‡i Av‡ivn Abygvb Ges Av‡ivn Abygv‡b e¨eüZ we‡kl we‡kl
AwfÁZvg~jK evK¨ cvIqv hvq Ae‡ivn cÖwµqvq| ZvB G `yÕwU cÖwµqv GKwU AciwUi cwic~iK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †Kvb& Abygv‡b me mgq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK AvkªqevK¨ _v‡K?
(K) Ae‡ivn Abygv‡b (L) Av‡ivn Abygv‡b (M) gva¨g Abygv‡b (N) Agva¨g Abygv‡b
2| †h Abygv‡bi wm×všÍwU me mgqB AvkªqevK¨¸‡jv †_‡K †ewk e¨vcK Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) Ae‡ivn Abygvb (L) Av‡ivn Abygvb (M) gva¨g Abygvb (N) Agva¨g Abygvb
3| Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ -
(і) we‡kl `„óvšÍ †_‡K M„nxZ nq (іі) Avkªqev‡K¨i †P‡q †ewk e¨vcK nq
(ііі) †KvbwUB bq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і) I (іі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і), (іі), I (ііі)

Abygvb 117
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi AvšÍ:m¤úK© (Correlation between Deductive and

cvV-6.7 Inductive Inference)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤^Ü e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤^Ü (Connection between Deductive and Inductive
Inference) t Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi m¤^Ü wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î hyw³we` I `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨
†`Lv hvq| G wel‡q wb‡¤œv³ gZ¸‡jv cvIqv hvq,
1. Abygv‡bi g~j cÖwµqv n‡jv Ae‡ivn
2. Av‡ivn n‡”Q Abygv‡bi g~j c×wZ
3. Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn n‡jv ci¯úi wecixZ cÖwµqv
4. Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygvb G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK|
wb‡¤œœ G gZ¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
Abygv‡bi g~j cÖwµqv n‡jv Ae‡ivn t hyw³we` DBwjqvg ÷viwjs n¨vwgjUb (William Stirling Hamilton), †nbwi
g¨vb‡mj (Henry Mansel), wiPvW© †nv‡qUwj (Richard Whately), DBwjqvg ÷¨vb&wj †RfÝ (William Stanley
Jevons),c¨vwUªK mv‡àm (Patrick Suppes) cÖgyL hyw³we` g‡b K‡ib †h, Ae‡ivnB n‡jv Abygv‡bi †gŠwjK cÖwµqv|
†RfÝ e‡jb †h, GKgvÎ Ae‡ivn AbygvbB g~j Abygvb c×wZ Ges Zv Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi c~e©Mvgx| Av‡ivn
Abygv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mvaviY mZ¨ cÖwZôv Kiv| †Kv‡bv mvaviY m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Zv Kíbviƒ‡c
ev cÖKí AvKv‡i Avgv‡`i g‡b Dw`Z nq| Zvici †m KíbvwU‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc`vb Kivi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv we‡kl †ÿÎ
ev NUbvi ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z nq| A_v©r †Kv‡bv mvaviY mZ¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zvi Kívbv ev aviYv‡K we‡kl †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Ges G cÖ‡qvM wµqv‡KB ejv nq Ae‡ivn cÖwµqv| myZivs †RfÝ Gi g‡Z Av‡ivn Abygvb
Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi iƒcvšÍi gvÎ|
hyw³we` c¨vwUªK mv‡àm (Patrick Suppes) Zvui ‘Introduction to Logic’ eB‡q mwVK hyw³ cÖwµqv ej‡Z Ae‡ivn
Abygvb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| mv‡àm (Suppes) e‡jb, mwVK hyw³ wPšÍb c×wZ n‡jv cÖgvY c×wZ ev Ae‡ivn c×wZ|
(The theory of correct reasoning is the theory of proof or the theory of deduction)
Abygv‡bi g~j c×wZ n‡jv Av‡ivn t Rb ÷zqvU© wgj(John Stuart Mill), Av‡jKRvÛvi †eBb (Alexander Bain)
cÖgyL hyw³we‡`i g‡Z, GKgvÎ Av‡ivnB n‡jv g~j Abygvb c×wZ Ges Zv Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi c~e©eZx©| Ae‡ivn
Abygv‡b Avgiv †h mvaviY mZ¨ †_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nB †m mvaviY mZ¨wU †Kej Av‡ivn cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB
cvIqv hvq| AwaKš‘ hyw³we` Rb ÷zqvU© wgj (John Stuart Mill) g‡b K‡ib †h, Ae‡ivn Abygvb h_v_© Abygvb
e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY Ae‡iv‡ni wm×všÍ AvkÖqev‡K¨i g‡a¨B wbwnZ _v‡K, Zv †Kvb bZzb Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| cÖK…Z Abygvb ej‡Z Av‡ivn Abygvb‡KB eySvq|
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn n‡jv ci¯úi wecixZ cÖwµqv t d«vwÝm ‡eKb (Francis Bacon), _gvm dvDjvi (Thomas
Fowler) cÖgyL hyw³we` g‡b K‡ib †h, Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn n‡jv ci¯úi wecixZ cÖwµqv| Ae‡ivn cÖwµqvq mvaviY
†_‡K we‡kl m‡Z¨i w`‡K Ges Av‡ivn cÖwÎqvq we‡kl we‡kl mZ¨ †_‡K mvaviY m‡Z¨i w`‡K Mgb Ki‡Z nq|
d«vwÝm ‡eKb (Francis Bacon) Ae‡ivn Abygvb‡K AeZiY cÖwµqv (descending process) Ges Av‡ivn Abygvb‡K
Av‡ivnY cÖwµqv (ascending process) e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| _gvm dvDjvi (Thomas Fowler) e‡jb, Ae‡ivn
Abygvb KviY †_‡K Kv‡h©i w`‡K hvq Ges Av‡ivn Abygvb Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi wecixZ cÖwµqv|
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygvb G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK t Abygv‡bi cÖKiY wn‡m‡e Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Dfq cÖwµqvi jÿ¨
GKB| we‡kl mZ¨ I mvaviY mZ¨ G `yÕwU‡K HK¨e× Kiv Df‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨| Avevi, Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygvb
DfqB wewfbœ e¯‘i †gŠwjK mv`„‡k¨i Dci cÖwZwôZ| †Kv‡bv GKwU †kÖwY I H †kÖwYi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ mvia‡g©i w`K
†_‡K †gŠwjK mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| myZivs G `yÕwU Abygvb cÖwµqvi g~jMZ wfwË GKB | AZGe, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn Abygvb GKwU AciwUi cwic~iK| cÖwZwU ˆeÁvwbK Ávb kvLv mZ¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ G Dfq
cÖwµqv‡KB e¨envi K‡i|

