PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION TO OIL
AND GAS CHAPTER 4
NAME : IQKMAL HAKIM BIN KHALIB.
MATRIKS NO. : VA22009.

NAME : AKMAL ISYRAF BIN SUHAIMI.

MATRIKS NO. : VA22011.

LECTURER : DR. NOOR SABRINA BINTI AHMAD MUTAMIM.

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FORMATION OF OIL & GAS

• Basically, the beginning of the oil and gas that we use

in the time it was made until now, it comes from
creatures in ancient times.
• When these creatures begin to die, their corpses will
begin to bury in the ground, the pressure and heat
found in the ground begin to increase and make it
become biomass that can cause it to form into oil or
natural gas.
• After the oil and natural gas is formed, the oil and gas
will flow through the cracks in the small reservoir
rocks which are very permeable and it causes the oil
and gas to escape to the surface. In addition, there is
also oil and gas trapped under layers and
impermeable clay and this is what can cause us to get
this oil and gas from this process starting up to now. 2
 UPSTREAM OIL AND
GAS ACTIVITIES
Upstream is the search, recovery and production of oil and
natural gas that is always used in the industry. In the upstream
there are also three sectors which are exploration, production
and maintenance:
• Exploration- Is search for oil and gas reservoirs found on
land or under the sea.
• Production-  Is a process that has been collected and will
be sent to the oil and gas midstream section. 
• Maintenance- Is inspection of the tools that will be used
before the start of the oil and gas extraction process.

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 In the upstream oil and gas industry, they
carry out some activities there as well. There
are 6 activities that they run, which are:
• Licensing- Activities to offer the right to
manage an area which expected to contain
oil and gas.

UPSTREAM OIL • Exploration- Activities to search for oil and

gas deposits on the reservoir beneath the
earth surface within block's boundary.
AND • Appraisal- Activities to define the oil and
gas volume and characteristic more
GAS ACTIVITIES precisely after discovery.
• Development- Activities to build the
subsurface and surface facilities to produce
oil and gas safely and efficiently.
• Production- Activities to extract, process
and export oil and gas as per contract
agreement.
• Abandonment- Activities to plugs well
permanently, remove surface facilities, and
restore the block as per initial state. 4
RESERVOIR LIFE CYCLE
Petroleum reservoirs may contain oil and natural gas,
or both. Their important properties include pay
zone thickness, lithology, rock porosity, rock
total compressibility, and rock permeability. These
properties affect fluid flow within the reservoir and well
productivity. Reservoir engineers must understand these
properties to simulate reservoir behavior and to predict
well productivity. Reservoir pay zone thickness is
usually determined from open-hole logs, which are not
addressed. This chapter presents definitions of the
remaining reservoir properties and the methods for
obtaining their values. 

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RESERVOI
R LIFE
CYCLE

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TOPSIDES FACILITIES
• Topsides comes from the ship building industry to designate all
the portion of the ship coming on the top of the hull or above
the waterline. Then it applies on the oil and gas vessels such as
FPSO, FPO, FSO, SPAR or FLNG. It has also been adopted for the
offshore platforms even though they do not have any hull, except
the submersible or semi-submersible platforms, because of their
design in two parts:
• A structure in steel or concrete supporting the platform, the
biggest parts of this structure being mostly below the waterline.
• A production unit, whatever it is, lying on top of the deck of
the supporting structure.
• To facilitate the construction of the platforms or FPSO and
similar vessels, these Topsides are designed by modules in order
to facilitate handling and assembling with heavy duty cranes on
the shipyards.
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TOPSIDES
FACILITIES

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FIELD AND PLANT
PROCESSING SYSTEM

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 INTRODUCTION

• field gas is usually processed through multiple

stages of compression to remove liquids and
impurities and to reduce the temperature of the
fluid in order to conserve the power requirements
of compressor stations along the transport pipeline.

• processing plant is a facility designed to “clean” raw

natural gas by separating impurities and various
non-methane hydrocarbons and fluids to produce
what is known as 'pipeline quality' dry natural gas.

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 FIELD PROCESSING

• Separation of the gas from free liquids such as crude oil,

hydrocarbon condensate, water and entrained solids
• Processing the gas to remove condensable and
recoverable hydrocarbon vapors
• Processing the gas to remove condensable water vapors,
which under certain conditions might cause hydration
formation
• Processing the gas to remove other undesirable
components such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon
monoxide

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 PROCESS PRODUCE

Gas
Gas Drying Gas to Export
Purification

Oil/Gas/Water
Oil Dewatering Oil to Export
separation

Produced Produced
Water Cleanup Water Disposal

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PLANT PROCESSING

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OIL AND GAS PROCESSING FACILITIES

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SEPERATOR
PROCESS
As the gas, oil, and water enter the separator, they hit an
inlet diverter and begin to separate. Because these
elements have different specific gravities, the separation
process will continue at a gradual pace as long as they sit in
the vessel:
• Gas will rise to the top of the vessel.
• Oil will settle in the middle.
• Water will drop to the bottom.
The gas will flow to a mist extractor at the top of the
separator and be pulled out of the vessel and out to a sales
line or for combustion. When the oil and water reach a pre-
determined height, they will activate liquid level control
system and dump valve. Depending on the pressure, this
may be a Lever-Operated Mechanical Dump Valve or a
pneumatic or electric High Pressure Control Valve.

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 • For small volumes (1-100 barrels of oil
METHOD per day), oil measurement is carried out
directly from storage tanks in runs.
USE FOR • For large volumes (100-100,000 barrels
of oil per day), operators typically use
OIL AND an automated measurement
systemcalled a LACT unit.
GAS IN • Natural gas measurement is done using
THE FIELD Orifismeters.

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 L.A.C.T
L.A.C.T units known as Lease Automatic Custody
Transfers. LACT is an automated system to measure,
sample and transfer liquid hydrocarbons with
volumes between 100–1000 barrels/hour between
stock tanks and feed lines.

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