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12 Offshore Oil & Gas

Explain the various phases of the offshore oil-and-gas extraction

Crude and Gas

Oil Water

Oil Reservoir

Gas Water

Gas Reservoir

Gas Oil Water

Oil & Gas Reservoir

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Offshore Production
Onshore drilling till today Drilling moves gradually offshore to match consumption of energy Discovery of large reserves of hydrocarbons under the seabed floor, for example:
Gulf of Mexico 4 billon barrels in 500 1000 m Compos Basin 3 billion barrels in 400 1000 m

70s & early 80s, drilling in 200 400 m water depth Today, drilling is done in 400 3000 m deep

Compos Basin

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Worlds Oil Reserves

Where? Which country has the highest reserves?

Oil & Gas Journal, January, 2007

How about Natural Gas?

Map of natural gas production from CIA factbook figures [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2180rank.html]

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Extraction of Crude
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Exploration Exploratory drilling Development drilling Production operations Transportation of products

1. Exploration
Traditional: Seismic survey
Study pressure waves thru Earths crust Locate oil-bearing strata beneath the seabed floor Seismic exploration sends sound waves into the ground Mobile vessel such core-drilling ship

Others
Gravimeters Magnetometers Sniffers

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Environmental Impacts of Seismic Operations

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2. Exploratory drilling
Confirm the presence of hydrocarbon at the offshore site
Jackup Rig

Mobile rigs deploy to perform exploratory drilling

jack-up rig
80-120m

For drilling in water depths up to 120m

semi-submersible, drill ship

120 - 1000m & more
Drill Ship

Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water depths from 120 to 1000+ m

Semi-Submersible Rig

3. Development drilling
Affirm the presence of hydrocarbon at the site Installation of permanent and self-containing structures Complete with topside facilities (production, accommodation)

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4. Production operation
Drilling is completed, extraction of oil commences Production and processing on one platform A cluster of smaller platforms could be used for different operations

5. Storage & Transportation

Storage (mainly in production platforms)
Steel jacket platform no storage capability Concrete gravity platform temporary storage Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading vessels (FPSO).
Bonga FPSO off the coast of Nigeria (1030m) deployed for processing oil, water and gas storage capacity of 90,000 to 150,000 bbl Main dimensions 350 m by 75 m, 345,000 dwt

Transportation
Tankers and barges Submarine pipelines

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5. Storage & Transportation

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