118 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

hyw³cÎ 1g cÎ BDwbU 6

mvims‡¶c
Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn G `yÕwUB Abygvb cÖwµqvi cÖavb A½| Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Avgiv KL‡bv Ae‡ivn
e¨envi Kwi, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivn e¨envi Kwi| myZivs GKwU‡K D‡cÿv K‡i AciwUi Dci ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiv hyw³hy³ bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi jÿ¨ Kx?
(K) iƒcMZ I e¯‘MZ Dfq mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv (L) e¯‘MZ mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv
(M) ¸bMZ mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv (N) iƒcMZ ev AvKviMZ Dfq mZ¨Zv wbiƒcY Kiv
2| KwZcq ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ mvwe©K / mvgvb¨ evK¨ ¯’vcb KivUv n‡jv-
(K) Ae‡ivn (L) Av‡ivn (M) wØKí (N) mnvbygvb
3| †h me evK¨ †_‡K wm×všÍ MÖnb Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) Premise (L) Conclusion (M)Argument (N) Inference
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ :
1| Agva¨g Abygvb KZ cªKvi n‡Z cv‡i ?
(K) mvZ (L) bq (M) Pvi (N) cvuP
2| cÖK…Z ev h_v_© Av‡ivn KZ cÖKvi?
(K) `yB (L) wZb (M) Pvi (N) cvuP
3| †h ev‡K¨ bZzb Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) wm×všÍ (L) AvkªqevK¨ (M) RwUj evK¨ (N) mij evK¨
4| Abygv‡bi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb Kx?
(K) AÁvZ Z_¨ (L) ÁvZ Z_¨ (M) hyw³evK¨ (N) AeaviY
5| †Kvb Abygvb‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Abygvb ejv nq?
(K) Av‡ivn Abygvb (L) Ae‡ivn Abygvb (M) gva¨g Abygvb (N) Agva¨g Abygvb
Aby‡”Q`wU coyb Ges 6 bs I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
gv‡jK Zvi eÜz Lv‡jK‡K ej‡jv, Ò wej †MUm&, gvK© RvKvievM© Giv Lye `vbkxj| KviY Giv abx|ÓLv‡jK ej‡jv,
Ò gvbyl abx n‡jB `vbkxj nq| Gici gv‡jK ei‡jv, Ò mKj weÁvbx nb abx, mKj Ávbx nb weÁvbx, AZGe
mKj Ávbx nb abx|
6| DwjøwLZ DÏxc‡K Lv‡j‡Ki Dw³i †hŠw³K iƒc †KvbwU?
(K) mKj `vbkxj e¨w³ nq abx (L) mKj abx e¨w³ nq `vbkxj
(M) `vbkxj nIqv gv‡bB n‡jv abx nIqv (N) abx nIqv nIqv gv‡bB n‡jv `vbkxj
7| DwjøwLZ DÏxc‡K Lv‡j‡Ki I gv‡j‡Ki K‡_v‡cvK_b Zzjbv Ki‡j Avgiv hv Rvb‡Z cvwi-
(і) Ae‡ivn Abygv‡bi aviYv (іі) Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi aviYv
(ііі) †KvbwUB bq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і) I (іі) (L) (і) I (ііі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і), (іі) I (ііі)
Aby‡”Q`wU coyb Ges 8 bs I 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
Mwb wgqv GKRb K…lK| wZwb Zvui evevi Avgj †_‡K †`‡L Avm‡Qb †h, fv`ª gv‡m Avgb avb †ivcb Ki‡j fv‡jv
djb nq| wZwb wm×všÍ wb‡jb, cÖwZ eQi wZwb Avgb avb †ivcb Ki‡eb|
Rvdi GKRb evsjvi wkÿK| Rvdi †`L‡jb †h, mKj Kwe nb wPšÍvkxj, mKj wPšÍvkxj e¨w³ nb fveyK, AZGe
mKj Kwe nb fveyK|

