Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yi Cheng
Cal Poly Pomona
Fourier Series
Any periodic functions can be
expressed as a linear
combination of harmonics,
x(t) = ck ejkw0t
where ck = (1/T) x(t) e-jkw0t dt
and T is the period of x(t).
K Harmonic, w = kw0
th
K=1
K=2
K=3
K=4
3
Piano 88 Keys
f0
2 f0
4f0
8f0
4
Periodic Functions
K=0,
Doesnt
move
K=2, Move at 2
revolution/sec
K=1, Move at 1
revolution/sec
K=3, Move at 3
revolution/sec
Doesnt
move
Move at 2
revolution/sec
Move at 1
revolution/sec
Move at 3
revolution/sec
Doesnt
move
Move at 2
revolution/sec
Move at 1
revolution/sec
Move at 3
revolution/sec
Doesnt
move
Move at 2
revolution/sec
Move at 1
revolution/sec
Move at 3
revolution/sec
Doesnt
move
Move at 2
revolution/sec
Move at 1
revolution/sec
Move at 4
revolution/sec
10
Orthonormal vectors
V = x0*i
+ y0
V*I = (x0*i) *i +(y0*j
= x0(i* i) + y0(i
(x0,y0
=x0
)
y
y0*j
x0*i
11
Orthonormal Functions
{Given] fk(t) = ejkwt fn(t) = ejnwt
[To prove]
T fk(t) fn(t)dt = 0 if n != k
= T if n = -k
[Proof] T fk(t) fn(t)dt = T ejkwt ejnwt
dt
= T ej(k+n)wt dt
= [ej(k+n)wT - 1]/[j(k+n)w] = 0 if
(k+n) !=0
12
Orthogonal Functions
Assume x(t) = 2 sin(2t) + 3
sin(4t)
Then x(t) is periodic with a
fundamental period of 1 second,
T = 1.
(1) 0T sin(2t) sin(4 t) dt
=(1/2) 0T [cos(2t) cos(6t)]dt
=0
(2) 0T sin(2t) sin(2 t) dt
T
13
Spectrum
14
Fourier Series
If x(t) is periodic with a period of T,
x(t) = x(t+T) for all t,
then x(t)= C0 +C1ejwt +C2ej2wt +C3ej3wt
+ -where C0= (1/T) T x(t) dt
C1= (1/T) T x(t) e-jwt dt
Ck= (1/T) T x(t) e-jkwt dt
and = 2/T
15
C-4
C-3
C-2
-4 w0 -3 w0 -2 w0
w(rad/sec)
C-1
- w0
C0
C1
C2
w0
2 w0
C3
C4
3 w0
4 w0
16
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
17
0.8
x(t) = periodic square
wave
0.6
C0
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
19
1.2
0.8
0.6
x(n)
C0
C1
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.2
-0.4
20
0.8
0.6
x(n)
C0
#REF!
C3
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.2
21
0.8
0.6
x(n)
C5
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.2
22
= 1 0 <= n < N0
=0 N0 <= n < N
N-1
Ck
= (1/N) x(n)e
-j2nk/N
n=0
N -1
= (1/N) e
-j2nk/N
n=0
23
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
24
0.5
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
-0.5
26
x1(t)
= 0.5
Fourier Coefficients 0<t<T/2
of Periodic
= -0.5
pulses with no DC offset
T/2<t<T
x(t) = 1
x1(t) = x(t) -0.5
0<t<T/2
C0 = - 0.5 =0
= 0 T/2<t<T
The Fourier
C0 = 1/2
Coefficients of
x(t) and x1(t) are
identical except
C0.
27
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
28
for 0<t< T
x(t)
1/T
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
2T
29
30
(1/jkw0) Ck
= (1/jkw0) (1/T)
= 1/jkw0T
= 1/(j2k) (k 0)
C0 = 1/(2T)
31
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
2T
32
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
2T
33
= 0,
if k is even
34
(1/jkw0) Ck (k 0)
=0 if k is even
= (1/jkw0) (8/T)e-jk/2 /(k) if k is
odd
= 1/[j8kkw0T ] e-jk/2
= 1/[j8kk(2 ) ] e-jk/2
= 1/(j4k )2 e-jk/2
C0 = 0
35
for 0<t< T
x(t)
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
2T
36
-2T -3T/2
-T
-T/2 0
T/2 T
1.5T
2T
38
Spectrum of Continuous-time
Square wave
X(k
)
X(k) =1/(k)
0.
5
0.2
5
40
.5
41
N/2
Ck = (1/N)[ 1 - e
-j2k/N]
-j2N k/N
0
]/( 1- e
Spectrum of Discrete-time
Square wave
X(k
)
3
0.
5
0.2
5
43
44
= 1, c =2/2=c , c = 1.5 = c
c = 4/2 = c
1
7 2
6, 3
5
45
Spectrum
x(n) = 1 + 2cos(n/4) + 3cos(n/2) +
4cos(3n/4)
X(k
)
3
46