Array Design

Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

The major factors inuencing the electrical design of the solar array are as follows: - The sun intensity.The magnitude of the photo-current is maximum under full bright sun (1.0 sun). On a partially sunny day, the photo-current diminishes in direct proportion to the sun intensity. - The sun angle.The cell output current is given by I = I0 cos,where I0 is the current with normal sun(reference),and is the angle of the sun-line measured from the normal.the cell generates no power beyond 85 grades.

Array Design
Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

- Eect of climate.
* On a partly cloudy day, the pvmodule can produce up to 80 percent of their full sun power. * Even on an extremely overcast day, it can produce about 30 percent power.

- Electrical Load Matching.The operating point of any power system is the intersection of the source line and the load line.Load matching with the source is always necessary for maximum power extraction from the pvmodule.

Array Design
Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

- Sun tracking.
* More energy is collected by the end of the day if the pvmodule is installed on a tracker,with an actuator that follows the sun like a sunower. * A sun tracking design can increase the energy yield up to 40 percent over the year compared to the xed-array design.

Peak Power Point Operation

Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

The sun tracker drives the module mechanically to face the sun to collect the maximum solar radiation.However,that,in itself,does not guarantee the maximum power output from the module. If the array is operating at voltage V and current I on the i-v curve,the power generation is P = V I Watts. If the operation moves away from the above point, such that the current is now P+P= (V+V+V)(I+I) Which, after ignoring a small term, simplies to the following: P=VI+IV

Peak Power Point Operation

Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

The should be zero at peak power point, which necessarily lies on a locally at neighborhood. Therefore, at peak power point, the above expression in the limit becomes as follows: V dV dI = I We take note here that dV is the dynamic impedance of the dI source, and V is the static impedance. I

Peak Power Point Operation

Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

Operation There are three electrical methods of extracting the peak power from the module, as described below: 1 In the rst method, a small signal current is periodically injected into the array bus and the dynamic bus impedance Zd = dV and the static bus impedance Zd = V dI I are measured.The operating voltage is then increased or decreased until Zd =-Zs At this point, the maximum power is extracted from the source. 2 In another electrical method, the operating voltage is dP increased as long as dV is positive. That is,the voltage is increased as long as we get more power. dP If dV is sensed negative, the operating voltage is decreased.

Peak Power Point Operation

Photovoltaic Power Josue Gomez Casas

The voltage is kept put if the dead band.

dP dV

is near zero within a preset

3 The third method makes use of the fact that for most pv cells,the ratio of the voltage at the maximum power point V to the open circuit voltage Vmp is approximately oc constant,say K. The operating voltage of the power-producing array is then set at (K) Voc ,which will produce the maximum power.