[Link] [Link]

in

பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

nkšãiy Ïu©lh« M©L - Ïa‰Ãaš

i n
a l.
a d
i k
l v
bga® :

a
.k
tF¥ò : 12 ÃçÎ :

w gŸë :

w nj®Î v© :

w victory Ïu. rutz‹. [Link], [Link], [Link].,

KJfiy MÁça® (Ïa‰Ãaš)
[Link].ã.gŸë, gu§»¥ngh£il- 608 502

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

gF – I 1 kÂ¥bg© rçahd éilia nj®ªbjL - éilfŸ & Ô®ÎfŸ

5. nfnjhL f®fë‹ ä‹}£l«
1. ä‹dG¤j« V nthš£ _ykhf KL¡f¥gL« Mš~gh JfŸ x‹W mQ v© Z (a) ne®F¿ (b) v®F¿
bfh©l mQ¡fUit neh¡» nkhjY¡F c£gl mDk¡f¥gL« nghJ, (c) eLãiy (d) tiuaW¡f¥gléšiy
mQ¡UéèUªJ Mš~gh Jfë‹ Û¢ÁW mQF bjhiyΠԮΠ:-
𝑍 𝑉
(a) 14.4 Å (b) 14.4 Å  nfnjhL f®fŸ (vy¡£uh‹ f‰iw) ä‹ k‰W« fhªj¥òy§fshš
𝑉 𝑍
𝑍 𝑉 éy¡fkilÍ« ÂirahdJ mit v®ä‹}£l¤ij bfh©oU¡F« vd¡
(c) 1.44 Å (d) 1.44 Å
𝑉 𝑍 fh£L»wJ.

n
ԮΠ:- éil v®F¿
(b)

i
1 2 𝑍 𝑒2 1 2 𝑍 𝑒2 1 𝑍𝑒
 mQF« Û¢ÁW bjhiyÎ; 𝑟𝑜 = = = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑉 6. J.J .jh«rå‹ e/m MŒéš, vy¡£uh‹ f‰iw¡F¥ gÂyhf äôth‹ (ÏJ

l.
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝐸𝐾 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 (2 𝑒) 𝑉 𝑜
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 vy¡£uh‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥igÍ«, vy¡£uhid¥ nghš 208 kl§F ãiwÍ« bfh©l
𝑟𝑜 = 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10 −19
𝑋 = 14.4 𝑋 10 −10
𝑋 = 14.4 Å xU JfŸ) f‰iwia¥ ga‹gL¤J« nghJ Rê éy¡f¤Â‰fhd ãgªjidia
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝒁
𝟏𝟒. 𝟒 Å

a
éil (a) mila
𝑽
(a) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 208 kl§F mÂfç¡f¥glnt©L«
2. iA£u#‹ mQéš eh‹fhtJ R‰W¥ghijæš Ïa§F« vy¡£uhå‹ nfhz
cªj«
(a) h
4ℎ
(b)
ℎ
𝜋
2ℎ
d
(b) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 208 kl§F Fiw¡f¥glnt©L«
(c) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 14.4 kl§F mÂfç¡f¥glnt©L«

a
(d) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 14.4 kl§F Fiw¡f¥glnt©L«

k
(c) (d) ԮΠ:-
𝜋 𝜋

i
𝑒 2𝑦𝐸
ԮΠ:-  vy¡£uhå‹ ä‹}£l ãiw jfÎ ; = 𝐶 𝑙 2 𝐵2
𝑚
𝑛ℎ 4ℎ 2ℎ

v
 ngh® vLnfhë‹ go, nfhzcªj« = = =  brašgL« fhªj¥òy« ; 𝐵2 =
2𝑦𝐸𝑚
(or) 𝐵=√
2𝑦𝐸𝑚
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋

l
2 2
𝟐𝒉 𝐶𝑙 𝑒 𝐶𝑙 𝑒
éil (d) 2 𝑦 𝐸 (208 𝑚)
𝝅

a
 Ïnjnghš äôth‹fS¡F ; 𝐵𝑚𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑠 = √
3. n = 1 R‰W¥ghij¡F maåah¡f mG¤j« 122.4 V bfh©l mQé‹ mQv©, 𝐶 𝑙2 𝑒
𝐵𝑚𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑠

.k
(a) 1 (b) 2  Ït‰¿‹ é»j« ;
𝐵
= √208 = 14.4 (or) 𝐵𝑚𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 14.4 𝐵
(c) 3 (d) 4
ԮΠ:- éil (c) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 14.4 kl§F mÂfç¡f¥gl nt©L«
13.6 𝑍 2 7. Li++, He+ k‰W« H M»at‰¿š n =2 èUªJ n = 1 ¡Fef®Î V‰gL« nghJ
; 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

w
 maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j« cäH¥gL« miyÚs§fë‹ é»j«
𝑛2
𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛2 122.4 𝑋 12
 vdnt, 𝑍 2 = = =9 (or) 𝑍=3 (a) 1 : 2: 3 (b) 1: 4: 9
13.6 13.6

w
(c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 4: 9: 36
éil (c) 𝟑 ԮΠ:-
4. iA£u#‹ mQé‹ Kjš _‹W R‰W¥ghijfë‹ Mu§fë‹ é»j« 1 1 1
 ãwkhiytçæ‹ miyv©, ̅𝜈 = = 𝑍 2 𝑅 [𝑛2 − ]

w
(a) [Link] (b) [Link] 𝜆 𝑚2
1 1 1 1 3
(c) [Link] (d) [Link]  vdnt, ̅𝜈 = = 𝑍 2 𝑅 [12 − 22
] = 𝑍 2 𝑅 [1 − 4] = 𝑍 𝑅 [4] 2
𝜆
ԮΠ:- 4 1 1
 ÏÂèUªJ, 𝜆 = ( ) (or) 𝜆∝
 iA£u#‹ mQé‹ n-tJ t£l¥ghijæ‹Mu« ; 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑎𝑜 𝑛2 (or) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2 3 𝑅 𝑍2 𝑍2
 vdnt, 𝑟1 ∶ 𝑟2 ∶ 𝑟3 = 1 ∶ 4 ∶ 9  ϧF è¤Âa« (Li++) Z =3 ; Ëèa« (He+) Z =2 ; iA£u#‹ (H) Z =1
1 1 4 9 36
éil (c) 𝟏∶𝟒∶ 𝟗  vdnt, 𝜆𝐿𝑖++ ∶ 𝜆𝐻𝑒+ ∶ 𝜆𝐻 = ∶ ∶ 1 = ∶ ∶ = 4 ∶ 9 ∶ 36
9 4 36 36 36
éil (d) 𝟒 ∶ 𝟗 ∶ 𝟑𝟔

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

8. xU ònuh£lh‹ k‰W« xU vy¡£uhå‹ ä‹dG¤j« 𝑽 = 𝑽𝒐 𝐥𝐧 [ ] vd¡

𝒓
11. 𝟕𝟑𝑳𝒊 mQ¡fUé‹ ãiwahdJ mÂYŸs mid¤J ãô¡ëah‹fë‹ bkh¤j
𝒓𝒐
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. (ϧF r0xU kh¿è) ä‹dG¤j¤Â‰F ngh® mQ khÂçia¥ ãiwia él 0.042 u Fiwthf cŸsJ våš, 𝟕𝟑𝑳𝒊 mQ¡Ué‹ xU
ãô¡ëahD¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš
ga‹gL¤Âdhš, Kj‹ik Fth©l« v© n -I¥ bgW¤J n -MtJ R‰W¥ghij
(a) 46 MeV
rn -‹ khWgh£o‹ j‹ik
1
(b) 5.6 MeV
(a) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ (b) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛 (c) 3.9MeV
𝑛
1 (d)23 MeV
(c) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ (d) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2
𝑛2 ԮΠ:-

i. n
ԮΠ:-  ϧF ãiw FiwÎ ; ∆𝑚 = 0.042 𝑢
𝑟 𝜕𝑈 𝑒 𝑉𝑜
 ãiy M‰wš ; 𝑈 = 𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑉𝑜 ln [ ] ∴ 𝐹= − =  vdnt Ãiz¥gh‰wš ; 𝐵𝐸 = ∆𝑚 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 0.042 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 39.1𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑟𝑜 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
𝐵𝐸 39.1
 = = 5.58 ≈ 5.6 𝑀𝑒𝑉

l
 Ï¡ft®¢Á éirahdJ njitahd ikaneh¡F éiria jU»wJ. vdnt xU fU¤JfS¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš ;
𝐴 7
𝑒 𝑉𝑜 𝑚 𝑣2 𝑒𝑉
= 𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑜 éil (b) 𝟓. 𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝑽

a
(or)
𝑟 𝑟
𝑛ℎ 12. Mp v‹gJ ònuh£lhå‹ ãiwiaÍ«, Mn v‹gJ ãô£uhå‹ ãiwiaÍ« F¿¡F«.
 nghç‹ vLnfhë‹ go nfhzcªj« ; 𝑚 𝑣 𝑟𝑛 = = 𝑛ℏ Z ònuh£lh‹fS«, N ãô£uh‹fS« bfh©l mQ¡fU x‹¿‹ Ãiz¥gh‰wš B

d
2𝜋
𝑚 𝑣 𝑟𝑛 𝑛ℏ 𝑚 𝑟𝑛 𝑛ℏ𝑚 𝑛ℏ𝑣
 vdnt,
𝑣2
= 𝑒 𝑉𝑜 (or)
𝑣
= 𝑒𝑉 (or) 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑉 (or) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛 våš m›tQ¡fUé‹ ãiw M (N,Z) MdJ (ϧF c v‹gJ xëæ‹ ntf«)

a
[ ] 𝑜 𝑜
𝑚 (a) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B c2
éil (b) 𝒓𝒏 ∝ 𝒏 (b) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp + B c2
mQ¡fU Mu« 3.6 bg®ä våš, mQ¡fU Mu« Vw¡Fiwa

k (c) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B/ c2
9. 27Al 64Cu

(a) 2.4
(b) 1.2

v i (d) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp + B/ c2
ԮΠ:-
Ãiz¥gh‰wš ; 𝐵 = ∆𝑚 𝑐 2 (or) ∆𝑚 =
𝐵

l
(c) 4.8 
𝑐2
(d)3.6 𝐵 𝐵
(or) 𝑁 𝑀𝑛 + 𝑍 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀 (𝑁, 𝑍) = (or) 𝑀 (𝑁, 𝑍) = 𝑁 𝑀𝑛 + 𝑍 𝑀𝑝 −

a
ԮΠ:- 𝑐2 𝑐2

 mQ¡U Mu« ; 𝑅𝐶𝑢 = 𝑅𝑜 𝐴𝐶𝑢

1/3
and 𝑅𝐴𝑙 = 𝑅𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑙
1/3
. vdnt éil (c) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B/ c2

.k
𝑅𝐶𝑢
1/3
𝑅𝑜 𝐴𝐶𝑢 𝐴𝐶𝑢
1/3
64 1/3 4 4 4
13. (bjhl¡f ãiw v© A k‰W« bjhl¡f mQ v© Z bfh©l) fÂça¡f mQ¡fU
= 1/3 = 1/3 = 271/3
=3 (or) 𝑅𝐶𝑢 = 𝑋𝑅𝐴𝑙 = 𝑋 3.6 = 4.8 𝐹 x‹W 2 Mš~gh JfŸfŸ k‰W« 2 ghÁ£uh‹fis c䜻wJ. ÏWÂ
𝑅𝐴𝑙 𝑅𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝑙 3 3
mQ¡fUé‹ ãô£uh‹ k‰W« ònuh£lh‹ v©fë‹ é»j«
éil (c) 𝟒. 𝟖 𝑭

w
𝐴−𝑍−4 𝐴−𝑍−2
10. mQ¡fU »£l¤j£l nfhs tot« bfh©lJ våš, ãiw v© A bfh©l (a) (b)
𝑍−2 𝑍−6
𝐴−𝑍−4 𝐴−𝑍−12
mQ¡fU x‹¿‹ gu¥ò v›thW khWgL«? (c) (d)

w
𝑍−6 𝑍−4
(a) A2/3
ԮΠ:-
(b) A4/3
 ÏWÂ mQ¡fUé‹ mQ v© ‘z’ k‰W« ãiw v© ‘a’ våš ;

w
(c) A1/3
𝐴
(d) A5/3 𝑎
𝑍𝑋 ⟶ 𝑧𝑌 + 2 𝛼 + 2 𝑒
+
(or) 𝐴 𝑎 4 0
𝑍𝑋 ⟶ 𝑧𝑌 + 2 2𝐻𝑒 + 2 1𝑒
ԮΠ:-  ä‹}£l« k‰W« ãiw mêé‹ik éÂ¥go
 mQ¡fUé‹ Mu« R våš, mj‹ gu¥ò 𝑍 =𝑧+4+2= 𝑧+6 ⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑍−6
S.A = 4 𝜋 𝑅2 = 4 𝜋 (𝑅𝑜 𝐴 1/3 2
) = 4 𝜋 𝑅𝑜2 𝐴2/3 (or) S.A ∝ 𝐴2/3 𝐴 =𝑎+8+0 =𝑎+8 ⟹ 𝑎 = 𝐴−8
 ÏWÂ mQ¡fUéš ãô£uh‹fë‹ v©â¡if ; 𝑛 = 𝑎 − 𝑧 = 𝐴 − 𝑍 − 2
éil (a) A2/3 𝑛 𝐴−𝑍−2
 vdnt nf£f¥g£l é»j« ;
𝑧
= 𝑍−6
𝑨−𝒁−𝟐
éil (b)
𝒁−𝟔
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

14. fÂça¡f¤ jåk« A -‹ miu MÍ£fhy« k‰bwhU fÂça¡f¤ jåk« B - ‹ gF – II & III 2 k‰W« 3 kÂ¥bg© FW édh - éilfŸ
ruhrç MÍ£fhy¤Â‰F rkkhF«. bjhl¡f¤Âš m›éu©L jåk§fë‹
mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if rkkhf cŸsJ våš, 1. nfnjhL f®fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
(a) A k‰W« B ‹ bjhl¡f¢ ÁijÎ Åj« rk«  ä‹åw¡f FHhæDŸ mG¤j« 0.01 mm ghjur mséš cŸsnghJ,
(b) A k‰W« B ‹ ÁijÎ Åj« v¥nghJ« rk« Mndho‰F« nfnjho‰F« Ïilna F%¡ ÏU©l gFÂ cUth»wJ.
(c) A itél B ntfkhf ÁijtilÍ«  Ϫãiyæš FHhæ‹ Rt® g¢ir ãw¤Âš xë®»wJ.
(d) B itél A ntfkhf ÁijtilÍ«.  ÏJ nfnjhoèUªJ btënaW« xU tif f©â‰F¥ òydhfhj f®fshš
Ô®Î:- V‰gL»wJ. Ï¡f‰iwfŸ nfnjhL f®fŸ (vy¡£uh‹f‰iw) vd¥gL«.

n
0.6931 1 2. nfnjhL f®fë‹ g©òfŸ ahit?
 A -æ‹ miuMÍ£fhy« ; 𝑇𝐴 = ; 𝜏𝐵 =

i
; B -æ‹ ruhrç MÍ£fhy« nfnjhL f®fŸ :
𝜆𝐴 𝜆𝐵

l.
0.6931 1  Ïit mÂntf¤Jl‹ ne®nfh£oš brš»‹wd.
 bfhL¡f¥g£lJ, 𝑇𝐴 = 𝜏𝐵 (or) = 𝜆 (or) 𝜆𝐴 = 0.6931 𝜆𝐵
𝜆𝐴 𝐵  Ïit M‰wš k‰W« cªj¤ij¥ bg‰WŸsd.
 ϧF 𝜆𝐴 > 𝜆𝐵 , v‹gjhš, A it él B ntfkhf Áijtil«  Ïit ä‹ k‰W« fhªj¥òy§fshš éy¡f« mil»‹wd. Ï›éy¡f
éil (c) A itél B ntfkhf ÁijtilÍ«
15. t = 0 neu¤Âš mik¥ò x‹¿YŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if No miu
𝟏
MÍ£fhy¤Âš ghÂasÎ fhy« (𝒕 = 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 ) MF« nghJ cŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹
a
ÂirahdJ, Ïit v®ä‹JfŸfŸ vd¡ fh£L»wJ.
 bghUŸfŸ ÛJ nfnjhL f®fŸ éG«nghJ bt¥g« cUth»wJ.

d
 Ïit òif¥gl¤ jf£il gh¡»‹wJ.

a
𝟐  Ïit xë®jiy V‰gL¤J»wJ.
v©â¡if
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜  Ïit thÍ¡fis maåah¡f« brŒÍ«.
(a)
𝑁
(c) 𝑜
4
2
(b)
√2
𝑁
(d) 𝑜
8
3.

i k
ä‹}£l v© tiuaW.
 XuyF ãiw¡fhd ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò ä‹}£l v© mšyJ ãiw-Ïašò
ãiy ä‹}£l« vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. Ïj‹ myF 𝑪 𝒌𝒈−𝟏


ԮΠ:-

miuMÍ£fhy§fë‹ v©â¡if ; 𝑛 =
𝑡
=
1
𝑇
2 1/2
=
1

l v
4. jh«r‹ mQkhÂç g‰¿ ÁW F¿¥ò jUf.
J. J. jh«r‹ mQkhÂç :

a
𝑇1/2 𝑇1/2 2  jh«r‹ khÂçæ‹ go mQthdJ Óuhd gutš bfh©l ne®ä‹ JfŸfis
 Áijtilahkš ÛjKŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡ij ; cŸsl¡»a, xUgo¤jhd nfhs§fŸ MF«.

.k
1
1 𝑛 1 2 𝑁𝑜  Ïš vÂ®ä‹ JfŸfshd vy¡£uh‹fŸ j®órâ gH¤Âš cŸs éijfŸ
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 (2) = 𝑁𝑜 ( ) = nghš bghªJŸsd.
2 √2
𝑵𝒐  ϧF nfhs¤Â‹ bkh¤j ne®ä‹}£lkhdJ, bkh¤j v®ä‹}£l¤Â‰F
éil

w
(b) √𝟐 rkkhf ÏU¡F«.
 Ï«khÂçahdJ, mQé‹ ä‹eLãiy j‹ikia és¡»aJ. Mdhš

w
mQé‹ rkãiy j‹ik k‰W« iA£u#‹ , Ãw mQ¡fë‹
ãwkkhiytçfë‹ njh‰w¤ij és¡f Ïayéšiy.
5. %j®ngh®L Mšgh Ájwš MŒé‹ KoÎfis¡ TWf

w %j®ngh®L MŒé‹ KoÎfŸ :

 mQ x‹¿‹ bkh¤j ne®ä‹D£lK«, mj‹ äf¥bgUksÎ ãiwÍ«,
10−14 𝑚 msÎ bfh©l mj‹ ika¥gFÂæš FéªJŸsJ. m¥gFÂ
mQ¡fU vd¥gL«.
 Ïjid R‰¿ÍŸs bt‰¿l¤Âš, v®ä‹}£l« bfh©l vy¡£uh‹fŸ
éut¥g£LŸsd.
 v®ä‹JfŸfŸ ãiyahf ÏUªjhš, mit rkãiyæš ÏU¡f ÏayhJ.
vdnt Nçaid¢ R‰¿ nfhŸfŸ t£l¥ghijæš Ïa§Ftij¥ nghš,
mQ¡fUit¢ R‰¿ vy¡£uh‹fŸ Ïa§F»‹wd.

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
6. Û¢ÁW - mQF bjhiyÎ tiuaW. mj‰fhd nfhitia¥ bgWf. vLnfhŸ (2) :
tiuaiw :  vy¡£uh‹fŸ F¿¥Ã£l Áy jå¤jåahd ghijfëš mQ¡fUit¢ R‰¿
 mQ¡fUit neh¡» xU Mšgh JfŸ bršY« nghJ, F¿¥Ã£l xU òŸëia tU»‹wd. Ï¥ghijfëš mit ä‹fhªj M‰wiy f® ÅRtšiy. Ïit
mJ milªJ Ë Á¿J neu« ã‹W Ë ÂU«ò»‹wJ. Ï›thW 180 ãiy¤j‹ik bg‰w ghijfŸ MF«.
nfhz¤Âš vÂbuhë¥ò miltj‰F K‹, Mšgh JfŸ k‰W« mQ¡fU  Ϥjifa ãiy¤j‹ik bg‰w R‰Wghijfëš, cŸs vy¡£uhå‹ nfhz
M»a Ïu©o‰F« Ïilna cŸs ÁWk bjhiyÎ Û¢ÁW-mQF bjhiyÎ ℎ
cªjj¤Â‹ (𝑙) kÂ¥ghdJ - ‹ KG v© kl§fhf ÏU¡F«.
vd¥gL«. 2𝜋
𝒉
rk‹ghL :  Ïj‹ rk‹ghL tot«, 𝒍 = 𝒏 =𝒏ℏ
𝟐𝝅

n
 Û¢ÁW-mQF bjhiyéš (𝑟𝑂 ), Mšgh Jfë‹ Ïa¡f M‰wš mid¤J« ϧF, 𝒏 → Kj‹ik Fth©l« v©

i
ãiy ä‹dG¤j M‰wyhf kh‰w¥gL»‹wJ.  ÏJnt nfhz cªj Fth©lkh¡fš mšyJ Fth©lkh¡fš ãgªjid

l.
1 1 (2𝑒)(𝑍𝑒) vd¥gL«.
𝑚 𝑣𝑜 2 = vLnfhŸ (3) :
2 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟𝑜
1 2 𝑍 𝑒2  R‰Wghijfë‹ M‰wš bjhl®¢Áahf Ïšyhkš, jå¤jå kÂ¥gfis¡
𝑟𝑜 =

𝒓𝒐 =
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 ( 1 𝑚 𝑣 2 )
2
𝟏 𝟐 𝒁 𝒆𝟐
𝑜

− − − − (1)
a
bfh©LŸsd. ÏJnt M‰wè‹ Fth©lkh¡fš vd¥gL«.
 ÏU R‰Wghijfë‹ M‰wš ntWgh£L¡F¢ rkkhd M‰wš bfh©l

d
~ngh£lhid c£ft®tjdhnyh mšyJ btëéLtjdhnyh vy¡£uh‹ xU

a
𝟒 𝝅 𝜺𝒐 𝑬𝑲 R‰w¥ghijæèUªJ k‰bwh‹W¡F jht ÏaY«.
 ϧF, 𝑬𝑲 → MšghJfë‹ Ïa¡fM‰wš 𝒄
∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝒇 − 𝑬𝒊 = 𝒉 𝝂 = 𝒉
7. nkhjš fhuâ tiuaW.
 j§f mQ¡fUé‹ ika¤Â‰F«, Mšgh JfŸ mÂf bjhiyéš cŸs

i k
 ϧF, 𝒄 → xëæ‹ Âirntf«
10. »s®Î M‰wš v‹whš v‹d?
𝝀

v
nghJ mj‹ (Ú£o¡f¥g£l) Âirntf bt¡lç‹ Âir¡F« Ïil¥g£l
 vªjbthU Fiwªj M‰wš ãiyæèUªJ« mijél mÂf M‰wš ãiy¡F

l
br§F¤J¤ bjhiythdJ, nkhjš fhuâ (b) vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.
8. %j®ngh®L khÂçæ‹ FiwghLfŸ ahit? xU vy¡£uhid »s®Îw¢ brŒa njit¥gL« M‰wš »s®Î M‰wš

a
(1) mQé‹ ãiyj‹ik : vd¥gL«.
11. »s®Î ä‹dG¤j« tiuaW.
 g©ila ä‹åa¡féaš bfhŸifæ‹ go, KL¡f¥g£l ä‹JfŸ

.k
ä‹fhªj¡ f®fis c䜻wJ. Ïjdhš mJ M‰wiy ÏH¡»‹wJ.  XuyF ä‹}£l« bg‰w ä‹JfŸ x‹¿‹ »s®Î M‰wš »s®Î
vdnt, mj‹ Mu« Á¿J Á¿jhf FiwªJ, RUŸt£l¥ ghijæš br‹W, ä‹dG¤j« vd¥gL«.
ÏWÂæš mQ¡fUéDŸ éH nt©L«. Ïjdhš mQ ÁijÎw nt©L«. 12. maåah¡f M‰wš tiuaW.
 mQé‹ vy¡£uh‹ x‹¿id mÂèUªJ btëna‰w¤ njit¥gL« ÁWk

w
 Mdhš Ï›thW eilbgwhkš, mQ¡fŸ ãiy¤j‹ikÍl‹ cŸsd.
M‰wš Ãiz¥ò M‰wš mšyJ maåah¡f M‰wš vd¥gL«.
 vdnt %j®ngh®L khÂç mQ¡fë‹ ãiy¤j‹ikia és¡f
13. maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j« tiuaW.

w
Koaéšiy.
(2) tçãwkhiy :  XuyF ä‹}£l¤Â‰fhd maåah¡f M‰wš maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j«
vd¥gL«.
 Ϫj khÂçæ‹ go, f®ŢÁ‹ ãiwkhiy bjhl® btëéL

w
14. ngh® mQ khÂçæ‹ FiwghLfis jUf.
ãwkhiyahf ÏU¡f nt©L«.
ngh® mQ khÂçæ‹ FiwghLfŸ :
 Mdhš nrhjid KoÎfŸ, mQ¡fŸ tç ãiwkhiyiana
 iA£u#‹ k‰W« iA£u#‹ ngh‹w mQ¡fis jéu Ãw Á¡fyhd
btëéL»‹wd vd¡ fh£L»‹wJ.
mQ¡fS¡F ngh® mQ khÂç bghUªJtšiy
9. ngh® mQ khÂçæ‹ vLnfhŸfŸ ahit?
vLnfhŸ (1) :  iA£u#‹ ãwkhiyæ‹ tçfis c‰W neh¡F« nghJ, x›bthU tçÍ« gy
E©âa tçfëdhš Mdjhf cŸsJ. ÏJ E© tçaik¥ò vd¥gL«. ngh®
 Tÿ« ãiyä‹åaš ft®¢Á éirædhš mQ¡fUit¢ R‰¿ X®
bfhŸif Ïj‰F és¡f« juéšiy
vy¡£uh‹ t£l¥ghijæš Ïa§F»‹wJ.
 ãwkhiy tçfë‹ br¿éš fhz¥gL« kh‰w§fS¡fhd és¡f« ju¥gléšiy.
 t£l¥ghijæš vy¡£uh‹ Ïa§f¤ njitahd ika neh¡F éiria Ϫj
Tÿ« éir më¡»‹wJ.  mQ¡fëš vy¡£uh‹fë‹ g»®Î bjhl®ghd KGikahd és¡f«
Ï¡bfhŸifahš ju¥gléšiy.
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
15. mQ v© k‰W« ãiw v© tiuaW. 25. Ãiz¥ò M‰wš tiuaW?
 mQ¡fU x‹¿YŸs ònuh£lh‹fë‹ v©â¡if mQ v© (Z) vd¥gL«.  𝒁 ònuh£lh‹fS«, 𝑵 ãô£uh‹fS« ÏizªJ xU mQ¡fUit
 mQ¡fUéš fhz¥gL« ãô£uh‹fŸ k‰W« ònuh£lh‹fë‹ bkh¤j cUth¡F« nghJ kiwÍ« ãiwahdJ (∆𝒎) M‰wyhf kh¿ fU¤JfŸfis
v©â¡if ãiw v© (A) vd¥gL«. mjhtJ, A = Z + N mQ¡fUéDŸ Ãiz¤J it¡»wJ. ÏJnt Ãiz¥ò M‰wš (𝑩𝑬) vd¥gL«.
16. jåk¤Â‹ mQ¡fUé‹ F¿p£L Kiwia vGJf. mš x›bthU cW¥ò« 𝑩𝑬 = ∆𝒎 𝒄𝟐 = [(𝒁 𝒎𝒑 + 𝑵 𝒎𝒏 ) − 𝑴 ] 𝒄𝟐
vij¡ F¿¡»‹wd? 26. xU mQãiw my»‰F (1u) rkkhd M‰wiy fz¡»Lf.
 xU jåk¤Â‹ mQ¡fUé‹ FwpL, 𝑨𝒁𝑿  I‹°O‹ ãiw - M‰wš rk¤j‹ikia¥ ga‹gL¤Â fz¡»l¥g£l kÂ¥ò,
 ϧF, 𝑿 → jåk¤Â‹ ntÂæaš F¿pL 𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑐 2 = (1 𝑢 ) 𝑋 (3 𝑋 108 )2 = 1.66 𝑋 10−27 𝑋 9 𝑋 1016
𝒁 → mQ v© k‰W« 𝑨 → ãiw v©
17. mQ¡fUé‹ ä‹}£l« ahJ?
𝐸 = 14.94 𝑋 10−11 𝐽
 1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.602 𝑋 10−19 𝐽 v‹gjhš, 𝑬 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽

i n
l.
 mQ¡fUéš ne® ä‹}£l« cila ònuh£lh‹fS«, ä‹eLãiy¤ 27. ãô¡ëah‹ x‹W¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš v‹gj‹ m®¤j¤ij TWf.
j‹ikÍila ãô£uh‹fS« cŸsjhš, mj‹ ãfu ä‹}£l« ne®F¿  mQ¡fU x‹¿èUªJ xU ãô¡ëahid btëna‰w¤ njit¥gL« M‰wš

a
bfh©lJ. mj‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò = + Z e xU ãô¡ëahD¡fhd ruhrç Ãiz¥gh‰wš vd¥gL«.
18. Inrhnlh¥òfŸ v‹whš v‹d?  ÏJ mQ¡fUé‹ ãiy¤j‹ikia mséL«.

