228 MATHEMATICS

We already know the formulae for the derivatives of many important functions.
From these formulae, we can write down immediately the corresponding formulae
(referred to as standard formulae) for the integrals of these functions, as listed below
which will be used to find integrals of other functions.
Derivatives Integrals (Anti derivatives)

d  xn + 1  x n+1
=x ;
n
 ∫ x dx = + C , n ≠ –1
n
(i)
dx  n + 1  n +1
Particularly, we note that
d
( x) = 1 ; ∫ dx = x + C
dx
d
(ii) ( sin x ) = cos x ; ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
d
(iii) ( – cos x ) = sin x ; ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + C
dx
d
(iv) ( tan x ) = sec2 x ; ∫ sec
2
x dx = tan x + C
dx
d
(v) ( – cot x ) = cosec2 x ; ∫ cosec
2
x dx = – cot x + C
dx
d
(vi) ( sec x ) = sec x tan x ; ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
d
(vii) ( – cosec x ) = cosec x cot x ; ∫ cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + C
dx
d
(
(viii) dx sin x =
–1 1
)
; ∫
dx
= sin – 1 x + C
1 – x2 1– x 2

d
(
(ix) dx – cos x =
–1 1
; ) ∫
dx
= – cos – 1 x + C
1 – x2 1– x 2

d
(
(x) dx tan x =
–1 1
)
1 + x2
;
dx
∫ 1 + x 2 = tan
–1
x+C

d x
(e ) = e x ; ∫ e dx = e +C
x x
(xi)
dx

Reprint 2024-25
 INTEGRALS 229

d 1 1
(xii) ( log | x |) = ; ∫ x dx = log | x | +C
dx x
d  ax  ax
=a ; ∫ a dx =
x
(xiii) 
x
+C
dx  log a  log a

A Note In practice, we normally do not mention the interval over which the various
functions are defined. However, in any specific problem one has to keep it in mind.
7.2.1 Some properties of indefinite integral
In this sub section, we shall derive some properties of indefinite integrals.
(I) The process of differentiation and integration are inverses of each other in the
sense of the following results :
d
dx ∫
f (x) dx = f (x)

and ∫ f ′(x) dx = f (x) + C, where C is any arbitrary constant.

Proof Let F be any anti derivative of f, i.e.,
d
F(x ) = f (x)
dx

Then ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) + C

d d
Therefore ∫ f (x) dx = ( F (x) + C )
dx dx

d
= F (x ) = f (x)
dx
Similarly, we note that
d
f ′(x) = f (x)
dx

and hence ∫ f ′(x) dx = f (x) + C

where C is arbitrary constant called constant of integration.
(II) Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of
curves and so they are equivalent.

Reprint 2024-25