Professional Documents
Culture Documents
edu
Spring 2008
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
Lecture #33
Page 1
[H 2 F] [H 2 ][F] Treat the transition state as a molecule with structure that decays unimolecularly with rate constant k. d[HF] = k [ H 2 F ] = kK [ H 2 ] [ F ] dt K =
k has units of sec1 (unimolecular decay). The motion along the reaction coordinate looks like an antisymmetric vibration of H2F, one-half cycle of this vibration. Therefore k can be approximated by the frequency of the antisymmetric vibration [sec1] k frequency of antisymmetric vibration (bond formation and cleavage looks like antisymmetric vibration)
d[HF] = K [H2] [F] dt d[HF] = dt
! (q / N) $' q * ' q * rot vib &) H , ) *H K = # trans H2 ) # q trans N &( q rot2 + ( q vib2 " %
Reaction coordinate is antisymmetric vibrational mode of H2F. This vibration is fully excited (high T limit) because it leads to the cleavage of the HH bond and the formation of the HF bond. For a fully excited vibration h kT The vibrational partition function for the antisymmetric mode is
Lecture #33
Page 2
q*asym = vib
1 ' 1 ! e!h" kT
kT h!
Note that this is an incredibly important simplification. The unknown simply disappears! We do not need to estimate it!
K =
where
%( q + ( q*. + ( g + kT " q N rot vib $ H trans F '* H2 - * *H2 - * H20 F - e /E kT 2 h! # ( q trans N ) ( q trans N ) &) q rot , ) q vib , ) g 0 g 0 , $ '
q
or
*! vib
3n"5"1
#
i=1
q*! = vib
3n"6"1
#
i=1
q*! partition function from which the antisymmetric vibrational mode is vib excluded; it has become the reaction coordinate
So
kT " K = K = K h! K " = special modification of K
that excludes the partition function for the antisymmetric vibrational mode What is E?
Reaction Coordinate
Reaction Coordinate
Lecture #33
Page 3
Since a molecule cannot have a vibrational energy lower than its zero point energy, the effective barrier along the reaction coordinate is E = V0 + (ZPE)TS (ZPE)R V0 is the potential energy difference between the bare barrier (saddle point) and the reactant bare minimum. For linear H2F, n = 3, so 3n51 = 3 regular vibrational modes, thus
1 E = V0 + h #! $ sym.st. + 2!bend " !H2 % & 2 !### "#### # $
Difference in ZPE
FORMULATION of kTST
d[HF] kT kT " = ! K " [ H 2 ] [ F ] = K [ H 2 ] [ F ] = k TST [ H 2 ] [ F ] dt h! h
so kTST =
kT K h
but not all reactant molecules make it all the way to products some are reflected back to separated reactants. Thus,
k TST = ! kT " K h
Lecture #33
Page 4
H2 + F HF + H
T = 300K
m H2 = 2
m F = 19
Translational part
! (qtrans N ) $ = Nh 3 # H & # ( q trans N ) ( q F N ) & (2'kT)3/2 " 2 % trans ( m + * *m m ) H2 F ,
3/2
=
3/2
6 !10
23
mol
-1
$ 6 !10 23 ! 0.021 ' (6.63!10"34 Js)3 & ) (2# !1.38 !10"23 J/K !300K)3/2 & 0.002 ! 0.019kg ) % (
q rot =
Vibrational Part H2F is a linear transition state (assumed) 3n51 = 3 vibrational degrees of freedom (one vibration is reaction coordinate)
h! h! s b = 5771K stretch = 573K (doubly degenerate) bend k k
h!H2 k = 6323K q*! (1 " e"h#s kT ) (1 " e"h#b /kT ) vib = "1 *H 2 (1 " e"h#H2 /kT ) q vib
"1
"2
= 1.38
Lecture #33
Page 5
Electronic part
V0 = 3.8kJmol!1
" = 1.20 #1014 s!1 " = 1.19 #1013 s!1 (reasonable guesses) s b (How do we guess values for ! and ! ?) s b 14 1 !H2 = 1.32 " 10 s
1 E = V0 + hN #! + 2! " !H2 % = 6.1 kJ mol"1 b $ s & 2
1 = 1 6.24 #1012 s$1 2.52 #10 $7 m 3mol$1 ( 54.4 ) (1.38 ) e$6.1 RT 3 7 $6.1 RT = 3.93 #10 e
)(
acceptable agreement
Experimental value is smaller because is probably not 1. Sometimes kTST will be smaller than kEXP because of tunneling. This model for kTST does not take the quantum mechanical phenomenon of tunneling into account. Tunneling can make the reaction rate become faster than the kTST prediction. If kTST < kEXP, it may mean that there is some tunneling contribution.