d
 rkkhd mQ v© (Z) k‰W« ntWg£l ãiwv© (A) bfh©l xnu 28. mQ¡fU éir v‹whš v‹d?
jåk¤Â‹mQ¡fŸ Inrhnlh¥òfŸ vd¥gL«.  mQ¡fUéDŸ cŸs ònuh£lh‹fS¡F Ïilna brašgL« Tÿ« éy¡F
 Ïit xnu khÂçahd ntÂ¥g©òfis bg‰W és§F»‹wd
([Link]) iA£u#‹ Inrhnlh¥ò : 𝟏𝟏𝑯 , 𝟐𝟏𝑯 , 𝟑𝟏𝑯
a
éiria él tèikahd ft®Î éir x‹W brašg£L, fU¤JfŸfŸ
Áj¿¥nghfhkš mQ¡fUit¥ Ãiz¤J it¤ÂU¡F«. Ϫj ft®Î

k
i
19. Inrhgh®fŸ v‹whš v‹d? éirna mQ¡fU éir vd¥gL«.
 rkkhd ãiw v© (A) k‰W« ntWg£l mQv© (Z) bfh©l bt›ntW 29. mQ¡fU éiræ‹ g©òfŸ ahit?

v
jåk§fë‹ mQ¡fŸ Inrhgh®fŸ vd¥gL«. mQ¡fU éiræ‹ g©òfŸ :

l
 Ïit ntWg£l Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« ntÂæaš g©òfs bg‰W és§F»‹wd.  Ïj‹ beL¡f« äf¡ FiwÎ. xU Áy bg®ä bjhiyÎ tiu k£Lnk
([Link]) 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 brašgL«.
𝟏𝟔 𝑺, 𝟏𝟕 𝑪𝒍, 𝟏𝟖 𝑨𝒓, 𝟏𝟗 𝑲 k‰W« 𝟐𝟎 𝑪𝒂
20. Inrhnlh‹fŸ v‹whš v‹d?

a
 Ïa‰ifænyna äfΫ tèikahdJ mQ¡fU éirna MF«.
 tèikä¡f mQ¡fU éir xU ft®Î éirahF«. ÏJ mid¤J

.k
 rk v©â¡ifæš ãô£uh‹fis¡ bfh©LŸs bt›ntW jåk§fë‹
n#hofS¡F« Ïilna rktèikÍl‹ brašgL»wJ.
mQ¡fŸ Inrhnlh‹fŸ vd¥gL«. ([Link]) 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑩 k‰W« 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝑪
 mQ¡fU éirahdJ vy¡£uh‹fë‹ ÛJ brašglhjjhš, mJ mQé‹
21. mQ ãiw myF tiuaW.
ntÂæaš g©òfis kh‰¿aik¥gšiy.

w
 mQãiw myF (u) v‹gJ fh®g‹ Inrhnlh¥Ã‹ ( 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝑪) ãiwæš 12 -š xU
30. fÂça¡f« tiuaW.
g§F¡F rkkhF«. 𝟏 𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝒈  xU jåk¤ÂèUªJ mÂf CLUÎ Âw‹ bfh©l f®ŢRfshd
22. mQ¡fUé‹ msΡfhd rk‹gh£il jUf.

w
𝟏
𝛼 𝛽 k‰W« 𝛾 f®fŸ j‹å¢irahf cäH¥gL« ãfœÎ fÂça¡f« vd¥gL«.
 mQ¡fUé‹ Mu¤Â‰fhd rk‹ghL, 𝑹 = 𝑹𝑶 𝑨𝟑 Ϥjifa f®ŢRfis cäG« jåk§fŸ fÂça¡f¤ jåk§fŸ
ϧF, 𝑅𝑂 = 1.2 𝐹 [1 𝐹 = 10−15 𝑚] vd¥gL«.
23. mQ¡fU ml®¤Â tiuaW.

24. ãiw FiwghL v‹whš v‹d?

𝟑
𝝅 𝑹𝑶
w
 mQ¡fUé‹ ãiw¡F«, mQ¡fUé‹ gUkD¡F« Ïilnaahd é»j«
𝒎 𝟏𝟕
mQ¡fU ml®¤Â vd¥gL«. 𝝆 = 𝟒 𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 −𝟑
31. F¿p£L Kiwæš Ã‹tUtdt‰iw vGJf. Mšgh ÁijÎ, Õ£lh ÁijÎ, fhkh
ÁijÎ
(1) Mšgh ÁijÎ :
 jåk« x‹W Mšgh Jfis ( 42𝐻𝑒 ) btëæ£L ÁijtilÍ« nghJ mj‹
mQ v© (Z) Ïu©L«, ãiw v© (A) eh‹F« FiwÍ«.
 mQ¡fU x‹¿‹ c©ik ãiwahdJ, mÂYŸs ãô¡ëah‹fë‹ 𝐴 𝐴−4 4
𝑍𝑋 ⟶ 𝑍−2𝑌 + 2𝐻𝑒
ãiwfë‹ T£L¤bjhifia él Fiwthf ÏU¡F«. fU¤JfŸfë‹ 238 234 4
 vL¤J¡fh£L, 92𝑈 ⟶ 90𝑇ℎ + 2𝐻𝑒
ãiwfë‹ TLjY¡F«, mQ¡fUé‹ c©ik ãiw¡F« cŸs ntWghL
ãiw FiwghL mšyJ ãiw ÏH¥ò (∆𝑚) vd¥gL«. ∆𝒎 = (𝒁 𝒎𝒑 + 𝑵 𝒎𝒏 ) − 𝑴

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

(2) Õ£lh ÁijÎ (𝜷− ÁijÎ) : 35. ãô£çndhé‹ g©òfŸ ahit?

 jåk« x‹W vy¡£uhid 𝑒 − ( −10𝑒 ) btëæ£lhš mJ 𝜷− ÁijÎ ãô£çndhé‹ g©òfŸ :
vd¥gL«. Ïš mj‹ mQ v© (Z) x‹W mÂfç¡F«, ãiw v© (A)  mj‹ ä‹}£l« Rê.
khwhJ.  mJ v® ãô£çndh v‹w v®Jfis bg‰WŸsJ.
𝐴 𝐴 0
𝑍𝑋 ⟶ 𝑍+1𝑌 + −1𝑒 + 𝜈̅
 ÏJ äf¢ Á¿a ãiwia bg‰WŸsJ.
 vL¤J¡fh£L, 14 14 0
6𝐶 ⟶ 7𝑁 + −1𝑒 + 𝜈̅
 ÏJ gUbghUSl‹ äfäf¡ Fiwªj msnt Ïiléid òçtjhš, mjid
Õ£lh ÁijÎ (𝜷+ ÁijÎ) f©LÃo¥gJ äfΫ fod«.
 jåk« x‹W ghÁ£uhid 𝑒 + ( 01𝑒) btëæ£lhš mJ 𝜷+ ÁijÎ vd¥gL«. 36. fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂia¡ TW.

n
Ïš mj‹ mQ v© (Z) x‹W FiwÍ«, ãiw v© (A) khwhJ.  XU F¿¥Ã£l fz¤Âš, XuyF neu¤Âš eilbgW« ÁijÎfë‹

i
𝐴 𝐴 0 v©â¡if mjhtJ ÁijÎ Åj« MdJ, m¡fz¤Âš cŸs mQ¡fë‹
𝑍𝑋 ⟶ 𝑍−1𝑌 + 1𝑒 + 𝜈

l.
22 22 0 v©â¡if¡F ne®jéš ÏU¡F«.
 vL¤J¡fh£L, 11𝑁𝑎 ⟶ 10𝑁𝑒 + 1𝑒 + 𝜈
37. fÂça¡f brašghL tiuaW.
(3) fhkh ÁijÎ :
 xU édhoæš ÁijtilÍ« mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if fÂça¡f brašghL

a
 »s®¢Á ãiyæš cŸs mQ¡fU x‹W moãiy¡F ÂU«ò« nghJ ca®
𝒅𝑵
M‰wš ~ngh£lh‹fis btëéL»‹wJ. ÏJ fhkh ÁijÎ vd¥gL«. mšyJ ÁijÎ Åj« (R) vd¥gL«. 𝑹 =
𝒅𝒕

d
 fhkh Áijéš, mQ v© k‰W« ãiw v©âš v›éj kh‰wK«  Ïj‹ myF bg¡fuš (Bq) k‰W« »ôç (Ci)
ÏU¥gšiy. 38. xU bg¡fuš tiuaW.

a
𝐴 ∗ 𝐴
𝑍𝑿 ⟶ 𝑍𝑋 + fhkh f®fŸ (𝛾)  xU bg¡fuš v‹gJ, xU édho¡F xU Áijit¤ jU« fÂça¡f
12 12 ∗ 0
5𝐵 ⟶ 6𝐶 + −1𝑒 + 𝜈̅

k
 vL¤J¡fh£L, jåk¤Â‹ brašgh£il¡ F¿¡F«. 𝟏 𝑩𝒒 = 𝟏 ÁijÎfŸ / édho

i
12 ∗ 12
6𝐶 ⟶ 6𝐶 + 𝛾 39. xU »ôç tiuaW.
32. ÁijÎ M‰wš v‹whš v‹d?  xU »ôç v‹gJ, 1 »uh« nuoa«, 1 édhoæš cäG« ÁijÎfë‹
 xU Áijé‹ nghJ, nrŒ mQ¡fU k‰W« éis bghUŸ M»a‰¿‹ bkh¤j
ãiwahdJ, jhŒ mQ¡fUé‹ ãiwia él¡ Fiwthf ÏU¡F«.
 Ϫ ãiwæš fhz¥gL« ntWghL (∆𝑚) M‰wyhf btë¥gL»‹wJ. Ϫj
l v v©â¡if¡F rkkhF« 𝟏 𝑪𝒊 = 𝟑. 𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 ÁijÎfŸ / édho
40. miu MÍ£fhy« tiuaW.

a
 bjhl¡f¤Âš cŸs mQ¡fëš , ghÂasÎ mQ¡fŸ Áijtila xU
M‰wY¡F ÁijÎ M‰wš (Q) vd¥gL«. jåk« vL¤J¡bfhŸS« fhy« mj‹ miu MÍ£fhy« vd¥gL«.

.k
 Q > 0 våš, ÁijÎ j‹å¢irahdJ. 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏
𝑻𝟏 =
Q < 0 våš, ÁijÎ j‹å¢irahf ãfHhJ. 𝟐 𝝀
33. Mšgh Áijé‹ nghJ ãiyj‹ika‰w mQ¡fUthdJ V‹ 𝟒𝟐𝑯𝒆mQ¡fUit 41. ruhrç MÍ£fhy« tiuaW.

w
btëéL»‹wJ? mJ V‹ eh‹F jå¤jå ãô¡ëah‹fis btëéLtšiy?  xU mQ¡fUé‹ ruhrç MÍ£fhy« (𝜏) v‹gJ, mid¤J mQ¡fU¡fë‹
 vL¤Jfh£lhf 238 92𝑈 mQ¡fUthdJ eh‹F jå¤jå ãô¡ëah‹fis
MÍ£fhy§fë‹ TLjš mšyJ bjhifp£o‰F«, bjhl¡f¤Âš ÏUªj
btëæLtj‹ _y« 234 90𝑇ℎ mQ¡fUthf¢ ÁijΉwhš, Ϫj ãfœé‹
bkh¤j mQ¡fU¡fë‹ bkh¤j v©â¡if¡F« cŸs jfÎ MF«.
ÁijÎ M‰wš Q v®F¿ bfh©ljhf ÏU¡f nt©L«.

w
 Mšgh Áijé‰F ÃwF c©lhF« éisÎ¥ bghUŸfë‹ bkh¤j
𝝉=
𝟏
𝝀

w
42. ãô£uh‹ f©LÃo¥ò g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
ãiwahdJ, jhŒ mQ¡fUé‹ ( 238 92𝑈 ) ãiwia él mÂfkhf ÏU¡F« ãô£uh‹ f©LÃo¥ò :
v‹gij fh£L»wJ.
 bgçèa¤ij Mšgh JfŸfŸ bfh©L jh¡F« nghJ, mÂf CLUÎ Âw‹
 M‰wš khwh éÂia ÏJ ÛW« v‹gjhš Ϥjifa ãfœÎ Ïa‰ifæš V‰glhJ.
bfh©l f®ŢR btëgL« vd ngh¤nj k‰W« bg¡f® f©LÃo¤jd®.
34. ghÁ£uh‹ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
ÏJ fhkh f® vd jtwhf fUj¥g£lJ.
 ghÁ£uh‹ v‹gJ, vy¡£uh‹ ãiwÍ« k‰W« ne® ä‹}£lK« bfh©l
 rh£é¡ v‹gt®, Ï¡f®fŸ ä‹fhªj f® mšy v‹W«, mit ònuh£lhid
vy¡£uhå‹ v®JfŸ MF«.
él r‰W mÂf ãiw bfh©l ä‹}£lk‰w JfŸfns vd f©LÃo¤jh®.
mit ãô£uh‹fŸ vd¥gL«.
𝟗 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟒𝑩𝒆 + 𝟐𝑯𝒆 ⟶ 𝟔𝑪 + 𝟎𝒏
𝟏
 ϧF, 𝟎𝒏 → ãô£uh‹
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
43. ãô£uhå‹ g©òfŸ ahit? 47. mQ¡fU ciy v‹whš v‹d?
ãô£uhå‹ g©òfŸ :  mQ¡fU ciy v‹gJ j‰rh®òila k‰W« f£L¡FŸ ÏU¡F« tifæš
 mQ¡fUéDŸ ãô£uh‹ ãiy¤j‹ik bfh©lJ. Mdhš jå¤j mQ¡fU ÃsÎ eilbgW« mik¥ghF«.
ãô£uhå‹ miuMÍ£fhy« 13 ãäl«. vdnt mJ ònuh£lh‹, vy¡£uh‹  ÏJ muhŒ¢Á k‰W« ä‹Âw‹ c‰g¤Â m»at‰¿¡F ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
k‰W« v®ãô£çndh Mf ÁijÎW»wJ. 48. mQ¡fU ÏizÎ tiuaW.
 Ïa¡f M‰wè‹ mo¥gilæš, ãô£uh‹fŸ ÏUtif¥gL«. mit  Ïu©L mšyJ mj‰f nk‰g£l Fiwªj ãiw bfh©l mQ¡fU¡fŸ
(1) Fiw ntf ãô£uh‹fŸ - 𝟎 Kjš 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝑽 ÏizªJ mÂf ãiw bfh©l mQ¡fUit cUth¡F« ãfœÎ mQ¡fU
(2) ntf ãô£uh‹fŸ -𝟎. 𝟓 𝑴𝒆𝑽 Kjš 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝒆𝑽 ÏizÎ vd¥gL«.

n
 Rkh® 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒆𝑽 mséyhd ruhrç M‰wš bfh©l bt¥g¢ rkãiyæš cŸs 49. bt¥g mQ¡fU éidfŸ v‹whš v‹d?

i
ãô£uh‹fŸ bt¥g ãô£uh‹fŸ vd¥gL«.  Fiwªj ãiwÍila Ïu©L mQ¡fU¡fŸ x‹iw x‹W beU§F« nghJ,

l.
Tÿ« éirahš mit éy¡f¥gL«. Ï›éy¡F éiria <L brŒa, mit
44. mQ¡fU ÃsÎ tiuaW. nghJkhd Ïa¡f M‰wiy bfh©oU¡f nt©L«.
 fdkhd mQé‹ mQ¡fU x‹W, ÏU Á¿a mQ¡fU¡fSl‹ mÂf  NHè‹ bt¥gãiy Vw¡Fiwa 107 𝐾 Mf mikÍ«nghJ ÏJ rh¤ÂakhF«.
mséyhd M‰wY« btë¥gL« éj« ÃsÎW« ãfœÎ mQ¡fU ÃsÎ
vd¥gL«.
45. mQ¡fU ÃsÎ x‹¿š btë¥gL« M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf.

d a
 Ï›Îa® bt¥gãiyæš Fiwªj ãiwÍila mQ¡fU¡fŸ ÏizªJ mÂf
ãiwÍila mQ¡fUit cUth¡Ftjhš, ϪãfœÎ bt¥g mQ¡fU
ÏizÎ éid vd¥gL»wJ.

a
xU Ãséš btë¥gL« M‰wš : 50. é©Û‹fëš M‰wš v›thW cUth»wJ?
 Ñœf©l ÃsÎ éidia¡ fUJnth«.  é©Û‹fë‹ bt¥gãiy Rkh® 107 𝐾 v‹w mséš cŸsjhš,

k
𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟏 𝟗𝟐 𝟏 Ïa‰ifahfnt mš mQ¡fU ÏizÎ eilbgW»wJ.
𝟗𝟐𝑼 + 𝟎𝒏 ⟶ 𝟓𝟔𝑩𝒂 + 𝟑𝟔𝑲𝒓 + 𝟑 𝟎𝒏 + 𝑸
 ÃsΡF K‹ bkh¤j ãiw
𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝟗𝟐𝑼 - ãiw = 235.045733 𝑢

v i  x›bthU é©Û‹fëY« M‰wš cUthF« ãfœÎ xU bt¥g mQ¡fU

ÏizÎ éidna MF«.

l
𝟏
𝒏 - ãiw = 1.008665 𝑢 51. ònuh£lh‹ - ònuh£lh‹ R‰W g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
𝟎
 Nçaå‹ c£gFÂæ‹ bt¥gãiy Rkh® 1.5 𝑋 107 𝐾 MF«.

a
= 236.054398 𝑢  Ï›Îa® bt¥gãiyæš, ònuh£lh‹ - ònuh£lh‹ ÏizÎ éid V‰g£L
ÃsΡF Ë bkh¤j ãiw Nça M‰wš cUth»wJ.

.k
𝟏𝟒𝟏
𝟓𝟔𝑩𝒂 - ãiw = 140.9177 𝑢  Ϫj ÏizÎ éidahš, x›bthU édhoÍ« 6 𝑋 1011 𝑘𝑔 iA£u#‹,
𝟗𝟐
𝟑𝟔 𝑲𝒓 - ãiw = 91.8854 𝑢 Ëèakhf khW»wJ.
𝟏
𝟑 𝟎𝒏 - ãiw = 3.025995 𝑢 go - 1 : 𝟏𝟏𝑯 + 𝟏𝟏𝑯 ⟶ 𝟐𝟏𝑯 + 𝟎𝟏𝒆 + 𝝂
= 235.829095 𝑢
vdnt ãiw ÏH¥ò ∆𝑚 = 236.054398 𝑢
w go - 2 : 𝟏𝟏𝑯 + 𝟐𝟏𝑯 ⟶ 𝟑𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝜸
go - 3 : 𝟑𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝟑𝟐𝑯𝒆 ⟶ 𝟒𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝟏𝟏𝑯 + 𝟏𝟏𝑯

w
(−) 235.829095 𝑢  Ï›éidahdJ bghJthf Ñœf©lthW vGj¥gL»wJ.
𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝑯 ⟶ 𝟒𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝑯 + 𝟐 𝟎𝟏𝒆 + 𝟐 𝝂 + 𝟐𝟕 𝑴𝒆𝑽
= 0.225303 𝑢

w
52. ãô£uh‹ k‰W« ònuh£lh‹ M»ait vªj JfŸfëdhš Mdit?
 vdnt Ï¥Ãséš btë¥gL« M‰wš,  mjhtJ ònuh£lh‹fS«, ãô£uh‹fS« Fth®¡FfŸ v‹w JfŸfshš
𝑄 = ∆𝑚 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 0.225303 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝒆𝑽 Mdit vd K‹bkhêa¥g£lJ.
46. bjhl®éid v‹whš v‹d? mj‹ tiffŸ ahit? (1) xU ònuh£lh‹ Ïu©L nkš Fth®¡FfŸ k‰W« xU Ñœ Fth®¡fhY«
 mQ¡fU ÃsÎ éidæš cUthF« ãô£uh‹fŸ Û©L« Û©L« ÃsÎ M¡f¥ g£oU¡»wJ.
éidæš <LgL« nghJ, ãô£uh‹fë‹ v©â¡if bgU¡F¤ bjhlçš (2) xU ãô£uh‹ Ïu©L Ñœ Fth®¡FŸ k‰W« xU nkš Fth®¡fhY«
bgU»¡bfh©nl br‹W ÃsÎ éid bjhl®ªJ eilbgW«. ÏJnt bjhl® M¡f¥g£oU¡»wJ.
éid vd¥gL«. ÏJ Ïu©L tif¥gL«.
(1) f£L¥ghl‰w bjhl®éid
(2) f£L¥gh£oYŸs bjhl®éid

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

gF – IV 5 kÂ¥bg© beL édh - éilfŸ Kiw (2) - Óuhd ä‹òy¤jhš k£L« éy¡f« :
 fhªj¥òy¤ij ãW¤Âdhš (𝐵 = 0) ä‹òy¤jhš
1. vy¡£uhå‹ ä‹}£l v©iz¡ f©l¿a cjΫ n#. n#. jh«r‹ MŒéid k£L« nkšneh¡» éy¡f« (𝑦) V‰gL«.
étç¡fΫ.  vy¡£uhå‹ ãiw 𝑚 − våš, ä‹òy¤jhš
ä‹}£l v© - n#.n#. jh«r‹ MŒÎ : nkšneh¡»a Âiræy mJ bgW« KL¡f«,
 vy¡£uå‹ XuyF ãiw¡fhd ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò, ä‹}£l v© (e/m) vd 𝐹𝐸 𝑒𝐸
tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ. 𝑎𝐸 = =
𝑚 𝑚
j¤Jt« :  nkšneh¡»a bjhl¡f Âirntf« ; 𝑢 = 0
 nfnjhL f®fŸ (vy¡£uh‹f‰iw) ä‹ k‰W« fhªj¥òy§fshš

n
 ä‹òy jfLfë‹ Ús« 𝑙 - våš, ä‹òy¤ij fl¡f MF« fhy«,

i
éy¡fkilÍ« v‹gJ Ϫj MŒé‹ j¤JtkhF«. 𝑙

l.
mik¥ò : 𝑡=
𝑣
 ÏJ xU ca® bt‰¿l ä‹åw¡f¡  ä‹òy jfLfë‹ Koéš, nfnjhL f®fŸ milÍ« nkšneh¡»a KL¡f«,
FHhŒ MF« 1 1

a
 Ïš nfnjhoèUªJ (C) btënaW« 𝑦  = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 2 = 0 + 𝑎𝐸 𝑡 2
2 2
2
nfnjhL f®fŸ, Mndhoš (A) cŸs 1 𝑒 𝐸 𝑙 1 𝑒 𝐸 𝑙2 1 𝑒 𝐸 𝑙 2 𝐵2
ÁW Jis têna FW»a f‰iwahf
brš»‹wd.
 ÏJ xë® Âiuæš gL« nghJ, Âiuæš xU xë®Î òŸë njh‹W»wJ.

a d
𝑦 =

𝒚 =
2 𝑚 𝑣
𝟏 𝒆 𝒍 𝑩
𝟐𝒎 𝑬
( ) =
𝟐 𝟐
2 𝑚 𝑣 2
=

− − − − (𝟐)
2 𝑚 𝐸2

k
 x‹W¡bfh‹W br§F¤jhf brašggL« ä‹ k‰W« fhªj¥òy¡fS¡F  vdnt Âiuæš V‰gL« éy¡f«, 𝑦 ∝ 𝑦  (𝑜𝑟) 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑦
Ïilæš ä‹åw¡f¡ FHhŒ cŸsJ.
nfnjhL f®fë‹ Âir ntf« (𝒗 ):
 nfnjhL f®fë‹ ä‹}£l« 𝒆 v‹f.

v i  𝐶  jfÎ kh¿è. rk‹ghL (2) -I ga‹gL¤j,

𝑦=𝐶
1 𝑒 𝑙 2 𝐵2

l
2𝑚 𝐸
 éy¡f¤ jfLfS¡»ilna brašgL« 𝒆 𝟐𝒚𝑬
= − − − − − (𝟑)

a
ä‹òy« E -Mš nfnjhL f®fŸ ÛJ brašgL« 𝒎 𝑪 𝒍𝟐 𝑩𝟐
nkšneh¡»a ä‹òy éir, 𝑭𝑬 = 𝒆 𝑬  kÂ¥òfis ÃuÂæ£L fz¡»l¥g£l ä‹}£l v©â‹ kÂ¥ò,

.k
𝒆
 js¤Â‰F F¤jhf brašgL« fhªjòy« 𝐵 -Mš = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝑪 𝒌𝒈−𝟏
𝒎
nfnjhL f®fŸ ÛJ brašgL« Ñœneh¡»a Kiw (3) - Óuhd fhªj¥òy¤jhš k£L« éy¡f« :
fhªj¥òy éir, 𝑭𝑩 = 𝒆 𝑩 𝒗  ä‹òy¤ij ãW¤Âdhš (𝐸 = 0) fhªj¥òy¤jhš k£L« Ñœneh¡» éy¡f«
 éy¡fkilahj rkãiyæš, 𝐹𝐸 = 𝐹𝐵
𝑒𝐸 = 𝑒𝐵𝑣
𝑬 w V‰gL«.
 fhªj¥òy¤jhš vy¡£uh‹ ÛJ brašgL« fhªjéirahJ ika neh¡F

w
𝒗 = − − − (𝟏) éirahf kh¿ vy¡£uh‹ f‰iwia miut£l¥ghijæš brY¤J»wJ.
𝑩 vdnt
Kiw (1) - ä‹}£l v©iz¡ f©l¿jš :
𝑚 𝑣2