Abygvb 119
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

8| Mwb wgqvi wm×všÍ †Kvb ai‡bi hyw³evK¨?

(K) we‡kl (L) mvwe©K (M) cÖvKwíK (N) ‰eKwíK
9| Mwb wgqvi mv‡_ Rvd‡ii hyw³ cÖwµqvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv-
(і) Mwb wgqvi wm×všÍ m¤¢ve¨, Rvd‡ii wm×všÍ Awbevh©
(іі) Mwb wgqvi wm×všÍ ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©, Rvd‡ii wm×všÍ AvKviMZfv‡e m½wZc~Y©
(ііі) †KvbwUB bq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) (і) I (ііі)(L) (і) I (іі) (M) (іі) I (ііі) (N) (і), (іі) I (ііі)
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| †QvU†ejvi wkÿv: ûgvqyb Avn‡g‡`i evev cywj‡k PvKzwi Ki‡Zb| wZwb ûgvqyb‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb, mKj
¸iæRb‡K kª×v I m¤§vb Ki‡e, mKj wkÿK nb ¸iæRb, AZGe mKj wkÿK‡K kª×v I m¤§vb Ki‡e|
ûgvqy‡bi AwfÁZv: ûgvqyb hLb cÖvBgvix ¯‹z‡j co‡Zb ZLb wZwb †`‡L‡Qb mKj wkÿK mr, hLb wZwb nvB¯‹z‡j
c‡o‡Qb ZLb †`‡L‡Qb Zvui mKj wkÿK mr| K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡qI wZwb GKB AwfÁZv jvf K‡i‡Qb| ZvB
wZwb wm×všÍ wb‡jb, mKj wkÿK nb mr|
(K) Abygvb Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi wm×všÍ Avkªqev‡K¨i Zzjbvq Kg e¨vcK bq †Kb?
(M) ûgvqyb Avn‡g‡`i evev Zvu‡K wkÿv †`qvi Rb¨ †Kvb&ai‡bi hyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) ûgvqy‡bi evevi †`qv wkÿv Ges Zvui AwfÁZvi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| mvwR` mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V wm×všÍ wb‡jv †h †m AvR Zvi evMv‡b †eov‡Z hv‡e| wKš‘ Ni †_‡K †ei n‡qB
†m †`L‡Z †cj †h, MvQcvjv, iv¯ÍvNvU, Nievwo me wKQzB wf‡R i‡q‡Q| G‡Z †m aviYv Ki‡jv †h, iv‡Z e„wó
n‡qwQj| Zvici †m Zv‡`i evMv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i Abyfe Ki‡jv †h, †Mvjvc dzj myMÜhy³, eKzj dzj myMÜhy³, wkDwj
dzjI myMÜhy³| ZvB †m fve‡jv, mKj dzjB myMÜhy³|
wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ mvwR‡`i †evb bvwenv evMv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i ej‡jv, ÒmK‡jB my›`‡ii cyRvix, Zzwg evMv‡bi †mŠ›`h©
Dc‡fvM Ki‡Qv; AZGe, ZzwgI my›`‡ii cyRvix|Ó
1| Abygvb KZ cÖKvi?
2| gva¨g Abygvb Kxfv‡e Agva¨g Abygvb †_‡K c„_K?
3| mvwR‡`i aviYvwU Kx wb‡`©k K‡i?Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?
4| evMv‡b mvwR‡`i Abyf~wZ I fvB‡qi cÖwZ bvwenvi e³e¨ Kx GKB cÖK…wZi? †hŠw³K AvKvi w`‡q e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.1 t 1-N, 2-M, 3-N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2 t 1-M, 2-N, 3-L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.3 t 1-M, 2-K, 3-L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.4 t 1-L, 2-N, 3-M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.5 t 1-K, 2-L, 3-M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.6 t 1-M, 2-L, 3-K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.7 t 1-N, 2-L, 3-K
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡bi DËigvjv
1-L, 2-L, 3-K, 4-L, 5-N, 6-L, 7-K, 8-L, 9-L,|

120 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq