Quantum phase transitions on percolating lattices

Thomas Vojta
Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Rolla
Geometric percolation
Classical magnet on a percolating lattice
Percolation quantum phase transitions
Quantum Ising magnet and activated scaling
Percolation and dissipation
2007 APCTP Winter Workshop on Strongly Correlated Electrons
Acknowledgements
currently at UMR
Jose Hoyos
Chetan Kotabage
Man Young Lee
Shellie Huether
Ryan Kinney
Brett Sweeney
former group members
Mark Dickison (Boston U.)
Bernard Fendler (Florida State U.)
Rastko Sknepnek (Iowa State U.)
external collaboration
Ribhu Kaul (Duke U.)
Jorg Schmalian (Iowa State U.)
Matthias Vojta (U. of Cologne)
Funding:
National Science Foundation
Research Corporation
University of Missouri Research Board
Geometric percolation
regular (square or cubic) lattice
sites are occupied at random
site empty (vacancy) with probability p
site occupied with probability 1 p
Question: Do the occupied sites form a
connected innite spanning cluster?
sharp percolation threshold at p
c
p > p
c
: only disconnected nite-size clusters
length scale: connectedness length
c
p = p
c
:
c
diverges, clusters on all scales, clusters
are fractals with dimension D
f
< d
p < p
c
: innite cluster covers nite fraction P

of sites
p > p
c
p = p
c
p < p
c
Percolation as a critical phenomenon
percolation can be understood as continuous phase transition
geometric uctuations take the role of usual thermal or quantum uctuations
concepts of scaling and critical exponents apply
cluster size distribution:
(number of clusters with s sites):
n
s
(p) = s

c
f [(p p
c
) s

c
]
scaling function f(x)
f(x) exp(B
1
x
1/
c
) (p > p
c
)
f(x) = const (p = p
c
)
f(x) exp[(B
2
x
1/
c
)
11/d
] (p < p
c
)
.
innite cluster: P

|pp
c
|

c
(
c
= (
c
2)/
c
)
length scale :
c
|pp
c
|

c
(
c
= (
c
1)/d
c
)
fractal dimension: D
f
= d/(
c
1)
from Stauer/Aharony
Geometric percolation
Classical magnet on a percolating lattice
Percolation quantum phase transitions
Quantum Ising magnet and activated scaling
Percolation and dissipation
Classical diluted magnet
H = J

i,j

j
S
i
S
j
h

i
S
i
S
i
classical Ising or Heisenberg spin

i
random variable, 0 with probability p, 1 with probability 1 p
Question:
Phase diagram as function of temperature T
and impurity concentration p?
p p
c
p p
T T T
p
c
p
c
MCP
FM FM
FM
Is a classical magnet on the critical percolation cluster ordered?
naive argument: fractal dimension D
f
> 1 Ising magnet orders at low T
Wrong !!!
critical percolation cluster contains red sites
parts on both sides of red site can be ipped
with nite energy cost
no long-range order at any nite T,
T
c
(p) vanishes at percolation threshold
fractal (mass) dimension D
f
not sucient to
characterize magnetic order
Geometric percolation
Classical magnet on a percolating lattice
Percolation quantum phase transitions
Quantum Ising magnet and activated scaling
Percolation and dissipation
Percolation and quantum uctuations
quantum uctuations are less eective in
destroying long-range order
red sites red lines, innite at T = 0
ipping cluster parts on both sides of
red line requires innite energy
Long-range order survives on the
critical percolation cluster
(if quantum uctuations are not too strong)
(conrmed by explicit results for quantum Ising and
Heisenberg magnets and for quantum rotors)
t
Phase diagram of a diluted quantum magnet
Schematic phase diagram
p = impurity concentration
g = quantum uctuation strength
T = temperature
(long-range order at T > 0 requires
d 2 for Ising and d 3 for Heisenberg
symmetry)
Two zero-temperature quantum phase transitions:
(a) generic quantum phase transition, driven by quantum uctuations
(b) percolation quantum phase transition, driven by geometry of the lattice
transitions separated by multicritical point at (g