1
𝑒𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑣 2
2
w
 nfnjhL¡F«, MndhL¡F« Ïilna brašgL« ä‹dG¤j ntWghL V v‹f.
 Ïjdhš nfnjhL f®fŸ KL¡f¥gLtjhš, mJ bgW« ä‹dG¤j M‰wš
(𝑒𝑉), Ïa¡f M‰wyhf khW»wJ. vdnt
𝑒𝑣𝐵=

𝑒𝐵=
𝒆
= 𝟐
𝑚𝑣
𝑅
𝑅

𝑬
=
𝑚 ( )
𝑅
𝐵
𝐸
=
𝑚𝐸
𝐵𝑅
− − − −(𝟒)
𝒆 𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝒎 𝑩 𝑹
∴ = =  ä‹}£l v© Ñœf©lt‰iw rh®ªÂuhJ.
𝒎 𝟐𝑽 𝟐 𝑽 𝑩𝟐
 Ï¢rk‹gh£o‹ _y« bgw¥g£l ä‹}£l v© kÂ¥ò, (1) ga‹gL¤j¥gL« thÍ
𝒆 (2) ä‹thŒfë‹ Ïašò
= 𝟏. 𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝑪 𝒌𝒈−𝟏
𝒎
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
2. vy¡£uhå‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ig¡ f©l¿a cjΫ äšèf‹ v©bzŒ¤ Jë  éir gl¤ÂèUªJ, 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝑣
MŒéid étç¡fΫ. 4 4
äšèf‹ v©bzŒ¤ Jë MŒÎ : 𝜌 [ 𝜋 𝑟3] 𝑔 = 𝜎 [ 𝜋 𝑟3] 𝑔 + 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣
3 3
 A k‰W« B v‹git 20 cm é£l« 4 3
4 3
𝜌 [ 𝜋 𝑟 ]𝑔 − 𝜎 [ 𝜋 𝑟 ]𝑔 = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣
bfh©l t£ltot cnyhf j£LfŸ. 3 3
4 3 (𝜌
Ïit 1.5 cm Ïilbtëæš Ãç¤J 𝜋𝑟 − 𝜎 )𝑔 = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣
it¡f¥g£LŸsd. 3
𝑟3 18 𝜋𝜂𝑣
 Ϫj mik¥ò f©zho Rt® =
𝑟 4 𝜋 (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔

n
bfh©l fydhš NH¥g£LŸsd.
9𝜂𝑣

i
 Ϥj£LfS¡F Ïilna ca® ä‹dH¤j ntWghL (Rkh® 10 kV) 2
𝑟 =

l.
më¡f¥gL»wJ 2 (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔
𝟏
 nkšj£L A -æš xU ÁW Jis Ïl¥g£LŸsJ. mj‰F nk‰òw« v©bzŒ 𝟗𝜼𝒗 𝟐
𝒓 = [ ] − − − (𝟏)

a
bjë¡F« E©bjë¥gh‹ it¡f¥g£LŸsJ 𝟐 (𝝆 − 𝝈 )𝒈
 .E©bjë¥gh‹ cjéÍl‹ »ërç‹ ngh‹w mÂf ghFãiy bfh©l Âut« (2) ä‹}£l kÂ¥ig¡ fhzš :

d
bjë¡f¥gL« nghJ, mit ÁW Jëfshf kh¿, <®¥ò éirædhš Jis  jfLfS¡F Ïilna E - v‹w ä‹òy«
têna ÑnH éG»‹wd. brašgL« nghJ, v®ä‹}£l« bg‰w v©bzŒ

a
 ϤJëfŸ xëô£l¥g£L, E©ndh¡» _y« neh¡f¥gL»wJ. Jë ÛJ nkš neh¡»a ä‹éir ( 𝐹𝐸 )
 X - f®fis fh‰¿‹ têna brY¤Â, Áy v©izŒ Jëfis vj® brašgL»wJ.
ä‹Jfis bgUkhW brŒayh«.
 jFªjthW ä‹òy¤ij kh‰¿aik¤J, v©bzŒ Jëia nkš neh¡»nah

i k
 ä‹òy¤ij rçbrŒJ, gh®it òy¤Âš cŸs
VnjD« xU Jë ãiyãW¤j¥gL»wJ. mªãiyæš
m¤Jëæ‹ ÛJ ghFãiy éir brašglhJ.

v
mšyJ Ñœneh¡»nah efu brŒayh«, mšyJ mªju¤Âš ãiy ãW¤jyh«.

l
(1) v©bzŒ Jëæ‹ Mu« fhzš :  Ϫãiyæ‹ jå¤j éirgl« ÑnH
 ä‹òy« Ïšyh ãiyæš, v©bzŒ Jë <®¥ò éirahš Ñœneh¡» fh£l¥g£LŸsJ . Ï¥gl¤ÂèUªJ, 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝐸

a
KL¡f« mil»wJ. 4 4
𝜌 [ 𝜋 𝑟3] 𝑔 = 𝜎 [ 𝜋 𝑟3 ] 𝑔 + 𝑞 𝐸
 fh‰¿‹ gh»aš éir nkšneh¡» brašgLtjhš, mJ Óuhd 3 3

.k
Âirntf¤ij mila»wJ. ÏJnt K‰W Âirntf« vd¥gL«. Ïjid 4 4
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑞 𝐸 = 𝜌 [ 𝜋 𝑟3] 𝑔 − 𝜎 [ 𝜋 𝑟3] 𝑔
𝑣 v‹f. 3 3
4 3 (𝜌
 v©bzŒ Jëæ‹ jå¤j bghUŸ éirgl« fh£l¥g£LŸsJ. 𝑞𝐸= 𝜋𝑟 − 𝜎 )𝑔

w
3
 v©bzŒ Jëæ‹ Mu« =𝑟 4
v©bzŒ Jëæ‹ ml®¤Â = 𝜌 𝑞= 𝜋 𝑟 3 (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔
3𝐸

w
fh‰¿‹ ml®¤Â =𝜎  rk‹ghL (1) -I ÃuÂæl,
1
 v©bzŒ Jëæ‹ ÛJ Ñœneh¡» 4 9𝜂𝑣 9𝜂𝑣 2
𝑞= 𝜋 [ ][ ] (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔

w
brašgL« òé<®¥ò éir,
4 3𝐸 2 (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔 2 (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔
1
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝑔 = 𝜌 [ 𝜋 𝑟 3 ] 𝑔 18 𝜂𝑣 2
3 𝑞= 𝜋 [𝜂 𝑣] [ ] (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔
 Ïl«bga®ªj fh‰¿dhš nkšneh¡» 𝐸 2 (𝜌 − 𝜎 )𝑔
brašgL« äj¥ò éir, 𝟏

4 𝟏𝟖 𝜼𝟑 𝒗 𝟑 𝟐

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 𝜎 𝑉 𝑔 = 𝜎 [ 𝜋 𝑟 3 ] 𝑔 𝒒= 𝝅[ ] − − − (𝟐)
3 𝑬 𝟐 (𝝆 − 𝝈 )𝒈
 fh‰¿‹ gh»aš éirahJ, v©bzŒ Jë Ïa§F« Âir¡F v®Âiræš  Ϫj MŒit gyKiw brŒJ, fz¡»l¥g£l v©bzŒ Jëæ‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò,
brašgL«. °nlh¡ éÂ¥go gh»aš éir, (− 1.6 𝑋 10−9 ) v‹w mo¥gil k¥Ë KG v© kl§fhf ÏU¥gij f©l¿ªjh®.
𝐹𝑣 = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣 Ϫj mo¥gil kÂ¥ng vy¡£uhå‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò (𝒆) MF«. vdnt,
𝒆 = − 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑪
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
3. ngh® mQkhÂçia¥ ga‹gL¤Â, iA£u#‹ mQé‹ Mu« k‰W«  n = 1, Kjš R‰Wghij¡F (moãiy) 𝑟1 = 𝑎𝑂 = 0.529 𝐴
M‰wY¡fhd nfhitfis jUé¡fΫ.  n = 2, Ïu©lhtJ R‰Wghij¡F (Kjš »s®Î ãiy)
𝒏 − tJ t£lghijæ‹ Mu« : 𝑟2 = 4 𝑎𝑂 = 4 𝑋 0.529 𝐴 = 2.116 𝐴
 ãiyahf cŸs mQ¡fUit, R‰¿ tU« vy¡£uh‹ x‹iw fUJnth«.  n = 3, _‹whtJ R‰Wghij¡F (Ïu©lhtJ »s®Î ãiy)
 mQ v© =𝑍 𝑟3 = 9 𝑎𝑂 = 9 𝑋 0.529 𝐴 = 4.761 𝐴
mQ¡fUé‹ ä‹}£l« =+𝑍𝑒  Mfnt, R‰Wghijæ‹ Mu«, 𝒓𝒏 ∝ 𝒏𝟐
vy¡£uh‹ ä‹}£l« =−𝑒 𝒏 − tJ t£lghijæš vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf« :
vy¡£uhå‹ ãiw =𝑚  nghç‹ nfhz cªj Fth©lkh¡fš ãgªjidæ‹ go,

n
 Tÿ« éÂ¥go, ℎ

i
𝑚 𝑣𝑛 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛
1 (+ 𝑍 𝑒) (−𝑒) 2𝜋

l.
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝑟̂ 𝑛2 ℎ
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛2 𝑚 𝑣𝑛 𝑎𝑂 =𝑛
1 𝑍 𝑒2 𝑍 2𝜋
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = − 𝑟̂ 𝒉 𝒁

a
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛2 𝒗𝒏 = − − − (𝟓)
𝟐 𝝅 𝒎 𝒂𝑶 𝒏
 ika neh¡F éirahdJ, 𝟏

d
𝑚 𝑣𝑛2  vdnt, 𝒗𝒏 ∝ (mjhtJ) Kj‹ik Fth©l« v© mÂj»¤jhš,
𝒏
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = − 𝑟̂ vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf« FiwÍ«.. vdnt »s®Î ãiyfis él
𝑟𝑛
 rkãiyæš,
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹

k a
moãiyæš cŸs vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf« bgUk« MF«.
𝒏 − tJ t£lghijæš vy¡£uhå‹ bkh¤j M‰wš :
 ãiy ä‹åaš éir xU M‰wš kh‰wh éirÏ

i
2
1 𝑍𝑒 𝑚 𝑣𝑛2
− 𝑟̂ = − 𝑟̂  𝑛-tJ R‰W¥ghijæ‹ ãiyä‹dG¤j M‰wš,
2

v
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑛 1 (+ 𝑍 𝑒) (−𝑒) 1 𝑍 𝑒2
1 𝑍 𝑒2 𝑚 𝑣𝑛2

l
𝑈𝑛 = = −
= − − − − − (1) 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛2 𝑟𝑛  𝑛-tJ R‰W¥ghijæš vy¡f£uhå‹ Ïa¡f M‰wš,
𝑟𝑛 =
(4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ) 𝑚 𝑣𝑛2 𝑟𝑛2
𝑍𝑒 2
=
𝑍 𝑒 2𝑚
a
(4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ) 𝑚2 𝑣𝑛2 𝑟𝑛2
1
𝐾𝐸𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑛2 = [
1 1 𝑍 𝑒2
] [𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑛(1)]

.k
(4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ) [𝑚 𝑣𝑛 𝑟𝑛 ]2 2 2 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛
𝑟𝑛 =  ÏÂèUªJ, 𝑼𝒏 = −𝟐 𝑲𝑬𝒏
𝑍 𝑒 2𝑚
 ngh® vLnfhë‹ go, nfhz cªjkhdJ,  𝑛-tJ R‰W¥ghijæ‹ bkh¤j M‰wš,

w
ℎ 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑈𝑛 + 𝐾𝐸𝑛 = −2 𝐾𝐸𝑛 + 𝐾𝐸𝑛 = − 𝐾𝐸𝑛
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑛 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛 =𝑛ℏ 1 𝑍 𝑒2
2𝜋 𝐸𝑛 = −
 vdnt, 8 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 𝑟𝑛

𝑟𝑛 =
(4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ) [𝑙𝑛 ]2
=
w 2
𝑛ℎ 2
(4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ) [ ]
𝜋 = (4 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ) 𝑛 ℎ
2 2  rk‹ghL (2) ‹ go, 𝑟𝑛 = [
ℎ2 𝜀𝑂
𝜋 𝑚 𝑒2
1 𝑍 𝑒2
]
. vdnt
𝑛2
𝑍

w
𝑍 𝑒 2𝑚 𝑍 𝑒 2𝑚 𝑍 𝑒2𝑚 × 4 𝜋2 𝐸𝑛 = −
𝒉𝟐 𝜺𝑶 𝒏𝟐 8 𝜋 𝜀𝑂 ℎ2 𝜀𝑂 𝑛2
𝒓𝒏 = [ ] − − − − (𝟐) [ ]
𝝅 𝒎 𝒆𝟐 𝒁 𝜋 𝑚 𝑒2 𝑍
 𝜺𝑶 , 𝒉, 𝒎, 𝒆 k‰W« 𝝅 M»ait kh¿èfŸ. 𝒎 𝒆𝟒 𝒁𝟐
𝑬𝒏 = − − − − − (𝟔)
𝒏𝟐 𝟖 𝜺𝑶𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒓𝒏 = 𝒂𝑶 − − − − (𝟑)  iA£u#‹ mQΡF (Z = 1), vdnt
𝒁
𝒉 𝟐 𝜺𝑶 𝒎 𝒆𝟒 𝟏
ϧF, 𝑎𝑂 = = 0.529 𝐴 → ngh® Mu« 𝑬𝒏 = − − − − − (𝟕)
𝝅 𝒎 𝒆𝟐
𝟖 𝜺𝑶𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝒏𝟐
 iA£u#‹mQ¡F(Z = 1), 𝑛-tJ R‰Wghijæ‹ Mu«,
 ϧF v®F¿, mQ¡fUÎl‹ vy¡£uh‹ Ãiz¡f¥g£LŸsij fh£L»wJ.
𝒓 𝒏 = 𝒂 𝑶 𝒏𝟐 − − − − (𝟒)
 𝜺𝑶 , 𝒉, 𝒎, 𝒆 M»a kÂ¥òis ÃuÂæ£L eV my»š vGÂdhš,,
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 (5) ~g©£ tçir :
𝑬𝒏 = − 𝒆𝑽
𝒏𝟐  𝑛 = 5 k‰W« 𝑚 = 6, 7,8, ….
 n = 1, våš, 𝑬𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝒆𝑽  miyv©,
n = 2, våš, 𝑬𝟐 = − 𝟑. 𝟒 𝒆𝑽 1 1 1
n = 3, våš, 𝑬𝟑 = − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 𝒆𝑽 𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ]
𝜆 5 𝑚
 vdnt n - kÂ¥ò mÂfç¡F« nghJ, bkh¤j M‰wY« m»¡F«.  Ïit Ú©l mf¢Át¥ò gFÂæšmikÍ«.
 mjhtJ mQ¡fU¡F äf mU»š mikªj R‰W¥gijæ‹ M‰wš 5. ãiw v©iz bghU¤J ruhrç Ãiz¥gh‰wè‹ khWgh£il tiugl¤Jl‹
ÁWkkhF«. vdnt mJ mo ãiy M‰wš (ÁWkãiy M‰wš) vd¥gL»wJ. és¡» mj‹ Ïašòfis és¡Ff.

n
 vdnt iA£u#å‹ moãiy M‰wš −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝒆𝑽 MF«. ÏJ ç£bg®¡ vD« Ãiz¥ò M‰wš tisnfhL :

i
xU myfhf ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.  xU ãô¡ëahD¡fhd ruhrç Ãiz¥gh‰wš v‹gJ, mQ¡fU x‹¿èUªJ

l.
4. iA£u#‹ mQt‹ ãwkhiy bjhl®fis és¡Ff. xU ãô¡ëahid btëna‰w¤ njit¥gL« M‰wyhF«. mjhtJ
iA£u#‹ mQt‹ ãwkhiy bjhl®fŸ : 𝐵𝐸 [(𝑍 𝑚𝑃 + 𝑁 𝑚𝑛 ) − 𝑀𝐴 ] 𝑐 2
̅̅̅̅ =
𝐵𝐸 =
 m - tJ t£l ghijæèUªJ, n - tJ t£l ghij¡F vy¡£uh‹ jhΫ nghJ 𝐴 𝐴
cäH¥gL« f®ŢÁ‹ miy v© (miyÚs¤Â‹jiyÑê),
1 1 1
𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ]
𝜆 𝑛 𝑚

d a
 A - kÂ¥ig X - m¢ÁY«, 𝐵𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ - kÂ¥ig Y - m¢ÁY« bfh©L bgw¥gL«
tiugl« Ãiz¥gh‰wš tisnfhL vd¥gL«.

a
 ϧF𝑅 → ç£bg®¡ kh¿è (𝑅 = 1.097 𝑋 107 𝑚−1 )
 𝑚 > 𝑛 v‹w ãgªjidæš IªJ ãwkhiy bjhl®fŸ ϧnf
és¡f¥g£LŸsd.
(1) iyk‹ tçir :
 𝑛 = 1 k‰W« 𝑚 = 2, 3, 4, ….
i k
 miyv©,
1 1
𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ]
1

l v
𝜆 1 𝑚
 Ïit òw Cjh¥ gFÂæš mikÍ«.
a
.k
(2) ghk® tçir :
 𝑛 = 2 k‰W« 𝑚 = 3, 4, 5, . ….  Ϫj tiugl¤ÂèUªJ bgw¥g£l KoÎfŸ,
 miyv©, (1) A - kÂ¥ò mÂfç¡f mÂfç¡f, ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 - kÂ¥ò« Kjèš mÂfç¤J,

w
1 1 1 𝐴 = 56 (ÏU«ò) mQ¡fUé‰F 8.8 MeV v‹w bgUk kÂ¥ig
𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ]
𝜆 2 𝑚 mil»wJ.
 Ïit f©QW gFÂæš mikÍ«. (2) 𝐴 = 40 ÏèUªJ 120 tiuæyhd mQ¡ fU¡fë‹ 𝐵𝐸̅̅̅̅ kÂ¥ò ruhrçahf
(3) ghõ‹ tçir :
 𝑛 = 3 k‰W« 𝑚 = 4, 5, 6, ….
w 𝟖. 𝟓 𝑴𝒆𝑽 MF«. Ïit mÂf ãiyj‹ikÍlD«, fÂça¡f¤j‹ik ÏšyhkY«
cŸsd.
 miyv©,
1
𝜆
1
𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ]
3 𝑚
1
w
 Ïit mUfik mf¢Át¥ò gFÂæš mikÍ«.
(4) Ãuh¡bf£ tçir :
(3) 𝐴 > 120 bfh©l jåk§fS¡F, ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 kÂ¥ò bkJthf FiwªJ bfh©nl
tªJ, Ínuåa¤Â‰F 7.6 MeV v‹w kÂ¥ig mil»wJ. Ïit
ãiyj‹ik Ïšyhj k‰W« fÂça¡f j‹iknahL cŸsd.
(4) Fiwªj ãiw v© bfh©l Ïu©L nyrhd mQ¡fU¡fŸ ÏizªJ
fdkhd mQ¡fUthf khW«nghJ, ÏW mQ¡fUé‹ 𝐵𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ kÂ¥ò
 𝑛 = 4 k‰W« 𝑚 = 5, 6, 7, …. bjhl¡f mQ¡fU¡fë‹ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 kÂ¥ig él mÂfkhf ÏU¡F«. vdnt
 miyv©, ÏU nyrhd jåk§fŸ ÏizÍ« nghJ, mÂf msÎ M‰wš
1 1 1
𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2 ] btëél¥gL»‹wJ. ÏJnt iA£u#‹ F©o‹ j¤Jtkhf
𝜆 4 𝑚 és§F»wJ.
 Ïit mf¢Át¥ò gFÂæ‹ ika¤ÂšmikÍ«.
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
(5) Ïnjnghš fdkhd jåk¤Â‹ mQ¡fUit¥ ÃsÎ brŒJ Ïu©L 7. fÂça¡f jåk¤Â‹ miuMÍ£fhy« k‰W« ruhrç MÍ£fhy¤Â‰fhd
mšyJ mj‰F nk‰g£l Ïilãiy kÂ¥òila mQ¡fU¡fis rk‹gh£il jUé¡fΫ.
cUth¡F« nghJ« Vuhskhd M‰wš btë¥gL»‹wJ. ÏJ miu MÍ£fhy« :
mQF©o‹ j¤JtkhF«.  fÂça¡f jåk¤Âš, bjhl¡f¤Âš cŸs mQ¡fëš ghÂasÎ mQ¡fŸ
6. fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂæid jUé¡f. Áijtila vL¤J¡bfhŸS« fhy« miu MÍ£fhy« (𝑇1 ) vd¥gL«.
2
fÂça¡f ÁirÎ é :
 fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂ¥go, 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡
 xU F¿¥Ã£l fz¤Âš, XuyF neu¤Âš eilbgW« ÁijÎfë‹ 𝑁𝑂
v©â¡if mjhtJ ÁijÎ Åj« MdJ, m¡fz¤Âš cŸs  𝑡 = 𝑇1 våš, 𝑁 = MF«. vdnt
2 2

n
mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if¡F ne®jféš ÏU¡F«. ÏJnt fÂça¡f 𝑁𝑂 − 𝜆 𝑇1 1 − 𝜆 𝑇1 𝜆 𝑇1
= 𝑁𝑂 𝑒 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝑒 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑒 =2

i
2 2 2
ÁijÎ éÂahF«. 2 2

l.
és¡f« :  kl¡if fh©f,
 fÂça¡f jåk¤Âš bjhl¡f¤Âš ( 𝑡 = 0 ) cŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ 𝜆 𝑇1 = ln 2
2
v©â¡if 𝑁𝑂 v‹f.

a
𝐥𝐧 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏
 𝑡 − neu¤Â‰F ÃwF ÛjKŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if 𝑁 v‹f. 𝑻𝟏 =
=
𝟐 𝝀 𝝀

d
 𝑑𝑡 − neu¤Âš ÁijtilÍ« mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if 𝑑𝑁 våš, ÁijÎ  vdnt 𝑡 = 0neu¤Âš cŸs mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if 𝑵𝑶 våš,
𝑑𝑁 𝑵𝑶
Åj« MF«. vdnt fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂ¥go, (1) Kjš miuMÍ£fhy¤Âš ÁijÎwh mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if =

a
𝑑𝑡 𝟐
𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁 𝑵
∝𝑁 (𝑜𝑟) = −𝜆𝑁 − − − − − (1) (2) 2-tJ miuMÍ£fhy¤Âš ÁijÎwh mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if = 𝑶

k
𝟒
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
ϧF, 𝜆 → ÁijÎ kh¿è (3) vdntbghJthf, 𝑛-tJ miuMÍ£fhy¤Âš Áijtilahkš ÛjKŸs
 neu« bršy bršy, mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if (𝑁) FiwÍ« v‹gij
v®F¿ fh£L»wJ.

v i mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if 𝑁 = 𝒏𝑶
ruhrç MÍ£fhy« (𝝉) :
𝟐
𝑵

l
𝑑𝑁  xU mQ¡fUé‹ ruhrç MÍ£fhy« v‹gJ, mid¤J mQ¡fU¡fë‹
 rk‹ghL (1) -èUªJ, = − 𝜆 𝑑𝑡
𝑁 MÍ£fhy§fë‹ TLjY¡F«, bjhl¡f¤Âš ÏUªj bkh¤j

a
 bjhifæl,
𝑁 𝑡 mQ¡fU¡fë‹ bkh¤j v©â¡if¡F« cŸs jfÎ MF«.
𝑑𝑁

.k
∫ = − 𝜆 ∫ 𝑑𝑡  fÂça¡f jåk¤Â‹ ÁijÎ kh¿è 𝜆 -våš, ruhrç MÍ£fhy«,
𝑁𝑂 𝑁 0 𝟏
[ln 𝑁]𝑁𝑁𝑂 = − 𝜆 𝑡 𝝉=
𝝀
[ln 𝑁 − ln 𝑁𝑂 ] = − 𝜆 𝑡  ruhrç MÍ£fhyK«, ÁijÎ kh¿èÍ« x‹W¡bfh‹W v®jféš ÏU¡F«.
𝑁
ln [ ] = − 𝜆 𝑡
𝑁𝑂
w miuMÍ£fhy« k‰W« ruhrç MÍ£fhy« - bjhl®ò
𝑻𝟏 = 𝝉 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝝉

w
mL¡F F¿p£oš kh‰w »il¥gJ, 𝟐
𝑁
= 𝑒− 𝜆 𝑡 8. fh®g‹ fhy¡fâ¥ò g‰¿ és¡Ff.
𝑁𝑂

w
fh®g‹ fhy¡fâ¥ò :
𝑵 = 𝑵𝑶 𝒆− 𝝀 𝒕 − − − (𝟐)
 Õ£lh Áijé‹ xU K¡»a ga‹ghL fÂça¡f fh®g‹ fhy¡fâ¥ò MF«
 rk‹ghL (2) - èUªJ 𝒕 - neu¤Â‰F ÃwF
ÁijtilahkšÏU¡F« mQ¡fU¡fë‹  ÏJ gH§fhy¥ bghUŸfë‹ taij f©l¿a¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
v©â¡ifia f©l¿ayh«  thG« cæçd§fŸ mid¤J« fh‰¿èUªJ 𝐶𝑂2 - it c£ft®ªJ, fçk
 nkY« mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if _y¡TWfis cUth¡F»‹wd.
neu¤ij¥ bghU¤J mL¡F¡F¿ Kiw¥go  c£ftu¥g£l 𝐶𝑂2 - éš bgU«gF 126 𝐶 MfΫ , äf äf Á¿a gFÂ
Fiw»wJ. fÂça¡f 146 𝐶 MfΫ cŸsJ.
 mid¤J fÂça¡f mQ¡fU¡fS« Áijtila Koéyh fhy« MF«.  Ïš 146 𝐶 - ‹ miu MÍ£fhy« 5370 M©LfŸ

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
 tëk©ly¤Âš cŸs fh®g‹ - 14 bjhl®ªJ Áijtil»wJ. Mdhš  mQ¡fU ÃsÎ éid eilbgW« Åj¤ij rçbrŒtj‰F mšyJ
é©âèUªJ tU« fh°ä¡ f®fshš tëk©ly¤Âš fh®g‹ -14 f£L¡FŸ it¥gj‰F ga‹gL« mik¥ò f£L¥gL¤J« j©LfŸ
bjhl®ªJ cUth»wJ. vd¥gL«.
 Ïjdhš 146 𝐶 k‰W« 126 𝐶 −¡F Ïilnaahd é»j« khwhkš ÏU¡F«.  Ãsit éidæš cUthF« mÂf¥goahd ãô£uh‹fis c£ft®jš
 ku§fŸ, kåj®fŸ mšyJ vªj xU cæçdK« tëk©ly¤ÂèUªJ _y« ÃsÎ éid f£L¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
bjhl®ªJ 𝐶𝑂2 -it c£ft®tjhš, thG« cæ® x‹¿š fhz¥gL« 146 𝐶 k‰W«  bghJthf fh£äa« mšyJ nghuh‹ M»ait f£LgL¤J« j©Lfshf
12 ga‹gL»‹wd.
6 𝐶 é»j« Vw¡Fiwa kh¿èahf ÏU¡F«.
 Mdhš m›Îæçd« Ïwªj ÃwF, 𝐶𝑂2 c£ft®tJ ã‹W éL»wJ. vdnt (5) Fëué¡F« mik¥ò :

n
14 14 12  mQ¡fU ciyæ‹ cŸsf¤Âš cUthF« bt¥g¤ij Ú¡f Fë®é¡F«
6 𝐶 ÁijÎ fhuzkhf Ïwªj cæ狤‹ clèš cŸs 6 𝐶 ∶ 6 𝐶 é»j«

i
ehsiléš Fiwa¤ Jt§F«. mik¥ò ga‹gL»wJ.

l.
 Ïnjnghš, k©Q¡FŸ òijªj xU gH§fhy ku¤Â‹ khÂç¥ bghUŸ x‹W  Fë®é¥ghdhf ga‹gL« bghUŸ äf mÂf j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤ÂwidÍ«,
njh©o vL¡f¥g£L, mj‹ 146 𝐶 ∶ 126 𝐶 é»j« m¿a¥g£lhš m«ku¤Â‹ mÂf mG¤j¤Âš mÂf bfhÂãiyiaÍ« bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«.
 bghJthf Ú®, fdÚ® k‰W« Âut nrhoa« ngh‹wit Fë®é¥ghdf

a
taij¡ fz¡»l KoÍ«.
9. gl¤Â‹ cjéÍl‹ mQ¡fU ciy ntiy brŒÍ« éj¤ij és¡fΫ. brašgL»wJ.
 Fs®é¥ghdhš c£ft®ªj bt¥gkhdJ, Úuhé Ïa‰¿¡F fl¤j¥gL»wJ.

d
mQ¡fU ciy :
 KG f£L¥gh£Ll‹, j‰rh®òila  Úuhéædhš RHèfŸ Ïa¡f¥g£L ä‹c‰g¤Â ciyfëš ä‹dh‰wš

a
tifæš mQ¡fU ÃsÎ eilbgW« c‰g¤Â brŒa¥gL»wJ.
mik¥ò mQ¡fU ciy vd¥gL«. (6) jL¥ò mik¥ò :
 cy»‹ Kjš mQ¡fU ciy
mbkç¡fh eh£o‹ Áfhnfh efçš

i k
 Ôik éisé¡F« f®ŢÁèUªJ e«ik ghJfh¤J¡bfhŸs 2 - 2.5 m
jokDŸs f‰fhiuædhš Md RtuhdJ mQ¡fU ciyia¢ R‰¿

v
f£l¥g£lJ. mik¡f¥gL»wJ.

l
 Ïš cUthF« M‰wš MuhŒ¢Á 10. Ïa‰ifæš cŸs mo¥gil JfŸfis¥ g‰¿ és¡Ff.
njitfS¡nfh mšyJ ä‹Âw‹ mo¥gil JfŸfŸ :

a
c‰g¤Â¡nfh ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.  bjhl¡f¤Âš ònuh£lh‹fŸ, ãô£uh‹fŸ k‰Wk vy¡£uh‹fŸ M»aitna
gUbghUŸfë‹ mo¥gil JfŸfŸ vd e«g¥g£L tªjJ.

.k
mik¥ò :
(1) vçbghUŸ :  Mdhš 1964 - « M©L, K®nu bfšnk‹ k‰W« #h®{ °nt¡ v‹gt®fŸ,
 235 239 ònuh£lh‹fS« k‰W« ãô£uh‹fS« mo¥gil JfŸfŸ mšy, mit
92𝑈 mšyJ 94 𝑃𝑢 bghJthf ga‹gL¤j¥gL« vçbghUŸ MF«.
Fth®¡FfŸ v‹w JfŸfshš Mdit v‹w fU¤Âid K‹bkhêªjh®.
 Ïa‰if Ínuåa¤Âš 0.7% msnt 235 92𝑈 cŸsJ. vdnt ÏJ

w
 vdnt Fth®¡Ffns mo¥gil JfŸfshf fUj¥gL»‹wd. Mdhš
br¿ñ£l¥g£L mš 2 - 4 % msÎ 23592 𝑈 ÏU¡FkhW brŒa¥gL»wJ.
vy¡£uh‹fŸ ntW vªj JfŸfshY« cUth¡f¥glhjjhš mit mo¥gil
(2) ãô£uh‹ _y« :
JfŸfshfnt fUj¥gL»‹wd.

w
 bjhl®éidia Jt¡f, ãô£uh‹ _y« njit¥gL»wJ.
 òS£nlhåa« mšyJ bghnyhåa¤Jl‹ bgçèa« fyªj fyit
 1968 -š mbkç¡fhéš cŸs °lh‹ngh®L JfŸ KL¡» ika¤Âš
Fth®¡FfŸ f©LÃo¡f¥ g£ld.

w
ãô£uh‹ _ykhf brašgL»wJ.
(3) jâ¥gh‹fŸ :
 Fth®¡»‹ tiffŸ,
 Ãsit éidæš btë¥gL« ntf ãô£uh‹fŸ k‰bwhU mQ¡fUit
(1) nkš Fth®¡
Ãsit mila brŒa äf¡ FiwªJ thŒ¥ng cŸsJ. vdnt bjhl®éid
(2) Ñœ Fth®¡
V‰gl Fiwntf ãô£uh‹fŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gl nt©L«.
(3) ft®Î Fth®¡
 ntf ãô£uh‹fis, Fiwntf ãô£uhdhf kh‰w cjΫ bghUŸ
(4) òJik Fth®¡
jâ¥gh‹ vd¥gL«. (5) c¢Á Fth®¡
 bghJthf Ú®, fdÚ® k‰W« »uhig£ M»a bghUŸfŸ jâ¥gh‹fshf (6) mo Fth®¡
ga‹gL¤j gL»‹wd.  Ït‰¿‹ v®¤JfS« cŸsd. Fth®¡FfŸ mid¤Jnk Ëd kÂ¥òila
(4) f£L¥gL¤J« j©LfŸ : ä‹}£l§fis¥ bg‰WŸsd. vL¤Jfh£lhf,
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
2 𝑜
nkš Fth®¡»‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò = + 𝑒 𝜆 = 16.63 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 = 16.63 𝐴
3
1 2. iA£u#‹ mQé‹ 5 tJ R‰W¥ghijæ‹ (i) nfhz cªj« k‰W« (ii) mÂYŸs
Ñœ Fth®¡»‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò = − 𝑒
3
 Fth®¡ khÂçæ‹go, vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf« M»at‰iw¡ fz¡»Lf.
(1) xU ònuh£lh‹ Ïu©L nkš Fth®¡FfŸ (𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱𝒔, 𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝒈)
k‰W« xU Ñœ Fth®¡fhY« M¡f¥ ԮΠ: 𝒏 = 𝟓 ; 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱𝒔, 𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝒈
g£oU¡»wJ. (i) ngh® vLnfhë‹ go nfhz cªj«,
(2) xU ãô£uh‹ Ïu©L Ñœ Fth®¡FŸ 𝑛ℎ 5 𝑋 6.6 𝑋 10−34 5 𝑋 6.6 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 7
𝑙 =𝑛ℏ= = =
k‰W« xU nkš Fth®¡fhY« 2𝜋 22 2 𝑋 22

n
2𝑋
7

i
M¡f¥g£oU¡»wJ.
𝑙 = 2.5 𝑋 0.3 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 7

l.
11. Ïa‰ifæ‹ mo¥gil éirfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
Ïa‰ifæ‹ mo¥gil éirfŸ : 𝒍 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐 𝒔−𝟏
(1) <®¥ò éir : (ii) tiuaiwgo, nfhz cªj«, 𝑙 = 𝑚 𝑣 𝑟𝑛 . vdnt Âirntf«,

a
𝑙 𝑙
 ÏU ãiwfS¡F Ïilna brašgL« éir <®¥ò éir vd¥gL«. 𝑣= ==
 Nçaå‹ <®¥ò éirahnyna mid¤J nfhŸfS« Nçaid R‰¿ 𝑚 𝑟𝑛 𝑚 𝑛2 𝑟1

d
tU»‹wd. 5.25 𝑋 10−34
𝑣 =
 eh« óäæš ÏU¥gj‰F òéæ‹ <®¥ò éir fhuzkhf cŸsJ. 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 25 𝑋 0.53 𝑋 10−10
(2) ä‹fhªj éir :
 ÏU ä‹JfŸfS¡F Ïilna brašgL« éir ä‹fhªj éir

k a 𝑣 =
5.25 𝑋 107
9.1 𝑋 25 𝑋 0.53
𝑣 = 4.355 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 107

i
vd¥gL«.
𝑣 = 4.355 𝑋 105 𝑚 𝑠 −1
 ÏJ <®¥ò éiria él tèikahdJ.

v
3. (m) Kjš ngh® R‰W¥ghijæš, vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf« xëæ‹ Âirntf«
 eh« òéæ‹ gu¥Ãš ÏU¤jY¡F òé¥gu¥ÃYŸs mQ¡fS¡F«, e«

l
Ïilnaahd jfÎ gçkhz« Ïšyhj xU v© v‹gij ãWÎf.
ghj¤ÂYŸs mQ¡fS¡F« ÏilnaÍŸs ä‹fhªj éir fhuzkhf (M) ngh® mQkhÂçæš moãiy, Kjš »s®Î ãiy k‰W« Ïu©lhtJ »s®Î

a
cŸsJ. ãiyfëš cŸs vy¡£uh‹fë‹ Âirntf§fis¡ fz¡»Lf.
(3) mQ¡FU éir : ԮΠ:

.k
 ÏU ãô¡ëah‹fS¡F Ïilna brašgL« äf tèikahd éir
(m) n -tJ R‰W¥ghijæš, vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf«,
mQ¡fU éir vd¥gL«. ℎ 𝑍
 mQ¡fUé‹ ãiyj‹ik¡F mQ¡fU éirna fhuzkhF«. 𝑣𝑛 = [ ]
2𝜋𝑚𝑎𝑜 𝑛
 e« clèYŸs mQ¡fŸ ãiy¤j‹ikÍl‹ ÏU¥gj‰F mQ¡fU

w
𝜀𝑜 ℎ2 𝑜
éir njit¥gL»wJ.  ϧF, 𝑎𝑜 = = 0.53 𝐴 → ngh® Mu«
𝜋𝑚𝑒 2
(4) bk‹mQ¡fU éir :  vdnt,

w
 ÏJ mQ¡fU éiria él¡ Fiwªj bjhiyÎfëš brašgl¡ToaJ.
 Õ£lh ÁijÎ k‰W« é©Û‹fëš M‰wš cUthjš M»a ãfœÎfëš
ℎ
𝑣𝑛 =
𝜀 ℎ2
2𝜋𝑚 ( 𝑜 2 )
[
𝑍
𝑛
] =
ℎ 𝜋𝑚𝑒 2
2𝜋𝑚𝜀𝑜 ℎ2
𝑍
[ ] =
𝑛
𝑒2 𝑍
[ ]
2𝜀𝑜 ℎ 𝑛

w
Ϫj éir K¡»a g§fh‰W»wJ. 𝜋𝑚𝑒
vL¤J¡fh£L fz¡FfŸ - Ô®ÎfSl‹  bt‰¿l¤Âš xëæ‹ Âirntf« c - våš,
𝒐
1. iA£u#‹ mQé‹ 5 tJ R‰W¥ghijæ‹ Mu« 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝑨 våš, 𝑣𝑛 𝑒2 𝑍 𝑍
= [ ] = 𝛼 [ ] −−− − (1)
m¢R‰W¥ghijæš cŸs vy¡£uhå‹ miyÚs¤ij¡ fz¡»Lf. 𝑐 2𝜀𝑜 ℎ 𝑐 𝑛 𝑛
𝒐 𝑒2
ԮΠ: 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 ; 𝒏 = 𝟓  ϧF, = 𝛼 → E©tçaik¥ò kh¿è
2𝜀𝑜 ℎ 𝑐
 Fth©l« vªÂuéaè‹go, 2 𝜋 𝑟 = 𝑛 𝜆  iA£u#‹ mQΡF 𝑍 = 1 , k‰W« Kjš R‰W¥ghij¡F 𝑛 = 1. vdnt
 vdnt, 𝑣𝑛 𝑒2 (1.6 𝑋 10−19 )2
= 𝛼= =
2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 13.24 𝑋 10−10 𝑐 2𝜀𝑜 ℎ 𝑐 2 𝑋 8.85 𝑋 10−12 𝑋 6.6 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108
𝜆= = = 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.648 𝑋 10−10
𝑛 5
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
𝑣𝑛 1.6 𝑋 1.6 1 1  ãiw ika« ãiyahf cŸsjhš, mik¥Ã‹ bkh¤j ne®¡nfh£L cªj«
= 𝛼= = ≈
𝑐 2 𝑋 8.85 𝑋 6.6 𝑋 3 136.9 137 ⃗ (mšyJ) |⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑒 | = |⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑛 | = 𝑝
RêahF«. mjhtJ ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑒 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑛 = 0
 ÏJ xU gçkhz« Ïšyhj v© MF«.  vdnt mik¥Ã‹ Ïa¡f M‰wš,
(M) rk‹ghL (1) -èUªJ, 𝑝𝑒2 𝑝𝑛2 𝑝2 1 1 𝑝2 𝑚 + 𝑀
𝑍 𝐾𝐸 = + = [ + ]= [ ]
𝑣𝑛 = 𝛼 [ ] 𝑐 2𝑚 2𝑀 2 𝑚 𝑀 2 𝑚𝑀
𝑛 𝑝 2
1 4
𝜇𝑚 𝑒 1
 iA£u#‹ mQΡF 𝑍 = 1 vdnt. 𝐾𝐸 = [ ]=
1 2 𝜇𝑚 8 𝜀𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑛2
𝑚𝑀
𝑣𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑐 [ ] ϧF, 𝜇𝑚 = → RU¡f¥g£l ãiw

n
𝑛 𝑚+ 𝑀

i
 Kjš R‰W¥ ghijæš mjhtJ mo M‰wš ãiyæš (𝒏 = 𝟏 )  mik¥Ã‹ ãiy M‰wš,

l.
1 𝜇𝑚 𝑒 4 1
𝑣1 = 𝛼 𝑐 = 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 = 2.19 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 108 𝑈 = −
137 4 𝜀𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑛2
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏  vdnt mik¥Ã‹ bkh¤j Ïa¡f M‰wš,
 Ïu©lhtJ R‰W¥ ghijæš mjhtJ Kjš »s®Î ãiyæš (𝒏 = 𝟐 )
1
𝑣2 = 𝛼 𝑐 [ ] =
2
1
137
1 1
𝑋 3 𝑋 108 [ ] = 2.19 𝑋 106 𝑋 [ ]
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
2 2
𝐸= −

d a 𝜇𝑚 𝑒 4 1
8 𝜀𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑛2
𝟓𝟒.𝟒
5. iA£u#id¥ ngh‹wbjhU mQ x‹¿š M‰wš 𝑬𝒏 = − 𝟐 𝒆𝑽, våš,

a
𝒏
 _‹whtJ R‰W¥ ghijæš mjhtJ Ïu©lhtJ »s®Î ãiyæš (𝒏 = 𝟑 ) ËtUtdt‰iw¡ fz¡»lΫ. ϧF 𝒏 ∈ ℕ

k
1 1 1 1 (m) mªj mQé‹ M‰wš k£l§fis tiuaΫ. nkY« mj‹ mQ v©iz¡
𝑣3 = 𝛼 𝑐 [ ] = 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 [ ] = 2.19 𝑋 106 𝑋 [ ]

i
3 137 3 2 fz¡»lΫ.
𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 (M) mQ moãiyæš cŸsJ våš, mj‹ Kjš »s®Î ä‹dG¤j« k‰W«
 ϧF 𝒗𝟏 > 𝒗𝟐 > 𝒗𝟑
4. mQ¡fU ãiyahfΫ, mQ¡fUit¢ R‰¿ vy¡£uh‹fŸ Ïa§FtjhfΫ

l v maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j« M»at‰iw¡ fz¡»Lf.

(Ï) Kiwna 42 eV k‰W« 56 eV M‰wš bfh©l ÏU ngh£lh‹fis mªj

a
fU¤Âš bfh©L ngh® mQkhÂçæ‹ rk‹ghLfŸ jUé¡f¥g£LŸsd. mQé‹ ÛJ nkhj¢ brŒjhš, mt‰iw mªj mQ c£ftUkh?
mQ¡fUΫ Ïa¡f¤Âš cŸsjhf¡ fUÂdhš, m¤jifa mik¥Ãš M‰wè‹ (<) Kjš ngh® R‰W¥ghijæ‹ Mu¤ij¡ f©l¿f

.k
nfhitia¤ jUé¡ffΫ. (c ) mo ãiyæš mj‹ Ïa¡f k‰W« ä‹dG¤j M‰wšfis¡ fz¡»Lf
ԮΠngh® mQkhÂç bfhŸifæ‹ go, Ïa¡f M‰wš, ãiy M‰wš k‰W« ԮΠ: (m) bfhL¡f¥g£l M‰wš,
bkh¤j M‰wY¡fhd nfhit (iA£u#D¡F, 𝑍 = 1) 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒
𝑬𝒏 = − 𝒆𝑽
𝑚 𝑒4 1 𝒏𝟐
𝐾𝐸𝑛 =
8 𝜀𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑛2
𝑚 𝑒4 1
w  𝒏 = 𝟏 våš, 𝐸1 = − 54.4 𝑒𝑉
 𝒏 = 𝟐 våš, 𝐸2 = − 13.6 𝑒𝑉

w
𝑈𝑛 = −2 𝐾𝐸𝑛 = −  𝒏 = 𝟑 våš, 𝐸3 = − 6.04 𝑒𝑉
4 𝜀𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑛2
𝑚 𝑒4 1  𝒏 = 𝟒 våš, 𝐸4 = − 3.4 𝑒𝑉
𝐸𝑛 = − 𝐾𝐸𝑛 = −

w 8 𝜀𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑛2  𝒏 = ∞ våš, 𝐸∞ = 0 𝑒𝑉
 mQ¡fUé‹ ãiw M -v‹f. (M) ngh® bfhŸifæ‹go, mQé‹ bkh¤j M‰wš
mQ¡fUΫ Ïa¡f¤Âš cŸsJ v‹f. 13.6 𝑍 2
𝐸𝑛 = − 𝑒𝑉
 mQ¡fU - vy¡£uh‹ mik¥Ã‹ ÛJ 𝑛2
òwéir VJ« brašglhjjhš, iA£u#‹  bfhL¡f¥g£l rk‹gh£nlhL Ïjid x¥Ãl,
mQé‹ ãiw ika« ãiyahf ÏU¡F«. 13.6 𝑍 2 = 54.4
 vdnt ãiwæ‹ ika¤ij¥ bghU¤J 54.4
𝑍2 = = 4
mQ¡fUΫ, vy¡£uhD« Ïa¡f¤Âš 13.6
𝑍 = ±2
ÏU¡F«.
 mQ v© (𝑍) v®F¿ v©zhf ÏU¡f KoahJ. vdnt 𝑍 = 2
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
Kjš »s®Î M‰wš , 1
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 𝐴3
𝑬 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = −13.6 − (−54.4) = −13.6 + 54.4 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝒆𝑽 1
Kjš »s®Î ä‹dG¤j« , 𝑅 = 1.2 𝑋 10−15 𝑋 (197)3
𝑬 40.8 𝑒𝑉 𝑅 = 1.2 𝑋 10−15 𝑋 5.818
𝑽 = = = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝑽 𝑅 = 6.9816 𝑋 10−15 𝑚 = 6.9816 𝐹
𝑒 𝑒
Kjš maåah¡f M‰wš , 8. ãiw v© 𝑨 bfh©l mQ¡fUé‹ ml®¤Âia¡ fz¡»Lf.
𝑬 = 𝐸∞ − 𝐸1 = 0 − (−54.4) = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒 𝒆𝑽 ԮΠ:
Kjš maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j« ,  fU¤JfŸ x‹¿‹ ãiw 𝒎 - v‹f. vdnt ãiw v© 𝑨 bfh©l
𝑬 54.4 𝑒𝑉

n
mQ¡fUé‹ ml®¤Â,
𝑽 = = = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒 𝑽

i
𝑒 𝑒 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑚
𝜌= = =

l.
(Ï) ngh® bfhŸfifæ‹ go, ÏU M‰wš k£l§fS¡F Ïilnaahd ntWgh£L¡F¢
4 4 1 3
rkhd M‰wš bfh©l ngh£lhid mQ c£ftU«. 𝜋 𝑅3 𝜋 (𝑅0 𝐴3 )
3 3
𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = −13.6 − (−54.4) = −13.6 + 54.4 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝒆𝑽
𝐴𝑚 𝑚 3 𝑋 1.67 𝑋 10−27

a
𝐸3 − 𝐸1 = −6.04 − (−54.4) = −6.04 + 54.4 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟔 𝒆𝑽 𝜌= = =
𝐸4 − 𝐸1 = −3.4 − (−54.4) = −3.4 + 54.4 = 𝟓𝟏 𝒆𝑽 4 4 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (1.2 𝑋 10−15 )3
𝜋 𝑅𝑜3 𝐴 𝜋 𝑅𝑜3
3 3

d
𝐸3 − 𝐸2 = −6.04 − (−13.6) = −6.04 + 13.6 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝒆𝑽 3 𝑋 1.67 𝑋 1018 5.01 𝑋 1018
 Ïš vªjbthU thŒ¥ÃY« 42 𝑒𝑉 kÂ¥òŸs M‰wš ntWghL mikahjjhš, 𝜌= = = 2.308 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 1018

a
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1.728 21.70368
ngh£lh‹ 𝑨 c£ftu¥glhJ. 𝝆 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎−𝟑
 Mdhš 𝐸4 − 𝐸1 = 51 𝑒𝑉 vd miktjhš, Ï›tQthš ngh£lh‹ 𝐵

k
 mQ¡fUéDŸ cŸs fU¤JfŸfŸ äfΫ ÏWf¤ Ââ¡f¥g£l ãiyæš

i
c£ftu¥gL»‹wJ cŸsd v‹gij Ï›Îa® kÂ¥ò fh£L»wJ.
𝑎𝑜 𝑛 2
(<) ngh® R‰W¥ghijæ‹ Mu« ; 𝑟𝑛 = 9. ËtU« jftšfis ga‹gL¤Â 𝟒𝟐 𝑯𝒆 mQ¡fUé‹ Ãiz¥ò M‰wiy¡

v
𝑧
fz¡»Lf. Ëèa« mQé‹ mQãiw 𝑴𝑨(𝑯𝒆) = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒖 k‰W« iA£u#‹

l
ϧF, 𝑛 = 1 , 𝑧 = 2 våš.
𝑎𝑜 0.529 𝑋 10−10 mQé‹ ãiw 𝒎𝑯 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝒖

a
𝑟1 = = = 0.264𝑋10−10 𝑚 = 0.2648 Å ԮΠ: 𝑍 = 2 ; 𝐴 = 4 ; 𝑁 = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 2 ; 𝑀𝐴(𝐻𝑒) = 4.00260 𝑢 ; 𝑚𝐻 = 1.00785 𝑢
2 2
(c ) Ïa¡f M‰wyhdJ,  ãiw FiwÎ, ∆𝑚 = 𝑍 𝑚𝐻 + 𝑁 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀𝐴(𝐻𝑒)

.k
54.4 54.4 ∆𝑚 = (2 𝑋 1.00785) + (2 𝑋 1.008665) − 4.00260
𝐾𝐸𝑛 = − 𝐸𝑛 = − (− 2 𝑒𝑉) = 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 𝑛2 ∆𝑚 = 2.0157 + 2.01733 − 4.00260
vdnt jiu ãiy¡F, (𝑛 = 1) 𝑲𝑬𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒 𝒆𝑽 ∆𝑚 = 4.03303 − 4.00260

w
Ïnjnghš, ãiy ä‹dG¤j M‰wš, ∆𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒖
54.4 108.8  Ϫãiw FiwΡF rkkhd M‰wš Ãiz¥gh‰wš MF«.
𝑈𝑛 = −2 𝐾𝐸𝑛 = − 2 ( 2 𝑒𝑉) = − 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 𝑛2  eh« m¿ªjJ, 𝟏 𝒖 -¡F rkkhd M‰wš 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 MF«. vdnt ∆𝒎 -¡F
vdnt jiu ãiy¡F, (𝑛 = 1) 𝑼𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟖 𝒆𝑽

w rkkhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš MdJ,

𝑩𝑬 = ∆𝒎 𝑿 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 = 0.03043 𝑋 931 = 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝒆𝑽

w
𝟒
10. 𝟐 𝑯𝒆 mQ¡fUé‹ xU ãô¡ëahD¡fhd Ãiz¥ò M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf
6. Fnshçå‹ gšntW Inrhnlh¥òfS¡F Ïilna ntWghLfŸ Ïšiybaåš, ԮΠ: 𝑍 = 2 ; 𝐴 = 4
mt‰¿‹ ruhrç mQ ãiwia¡ fz¡»Lf.  Ëèa« mQ¡fUé‹ ãiw FiwÎ, ∆𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒖
ԮΠ:
 Ëèa« mQ¡fUé‹ Ãiz¥gh‰wš,
 Fnshç‹ jåkkhdJ, 75.77% 35 37
17𝑐𝑙 k‰W« 24.23% 17𝑐𝑙 M»at‰¿‹ fyit 𝑩𝑬 = ∆𝒎 𝑿 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 = 0.03043 𝑋 931 = 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝒆𝑽
MF«. vdnt mj‹ ruhrç mQãiw
 vdnt xU ãô¡ëahD¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš,
75.77 24.23
= 𝑋 34.96885 𝑢 + 𝑋 36.96593 𝑢 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟓 𝒖 𝐵𝐸 28
100 100 ̅̅̅̅ =
𝑩𝑬 = = 𝟕 𝑴𝒆𝑽
𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝐴 4
7. 𝟕𝟗 𝑨𝒖 mQ¡fUé‹ Mu¤ij¡ fz¡»Lf.
ԮΠ: 𝑍 = 79 ; 𝐴 = 197
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

11. (m) XŒÎ ãiyæYŸs 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 mQ¡fUthdJ 𝜶 -Jfis btëéLtj‹ _y« 12. bjhl¡jÂYŸs fÂça¡f¡ fh®g‹ - 14 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if 10000 våš,
𝟐𝟐𝟖
𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉 mQ¡fUthf ÁijÍ« ãfœéš ÁijÎ M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf. 22920 MzLfS¡F ÃwF Áijtilahkš ÏU¡F« mQ¡fë‹
mQãiwfŸ ËtUkhW : v©â¡ifia¡ fz¡»Lf. fh®g‹ - 14 ‹ miuMÍ£fhy« 5730 M©LfŸ.
𝟐𝟑𝟐
𝟗𝟐 𝑼 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒖,
𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝟒
𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝒖, 𝟐 𝑯𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝒖 ԮΠ: 𝑁𝑜 = 10000 ; 𝑡 = 22920 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 ; 𝑇1/2 = 5730 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝟐𝟐𝟖
(M) 𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉 k‰W« 𝜶 - JfŸ M»at‰¿‹ Ïa¡f M‰wš k‰W« mt‰¿‹ jfÎ  miuMÍ£fhy§fë‹ bkh¤j v©â¡if,
M»at‰iw¡ fz¡»L 𝑡 22920
𝑛= = =4
ԮΠ: Ïj‰fhd éid, 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 →
𝟐𝟐𝟖
𝟗𝟎 𝑻𝒉 + 𝜶 𝑇1/2 5730
 vdnt ãiwFiwghL,  vdnt, 4 miuMÍ£fhy§fS¡F¥ ÃwF, ÁijÎwh mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if,
∆𝑚 = ÁijΡF K‹ bkh¤j ãiw - ÁijΡF Ë bkh¤j ãiw
∆𝑚 = 𝑚𝑈 − (𝑚 𝑇ℎ + 𝑚𝛼 ) = 232.037156 − (228.028741 + 4.002603)
1 𝑛

i n 1 4
𝑵 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = ( ) 𝑋 10000 =
10000
= 𝟔𝟐𝟓

l.
2 2 16
∆𝑚 = 232.037156 − 232.031344 = 0.005812 13. miuMÍ£fhy« 10 ãäl« bfh©l xU fÂça¡f bghUë‹ ÁW mséš 2.6  g
 eh« m¿ªjJ, 𝟏 𝒖 -¡F rkkhd M‰wš 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 MF«. vdnt ∆𝒎 -¡F fy¥gläšyh 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝑵 cŸsJ.

a
rkkhd M‰wš (m) bjhl¡f¤Âš cŸs mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if v›tsÎ?
𝑸 = ∆𝒎 𝑿 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 = 0.005812 𝑋 931 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽 (M) bjhl¡f¤Âš fÂça¡f¢ brašghL v›tsÎ?
 ÏJ 𝜶 − JfŸ k‰W« nrŒ mQ¡fU (𝑻𝒉) M»at‰¿‹ Ïa¡f M‰wyhf¤
njh‹W»wJ.
(M) ÁijÎ ãfœéš bkh¤j ne®nfh£L cªj« khwhJ. vdnt,

a d
(Ï) 2 kâneu¤Â‰F¥ ÃwF brašghL v›tsÎ?
(<) Ï¥bghUë‹ ruhrç MÍŸ v›tsÎ?
ԮΠ: 𝑇1/2 = 10 min = 600 𝑠 ; 𝑚 = 2.6 𝜇𝑔 = 2.6 𝑋 10−6 𝑔 ; 𝐴 = 13

k
(m) eh« m¿ªjJ, 13 g -š cŸs 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝑵 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if mtnf£nuh

𝑚𝑈 (0) = 𝑚𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝜶 + 𝑚 𝑇ℎ ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 𝑇ℎ

0 = 𝑚𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝜶 + 𝑚 𝑇ℎ ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 𝑇ℎ

v i v©â‰F¢ rkkhF«. 1 g -š cŸs

 vdnt 2.6 𝜇𝑔 -š cŸs 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑
𝟕 𝑵 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if =
𝑵 mQ¡fë‹ bjhl¡f v©â¡if,
6.02 𝑋 1023
13

l
𝟕
𝑚𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝜶 = − 𝑚 𝑇ℎ ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 𝑇ℎ 6.02 𝑋 1023 15.652
𝑁𝑜 = 𝑋 2.6 𝑋 10−6 = 𝑋 10−17

a
𝑚
 v©k¥Ú, 𝑚𝜶 𝑣𝜶 = 𝑚𝑻𝒉 𝑣𝑻𝒉 . vdnt, 𝑣𝜶 = 𝑇ℎ 𝑣𝑻𝒉 − − − − − (1) 13 13
𝑚𝜶 𝑵𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕 mQ¡fŸ
 𝜶 − JfŸ k‰W« nrŒ mQ¡fU (𝑻𝒉) M»at‰¿‹ Ïa¡f M‰wè‹ jfÎ

.k
(M) bjhl¡f fÂça¡f brašghL,
1 0.6931
𝐾𝐸𝛼 𝑚𝛼 𝑣𝛼2 𝑚𝛼 𝑣𝛼2
= 2 = 𝑅𝑜 = 𝜆 𝑁𝑜 =
𝑇1/2
𝑁𝑜
𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ 1 2
𝑚 𝑇ℎ 𝑣𝑇ℎ
𝑚 𝑣2 0.6931

w
2 𝑇ℎ 𝑇ℎ
 rk‹ghL (1) -I ÃuÂæl, 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑋 1.204 𝑋 1017 = 0.6931𝑋 0.2006 𝑋1017 𝑋1017
600
𝐾𝐸𝛼 𝑚𝛼 𝑚 𝑇ℎ 2 𝑅𝑜 = 0.1390 𝑋 1017 𝑋 10−2 = 1.39 𝑋 1014 ÁijÎfŸ/s

w
= 2 ( 𝑣𝑻𝒉 )
𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ 𝑚 𝑇ℎ 𝑣𝑇ℎ 𝑚𝜶 𝑹𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑩𝒒
10
𝐾𝐸𝛼 𝑚 𝑇ℎ 228.02871  1 𝐶𝑖 = 3.7 𝑋 10 𝐵𝑞 v‹gjhš,
= = = 57

w
𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ 𝑚𝜶 4.002603 1.39 𝑋 1014 13900 139000
𝑅𝑜 = 𝐶𝑖 = =
𝐾𝐸𝛼 = 57 𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ − − − − (2) 3.7 𝑋 10 10 3.7 37
 vdnt éisbghUë‹ bkh¤j Ïa¡f M‰wš, 𝑹𝒐 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑪𝒊
𝐾𝐸𝛼 + 𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ = 5.41 𝑀𝑒𝑉 (Ï) 2 kâneu¤Â‰F¥ ÃwF brašghL,
𝑡
57 𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ + 𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ = 5.41 𝑀𝑒𝑉 1 𝑛 1 𝑇1/2
58 𝐾𝐸𝑇ℎ = 5.41 𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑅 = ( ) 𝑅𝑜 = ( ) 𝑋 𝑅𝑜
5.41 𝑀𝑒𝑉 2 2
𝑲𝑬𝑻𝒉 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝑴𝒆𝑽
58
𝑲𝑬𝜶 = 57 𝑋 0.093 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
2𝑋3600 0.6931 0.6931
1 600 1 12 𝜆 = =
𝑅=( ) 𝑋 3.756 𝑋 103 = ( ) 𝑋 3.756 𝑋 103 𝑇1 5730 𝑋 365.24 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60
2 2 2
1 𝜆 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒔−𝟏
𝑹= 𝑋 3756 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝑪𝒊
4096  bjhl¡f fÂça¡f brašghL,
(<) ruhrç MÍŸ,
𝑅𝑜 = 𝜆 𝑁𝑜 = 3.832 𝑋 10−12 𝑋 1.3 𝑋 1013
𝑇1/2 600
𝜏= = 𝑅𝑜 = 4.9816 𝑋 10 = 49.816 ≈ 50 ÁijÎfŸ/s
0.6931 0.6931 𝑹𝒐 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑩𝒒
𝜏 = 865.8 𝑠
 khÂç bghUë‹ fÂça¡f rk‹ghL, 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡

n
14. ÑHo v‹w Á¿a »uhk« jäœeh£oYŸs äfΫ K¡»akhd mfœtuhŒ¢Á
𝑅 𝑅𝑜
= 𝑒− 𝜆 𝑡

i = 𝑒𝜆𝑡
eilbgW« gFÂfëš (gl«) x‹whF«. ÏJ Átf§if kht£l¤Âš mikªJŸsJ. (𝑜𝑟)

l.
(j§f ehza§fŸ, k©fy‹fŸ, kâfŸ, ÏU«ò¡ fUéfŸ, mâfy‹fŸ k‰W« 𝑅𝑜 𝑅
ku¡fç¤J©L cŸë£l) gy bjhš iféid¥ bghUŸfŸ ÑHoæš  ÏUòwK« kl¡fif fh©f,
f©blL¡f¥g£LŸsd. Ïj‹ _y« itif M‰w§fiufëš g©ila ehfçf« 𝑅𝑜 𝑅𝑜

a
ln ( ) = 𝜆 𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) 2.303 log10 ( ) = 𝜆 𝑡
brê¤ÂUªjJ v‹gj‰fhd jFªj Mjhu« »il¤JŸsJ. Ï¥bghUŸfë‹ 𝑅 𝑅
1 𝑅𝑜

d
fhy¤ij¡ fâ¥gj‰F (gl¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs) 200 g fçahdJ fh®g‹ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑡= 2.303 log10 ( )
𝟏𝟒 𝜆 𝑅
fhy¡fâ¥ò nrhjid¡F c£gL¤j¥gL»wJ. mš 𝟔 𝑪 -‹ brašghL 1 50

a
38 ÁijÎfŸ /s våš, m¡fçæ‹ taij¡ fz¡»Lf. 𝑡= 2.303 log10 ( )
3.832 𝑋 10−12 38
1

k
𝑡= 2.303 log10 (1.316)
3.832 𝑋 10−12

v i 𝑡=
1
3.832 𝑋 10−12
𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.1193
2.303 𝑋 0.1193 𝑋 1012

ԮΠ: 𝑅 = 38 ÁijÎfŸ/s
a l  M©Lfëš,
𝑡=
3.832
𝑡 = 7.170 𝑋 10−2 𝑋1012 = 7.170 𝑋 1010 𝑠

.k
 eh« m¿ªjJ, 12 g -š cŸs 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝑪 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if mtnf£nuh 7.170 𝑋 1010
𝑡= 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
v©â‰F¢ rkkhF«. 1 g -š cŸs 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝑪 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if = 365.24 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60
10
6.02 𝑋 1023
7.170 𝑋 10
𝑡= 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

12
vdnt 200 𝑔 -š cŸs fçæš 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝑪 mQ¡fë‹ bjhl¡f v©â¡if,
6.02 𝑋 1023 w 𝑡=
3.156 𝑋 107
7.170 𝑋 103
3.156
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

w
12.04
𝑁𝑜 = 𝑋 200 = 𝑋 1025 𝑡 = 2.272 𝑋 103 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
12 12
𝑵𝒐 = 𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓 mQ¡fŸ 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 ≈ 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔

w
𝟐𝟑𝟓
15. 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 ãiwÍŸs 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 ÃsÎW« nghJ btë¥gL« M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf.
 khÂç bghUŸ cæUl‹ ÏUªjnghJ, 146 𝐶 : 126 𝐶 = 1.3 𝑋 10−12 ∶ 1
ԮΠ:
 vdnt 200 𝑔 -š cŸs fçæš 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝑪 mQ¡fë‹ bjhl¡f v©â¡if,
 eh« m¿ªjJ, 235 g -š cŸs 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if mtnf£nuh
𝑵𝒐 = 1 𝑋 1025 𝑋 1.3 𝑋 10−12 = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑 mQ¡fŸ
v©â‰F¢ rkkhF«.
6.02 𝑋 1023
 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if =
vdnt 1 g -š cŸs 𝟐𝟑𝟓
235
 vdnt 1 𝑘𝑔 -š cŸs 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟐 𝑼 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if,
 jåk¤Â‹ ÁijÎ kh¿è, 6.02 𝑋 1023 6.02 𝑋 1026
𝑁= 𝑋 1000 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
235 235
𝟐𝟑𝟓
 xU 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 c£fU Ãsit milÍ« nghJ btë¥gL« M‰wš = 200 𝑀𝑒𝑉
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

 vdnt 1 𝑘𝑔 -š cŸs všyh 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 c£U¡fS« Ãsit milÍ« nghJ 1. moãiyæYŸs 𝑯𝑨 k‰W« 𝑯𝑩 M»a ÏU iA£u#‹ mQ¡fis¡ fUjΫ.
btë¥gL« bkh¤j M‰wš, 𝑯𝑨 XŒÎ ãiyæš cŸsJ. F¿¥Ã£l ntf¤Jl‹ Ïa§F« 𝑯𝑩 mQ, XŒÎ
6.02 𝑋 1026 1204 𝑋 1026 ãiyæYŸs 𝑯𝑨 mQé‹ ÛJ neU¡F ne® nkhJ»wJ. nkhjY¡F¥ Ë
𝑄= 𝑋 200 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 𝑀𝑒𝑉 mitæu©L« x‹whf ÏizªJ Ïa§F»‹wd. Ï›éU iA£u#‹
235 235
𝟐𝟔
𝑸 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝒆𝑽 mQ¡fëš VnjD« x‹W »s®Î ãiyia mila nt©L« v‹whš Ïa¡f¤Âš
 #]š my»š kh‰w, [1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐽 ] ÏUªj 𝑯𝑩 iA£u#‹ mQé‹ Fiwªj g£l Ïa¡f M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf.
𝑄 = 5.123 𝑋 1026 𝑋 106 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐽 ԮΠ:
𝑸 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝑱  mQ¡fë‹ nkhjš Û£Á nkhjyhF«. Û£Á nkhjèš Ïa¡f M‰wš ÏH¥ò

n
 »nyh th£ kâ my»š kh‰w, [1 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 3.6 𝑋 106 𝐽 ] V‰glhJ. mjhtJ,
𝑄 =
8. 197 𝑋 1013
3.6 𝑋 10 6
=
𝑸 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝑾𝒉
81.97
36
𝑋 107
1
2
1
2 i
nkhjY¡F K‹ bkh¤j Ïa¡fM‰wš = nkhjY¡F Ë bkh¤j Ïa¡fM‰wš

l.
1
2
1
𝑚𝐴 𝑢𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑢𝐵2 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵2
2
 ϧF, 𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵 = 𝑚 ; 𝑢𝐴 = 0 ; 𝑢𝐵 = 𝑢𝑖 ; 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑣𝑓 . vdnt,

d a 1

1 2
1
0 + 𝑚𝑢𝑖2 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 + 𝑚𝑣𝑓2
2 2
1
𝑚𝑢𝑖 = 2 ( 𝑚𝑣𝑓 ) 2
1
2

a
2 2
𝐸𝑖 = 2 𝐸𝑓 − − − − − − − − − (1)

i k
 eh« m¿ªjJ, iA£u#‹ mQé‰F,
moãiyæ‹ M‰wš = −13.6 𝑒𝑉
Kjš »s®¢Á ãiyæ‹ M‰wš = −3.4 𝑒𝑉

l v  Kjš »s®Áah¡f ä‹dG¤j M‰wš : 𝐸𝑓 = −3.4 − (−13.6) = 10.2 𝑒𝑉

 vdnt 𝐻𝐵 iA£u#‹ mQé‹ Fiwªjg£r Ïa¡f M‰wš ,

a 𝑬𝒊 = 2 𝐸𝑓 = 2 𝑋 10.2 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒 𝒆𝑽

.k
2. ngh® mQ khÂçæš, ãiykh‰w§fë‹ m®bt© ËtU« rk‹gh£odhš
𝟏 𝟏
m¿a¥gL»wJ. 𝝂 = 𝑹 𝒄 [ 𝟐 − 𝟐] .ϧF 𝒏 < 𝒎,
𝒏 𝒎
ËtU« ãiykh‰w§fis¡ fUJf.

w
Ϫãiy kh‰w§fë‹ m®bt© T£lš é¡F
(Ï›é 磰 nr®¡if¤ j¤Jt«
v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ) c£gL« v‹gij ãWÎf.

w ԮΠ:
 3 → 2 ãiykh‰w¤Â‰F 𝒎 = 𝟑 ; 𝒏 = 𝟐 . vdnt

w
m®bt©,
1 1 1 1 5𝑅𝑐
𝜈3 →2 = 𝑅 𝑐 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 𝑐 [ − ] =
2 3 4 9 36
 2 → 1 ãiykh‰w¤Â‰F 𝒎 = 𝟐 ; 𝒏 = 𝟏 . vdnt
m®bt©,
1 1 1 3𝑅𝑐
𝜈2 →1 = 𝑅 𝑐 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 𝑐 [1 − ] =
1 2 4 4

 3 → 1 ãiykh‰w¤Â‰F 𝒎 = 𝟑 ; 𝒏 = 𝟏 . vdnt m®bt©,

gæ‰Á fz¡FfŸ – Ô®ÎfSl‹
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
1 1 1 8𝑅𝑐 1) 4 → 3
𝜈3 →1 = 𝑅 𝑐 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 𝑐 [1 − ] =
1 3 9 9 2) 4 → 2
 T£lš éÂ¥go, 3) 4 → 1
5𝑅𝑐 3𝑅𝑐 4) 3 → 2
𝜈3 →2 + 𝜈2 →1 = + 5) 3 → 1
36 4
5 𝑅 𝑐 + 27 𝑅 𝑐 32 𝑅 𝑐 6) 2 → 1
𝜈3 →2 + 𝜈2 →1 = = 4. òéæ‹ ml®¤ÂÍ«, mQ¡fUé‹ ml®¤ÂÍ« x‹whf ÏU¥Ã‹ òéæ‹
36 36
8 𝑅𝑐 Mu¤ij¡ fz¡»Lf. (òéæ‹ ãiw = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒈)
𝜈3 →2 + 𝜈2 →1 =
9 ԮΠ: 𝑀𝐸 = 5.97 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔
𝝂𝟑 →𝟐 + 𝝂𝟐 →𝟏 = 𝝂𝟑 →𝟏
3. (m) iA£u#‹ mQ x‹W miyÚs« 97.5 nm bfh©l f®ŢÁdhš »s®Îw
 bfhL¡f¥g£lJ,

i n
𝜌𝐸 = 𝜌𝑁 = 2.3 𝑋 1017 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3

l.
brŒa¥gL»wJ. m¡»s®Î ãiyæ‹ Kj‹ik¡ Fth©l« v©iz¡  òéæ‹ ml®¤Â,
𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐸
fz¡»Lf. 𝜌𝐸 = =
𝑉𝐸 4

a
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)
(M) btëéL ãwkhiyæš tçfë‹ bkh¤j v©â¡if v‹W fh£Lf. 𝜋 𝑅𝐸3
𝟐 3
nkY« btëéL ãwkhiyæš rh¤ÂakhF« tçfë‹ v©â¡if¡ fz¡»Lf. 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐸

d
∴ 𝑅𝐸3 = =
ԮΠ: 𝜆 = 97.5 𝑛𝑚 = 97.5 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 4 4
𝜋 𝜌𝐸 𝜋 𝜌𝑁
3 3

a
 n - v‹w ãiy¡F »s®¢ÁÍw njitahd f®ŢÁ‹ M‰wš 5.97 𝑋 10 24
3 𝑋 5.97 𝑋 1024
ℎ𝑐 6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 𝑅𝐸3 = =
4 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3 𝑋 1017

k
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈= = 𝐽 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3 𝑋 1017
𝜆 97.5 𝑋 10−9 3

i
−34 8
6.626 𝑋 10 𝑋 3 𝑋 10 3 𝑋 5.97 𝑋 1024 17.91 𝑋107 179.1 𝑋106
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 𝑅𝐸3 = = =
97.5 𝑋 10 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19
−9
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3 𝑋 10 17 28.888 28.888
𝐸=
19.878 𝑋 10
156
2
𝑒𝑉 =
1987.8
156
𝑒𝑉

l v ∴ 𝑅𝐸 = [
179.1 𝑋106 3
21.888
] = [
1
179.1 3
21.888
1

] 𝑋 102

a
𝐸 = 12.74 𝑒𝑉
 iA£u#‹ mQé‹ moãiy M‰wš 𝐸1 = − 13.6 𝑒𝑉 𝑅𝐸 = 1. 837𝑋 102 = 183.7 𝑚 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝒎

.k
𝟏𝟎𝟖
 vdnt n - v‹w ãiyæ‹ M‰wš 𝐸𝑛 våš, »s®¢Áah¡f M‰wš 5. 𝟒𝟕𝑨𝒈 mQ¡fUé‹ ãiw ÏH¥ò k‰W« xU ãô¡ëahD¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑛 − 𝐸1 M»at‰iw¡ fz¡»lΫ. ( 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟒𝟕𝑨𝒈 mQãiw = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒖)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐸 + 𝐸1 = 12.74 + (−13.6) = 12.74 − 13.6 ԮΠ: 𝑍 = 47 ; 𝐴 = 108 ; 𝑁 = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 61 ; 𝑀𝐻𝑔 = 107.905949

w
𝐸𝑛 = − 0.86 𝑒𝑉
 ngh® bfhŸifæ‹ go, iA£u#‹ mQé‹ n - v‹w ãiyæ‹ M‰wš
13.6

w
𝐸𝑛 = − 2 𝑒𝑉
𝑛
13.6 13.6  ãiw FiwÎ, ∆𝑚 = 𝑍 𝑚𝐻 + 𝑁𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀𝐻𝑔
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑛2 = − 𝑒𝑉 = − 𝑒𝑉 ∆𝑚 = (47 𝑋 1.007825) + (61𝑋1.008665) − 107.905949

w
𝐸𝑛 (− 0.86 𝑒𝑉)
13.6 ∆𝑚 = 47.367775 + 61.528565 − 107.905949
𝑛2 = = 15.81 ≈ 16 ∆𝑚 = 108.89634 − 107.905949 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟏 𝒖
0.86
∴ 𝒏=𝟒  Ãiz¥gh‰wš,
(M) mDk¡f¥g£l ãiykh‰w§fë‹ v©â¡if, 𝐵𝐸 = ∆𝑚 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 0.990391 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 4(4 − 1) 4 𝑋 3 12 𝑩𝑬 = 𝟗𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽
= = = =6
2 2 2 2  vdnt xU fU¤JfS¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš,
𝐵𝐸 922.054021
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 = = = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟑𝟗 𝑴𝒆𝑽
𝐴 108
vdnt eilbgW« MW ãiykh‰w§fŸ,

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

6. A k‰W« B M»a ÏU fÂça¡f¤ jåk§fë‹ miu MÍ£fhy§fŸ Kiwna (M) ÁijÎ kh¿è,
20 ãäl§fŸ k‰W« 40 ãäl§fŸ. bjhl¡f¤Âš Ïitæu©L« rk 0.6931 0.6931 0.6931
𝜆 = = 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 = 𝑠 −1
v©â¡ifæyhd mQ¡fU¡fis¥ bg‰WŸsd. våš 80 ãäl§fS¡F¥ 𝑇1/2 5.01 5.01 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60
ÃwF A k‰W« B M»at‰¿‹ Áijtilªj mQ¡fU v©â¡ifæ‹ é»j« 0.6931 −1
𝜆 = 𝑠
v›tsÎ? 432864
𝐴
ԮΠ: 𝑇1/2 𝐵
= 20 min ; 𝑇1/2 = 40 min ; 𝑡 = 80 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒔−𝟏
(Ï) ruhrç MÍŸ,
 bjhl¡f¤Âš A k‰W« B -æš cŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if = 𝑁𝑜 𝑇1/2 5.01
𝑡 80 𝜏= =
 A -æ‹ miu MÍ£fhy§fë‹ v©â¡if, 𝑛𝐴 = = =4

n
𝐴
𝑇1/2 20 0.6931 0.6931
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔

i
𝑡 80
B -æ‹ miu MÍ£fhy§fë‹ v©â¡if, 𝑛𝐵 = = =2

l.
𝐵
𝑇1/2 40 (<) bjhl¡f¤Âš ÏUªj mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if 𝑁𝑜 -våš,
 80 ãäl§fS¡F ÃwF Áijtilahkš ÛjKŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if, 𝑅𝑜 = 𝜆 𝑁𝑜
1 𝑛𝐴 1 4 𝑁𝑜 𝑅𝑜 1 𝜇 𝐶𝑖
∴ 𝑁𝑜 = =

a
𝑁𝐴 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = 𝜆 1.601 𝑋 10−6
2 2 16
1𝑋 10−6 𝑋 3.7 𝑋1010
1 𝑛𝐵 1 2 𝑁𝑜

d
𝑁𝑜 =
𝑁𝐵 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = 1.601 𝑋 10−6
2 2 4 3.7 𝑋1010

a
 vdnt 80 ãäl§fS¡F ÃwF Áijtilªj mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if 𝑁𝑜 =
𝑁𝑜 16 𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝑜 15 𝑁𝑜 1.601
𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝑜 − = = 𝑵𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔

𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐵 = 𝑁𝑜 −
16
𝑁𝑜
4
=
16
4 𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝑜
4
=
16
3 𝑁𝑜
4
k
8. nulh‹ cŸs ÁW msÎ fÂça¡f bghUŸ 𝟔𝟎 % Áijtila MF« fhy¤ij¡

i fz¡»Lf. (nulhå‹ 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟖 ehŸfŸ)

v
 A k‰W« B M»at‰¿‹ Áijtilªj mQ¡fU v©â¡ifæ‹ é»j«, ԮΠ: 𝑁𝑜 = 100 % ; 𝑁 = 100 − 60 = 40 % ; 𝑇1/2 = 3.8 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐴
𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐵
=
(
15 𝑁𝑜

3
16
𝑁
( 𝑜)
4
)
=
15 𝑁𝑜
16
𝑋
4
3 𝑁𝑜
=
5
4

a l  fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂ¥go, Áijtilahkš ÛjKŸs msÎ,

𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡
40 = 100 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡
4

.k
 vdnt, (𝑵𝒐 − 𝑵𝑨 ) ∶ (𝑵𝒐 − 𝑵𝑩 ) = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟒 = 𝑒− 𝜆 𝑡
10
7. miu Ma£fhy« 5.01 ehŸfŸ bfh©l ÁW msÎ 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝑩𝒊 jåk¤Â‹ 10
brašgh£oid c‹ Ãwªj ehs‹W mséL»whŒ vd it¤J¡bfhŸbfhŸnth«. (𝑜𝑟) 𝑒𝜆𝑡 = = 2.5
4
bjhl¡f¤Âš mj‹ brašghL 𝟏 𝝁 𝑪𝒊
(m) c‹ mL¤j Ãwªjehëš mj‹ njhuhakhd fÂça¡f¢ brašgh£L kÂ¥g
w  ÏUòwK« kl¡if fh©f
𝜆 𝑡 = log 𝑒 2.5

w
v›tsÎ? (M) ÁijÎ kh¿è (Ï) ruhrç MÍŸ k‰W« (<) bjhl¡f¤Âš ÏUªj (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 𝑡 = 2.303 𝑋 log10 2.5
mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if M»at‰iw¡ fz¡»Lf. 1
𝑡 = 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
ԮΠ: 𝑇1/2 = 5.01 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ; 𝑅𝑜 = 1 𝜇 𝐶𝑖 ; 𝑡 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝜆

w
1
 miu MÍ£fhy§fë‹ v©â¡if, 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
0.6931
𝑡 365 ( )
𝑛= = ≈ 73 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑇1/2
𝑇1/2 5.01 𝑇1
(m) 𝑛 miu mÍ£fhy§fS¡F ÃwF jåk¤Â‹ fÂça¡f brašghL, 𝑡= 2
𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
1 𝑛 1 73 1 0.6931
𝑅 = ( ) 𝑅𝑜 = ( ) × 1 𝜇 𝐶𝑖 = 73 𝜇 𝐶𝑖 3.8
2 2 2 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
0.6931
𝑅 = 1.064 𝑋 10−22 𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝑹 ≈ 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟐 𝝁 𝑪𝒊

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
𝟐𝟑𝟓
9. 𝑼 mQ¡fU x‹W ÃsÎW« nghJ btë¥gL« M‰wš 200 MeV vd¡bfh©L,
𝟗𝟐 11. bjhšèaš gF» x‹¿èUªJ ku¤Â‹ fç¤J©LfŸ »il¡»‹wd. j‰nghJ
1 watt Âwid cUth¡f xU édhoæš V‰gl nt©oa ÃsÎfë‹ cæUl‹ cŸs ku¤ÂèUªJ bgw¥g£l ÁW gFÂæYŸs fh®g‹ - 14 ‹ msit¥
v©â¡ifia¡ fz¡»Lf nghš Ï¡fçæYŸs mnjasÎ khÂçæš fhz¥gL« fh®g‹ - 14 ‹ msÎ 17.5%
ԮΠk£Lnk cŸsJ. våš, m«ku¤Â‹ taJ v‹d?
 xU ÃsΡfhd M‰wš = 200 MeV = 200 X 106 X 1.6 X 10−19 J ԮΠ:
 xU édhoæš cUthF« M‰wš (mjhtJ Âw‹) = 1W = 1 J/s
 xU édhoæš V‰gL« ÃsÎfë‹ v©â¡if = N (v‹f) 𝑇1 = 5730 M©LfŸ, 𝑁𝑜 = 100 % ; 𝑁 = 17.5 %
2
 vdnt,  fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂ¥go,
xU Ãséš cUthF« M‰wš X N = xU édhoæš cUthF« M‰wš
200 X 106 X 1.6 X 10−19 X N = 1

i n
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
17.5 = 100 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡

l.
1 1 17.5
N = 6 −19
= 𝑋 1013 = 𝑒− 𝜆 𝑡
200 X 10 X 1.6 X 10 320 100

a
N = 3.125 𝑋10−3 𝑋1013 100
(𝑜𝑟) = 𝑒 𝜆𝑡
𝑵 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 17.5

d
10. fÂça¡f brašghL 1 Ci v‹¿U¡F« nuoa¤Â‹ ( 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂) ãiw Vw¡Fiwa 𝟏 𝒈  ÏUòwK« kl¡if fh©f
vd¡fh£Lf. (𝑻𝟏/𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔) 100

a
log 𝑒 ( ) = 𝜆𝑡
ԮΠ: 𝑅 = 1 𝐶𝑖 = 3.7 𝑋 1010 ÁijÎfŸ/édho 17.5
100

k
 fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂ¥go, 2.303 𝑋 log10 ( )= 𝜆𝑡
17.5

i
dN 1 100
= λN (or) 𝑅 = λ N ∴ 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 log10 ( )
dt 𝜆 17.5

v
R R T1/2 1

l
N = = = 𝑋𝑅 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 ( log10 100 − log10 17.5)
λ 0.6931 0.6931
( ) 0.6931
T1/2 ( )
N=
1600 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 60
X 3.7 X 1010
a 𝑇1
2
𝑇1/2

.k
0.6931
𝑡 = 𝑋 2.303 𝑋(2.000 − 1.2430)
N = 2.694 X 1011 X 1010 0.6931
N = 2.694 X 1021 mQ¡fŸ 5730
𝑡 = 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.757
 mtnf£uh bfhŸifæ‹ go, 0.6931
226 g 𝟐𝟐𝟔
𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂-š cŸs mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if = 6.023 X 10
1 mQé‹ ãiw = w 226
23

𝑔
𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟒 M©LfŸ

 vdnt 1 𝐶𝑖 brašghL bfh©l 2.694 X

226
w
1021 mQ¡fë‹
6.023 X 1023
bkh¤j ãiwahdJ

w
𝑚 = 𝑋 2.694 𝑋 1021
6.023 X 1023
226 𝑋 2.694 𝑋 10−2
𝑚 =
6.023
𝑚 = 1.012 𝑋 102 𝑋 10−2 = 1.012 𝑔
𝒎 ≈𝟏𝒈

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

myF - 9 fU¤JU édh - éilfŸ  Kjš t£l ghij¡F, 𝑛 = 1 ; 𝑬𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝒆𝑽

 Ïu©lhtJghij¡F, 𝑛 = 2 ; 𝑬𝟐 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [ 𝟏𝟐] 𝒆𝑽 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟒 = −𝟑. 𝟒𝒆𝑽
1. %j®ngh®£ Ájwš MŒéš bgw¥g£l vªj fh£Á¥gÂé‹go mQé‹ bgU«gF 𝟐
bt‰¿lkhfnt ÏU¡F« vd ãUáf¥g£lJ?  ϧF, 𝑬𝟐 > 𝑬𝟏 mjhtJ vy¡£uhå‹ bkh¤j M‰wš Kjš t£l¥
 ne®ä‹ j‹ik bfh©l  -JfŸfŸ j§f bk‹jf£oš cŸs mQ¡fë‹ ghijiaél Ïu©lhtJ t£l¥ghijæš mÂf«.
ÛJ éG«go brŒa¥gL« nghJ, bgU«ghyhd  -JfŸfŸ j§f  vdnt mt‰¿‹ é»j«, 𝑬𝟏 ∶ 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏 ∶ 𝟒
bk‹jf£odhš éy¡f« milahkš brš»‹wd. ÏJnt mQ x‹¿š 7. m®bt© ãgªjid v‹whš v‹d?
Vuhskhd bt‰¿l« cŸsij cWÂ¥gL¤J»wJ.  mÂf M‰wš bfh©l xU ãiyahd t£lghijæèUªJ, Fiwªj M‰wš

n
 äf Fiwªj v©â¡ifæyhd  -JfŸfŸ 180° nfhzmséš bfh©l k‰bwhU ãiyahd t£l¥ghij¡F vy¡£uh‹ jhΫnghJ cäH¥gL«

i
𝑬 −𝑬
Ëndh¡»a Ájwš mil»‹wd. ÏJ mQé‹ ne®ä‹j‹ik KGtJ« ä‹fhªj f®ŢÁ‹ m®bt© ; 𝝂 = 𝟐 𝟏

l.
𝒉
mj‹ ika¤Âš cŸs mQ¡fU v‹w äf¢Á¿a gFÂæš FéªjŸsij 8. iA£u#‹ mQéš, 3tJ t£lghijæèUªJ, 4tJ t£l¥ghij¡F vy¡£uhid
cWÂ¥L¤J»wJ. bfh©L bršy njitahd M‰wiy #]š my»š fz¡»Lf.

a
2. ngh® vLnfhë‹go, ãiyahd t£l¥ghijfŸ v‹whš v‹d? 𝟏
 n - MtJ t£l ghijæš vy¡£uhå‹ bkh¤j M‰wš ; 𝑬𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝒏𝟐] 𝒆𝑽
 mQéš cŸs vy¡f£uh‹fŸ F¿¥Ã£l Áy jå¤jåahd ghijfëš
 3tJ t£l¥ghij¡F, 𝑛 = 3; 𝑬𝟑 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [ 𝟏𝟐] 𝒆𝑽 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟗 = − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝒆𝑽

d
mQ¡fUit R‰¿ tU»‹wd. Ï¥ghijfëš vy¡£uh‹fŸ R‰W« nghJ
𝟑
mit ä‹fhªj M‰wiy f® ÅRtšiy. Ï›thW mDk¡f¥g£l  4tJ t£l¥ghij¡F,𝑛 = 4; 𝑬𝟒 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝟒𝟏𝟐 ] 𝒆𝑽 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟔
𝟏
= − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒆𝑽
jå¤jåahd R‰W¥ghijfŸ ãiy¤j‹ik bg‰wit. Ïit ãiyahd
t£l¥ghijfŸ vd¥gL«.

k a
 ϧF, 𝑬𝟑 < 𝑬𝟒 v‹gjhš, 3tJ èUªJ 4tJ t£l¥ghij¡F vy¡£uhid bfh©L
bršy njitahd M‰wš ; 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟒 − 𝑬𝟑 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − (−𝟏. 𝟓𝟏) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒆𝑽

i
3. iA£u#‹ mQéš cŸs vy¡£uh‹ R‰Wghijfë‹ v©â¡if ahJ?
 bfhŸifæ‹ go, mQéš <¿yh v©â¡ifæš R‰Wt£l¥gijfŸ c©L.  Mdhš, 1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐽 ∴ 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝑿 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱

v
 iA£u#‹ mQéš xnu xU vy¡£uh‹ k£Lnk cŸsjhš, mJ Kjš 9. iA£u#‹ mQéš xnu xU vy¡£uh‹ k£Lnk cŸsJ. Mdhš iA£u#‹

l
R‰W¥ghijæš Ïl«bgW«. k‰w mid¤J R‰WghijfS« fhèahf ÏU¡F«. ãwkhiyæ‹ bt›ntW tçirfis neh¡F« nghJ, x›bthU tçirÍ« gy
4. ãiyahd t£lghij x‹¿š R‰¿tU« vy¡£uhå‹ bkh¤j M‰wš v®F¿ahf btëéL ãwkhiy tçfis bg‰WŸsJ. fhuz« TW.
cŸsJ. Ïj‹ bghUŸ v‹d?

a  iA£u#‹ thÍ ãu¥g¥g£l FHhæš eilbgW« ä‹åw¡f¤jhš cäH¥gL«

xëahdJ iA£u#‹ ãwkhiy tçirfis btëæL»wJ.

.k
 bghUŸ x‹W v®F¿ M‰wiy¥bg‰¿Uªjhš, mJ Ãiz¡f¥g£l ãiyæš
cŸsJ vdyh«. mjhtJ m¥bghUis Ãiz¥ÃèUªJ btëna‰w F¿¥Ã£l  m¡FHhæš Ãšèa‹ Úèa‹ v©â¡ifæš iA£u#‹ mQ¡fŸ
msÎ M‰wiy më¡fnt©L«. vdnt, vy¡£uhå‹ v®F¿ M‰wyhdJ, bt›ntW »s®¢Á M‰wš k£l§fëš mikªÂU¡F«. mit Óu‰w Kiwæš
mJ c£fUÎl‹ ãiyä‹åaš ft®¢Á éirahš Ãiz¡f¥g£LŸsij btëca® t£l¥ghijfëèUªJ, cŸt£l¥ghijfS¡F jhÎtjhš gy
fh£L»wJ.. vdnt vy¡£uhid mj‹ ghijæèUªJ btëna‰w njit¥gL«
òw M‰wš vy¡£uhå‹ Ãiz¥ò M‰wš vd¥gL«.
w btëéL ãwkhiy tçfŸ bgw¥gL»wJ.
10. iA£u#‹ ãwkhiyæ‹ ghk® tçirahdJ òifgl¤jf£oš gÂÎbrŒa¥gL»wJ.

w
5. mQ x‹¿‹ Kjš t£l ghijæ‹ Mu« ‘𝒙’ våš, mnj mQé‹ Ïu©lhtJ mš ãwkhiytçfŸ ÏläUªJ tykhf mt‰¿‹ miyÚs« VWtçiræš
t£lghijæ‹ Mu« fz¡»Lf? cŸsthW mikªJŸsJ. våš, ÏlJ g¡f éë«Ãš mšyJ tyJ g¡f éë«Ãš
cŸs tçfëš vJ mÂf bghèÎl‹ ÏU¡F«?

w
𝟎 𝜺 𝒉𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
 n - MtJ t£l ghijæ‹ Mu« ; 𝒓𝒏 = 𝝅𝒎𝒆 𝟐 [ 𝒁 ] = 𝒂𝟎 [ 𝒁 ]  bghJthf, mÂf ãfœjfÎ bfh©l ãiykh‰w« V‰gL¤J« ãwkhiy tç
𝟏 𝟎 mÂf bghèÎl‹ ÏU¡F«. ghk® tçiræš vy¡£uh‹fŸ 3tJ t£l¥
 Kjš t£l ghij¡F, 𝑛 = 1 ; 𝒓𝟏 = 𝒂𝟎 [𝒁] = 𝒙 (ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗 𝑨)
ghijæèUªJ 2tJ t£l ghij¡F jhΫ ãiykh‰w« mÂfkhf ÏU¥gjhš,
𝟐𝟐 𝟒 mjdhš V‰gL« ãwkhiy tç bghèthf ÏU¡F«. Ï›tç¡Fça M‰wš
 Ïu©lhtJ t£l ghij¡F, 𝑛 = 2 ; 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟎 [ 𝒁 ] = 𝒂𝟎 [𝒁] = 𝟒 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟒𝒙
ÁWkkhf ÏU¡F«. vdnt m›tç ÁWk m®bt© k‰W« bgUk miyÚs«
6. iA£u#‹ mQéš cŸs vy¡£uhå‹ bkh¤j M‰wš, Kjš mšyJ Ïu©lhtJ
bfh©oU¡F«.
t£l¥ghij vš mÂfkhf ÏU¡F«? mt‰¿‹ é»j¤ij bgWf.
 miyÚs« VWtçiræš ÏläUªJ tykhf cŸsjhš, tyJ g¡f éë«Ãš
 n - tJ t£l¥ghijæš vy¡£uhå‹bkh¤j M‰wš,
cŸs ãwkhiytçna ä¡f bghèÎl‹ fhz¥gL«.
𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝑬𝒏 = − [ ]
𝟖 𝜺𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 (or) 𝑬𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝒏𝟐] 𝒆𝑽
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

11. iA£u#‹ ãwkhiyæš ÁWk miyÚs všiyia fz¡»Lf.  Ïu©lhtJ »s®¢Á k£l¤Â‰F, 𝑛 = 3; 𝑬𝟑 = − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝟑𝟏𝟐] 𝒆𝑽 = − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝟏𝟗] 𝒆𝑽
 vy¡£uh‹ MdJ <¿yh bjhiyéš cŸs t£l¥ghijæèUªJ Kjš 𝑬𝟐 9
t£l¥ghij¡F jhΫ nghJ, bgw¥gL« ãwkhiytçæ‹ m®bt©  vdnt, 𝑬𝟑
= 4
(or) 𝑬𝟐 ∶ 𝑬𝟑 = 𝟗 ∶ 𝟒
bgUkkhF« k‰W« miyÚs« ÁWkkhF«. Ϫãiyæš cäH¥gL« f®ŢÁ‹ 𝟎
ℎ𝑐 16. iA£u#‹ ãwkhiyæ‹ ghk® tçiræ‹ Kjš tçæ‹ miyÚs« 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏 𝐀. våš,
M‰wš 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒆𝑽 . mjhtJ, 𝐸∞ − 𝐸1 = ℎ𝜈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 13.6 𝑒𝑉 Ï›tçiræ‹ Ïu©lhtJ tçæ‹ miyÚs« ahJ?
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒉𝒄 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒆𝑽 𝒏𝒎  ghk® tçiræ‹ (𝑛 = 2)ãwkhiytçæ‹ miyv© 𝜈̅ (mjhtJ) miyÚs¤Â‹
(𝑜𝑟) 𝝀𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗 𝒏𝒎
𝟏𝟑.𝟔 𝒆𝑽 𝟏𝟑.𝟔 𝒆𝑽 1 1 1 1 1
12. äšèf‹ v©bzŒ Âtiy MŒÎ mik¥Ãš cŸs Tl« e‰ fl¤Âahš jiyÑê ; 𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2] = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2]
𝜆 𝑛 𝑚 2 𝑚

i. n
brŒa¥g£LŸsj‹ fhuz« v‹d? 1 1 1 5𝑅 36
 1 tJ tç¡F , 𝑚 = 3 ; = 𝑅 [ 2 − 2] = (or) 𝜆1 =
 tëk©ly¤Âš cŸs njita‰w ä‹JfŸ, MŒÎ¡Fça ä‹}£l¥g£l 𝜆1 2 3 36 5𝑅
v©bzŒ JëÍl‹ Ïiléid òçªjhš, bgw¥gL« KoÎ gh¡f¥gL«. 1 1 1 3𝑅 16
 2 tJ tç¡F , 𝑚 = 4 ; = 𝑅 [ 22 − 4 2 ] = (or) 𝜆2 =

l
𝜆2 16 3𝑅
 vdnt MŒÎ mik¥ig R‰¿ jiuÏiz¥ò brŒa¥g£l e‰fl¤Âæyhd Tl« 𝟎 𝟎
𝜆 16 5𝑅 20 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
 vdnt, 𝜆2 = 3 𝑅 𝑋

a
mik¡f¥g£LŸsJ. Ïjdhš, tëk©ly¤ÂèUªJ tU« njita‰w
36
= 27
(or) 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕
𝝀𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏 𝐀 = 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎𝐀
ä‹JfŸfŸ jiuia miltjhš, bgw¥gL« Koéš v›éj ghÂ¥ò« V‰glhJ. 1
17. gl¤ÂèUªJ, mik¥ghdJ ‘𝟐𝑬’ -èUªJ ’𝑬’ k£l¤Â‰F jhΫ nghJ ‘𝝀’ miyÚs«

d
13. %j®ngh®£ mQkhÂç k‰W« ngh® mQkhÂç - ntWgL¤Jf. 𝟒𝑬
 %j®ngh®£ mQkhÂçæ‹ go, vy¡£uh‹fŸ mQ¡fUit¢ R‰¿ÍŸs bfh©l ~ngh£lh‹ cäH¥gL«. Ïnjnghš, mik¥ghdJ -èUªJ ’ 𝑬 ’
𝟑

a
btëæš ãgªjida‰w t£l¥ghijæš R‰¿tU«. nkY« KL¡f¥g£l k£l¤Â‰F jhΫ nghJ cäH¥gL« ~ngh£lhå‹ miyÚs« ahJ?
ä‹JfŸfŸ ä‹fhªjf®Ţir cäœtjhš, Ï¡f®ŢÁ‹ ãwkhiy všyh  nghç‹ Ïu©lhtJ vLnfhë‹go,

ik
m®bt©fisÍ« bfh©l bjhl® btëæL ãwkhiyahf ÏU¡F«. ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
2𝐸 − 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = 𝜆
(or) 𝐸=
 ngh® mQkhÂçæ‹ go, vy¡£uh‹fŸ mDk¡f¥g£l ãiyahd t£l¥ 𝜆
4𝐸 ℎ𝑐 1 𝐸 ℎ𝑐
− 𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = 1 (or) = 1

v
ghijfëš k£Lnk mQ¡fUit R‰¿tU«. ãiyahd t£l¥ghjæš 3 𝜆 3 𝜆

l
1
R‰¿tU« vy¡£uh‹ ä‹fhªj M‰wiy f® ÅrhJ. Mdhš xU ãiyahd 𝐸 ℎ𝑐 𝜆 𝜆1 𝟏
t£l¥ghijæèUªJ k‰bwhU t£l¥ghij¡F vy¡£uh‹ jhΫ nghJ M‰wš
∴
𝐸/3
= 𝜆
𝑋 ℎ𝑐
(or) 3 = 𝜆
(or) 𝝀 = 𝟑𝝀
ntWghL ä‹fhªj fÂÅ¢rhf cäH¥gL« mšyJ c£ftu¥gL«..
14. mQ x‹¿š A, B k‰W« C v‹w k£l§fë‹ M‰wš Kiwna 𝑬𝑨 , 𝑬𝑩 , 𝑬𝑪 . ϧF
a 18. iA£u#‹ mQé‹ vªj xU R‰W¥ghijæY« cŸs vy¡£uhå‹ Ïa¡f
M‰wš, ãiy M‰wš k‰W« bkh¤j M‰wš M»at‰¿‹ é»j¤ij jUf?

.k
𝑬𝑨 < 𝑬𝑩 < 𝑬𝑪 MF«. C - æèUªJ B - ¡F, B - æèUªJ A - ¡F, k‰W«  nghç‹ vLnfhë‹ go, n- tJ R‰Wghijæš cŸs vy¡£uhå‹
C - æèUªJ A - ¡F jhΫ nghJ btë¥gL« f®ŢÁ‹ miyÚs« Kiwna 𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝒁𝟐
1) Ïa¡f M‰wš ; 𝑲𝒏 = [𝒏𝟐] (for Hydrogen, Z
𝝀𝟏 , 𝝀𝟐 k‰W« 𝝀𝟑 våš, mt‰¿¡»ilnaahd bjhl®ò ahJ? 𝟖 𝜺𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝟐

 nghç‹ Ïu©lhtJ vLnfhë‹go,

𝑬𝑪 − 𝑬𝑩 = 𝒉𝝂𝟏 =
𝒉𝒄

w =1)
2) ãiy M‰wš ; 𝑼𝒏 = − [ ]
𝟒 𝜺𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝒁𝟐

w
𝝀𝟏
𝒉𝒄 𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝒁𝟐
𝑬𝑩 − 𝑬𝑨 = 𝒉𝝂𝟐 = 3) bkh¤j M‰wš ; 𝑬𝒏 = 𝑲𝒏 + 𝑼𝒏 = − [ ]
𝝀𝟐 𝟖 𝜺𝟎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝒉𝒄

w
𝑬𝑪 − 𝑬𝑨 = 𝒉𝝂𝟑 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝀𝟑  M‰wšfë‹ é»j« ; 𝑲𝒏 ∶ 𝑼𝒏 ∶ 𝑬𝒏 = (𝟖) ∶ (− 𝟒) ∶ (− 𝟖) = 𝟏 ∶ −𝟐 ∶ −𝟏
 gl¤ÂèUªJ, (𝑬𝑪 − 𝑬𝑩 ) + (𝑬𝑩 − 𝑬𝑨 ) = (𝑬𝑪 − 𝑬𝑨 ) 19. iA£u#‹ mQthdJ mo M‰wš ãiyæèUªJ »s®¢Á ãiy¡F ca®¤j¥gL«
𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐
(or) + = (or) + = (or) 𝝀𝟑 = nghJ mj‹ M‰wš v‹dthF«?
𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑 𝝀𝟏 + 𝝀𝟐
15. iA£u#‹ mQéš Kjš k‰W« Ïu©lhtJ »s®¢Á M‰wš k£l¤Â‹ m‰wè‹  moãiy¡F, 𝑛 = 1 k‰W« »s®¢Á ãiy¡F, 𝑛 > 1
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
é»j« fh©f?  ϧF, 𝑲𝒏 ∝ 𝒏𝟐 ; 𝑼𝒏 ∝ − 𝒏𝟐 k‰W« 𝑬𝒏 ∝ − 𝒏𝟐 .vdnt iA£u#‹ mQ
𝟏
 n - tJ t£l¥ghijæš vy¡£uhå‹bkh¤j M‰wš, 𝑬𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝒏𝟐] 𝒆𝑽 »s®¢Á ãiyfS¡F ca®¤jgL« nghJ, mjhtJ 𝑛 -mÂfç¡F« nghJ,
mj‹ Ïa¡f M‰wš (𝑲𝒏 ) FiwÍ« Mdhš mj‹ ãiy M‰wš (𝑼𝒏 ) k‰W«
 Kjš »s®¢Á k£l¤Â‰F, 𝑛 = 2 ; 𝑬𝟐 = − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝟐𝟏𝟐 ] 𝒆𝑽 = − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 [𝟏𝟒] 𝒆𝑽 bkh¤j M‰wš (𝑬𝒏 ) mÂfç¡F«.

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

20. Ëèa« mQit maåah¡f« brŒa njitahd m‰wš våš, mj‹  btëæl¥gL« ãwkhiytçfë‹ v©â¡if,
maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j« ahJ? 𝒏 (𝒏−𝟏) 𝟒 (𝟒−𝟏) 𝟒 (𝟑)
𝑵𝑬 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
= 𝟐
=𝟔
 Ëèa¤Â‹ maåah¡f ä‹dG¤j« = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔 𝑽
25. ãwkhiy tç x‹W ä‹òy¤jhš gy tçfshf Ãçif milÍ« ãfœÎ ______(1)_____
21. iA£u#‹ ãwkhiyæš, iyk‹ tçir k‰W« ghk® tçiræ‹ bgUk miyÚs
k‰W« fhªj¥òy¤jhš gy tçfshf Ãçif milÍ« ãfœÎ _____(2)______ vd¥gL«.
všiyæš mikªj tçfë‹ m®bt©fë‹ é»j« jUf.
 vªj xU ãwkhiy tçirfëY«, Kjš tçæ‹ miyÚs« bgUkkhF« k‰W«  (1) °£uh¡ éisÎ (2) Ók‹ éisÎ
𝒐
filÁ tçæ‹ miyÚs« ÁWkkhF«. 26. iA£u#‹ mQ btëæL« ãwkhiy tçæ‹ miyÚs« 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝑨 vd¡
 ãwkhiytçæ‹ miyv© 𝜈̅ mjhtJ miyÚs¤Â‹ 𝜆 jiyÑê, fz¡»l¥gL»wJ. våš, m›tç mikªJŸs tçiræ‹ bgaiu¡ TW.

n
𝝂 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝒐
̅= =
𝝂 = 𝑹 [𝒏𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐] 𝝂= = 𝑹 𝒄 [𝒏𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐]  ϧF fz¡»l¥g£l miyÚs« 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝑨 MdJ f©QW gFÂæš mik»wJ.

i
(or)
𝒄 𝝀 𝝀

l.
 iyk‹ tçiræ‹ (𝑛 = 1) Kjš tçæ‹ (𝑚 = 2) m®bt© , iA£u#‹ ãwkhiyæš f©QW gFÂæš mikªj tçir ghk® tçir MF«.
𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 27. iA£u#‹ mQéš, moãiy k‰W« Kjš »s®¢Á ãiyfS¡F cça
𝝂𝑳𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒏 = 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙
=𝑹𝒄 [ 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐
] = 𝟒
𝑹𝒄
t£l¥ghijfŸ cŸsl¡»a gu¥òfë‹ é»j¤ij¡ fh©f.
 ghk® tçiræ‹ (𝑛 = 2) Kjš tçæ‹ (𝑚 = 3) m®bt© ,

 vdnt Ït‰¿‹ é»j« ;

𝝂𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒆𝒓 =
𝒄
𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙
=
𝝂𝑳𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒏
=
𝟑𝑹𝒄
𝟏
𝑹 𝒄 [𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐] =
𝑿
𝟏

𝟑𝟔
=
𝟓
𝟑𝟔
𝟐𝟕
𝑹𝒄
 vdnt, a
 ngh® vLnfhŸfŸgo, 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2 vdnt gu¥ghdJ, 𝐴𝑛 ∝ (𝑟𝑛 )2 ∝ (𝑛2 )2
 moãiy¡F, n = 1 ; 𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 ∝ 1 & »s®¢Á ãiy¡F, n = 2 ; 𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 ∝ 16

d
𝑨𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕
=
𝟏𝟔
(or) 𝑨𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 ∶ 𝑨𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔 ∶ 𝟏

a
𝑨𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝟏
𝝂𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝟒 𝟓𝑹𝒄 𝟓
22. iA£u#‹ mQéš, Kjš k‰W« Ïu©lhtJ R‰W ghijæš R‰¿tU« 28. iA£u#‹ mQéš, vy¡£uh‹ x‹W Kjš »s®¢Á ãiyæèUªJ moãiy¡F kh‰w«

k
vy¡£uhå‹ nfhz cªj¤j§fë‹ jfÎ ahJ? mil»wJ. våš, mj‹ R‰¿a¡f¤jhš V‰gL« ä‹ndh£l¤Âš V‰gL« kh‰w« v‹d ?