, p
c
, T = 0)
Example: diluted bilayer Heisenberg antiferromagnet
H = J

i,j
a=1,2

S
i,a

S
j,a
+ J

S
i,1

S
i,2
,

S
j,a
: quantum spin operator (S = 1/2) at site j, layer a
ratio J

/J

controls strength of quantum uctuations

dilution: random variable
i
=0,1 with probabilities p, 1 p.
Phase diagram mapped out by Sandvik (2002)
and Vajk and Greven (2002)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
p
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
J

/

J
|
|
AF ordered
disordered
J
J
2
z
Model action, order parameter, and correlation length
O(N) quantum rotor model (N 2)
A =
_
d

ij
J
i

j
S
i
() S
j
() +
T
g

i
|
n
|
2/z
0
S
i
(
n
)S
i
(
n
)
S
i
(): N-component unit vector at site i and imaginary time

i
= 0, 1: random variable describing site dilution
z
0
: (bare) dynamical exponent of the clean system.
Order parameter (magnetization):
magnetic long-range order only possible on innite percolation cluster
for g < g

, innite percolation cluster is ordered for all p < p

c
magnetization m P

|p p
c
|

c
=
c
Spatial correlation length:
magnetic correlations cannot extend beyond connectedness length of the lattice
correlation length
c
|p p
c
|

c
=
c
Quantum dynamics of a single percolation cluster
single percolation cluster of s sites
for g < g

, all rotors on the cluster are

correlated but collectively uctuate in time
cluster acts as single (0+1) dimensional
NLSM model with moment s
t
A
s
= s
T
g

n
|
n
|
2/z
0
S(
n
)S(
n
) + sh
_
dS
(1)
()
Dimensional analysis or renormalization group calculation:
F
s
(g, h, T) = g

_
hs
1+
g

, Ts

_
= z
0
/(2 z
0
)
free energy of quantum spin cluster more singular than that of classical spin cluster
susceptibility: classically
c
s
s
2
, quantum (at T = 0):
s
s
2+
susceptibility of quantum cluster diverges faster with cluster size s
Scaling theory of the percolation quantum phase transition
total free energy is sum over contributions of all percolation clusters
combining percolation cluster size distribution + free energy of single cluster
F (p p
c
, h, T) =

s
n
s
(p p
c
) F
s
(g, h, T)
Scaling form of free energy:
rescaling s s/b
D
f
yields
F (p p
c
, h, T) = b
(d+z)
F
_
(p p
c
)b
1/
, hb
(
D
f
+z
)
, Tb
z
_
correlation length exponent identical to the classical value, =
c
z = D
f
plays the role of the dynamic critical exponent.
Critical behavior
exponents determined by two lattice
percolation exponents (e.g., =
c
, D
f
)
and the dynamical exponent z
2 = (d + z)
= (d D
f
)
= (2D
f
d + z)
= (D
f
+ z)/(d D
f
)
2 = 2D
f
d + z .
classical exponents recovered for z = 0:
, , , and are nonclassical while is
unchanged
T.V. + J. Schmalian, PRL 95, 237206 (2005)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
z
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
s

classical
z
percolation

infinite
randomness
Exponents in 2D as function of z
0
.
2d 3d
classical quantum classical quantum
2/3 115/36 0.62 2.83
5/36 5/36 0.417 0.417
43/18 59/12 1.79 4.02
91/5 182/5 5.38 10.76
4/3 4/3 0.875 0.875
5/24 27/16 0.06 2.59
z - 91/48 - 2.53
Exponents in 2d and 3d for z
0
= 1.
Simulation and experiment
Diluted Heisenberg antiferromagnet
La
2
Cu
1x
(Zn,Mg)
x
O
4
neutron scattering experiments
Vajk et al., Science 295, 1691, (2002)
correlation length at p = p
c
prediction T
1/z
Monte-Carlo simulations
FSS of Binder cumulant at p = p
c
z 1.83
0.5 0.7 1 2
L