i
𝒆 𝟏
 ngh® vLnfhë‹go, vy¡£uhå‹ nfhz cªj« Fth©lkh¡f¥gL»wJ.  n-tJ t£l¥ghijæš, ä‹ndh£l«, ; 𝒊𝒏 = 𝑻 (or) 𝒊𝒏 ∝
𝒏𝟑
𝒏

v
𝒉
mjhtJ jå¤jåahd kÂ¥òfis bgW»wJ. 𝑳 = 𝒎 𝒗𝒏 𝒓𝒏 = 𝒏 ℏ = 𝒏 ( )  moãiy¡F, n = 1 ; 𝒊𝟏 ∝ 𝟏

l
𝟐𝝅
 Kjš »s®¢Á ãiy¡F, 𝑛 = 2 ; 𝒊𝟐 ∝ 𝟏𝟑 ∝ 𝟏𝟖
𝒉
 Kjš R‰W¥ghij¡F, (𝑛 = 1) ; 𝐿1 =
𝟐𝝅 𝟐

a
𝒉 𝒉 𝒊𝟏 1
 Ïu©lhtJ R‰W¥ghij¡F, (𝑛 = 2) ; 𝐿2 = 2 (𝟐𝝅 )=
𝝅  vdnt, , = = 8 (or) 𝒊𝟏 = 𝟖 𝒊𝟐 (i.e) 8 kl§F mÂfç¡F«
𝒊𝟐 1/8
𝐿1
 vdnt nfhz cªj§fë‹ jfÎ ; 𝐿 = 𝟐𝝅 X 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐
𝒉 𝝅

.k
(or) 𝑳𝟏 ∶; 𝑳𝟐 = 𝟏 ∶ 𝟐 29. iA£u#‹ mQéš, vy¡£uh‹ x‹W 𝒏 = 𝟐 æèUªJ 𝒏 = 𝟏 ¡F ãiykh‰w«
2
23. nrhoa« mQéš, 2 tJ t£l¥ghijæš R‰¿tU« vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf« 𝒗 mil»wJ. R‰¿a¡f vy¡£uhdhš cUthd fhªj¥òy¤Âš V‰gL« kh‰w« ahJ?
𝑒
våš, 5 tJ t£l¥ghijæš mj‹ Âirntf« ahJ? 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 (
𝑇𝑛
) 1
 vy¡£uh‹ R‰¿a¡f¤jhš V‰gL« fhªj¥òy« ;𝐵𝑛 = = (or) 𝐵𝑛 ∝

w
 ngh® vLnfhë‹ go, n - tJ t£l¥ghijæš vy¡£uhå‹ Âirntf«, 2 𝑟𝑛 2 (𝑎0 𝑛2 ) 𝑛5

𝒉 𝒁 𝒆𝟐 𝒁 𝒁  moãiy¡F, n = 1 ; 𝑩𝟏 ∝ 𝟏
𝒗𝒏 = ( )= ( ) = 𝜶𝒄( )  Kjš »s®¢Á ãiy¡F, 𝑛 = 2 ; 𝑩𝟐 ∝ 215 ∝ 32
1

w
𝟐 𝝅 𝒎 𝒂𝟎 𝒏 𝟐 𝜺𝟎 𝒉 𝒏 𝒏
𝜺𝟎 𝒉 𝟐 𝒐 𝑩𝟏 1
ϧgF, 𝒂𝟎 =
𝝅 𝒎 𝒆𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗 𝑨 → ngh® Mu«  vdnt, = = 32 (or) 𝑩𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐 𝑩𝟐 (i.e) 32 kl§F mÂfç¡F«
𝑩𝟐 1/32

w
𝒆𝟐 𝟏
k‰W« 𝜶= ≈ → E©tç mik¥ò kh¿è 30. X-f® ãwkhiyæš 𝑲𝜶 , 𝑲𝜷 , 𝑳𝜶 tçfë‹ miyÚs§fŸ Kiwna 𝝀𝑲𝜶 , 𝝀𝑲𝜷 , 𝝀𝑳𝜶
𝟐 𝜺𝟎 𝒉 𝒄 𝟏𝟑𝟕
𝟏 𝒗𝟓 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 våš, mt‰¿¡»ilnaahd bjhl®ig jUf.
 Ï¢rk‹gh£oèUªJ, 𝒗𝒏 ∝ 𝒏
vdnt ,
𝒗𝟐
= 𝟓
(or) 𝒗𝟓 = 𝒗𝟐 =
𝟓 𝟓
𝒗  Ïit X-Áw¥ò f® ãwkhiyahF«. Ït‰¿‹ M‰wš k£l tiugl«
24. iA£u#‹ mQthdJ, moãiyæèUªJ Kj‹ik Fth©l« v© 4 bfh©l fh£l¥g£LŸsJ. ngh® vLnfhë‹ go,
»s®u¢Á ãiy¡F »s®¢Áô£l¥gL»wJ. våš Ï›tQ v¤jid ãwkhiy 𝒉𝒄
𝑬𝑳 − 𝑬𝑲 = 𝒉𝝂𝑲𝜶 = (𝑲𝜶 − 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆)
tçfis btëæL«. 𝝀𝑲𝜶
𝒉𝒄
 ngh® vLnfhë‹ go, »s®¢Á ãiyæèUªJ 𝑬𝑴 − 𝑬𝑲 = 𝒉𝝂𝑲𝜷 = (𝑲𝜷 − 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆)
𝝀𝑲𝜷
moãiy¡F vy¡£uh‹ jhΫ nghJ ãwkhiy tç 𝒉𝒄
btëæl¥gL«. 𝑬𝑴 − 𝑬𝑳 = 𝒉𝝂𝑳𝜶 = (𝑳𝜶 − 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆)
𝝀𝑳𝜶

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

 vdnt gl¤ÂèUªJ, (𝑬𝑴 − 𝑬𝑳 ) + (𝑬𝑳 − 𝑬𝑲 ) = (𝑬𝑴 − 𝑬𝑲 ) 35. ca® gFÂw‹ bfh©l E©nzh¡»fŸ mik¡f X -f®fis él vy¡£uh‹
𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 f‰iwfns éU«g¥gL»wJ. fhuz« TWf.
(or)
𝝀𝑲𝜶
+ 𝝀𝑳𝜶
= 𝝀𝑲𝜷
(or) + =
𝝀𝑲𝜶 𝝀𝑳𝜶 𝝀𝑲𝜷  E©nzh¡»æ‹ gFÂw‹ MdJ, f®ŢÁ‹ miyÚs¤Â‰F v®jféš
𝒐
31. X -f® FHhæš cUthd Áw¥ò X -f® 𝑲𝜶 −tçæ‹ miyÚs« 0.75 𝑨 MF«. ÏU¡F«. mjhtJ äf¡Fiwªj miyÚsKila ä‹fhªj miyfis
våš, FHhæš ga‹gL¤j¥g£l MndhL Ïy¡»‹ mQ v© ahJ? ga‹gL¤Â mÂf gFÂw‹ k‰W« mÂf cU¥bgU¡f¤Âwid bgwyh«.
 K -T£oš (𝑛 = 1) cUthd fhèæl¤ij ãu¥g L -T£oèUªJ (𝑛 = 2)  f©QW xëia él X -f®fë‹ miyÚs« äf äf¢ Á¿aJ. MdhY«
vy¡£uh‹ jhΫ nghJ 𝑲𝜶 -tç bgw¥gL«. vdnt, X -f®fis ga‹gL¤Â mÂf E©nzh¡» cUth¡f KoahJ. Vbdåš,
1 1 1 1 1 3 f©QW xëia¥nghš X -f®fis f©zho by‹Rfis ga‹gL¤Â
= 𝑅 𝑍2 [ − ] = 𝑅 𝑍2 [ 2 − ] = 𝑅 𝑍2 [ ]
2
(or) 𝑍 =
1
𝜆
=
𝑛2 𝑚2
1
1 22
==
4
1
=
16 𝑋 103
Fé¡f ÏayhJ.

i n
 Mdhš vy¡£uh‹ f‰iwæ‹ o ¥uhŒ miyÚs« Vw¡Fiwa X -f®fë‹

l.
3 3 3 3
𝜆𝑅[ ] 0.75 𝑋 10−10 𝑋 1.097 𝑋 107 𝑋[ ] [ ] 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1.097 𝑋[ ] 9 𝑋 1.097
4 4 4 4 miyÚs¤Jl‹ x¥Ãl jFªjh‰nghš cŸsJ. nkY« ä‹ k‰W« fhªj
16 𝑋 103 16 𝑋 103
𝑍2 = ≈ ≈ 1600 (or) 𝒁 = 𝟒𝟎 òy§fis ga‹gL¤Â vy¡£uh‹ f‰iwia Fé¡f ÏaY« v‹gjhš,
9.873 10

a
32. %j®ngh®£ 𝜶 - Ájwš MŒéš, 𝟔𝟎° nfhz¤Âš Ájwš milªj JfŸfë‹ vy¡£uh‹ f‰iwia ga‹gL¤Â vy¡£uh‹ E©nzh¡» mik¡f¥gL»wJ.
v©â¡if 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 MF«. våš 𝟏𝟐𝟎° nfhz¤Âš ÁjwyilÍ« JfŸfë‹ 36. ãô£uhid f©LÃo¡f Ú©l fhy« jhkjkhdJ V‹?

d
v©â¡if ahJ?  ä‹JfŸfŸ gUbghUSl‹ vëjhf Ïiléid brašgh£il V‰gL¤J«.
𝟏 Mdhš ãô£uh‹ ä‹}£lk‰w eLãiy JfŸ v‹gjhš, mJ gUbghUSl‹
 𝜃 -nfhz¤Âš ÁjwyilÍ« JfŸfë‹ v©â¡if , 𝑵 ∝

a
𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 ( ) vëš éidòçtšiy. Ïjdhš ãô£uhid f©LÃo¡f jhkjkhdJ.
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

k
 60° nfhz¤Âš ; 𝑵𝟏 ∝ ∝ ∝ ∝ (𝟐)𝟒 37. mQ¡fUé‹ ml®¤ÂahdJ, mJ mikªJŸs mQé‹ ml®¤Âia él
𝟔𝟎°
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝟑𝟎° 𝟏 𝟒

i
( ) äfmÂf« MF«. fhuz« TW.
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒  mQ¡fUé‹ Mu« 10−14 𝑚 MF«. Mdhš mQé‹ Mu« 10−10 𝑚 MF«.
 120° nfhz¤Âš ; 𝑵𝟐 ∝ ∝ ∝ ∝

v
𝟏𝟐𝟎° (√ )
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒( 𝟐 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝟔𝟎° √𝟑
𝟒 𝟑 mjhtJ mQé‹ msÎ, mQ¡fUé‹ msit él10,000 kl§F mÂfkhF«

l
( )
𝟐
 mQ¡fUéš ònuh£lh‹fS«, ãô£uh‹fS« tèikahd mQ¡fU
𝑵𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
 vdnt, = (√ ) 𝑿 ( )𝟒
(or) 𝑵𝟐 = 𝑵𝟏 = = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 éirahš Ãiz¡f¥g£l ãiyæš cŸsd. Mdhš mQ¡fUé‰F btëna
𝑵𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
33. iA£u#‹ mQéš, vy¡luh‹ MdJ Fth©l« v© 𝒏 bfh©l M‰wš
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗

a mQé‹ bgU«gFÂ fhèahfnt cŸsJ.

.k
k£l¤ÂèUªJ (𝒏 − 𝟏) M‰wš k£l¤Â‰F jhλwJ. ϧF 𝒏 >> 𝟏 våš,
 vdnt mQ¡fUé‹ ml®¤ÂahdJ mQé‹ ml®¤Âia éläf mÂfkhF«
38. mQ¡fUéDŸ cŸs äf¢Á¿a gFÂæš, mÂf v©â¡ifæš ònuh£lh‹fŸ
btë¥gL« f®ŢÁ‹ m®bt© k‰W« 𝒏 -¡F Ïilnaaahd bjhl®ig jUf.
v›thW beU¡fkhf mikªJŸsd?
 ngh® vLnfhë‹ go, btë¥gL« f®ŢÁ‹ m®bt©,
 mQ¡fUéDŸ ònuh£lh‹fS¡»ilna brašgL« Tÿ« éy¡Féiria

w
1 1 𝑛2 − (𝑛−1)2 (2 𝑛−1) 2𝑛 𝟏
𝜈 = 𝑅 𝑐 [(𝑛−1)2 − ]=𝑅𝑐 [ ] = 𝑅𝑐[ ] = 𝑅𝑐 = 𝟐𝑹𝒄 él äf tèikahd mQ¡fU éir brašgLtjhš, ne®ä‹}£l« bfh©l
𝑛2 𝑛2 (𝑛−1)2 𝑛2 (𝑛−1)2 𝑛4 𝒏𝟑
𝟏 ònuh£lh‹fŸ Áj¿nghfhkš äfΫ mK¡f¥g£l ãiyæš mikªJŸsd.
 vdnt, 𝝂 ∝

w
𝒏𝟑 39. xU jåk¤Â‹ ÏU Inrhnlh¥òfŸ mt‰¿‹ Ïa¡f Âir¡F br§F¤jhf
34. 𝝀𝟏 k‰W« 𝝀𝟐 miyÚsKila òwCjh xëahdJ, moM‰wš ãiyæš mikªj
brašgL« Óuhd fhªj¥òy¤Âš xnu ntf¤Âš Ïa§F« nghJ, mit ntWg£l
iA£u#‹ mQ¡fë‹ ÛJ éG«nghJ, Kiwna 𝑲𝑬𝟏 k‰W« 𝑲𝑬𝟐 Ïa¡f

w
Mu§fŸ bfh©lt£l ghijia nk‰nfhŸ»‹wd. Ï›éu©oš vJ Fiwªj
M‰wYila vy¡£uh‹fis btëna‰W»wJ. våš ¥sh§¡ kh¿èæ‹ kÂ¥ò
Mu« bfh©l t£lghijia nk‰bfhŸS«?
ahJ?
 Inrhnlh¥òfŸ v‹git x¤j mQ v©izÍ« (ä‹}£l«), ntWg£l ãiw
 I‹°O‹ rk‹gh£o‹ go, v©izÍ« (mQ ãiw) bfh©l xnu jåk¤Â‹ mQ¡fŸ MF«.
𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄
𝑲𝑬𝟏 = 𝒉 𝝂𝟏 − 𝒉 𝝂𝟎 = − and 𝑲𝑬𝟐 = 𝒉 𝝂𝟐 − 𝒉 𝝂𝟎 = −  Ïit br§F¤J fhªj¥gòy¤Âš Ïa§F«nghJ brašgL« byhu‹° fhªj
𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟎
𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝝀𝟐 − 𝝀𝟏 éir t£lÏa¡f¤Â‰F njitahd ikaneh¡F éiria më¡»wJ. mjhtJ
∴ 𝑲𝑬𝟏 − 𝑲𝑬𝟐 = − = 𝒉𝒄 [ − ] = 𝒉𝒄 [ ]
𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝒎 𝒗𝟐 𝒎𝒗
(𝑲𝑬𝟏 − 𝑲𝑬𝟐 ) 𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐 𝑩𝒒𝒗= (or) 𝒓= (or) 𝒓 ∝𝒎
 vdnt ¥sh§¡ kh¿è ; 𝒉 = 𝒄 (𝝀𝟐 − 𝝀𝟏 )
𝒓 𝑩𝒒
 vdnt Fiwªj ãiw bfh©l nyrhd Inrhnlh¥ò, Fiwªj muKila
t£lghijæš bršY«.
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

40. mQ¡fUéDŸ ònuh£lh‹fŸ xU Áš bg®ä Û£l® () bjhiyÎfshš 46. mQ¡fU Ãsit és¡f, mQ¡fU MdJ xU Âut JëÍl‹ x¥Ãl¥gL»wJ.
Ãç¡f¥g£LŸsjhš, mt‰¿¡»ilna äf tèikahd Tÿ« éy¡F éir fhuz« TWf.
ÏU¤jš nt©L«. Ïjdhš mªj mQ¡fU äféiuényna Áj¿ nghæU¡f  Âut¤JëahdJ ËtU« ÏU g©òfis bfh©LŸsJ. x‹W mj‹ gu¥ò
nt©L«. MdhY« mQ¡fU ãiy¤j‹ikÍl‹ cŸsJ. fhuz« v‹d? ÏGéirahš j‹ gUkid Fiw¤J¡ bfhŸs KaY«. k‰bwh‹W mjDŸ
 mQ¡fU Áj¿¥nghfhkš ãiy¤j‹ikÍl‹ ÏU¡f fhuz«, cŸs äFÂahd mG¤j¤Âdhš, j‹ msit mÂfç¡f KaY«.
ònuh£lh‹fS¡F Ïilnaahd Tÿ« éy¡F éiriaél tèikahd  Ïnjnghš, mQ¡fUΫ ËtU« ÏU g©òfis bfh©LŸsJ. x‹W mjDŸ
ft®Î éirx‹W brašg£L, mQ¡fUéDŸ fU¤JfŸfis Ãiz¤J brašgL« tèikahd mQ¡fU éirahš, fU¤JfŸfŸ äfΫ mK¡f¥g£l
it¤JŸsJ. ÏJ tèikahd mQ¡fU éir vd¥gL«. mQ¡fUé‹ ãiyæš cŸsjhš, mQ¡fU j‹id RU¡» bfhŸs KaY«. k‰bwh‹W mjDŸ

n
ãiy¥ò¤j‹ik¡F Ϫj mQ¡fU éirna fhuz« MF«. cŸs ònuh£lh‹fŸ äfΫ beU¡fkhf cŸsjhš, mt‰¿¡»ilna brašgL« Tÿ«

i
éy¡Féirahš mQ¡fU j‹id bgçajhf KaY«.
41. bghJthf mÂf mQ v© bfh©l fd jåk§fns Ïa‰if fÂça¡f ãfœÎ¡F

l.
c£gL»‹wd. V‹? 47. mQ¡fU ciyæš fh£äa« j©o‹ ga‹ v‹d?
 mÂf mQ v© bfh©l fd jåk§fëš, xU fU¤JfS¡fhd ruhrç  fh£äa« j©LfŸ mÂfsÎ ãô£uh‹fis c£ftU« j‹ik bfh©lit.
vdnt mit bjhl®éidæ‹ ntf¤ij f£L¥gL¤j ga‹gL»wJ.

a
Ãiz¥ò M‰wš äf¡ FiwthF«. Ï¡ Fiwªj M‰wyhdJ mÂf
v©â¡ifæš mikªj fU¤JfŸfis Ãiz¤J it¤J¡bfhŸs  mjhtJ, fh£äa« j©Lfis mQ¡fU ciyæDŸ brY¤J« nghJ, mJ
Ãsit éidæš btë¥gL« ãô£uh‹fis mÂf msÎ c£ft®ªJ éL«.

d
nghJkhdjhf ÏU¡fhJ. vdnt fdjåk§fë‹ mQ¡fU¡fŸ j‹åašghf
f®ŢRfis btëæ£L ÁijÎW»‹wd. Ïjdhš, bjhl®éidæš <LgL« ãô£uh‹fë‹ v©â¡if Fiwtjhš,

a
42. - f®fë‹ maåah¡f Âw‹ bgUkhf cŸsJ. V‹? bjhl®éid ntf« k£LgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
 Ñœf©l ÏU fhuz§fS¡fhf  -fÂç‹ maåah¡f Âw‹ bgUkkhF«. 48. 𝑼𝟐𝟑𝟓 c£fU x‹W Ãsit milÍ« nghJ 200 MeV M‰wš btë¥gL»wJ. mnj
1) _‹W fÂça¡f f®ŢRfëš, ãiw äFªj fdkhd JfŸ  - JfŸ
MF«. vdnt mJ bgUk cªj¤ij bfh©oU¥gjhš, mJ vëjhf

i k
nghš 4 iA£u#‹ mQ¡fŸ ÏizÍ« nghJ 6 MeV M‰wš btë¥gL»wJ. ÏU
éidfëY« xnu msΟs jåk§fis ga‹gL¤J« nghJ, mQ¡fU ÃsÎ
mšyJ mQ¡fU ÏizÎ Ï›éu©oš vš mÂf msÎ M‰wš btë¥gL«?

v
btë¡T£oš R‰¿ tU« vy¡£uhid btëna‰W«.
 mQ¡fU ÃsÎ éidæš 236 𝑎𝑚𝑢 msΟs gUbghUŸ 200 𝑀𝑒𝑉 M‰wiy
2) Ïj‹ ä‹}£l« bgUkkhF«. vdnt ÏJ btë¡T£oš R‰¿tU«
vy¡£uhDl‹ tèikahf Ïiléid braiy V‰gL¤J«.
43. A k‰W« B v‹w ÏU fÂça¡f khÂçfŸ bjhl¡f¤Âš rk v©â¡ifæš

a l btë¥gL¤Jtjhš, 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 gUbghUshš btë¥gL« M‰wš x‹iw él

FiwthF« (i.e.) 0.85 𝑀𝑒𝑉
 mnjneu«, mQ¡fU ÏizÎ éidæš, 4 𝑎𝑚𝑢 msΟs gUbghUŸ 6 𝑀𝑒𝑉

.k
JfŸfis bfh©LŸsd. khÂç A -æ‹ ÁijÎ Åj« 107 JfŸfŸ / édho k‰W«
khÂç B -æ‹ ÁijÎ Åj« 1000 JfŸfŸ / édho våš, Ï›éu©oš vJ M‰wiy btë¥gL¤Jtjhš, 1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 gUbghUshš btë¥gL« M‰wš x‹iw
Kjèš KGtJkhf ÁijtilÍ«? él mÂfkhF« (i.e.) 1.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉
 bfhŸifæ‹ go, ÁijÎ Åj« v›thwhf ÏUªjhY«, fÂça¡f jåk« x‹W  vdnt xnu msΟs jåk§fis Ï›éidfëš ga‹gL¤J« nghJ,
KGtJ« Áijtila <¿yh fhy« MF«.

w
 ÁijÎ milÍ« Åj« fhy¤ij rh®ªJ mL¡F F¿æ‹ go FiwÍ« v‹gjhš,
mQ¡fU Ãséš btë¥gL« M‰wiy él mQ¡fU Ïizéš btë¥gL«
M‰wš äf mÂfkhF«. vdnt iA£u#‹ mQ¡fU¡fŸ ÏizÍ« éid

w
ÏU khÂçfS« bjhl®ªJ Ú©l fhy« ÁijtilªJ bfh©nl ÏU¡F«. äfΫ Mg¤jhdJ MF«.
44. mQ¡fUéš vªj Jfis nr®¥gj‹ _y« m¤jåk¤Â‹ ntÂ¥g©òfëš 49. ãô£uh‹ mšyJ ònuh£lh‹ Ïš vj‹ XŒÎ ãiw mÂfkhF«?
 ònuh£lhå‹ XŒÎ ãiw ; 𝒎𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒂𝒎𝒖

w
kh‰w« V‰glhJ?
 mQ¡fUéDŸ ãô£uh‹fis nr®¥gj‹ _y« , jåk¤Â‹ Inrhnlh¥òfŸ  ãô£uhå‹ XŒÎ ãiw ; 𝒎𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝒂𝒎𝒖
cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. Ï›thW Inrhnlh¥òfis cUth¡F« nghJ, jåk¤Â‹  vdnt, 𝒎𝒏 > 𝒎𝑷 mjhtJ ònuh£lhid él ãô£uhå‹ XŒÎ ãiw r‰nw mÂfkhF«.
ntÂ¥g©òfëš v›éj kh‰wK« V‰gLtšiy. 50. fd jåk§fë‹ c£fUéš, ònuh£lh‹fë‹ v©â¡ifia él,
45. mQ¡fU ÃsÎ k‰W« mQ¡fU ÏizÎ Ïu©L« ca® bt¥g cäœ éidfŸ ãô£uh‹fë‹ v©â¡if mÂfkhf cŸsJ, fhuz« TW.
MF«. Ï›éU éidfëY« ÏU¡F« bghJthd g©ò v‹d?  mQ¡fUéš ònuh£lh‹fë‹ v©â¡if mÂfkhdhš, Ú©l
 ÏU ãfœÎfëY« bgw¥gL« éidéis bghUŸfë‹ BE/A kÂ¥ò éidgL beL¡fKila Tÿ« éy¡F éiræ‹ M¡fK« mÂfkhF«.
bghUŸfë‹ BE/A kÂ¥ig él mÂfkhf ÏU¡F«.  Mdhš mQ¡fUé‹ ãiy¥ò j‹ik¡F, Fiwªj beL¡fKila mQ¡fU
 mjhtJ ÏU éidfS« Fiwªj BE/A kÂ¥ò bfh©l jåk§fis ca®ªj éir mÂfkhf M¡f« brY¤jnt©L«. Ïj‰F ãô£uh‹fë‹
BE/A kÂ¥ò bfh©l jåk§fshf kh‰W»wJ. v©â¡if ònuh£lh‹fisél mÂfkhf ÏU¤jš nt©L«.
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

51. bgU«ghyhd mQ¡fë‹ mQãiw kÂ¥ghdJ KG v©fshf miktšiy. 57. bt¥g ãô£uh‹fŸ v‹whš v‹d?
V‹?  flªJ bršY« Clf¤Jl‹ bt¥g¢ rkãiyæš mikªj ãô£uh‹fŸ
 jåk¤Âš cŸs bt›ntW ãiyahd Inrhnlh¥òfë‹ ãiwfë‹ ruhrç bt¥gãô£uh‹fŸ vd¥gL«. Ït‰¿‹ M‰wš njhuhakhf 0.025 eV MF«.
kÂ¥ng mQãiwahf bfhŸs¥gLtjhš, m«kÂ¥ò KG v©zhf  Ïit mQ¡fU Ãsit V‰gL¤j jFªjit MF«. Vbdåš mit Fiwªj
miktšiy. ntf«, Fiwªj M‰wš bfh©oU¡»wJ. nkY« ä‹eLãiy j‹ik
52. ghÁ£uh‹ cäœÎ eilbgW« bra‰if fÂça¡f ãfœÎ¡fhd vL¤Jfh£LfŸ bfh©ljhš, Ïit v›éj Tÿ« éy¡F éirianah mšyJ ft®¢Á
jUf. éirianah cz®tšiy.
𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟑 𝟎
 𝟕𝑵 −→ 𝟔𝑪 + 𝟏𝒆 (positron) 58. fdÚ® xU Áwªj jâ¥gh‹fshf brašgL»wJ. V‹?

n
𝟑𝟎 ∗ 𝟑𝟎 𝟎  ntfãô£uh‹fis,Fiwntfãô£uh‹fshf kh‰w jâ¥gh‹fŸ ga‹gL»wJ
 𝟏𝟓𝑷 −→ 𝟏𝟒𝑺𝒊 + 𝟏𝒆 (positron)
 𝟔𝟒
𝟐𝟗 𝑪𝒖∗
−→ 𝟔𝟒
𝟐𝟖𝑵𝒊 +
𝟎
𝟏𝒆 (positron)
53. mQ¡fUéDŸ vy¡£uh‹fŸ Ïl«bgwéšiy. Mdhš fÂça¡f ãfœéš
mQ¡fUéèUªJ, 𝜷 -JfŸ cäH¥gL»wJ. Ïj‹ fhuz« TW.
ntfãô£uh‹fŸ, mj‹

l. i
 ãô£uh‹fë‹ ntf¤ij Fiw¡f, mQ¡fU ÃsÎ éidæš btë¥gL«
ãiw¡F
jåk¤Â‹mQfUÎl‹ Û£Á nkhjiy V‰gL¤j nt©L«. nkY« nkhjè‹
Vw¡Fiwa rkkhd

a
m¤jåk« ãô£uhid c£ft®jš TlhJ. Ï›éu©L ãgªjidfS¡F«
 mQ¡fUéš cŸs jå¤j ãô£uh‹ ( 𝟏𝟎𝒏) x‹W mj‹ miu MÍ£fhy¤Â‰F fdÚ® c£gLtjhš, mJ Áwªj jâ¥ghdhf brašgL»wJ.
ÃwF ònuh£lh‹ ( 𝟏𝟏𝒑 ), vy¡£uh‹ ( −𝟏𝟎𝒆 ) k‰W« v®ãô£çndh ( 𝝂
̅ ) Mf

d
59. 1 kg k‰W« 1 amu -¡F rkkhdM‰wiy fz¡»Lf.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
kh‰wkilÍ«. (i.e.) 𝟎𝒏 −→ 𝟏𝒑 + −𝟏𝒆 + 𝝂 ̅  I‹°O‹ ãiw-M‰wš bjhl®Ã‹go ; 𝑬 = 𝒎 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏 𝑿 (𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 )𝟐 =
 Ϫãfœéš btë¥gL« vy¡£uhnd 𝜷 − JfŸ vd¥gL«. ϧF vy¡£uh‹
mQfUéèUªJ btëtU»wJ v‹gij F¿¡f mJ 𝜷 − JfŸ
a 𝟏𝟔
𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑱
 Mdhš, 𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈 k‰W« 𝟏𝒆𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝑱

k
i
vd¥gL»wJ.  vdnt 1 amu -¡F rkkhf M‰wš
54. fÂça¡f« ãfœéš btë¥gL« 𝜷 − JfŸ k‰W« bt¥g maå cäœÎ, xëä‹ 𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝑿(𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 )𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑱 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽

v
cäœÎ M»a ãfœÎfëš btë¥gL« vy¡£uh‹ M»a Ïu©o‰F« Ïilnaahd 60. jhuh¥ó® mQ ä‹ãiya« 200 MW ä‹Âwid cUth¡F« Âw‹ bfh©lJ.
ntWghL ahJ?
 bt¥g maå cäœÎ k‰W« xëä‹ cäœÎ M»a ÏU ãfœÎfëY« btë¡
T£oš R‰¿tU« vy¡£uh‹fŸ btë¥gL»‹wd. Ïj‹ Ïa¡f M‰wš

a l våš, Ϫj mQä‹ãiya« xU ehëš cUth¡F« ä‹Âwid¡ fz¡»Lf.