/L

max
0.992
0.994
0.996
0.998
1
g
/
g
m
a
x
L=9
L=12
L=16
L=24
L=32
L=40
L=48
L=64
L=80
10 15 20 30 50 70
L
3
5
7
10
20
30
L

m
a
x
/
L
R. Sknepnek, M.V., T.V., PRL 93, 097201 (2004),
T.V., R. Sknepnek PRB 74, 094415 (2006)
Geometric percolation
Classical magnet on a percolating lattice
Percolation quantum phase transitions
Quantum Ising magnet and activated scaling
Percolation and dissipation
Diluted transverse-eld Ising model
H
I
= J

i,j

j

S
z
i

S
z
j
h
x

S
x
i
h
z

S
z
i
,

S
x,z
j
: x and z components of quantum spin operator (S = 1/2) at site j
h
x
: transverse magnetic eld, controls strength of quantum uctuations
h
z
: ordering (longitudinal) magnetic eld, conjugate to order parameter
dilution: random variable
i
=0,1 with probabilities p, 1 p.
single percolation cluster of s sites
for small h
x
, all spins on the cluster are correlated but collectively uctuate in time
cluster of size s acts as (0+1) dimensional Ising model with moment s
energy gap (inverse susceptibility) of cluster depends exponentially on size s

1
s
h
x
e
Bs
[B ln(J/h
x
)]
Activated scaling
exponential relation between length and time scales: ln

ln(1/) s
D
f
Activated scaling: ln

D
f
Scaling form of the magnetization at the percolation transition
(Senthil/Sachdev 96)
sum over all percolation clusters using size distribution n
s
m(p p
c
, h
z
) = b

c
/
c
m
_
(p p
c
)b
1/
c
, ln(h
z
)b
D
f
_
at the percolation threshold p = p
c
: m [ln(h
z
)]
2
c
for p = p
c
: power-law quantum Griths eects m h

z
with nonuniversal
Geometric percolation
Classical magnet on a percolating lattice
Percolation quantum phase transitions
Quantum Ising magnet and activated scaling
Percolation and dissipation
Dissipative transverse-eld Ising model
couple each spin to local bath of harmonic oscillators
H = H
I
+

i,n

i
_

i,n
a

i,n
a
i,n
+
1
2

i,n

S
z
i
(a

i,n
+ a
i,n
)
_
a

i,n
, a
i,n
: creation and destruction operator of the n-th oscillator coupled to spin i

i,n
frequency of of the n-th oscillator coupled to spin i

i,n
: coupling constant
Ohmic dissipation: spectral function of the baths is linear in frequency
E() =

2
i,n
(
i,n
)/
i,n
= 2 e
/
c
dimensionless dissipation strength

c
cuto energy
Phase diagram
percolation cluster of size s equivalent
to dissipative two-level system with
eective dissipation strength s
large clusters with s > 1 freeze
small clusters with s < 1 uctuate
frozen clusters act as classical superspins,
dominate low-temperature susceptibility
|p p
c
|

c
/T
magnetization of innite cluster
m

(p) |p p
c
|

magnetization of nite-size frozen and

uctuating clusters leads to unusual
hysteresis eects
c
p
m
st
~m
dy
H
z
m
p 0
m
z
0
m
z
0
H
H
0 H =
z
J. Hoyos and T.V., PRB 74, 140401(R) (2006)
Conclusions
long-range order on critical percolation cluster is destroyed by thermal uctuations
long-range order survives a nonzero amount of quantum uctuations
permits percolation quantum phase transition
critical behavior is controlled by lattice percolation exponents but it is
dierent from classical percolation
in diluted quantum Ising magnets exotic transition, activated scaling
Ohmic dissipation: large percolation clusters freeze, act as superspins
classical superparamagnetic cluster phase
Interplay between geometric criticality and quantum uctuations leads
to novel quantum phase transition universality classes