 ä‹åa‰¿æ‹ Âw‹ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑴 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑱 𝒔−𝟏
∴ xU ehëš cUthF« Âw‹ = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑿 𝟔𝟎𝑿𝟔𝟎 𝑿𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝑱

.k
FiwÎ. 61. mQ¡fU x‹W v®F¿ ãiw Fiwgh£il bfh©oU¡Fkh? V‹?
 Mdhš, fÂça¡f ãfœéš mQ¡fUéèUªJ 𝜷 − JfŸ (vy¡£uh‹ mšyJ  ãiw FiwghL v®F¿ahf miktJ rh¤Âaäšiy.
ghÁ£uh‹) btë¥gL»wJ. Ïit ãô£uh‹ ònuh£lhdhf khW« nghJ mšyJ
 ÏJ v®F¿ahf mika nt©L« våš, mQ¡fUé‹ c©ik ãiwahdJ
ònuh£lh‹ ãô£uhdhf khW« nghJ v®ãô£çndhÎl‹ nr®ªJ cUthF«.

w
mij cUth¡»a fU¤JfŸfë‹ bkh¤j ãiwia él mÂfkhf ÏU¡f
Ϫj Jfë‹ Âirntf« k‰W« Ïa¡f M‰wš mÂf«.
nt©L«. mjhtJ ãiw k‰W« M‰wš cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ ãiw k‰W«
55. bghJthf 𝜶 -cäœÎ mšyJ 𝜷 -cäœÎ eilbgW« nghJ mjDl‹ nr®ªJ M‰wš mêé‹ik éÂf£F vÂuhf cŸsjhš, ÏJ rh¤Âaäšiy
𝜸 -fÂU« cäH¥gL«. V‹?

w
 xU jåk« 𝜶 -Jfis mšyJ 𝜷 -Jfis c䜪J ntbwhU jåkkhf khW«
62. fÂça¡f taJ fâ¥Ãš miuMÍ£fhy¤ij ga‹gL¤Âna khÂçæ‹ taij
fz¡»L»nwh«. V‹ eh« ruhrç MÍ£fhy¤ij ga‹gL¤Jtšiy?

w
nghJ, m¥òÂa jåk« »s®¢Á M‰wš ãiyæš ÏU¡F«. Ï¡ »s®¢Á M‰wš  ÏJ xU msÎ rh®ªj fz¡ÑL MF«. Ïš, gH§fhy khÂçæš
ãiyæèUªJ moãiy¡F ÂU«ò« nghJ, M‰wš ntWghL MdJ 𝜸 - f® Áijtilahkš ÛjKŸs fÂça¡f jåk¤Â‹ msnthL, òÂa bghUŸ
~ngh£lhdhf cäH¥gL«. mšyJ tëk©ly¤Âš cŸs mnj fÂça¡f jåk¤Â‹ msit x¥Ã£L
56. 𝜷 -Jfë‹ CLUÎ Âw‹ 𝜶 -Jfis él mÂf«. Mdhš, 𝜷 -Jfë‹ maåah¡f taJ fâ¡f¥gLtjhš, jåk¤Â‹miuMÍ£fhy« ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
Âw‹ 𝜶 -Jfis él FiwÎ. V‹? 63. ÏU mQ¡fU¡fë‹ ãiw v©fë‹ é»j« 𝟖 ∶ 𝟏𝟐𝟓 våš, mt‰¿‹ Mu§ë‹
 𝜷 -Jfë‹ ntf« 𝛼 - Jfisél mÂf« v‹gjhš, mJ maåah¡f¤ij é»j« ahJ?
V‰gL¤jhknyna M‰wiy ÏH¡fhkš Ú©l bjhiyÎ Clf¤ij ntfkhf 𝟏

flªJ bršY«. Ïjdhš 𝜷 -Jfë‹ CLUÎ Âw‹ 𝛼 - Jfisél

 mQ¡fU Mu¤Â‰fhd rk‹ghL, 𝑹 = 𝑹𝟎 𝑨𝟑 (𝑅0 = 1.3 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖)
𝟏/𝟑
𝑹𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝟖𝟏/𝟑 𝟐
mÂfkhfΫ, k‰W« maåah¡f Âw‹ 𝛼 - Jfisél FiwthfΫ cŸsJ.  vdnt, = 𝟏/𝟑 = = (or) 𝑹𝟏 ∶ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐 ∶ 𝟓
𝑹𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟏/𝟑 𝟓

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 [Link] [Link]
12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

64. 𝜷 -ÁijÎ ãfœéš btë¥gL« ãô£çndh Jfis f©LÃo¥gJ fodkhf 70. X k‰W« Y v‹w Ïu©L fÂça¡fkhÂçfŸ bjhl¡f¤Âš (t=0) rk
cŸsj‹ fhuz« v‹d? v©â¡ifæš mQ¡fis bfh©LŸsd. mt‰¿‹ miuMÍ£fhy§fŸ
 ãô£çndh Jfë‹ ãiw òw¡få¡f¤j¡f msÎ Á¿aJ. Kiwna 3 kâfŸ k‰W« 4 kâfŸMF«. våš 12 kâ neu¤Â‰F ÃwF ÏU
 ãô£çndh Jfë‹ ä‹}£l kÂ¥ò« äfäf Á¿aJ. fÂça¡f khÂçfë‹ ÁijÎ Åj¤ij x¥ÃLf.
 Ïit gUbghUSl‹ äf¡ Fiwªj tèikÍlnd Ïiléid òçÍ«.  12 kâ neu¤Â‰F ÃwF X -š cŸs v©â¡if,
𝒕 𝟏𝟐
65. mQ¡fU éidfëš <LgL« jåk§fë‹ ònuh£lh‹ k‰W« ãô£uh‹fë‹ 𝟏 𝑻𝑿 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝑵𝟎
v©â¡if mêé‹ik é¡F c£gL»wJ. ÃwF v¥go M‰wš btë¥gL»wJ? 𝑵𝑿 = 𝑵𝟎 ( ) = 𝑵𝟎 ( ) = 𝑵𝟎 ( ) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟔
 éid¡F K‹ cŸs jåk§fë‹ ònuh£lh‹ k‰W« ãô£uh‹fë‹ bkh¤j  12 kâ neu¤Â‰F ÃwF Y -š cŸs v©â¡if,

i. n
𝒕 𝟏𝟐
v©â¡if MdJ, éid¡F Ë cŸs jåk§fë‹ ònuh£lh‹ k‰W« 𝟏 𝑻𝒀 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝑵𝟎
𝟒
ãô£uh‹fë‹ bkh¤j v©â¡if¡F rkkhF«. Mdhš éidgL« 𝑵𝒀 = 𝑵𝟎 (𝟐) = 𝑵𝟎 ( )
𝟐
= 𝑵𝟎 ( ) =
𝟐 𝟖
mQ¡fU¡fë‹ bkh¤j ãiwahdJ, éidéis mQ¡fU¡fë‹ bkh¤j 𝒅𝑵 𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑵𝟎

l
 X -‹ ÁijÎ Åj« ; 𝑹𝑿 = [ 𝒅𝒕 ] = − 𝝀𝑿 𝑵𝑿 = − 𝑵𝑿 = − [ 𝟏𝟔 ]
ãiwia él r‰nw mÂfkhF«. Ϫj ãiw ntWghL ( ∆𝑚 ) I‹°O‹ 𝑿 𝑻𝑿 𝟑
𝒅𝑵 𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑵

a
rk‹gh£o‹ mo¥gilæš M‰wyhf btë¥gL»wJ. mjhtJ 𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐 2  Y -‹ ÁijÎ Åj« ; 𝑹𝒀 = [ 𝒅𝒕 ] = − 𝝀𝒀 𝑵𝒀 = − 𝑻 𝑵𝒀 = − 𝟒 [ 𝟖𝟎]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝒀 𝒀
(e.g) 𝟏𝑯 + 𝟏𝑯−→ 𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝟎𝒏 + 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑹𝑿 𝟑𝟐 𝟐

d
𝑩𝑬  ÁijÎ Åj¤Â‹ é»j« ; 𝑹𝒀
= 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟑 (or) 𝑹𝑿 ∶ 𝑹𝒀 = 𝟐 ∶ 𝟑
66. mQ¡fU x‹¿‹ ãiw v© 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 k‰W« = 𝟕. 𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝑽 MF«. ÏJ ãiw v©
𝑨

a
𝑩𝑬
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 k‰W« = 𝟖. 𝟓 𝑴𝒆𝑽 bfh©l ÏU J©Lfshf ÃsÎW« nghJ
𝑨
btë¥gL« M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf.

k
`Keezhadi (கீழடி) - jäH‹ bgUik`
 Ãsit¡F K‹ bkh¤j Ãiz¥ò M‰wš ; 𝐵𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 240 𝑋 7.6 𝑀𝑒𝑉
 Ãsit¡F Ë bkh¤j Ãiz¥ò M‰wš ; 𝐵𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 2 𝑋 120 𝑋 8.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉
btë¥gL«M‰wš; Q = 𝐵𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝐵𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = (2 𝑋 120 𝑋 8.5) − (240 𝑋 7.6 )

v i
 ÑHo v‹w Á¿a »uhk« jäœ eh£oYŸs äfΫ K¡»akhd mfœthuhŒ¢Á
eilbgW« gFÂfëš x‹whF«. ÏJ Átf§if kht£l¤Âš mikªJŸsJ.

l
j§f ehza§fŸ, k©fy‹fŸ, kâfŸ, ÏU«ò¡ fUéfŸ, mâfy‹fŸ k‰W«
𝑄 = (240 𝑋 8.5) − (240 𝑋 7.6 ) = 240 (8.5 − 7.6) = 240 𝑋 0.9 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝑽
ku¡fç¤J©L cŸë£l gy bjhš iféid¥bghUŸfŸ ÑHoæš f©blL¡f¥
67. ÏU mQ¡fU¡fë‹ ãiw v©fë‹ jfÎ 𝟐 ∶ 𝟓 våš, mt‰¿‹ mQ¡fU

a
g£LŸsd. Ïj‹ _y« itif M‰w§fiufëš g©ila ehfßf« brê¤J
ml®¤Âfë‹ jfÎ ahJ?
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴 𝑚𝑁 𝐴 𝑚𝑁 𝑚𝑁 ÏUªjJ v‹gj‰fhd jFªj Mjhu« »il¤JŸsJ.

.k
 mQ¡fUml®¤Â𝜌𝑁 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = =4 = 1.618 𝑋1017 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
4
3
𝜋𝑅 3 4
𝟏 3
𝜋(𝑹𝟎 𝑨𝟑 ) 3
𝜋𝑅03  ÑHoæš vL¡f¥g£l bga® bgh¿¡f¥g£LŸs gy ghid XLfŸ, jäH®fŸ Rkh®
3
2400 M©LfS¡F K‹dnu fšé m¿Î bg‰¿Uªjij giwrh‰W»wJ..
 ϧF mQ¡fUé‹ ml®¤ÂahdJ mj‹ ãiw v©iz (A) rh®ªjjšy.  nkY« Ϫj bjhšèaš mfœthuhŒÁæš vL¡f¥g£l ghid XLfëš x‰iw Rt®

w
vdnt mQ¡fU¡fë‹ ml®¤Â é»j« 𝟏 ∶ 𝟏 fh®g‹ ehndh FHhŒfŸ k‰W« gš Rt® fh®g‹ ehndh FHhŒfŸ vd Ïu©Lnk
68. 𝟐𝟑𝟖
𝟗𝟐 𝑼 Inrhnlh¥ò MdJ, mL¤jL¤J _‹W α -ÁijÎfisÍ«, Ïu©L f©l¿¥g£LŸsd. ÑHoæš »il¤j ghid XLfë‹ c£òw¢ Rtçš
β -ÁijÎfisÍ« V‰gL¤Âa ÃwF éisÍ« Inrhnlh¥ò ahJ?

w
ór¥g£oU¡F« fU¥ò t©z« gsgs¥ò¤j‹ik FiwahkY« ÁijahkY«
𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝟒 𝑨
 bfhL¡f¥g£l éid ; 𝟗𝟐𝑼 −→ 𝟑 𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝟐 −𝟏𝟎𝒆 + 𝒛𝑿 ÏUªjj‰F¡ Ϫj fh®g‹ ehndh FHhŒfns MF«.
 ä‹}£lmêé‹ik go ; 3(2) + 2(−1) + 𝑍 = 92 (𝑜𝑟) 𝒁 = 𝟖𝟖 

w
ÏÂèUªJ Rkh® 2400M©LfS¡F (».K 400) K‹dnu ehndh bjhêš
 ãiw mêé‹ik go ; 3(4) + 2(0) + 𝐴 = 238 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔 E£g¤ij jäH®fŸ m¿ªJ it¤JŸsJ bgUikgl¡ Toa jftš MF«.
 vdnt òÂa Inrhnlh¥ò nuoa« MF«. mjhtJ 𝑨𝒛𝑿 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖
𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂  fh®g‹ rh®ªj VnjD« xU nr®k¤ij vL¤J, Rkh® 1200C msΡF
69. miuMÍ£fhy« 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 bfh©l fÂçia¡f Inrhnlh¥òx‹W, j‹ bjhl¡f bt¥g¥gL¤Âdhš fh®g‹ ehndh FHhŒfŸ cUthF«. Ϥjifa fh®g‹ rh®ªj
𝟏 bghUŸfis bfh©L t©z« ór¥g£l ghidfŸ ca® bt¥gãiyæš Rl¥gL«
mséš ( ) g§fhf ÁijÎ mila MF« fhy¤ij fz¡»Lf.
𝟖 nghJ mš fh®g‹ ehndh FHhŒfŸ cUth»æU¡f nt©L«. ca® bt¥g
𝒕
𝑵 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝑻 ãiyæš ghid Rl¥g£lhš, mš ór¥gL« t©z§fŸ Áijahkš ÏU¡F«
 Áijtilahkhš ÛjKŸs msÎ ; = ( ) = ( ) 𝟏/𝟐 v‹w g£l¿Î 2400 M©LfS¡F K‹dnu jäH®fS¡F ÏUªÂU¡»wJ v‹gJ
𝑵𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝑡 𝑡
1 1 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 1 3 1 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 𝑡
c©ikæny éa¥ò¡Fça éõa« jh‹
 vdnt, = (2) (or) (2) = (2) (or) 3 = ∴ 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 (e‹¿ - ÂU. n#hr¥ Ãughf®, cjé nguhÁça®, ynahyh fšÿç)
8 𝑻𝟏/𝟐
victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL

பெயர் : தேர்வு எண் ga‹gL¤Âdhš, Kj‹ik Fth©l« v© n -I¥ bgW¤J n -MtJ R‰W¥ghij
rn -‹ khWgh£o‹ j‹ik
அலகு - 9 அணு இயற்பியல் மற்றும் அணுக்கரு இயற்பியல் (a) 𝑟𝑛 ∝
1
𝑛
(b) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛
1
காலம் - 2 : 30 மணிகள் மமாத்தம் - 60 மதிப்பெண்கள் (c) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ (d) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2
𝑛2
பகுதி - I 9. 27Al mQ¡fU Mu« 3.6 bg®ä våš, 64Cu mQ¡fU Mu« Vw¡Fiwa
(i) அனைத்து விைாக்களுக்கும் வினையளி 15 X 1 = 15 (a) 2.4 (b) 1.2
(ii) சரியாை வினைனய ததர்ந்மதடுத்து எழுது (c) 4.8 (d)3.6

n
1. ä‹dG¤j« V nthš£ _ykhf KL¡f¥gL« Mš~gh JfŸ x‹W mQ v© Z 10. mQ¡fU »£l¤j£l nfhs tot« bfh©lJ våš, ãiw v© A bfh©l

i
bfh©l mQ¡fUit neh¡» nkhjY¡F c£gl mDk¡f¥gL« nghJ, mQ¡fU x‹¿‹ gu¥ò v›thW khWgL«?

l.
mQ¡UéèUªJ Mš~gh Jfë‹ Û¢ÁW mQF bjhiyÎ (a) A2/3 (b) A4/3
𝑍 𝑉
(a) 14.4 Å (b) 14.4 Å (c) A1/3 (d) A5/3
𝑉 𝑍 𝟕
𝟑𝑳𝒊 mQ¡fUé‹ ãiwahdJ mÂYŸs mid¤J ãô¡ëah‹fë‹ bkh¤j

a
𝑍 𝑉 11.
(c) 1.44 Å (d) 1.44 Å
𝑉 𝑍 ãiwia él 0.042 u Fiwthf cŸsJ våš, 𝟕𝟑𝑳𝒊 mQ¡Ué‹ xU
2. iA£u#‹ mQéš eh‹fhtJ R‰W¥ghijæš Ïa§F« vy¡£uhå‹ nfhz

d
ãô¡ëahD¡fhd Ãiz¥gh‰wš
cªj« (a) 46 MeV (b) 5.6 MeV

a
ℎ
(a) h (b) (c) 3.9MeV (d)23 MeV
𝜋
4ℎ 2ℎ 12. Mp v‹gJ ònuh£lhå‹ ãiwiaÍ«, Mn v‹gJ ãô£uhå‹ ãiwiaÍ« F¿¡F«.

k
(c) (d)
𝜋 𝜋 Z ònuh£lh‹fS«, N ãô£uh‹fS« bfh©l mQ¡fU x‹¿‹ Ãiz¥gh‰wš B
3. n = 1 R‰W¥ghij¡F maåah¡f mG¤j« 122.4 V bfh©l mQé‹ mQv©,
(a) 1 (b) 2

v i våš m›tQ¡fUé‹ ãiw M (N,Z) MdJ (ϧF c v‹gJ xëæ‹ ntf«)

(a) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B c2 (b) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp + B c2

l
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B/ c 2 (d) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp + B/ c2
4. iA£u#‹ mQé‹ Kjš _‹W R‰W¥ghijfë‹ Mu§fë‹ é»j« 13. (bjhl¡f ãiw v© A k‰W« bjhl¡f mQ v© Z bfh©l) fÂça¡f

a
(a) [Link] (b) [Link] mQ¡fU x‹W 2 Mš~gh JfŸfŸ k‰W« 2 ghÁ£uh‹fis c䜻wJ. ÏWÂ
(c) [Link] (d) [Link] mQ¡fUé‹ ãô£uh‹ k‰W« ònuh£lh‹ v©fë‹ é»j«

.k
5. nfnjhL f®fë‹ ä‹}£l« 𝐴−𝑍−4 𝐴−𝑍−2
(a) ne®F¿ (b) v®F¿ (a) (b)
𝑍−2 𝑍−6
𝐴−𝑍−4 𝐴−𝑍−12
(c) eLãiy (d) tiuaW¡f¥gléšiy (c) (d) 𝑍−4
𝑍−6

w
6. J.J .jh«rå‹ e/m MŒéš, vy¡£uh‹ f‰iw¡F¥ gÂyhf äôth‹ (ÏJ vy¡£uh‹
14. fÂça¡f¤ jåk« A -‹ miu MÍ£fhy« k‰bwhU fÂça¡f¤ jåk« B - ‹
ä‹}£l kÂ¥igÍ«, vy¡£uhid¥ nghš 208 kl§F ãiwÍ« bfh©l xU JfŸ) ruhrç MÍ£fhy¤Â‰F rkkhF«. bjhl¡f¤Âš m›éu©L jåk§fë‹

w
f‰iwia¥ ga‹gL¤J« nghJ Rê éy¡f¤Â‰fhd ãgªjidia mila mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if rkkhf cŸsJ våš,
(a) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 208 kl§F mÂfç¡f¥glnt©L« (a) A k‰W« B ‹ bjhl¡f¢ ÁijÎ Åj« rk«
(b) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 208 kl§F Fiw¡f¥glnt©L«

w
(b) A k‰W« B ‹ ÁijÎ Åj« v¥nghJ« rk«
(c) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 14.4 kl§F mÂfç¡f¥glnt©L« (c) A itél B ntfkhf ÁijtilÍ«
(d) B ‹ kÂ¥ò 14.4 kl§F Fiw¡f¥glnt©L« (d) B itél A ntfkhf ÁijtilÍ«.
7. Li++, He+ k‰W« H M»at‰¿š n =2 èUªJ n = 1 ¡Fef®Î V‰gL« nghJ 15. t = 0 neu¤Âš mik¥ò x‹¿YŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹ v©â¡if No miu
cäH¥gL« miyÚs§fë‹ é»j« 𝟏
MÍ£fhy¤Âš ghÂasÎ fhy« (𝒕 = 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 ) MF« nghJ cŸs mQ¡fU¡fë‹
(a) 1 : 2: 3 (b) 1: 4: 9 𝟐
(c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 4: 9: 36 v©â¡if
𝒓 𝑁 𝑁
8. xU ònuh£lh‹ k‰W« xU vy¡£uhå‹ ä‹dG¤j« 𝑽 = 𝑽𝒐 𝐥𝐧 [ ] vd¡ (a) 𝑜 (b) 𝑜
2𝒓𝒐 √2
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ. (ϧF r0xU kh¿è) ä‹dG¤j¤Â‰F ngh® mQ khÂçia¥ (c) (d)
4 8

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 Ïa‰Ãaš myF - 9 mQ Ïa‰Ãaš k‰W« mQ¡fU Ïa‰Ãaš KG ifnaL
பகுதி - II
(i) ஏததனும் 6 விைாக்களுக்கு வினையளி 6 X 2 = 12
(ii) தகள்வி எண் 23- க்கு கட்ைாயம் வினையளிக்க தேண்டும்)
16. nkhjš fhuâ tiuaW
17. maåah¡f M‰wš tiuaW.
18. xU mQãiw my»‰F (1u) rkhd M‰wiy eV –my»š fz¡»Lf.
19. Inrhnlh¥òfŸ v‹whš v‹d? xU vL¤J¡fh£L jUf
20. xU »ôç tiuaW
21. miu MÍ£fhy« tiuaW.

i
மைதில் உறுதி தேண்டும்
n
l.
22. ãô£çndhé‹ g©òfŸ ahit?
23. bjhl¡f¤ÂYŸs fÂça¡f fh®g‹ - 14 mQ¡fë‹ v©â¡if 10000 våš,
22920 M©LfS¡F ÃwF Áijtilahkš ÏU¡F« mQ¡fë‹
ோக்கினிதல இனினம தேண்டும்
நினைவு நல்லது தேண்டும்
v©â¡ifia¡ fz¡»Lf. fh®g‹ - 14 ‹ miuMÍ£fhy« 5730 M©LfŸ
பகுதி - III
(i) ஏததனும் 6 விைாக்களுக்கு வினையளி
(ii) தகள்வி எண் 30- க்கு கட்ைாயம் வினையளிக்க தேண்டும்)
6 X 3 = 18

d a
மநருங்கிை மபாருள் னகப்பை தேண்டும்
கைவு மமய்ப்பை தேண்டும்
னகேசமாேது வினைவில் தேண்டும்
24.
25.
nfnjhL f®fë‹ g©òfŸ ahit?
Û¢ÁW mQF bjhiyÎ tiuaW. mj‰fhd nfhitia¥ bgWf.

k a தைமும் இன்பமும் தேண்டும்

தைணியிதல மபருனம தேண்டும்
26.
27.
ngh® mQkhÂçæ‹ vLnfhŸfŸ ahit?
fh®g‹ fy¡fâ¥ò g‰¿ és¡Ff.

v i கண்திறந்திை தேண்டும்
காரியத்திலுறுதி தேண்டும்
l
28. F¿p£L Kiwæš Ã‹tUtd‰iw vGJf (1) Mšgh ÁijÎ (2) Õ£lh ÁijÎ
29. ònuh£lh‹ - ònuh£lh‹ R‰W g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.
மபண் விடுதனல தேண்டும்
30. 1 kg ãiwÍŸs 23592𝑈 ÃsÎW« nghJ btë¥gL« M‰wiy¡ fz¡»Lf. ckJ
éilia kwh my»š jUf
a மபரிய கைவுள் காக்க தேண்டும்

.k
பகுதி - IV மண்பயனுற தேண்டும்
(i) அனைத்து விைாக்களுக்கும் விரிகாக வினையளி 3 X 5 = 15 ோைமிங்கு மதன்பைதேண்டும்
31. vy¡£uh‹ ä‹}£l v©iz¡ f©l¿a cjΫ b#.b#. jh«r‹ MŒéid
உண்னம நின்றிை தேண்டும்
étç¡fΫ. (VnjD« xU Kiw k£L«)
(அல்லது)
w ஓம்! ஓம்!! ஓம்!!!

w
iA£u#‹ mQé‹ ãwkhiy bjhl®fis és¡Ff
32. ngh® mQkhÂçia ga‹gL¤Â iA£u#‹ mQé‹ Mu¤Â‰fhd nfhitia - மகாகவி சுப்பிைமண்ய பாைதியார்

w
jUé¡fΫ.
(அல்லது)
ãiw v©iz bghU¤J ruhrç Ãiz¥gh‰wè‹ khWgh£il tiugl¤Jl‹
és¡» mj‹ Ïašòfis¡ TWf
33. fÂça¡f ÁijÎ éÂæid jUé¡f.
(அல்லது)
gl¤Â‹ cjéÍl‹ mQ¡fU ciy ntiy brŒÍ« éj¤ij és¡fΫ

victory R. SARAVANAN. [Link]., [Link]., [Link] PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [Link]@[Link] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929