1.
Fundamentals of Data Science
Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that extracts insights from structured and unstructured data
using scientific methods, algorithms, and systems. It combines statistics, mathematics, programming,
and domain expertise to analyze complex data.
Key Components:
Statistics & Probability: Used for data analysis and hypothesis testing.
Programming: Python and R are widely used languages.
Data Manipulation & Cleaning: Handling missing values and outliers.
Machine Learning: Algorithms that help in predictive modeling.
Data Visualization: Graphs and dashboards for insights.
Applications:
Business Analytics
Healthcare Predictions
Fraud Detection
Recommendation Systems
Autonomous Systems
2. Data Preprocessing & Cleaning
Before analysis, raw data needs to be cleaned and processed to ensure accuracy and reliability.
Steps in Data Preprocessing:
1. Data Collection: Gathering structured and unstructured data from various sources.
2. Data Cleaning: Handling missing values, duplicates, and errors.
3. Data Transformation: Scaling and normalizing features.
4. Feature Engineering: Creating new meaningful features from raw data.
5. Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA to remove redundant features.
Tools Used:
Pandas, NumPy (Python)
SQL for database queries
OpenRefine for data cleaning
3. Machine Learning in Data Science
Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI that enables computers to learn patterns from data without
being explicitly programmed.
Types of Machine Learning:
1. Supervised Learning: Uses labeled data (e.g., Regression, Classification)
2. Unsupervised Learning: Finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data (e.g., Clustering, PCA)
3. Reinforcement Learning: Learns from feedback (e.g., Robotics, Game AI)
Common Algorithms:
Regression: Linear, Logistic Regression
Classification: SVM, Decision Trees, Random Forest
Clustering: K-Means, DBSCAN
Deep Learning: CNN, RNN, Transformers
Libraries & Frameworks:
Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch
4. Data Visualization & Interpretation
Data visualization helps in understanding trends, patterns, and insights by using graphical
representations.
Types of Visualizations:
1. Bar Charts & Histograms: Comparison and distribution analysis.
2. Scatter Plots: Relationship between two variables.
3. Box Plots: Show data spread and outliers.
4. Heatmaps: Correlation between multiple variables.
5. Dashboards: Interactive reports using Power BI, Tableau, or Matplotlib.
Best Practices:
Choose appropriate visualization for data type.
Use color coding and labeling effectively.
Avoid unnecessary complexity.
5. Big Data & Cloud Computing in Data Science
Big Data refers to extremely large datasets that require specialized tools for storage, processing, and
analysis.
Characteristics of Big Data:
1. Volume: Large scale of data.
2. Velocity: Fast data generation.
3. Variety: Structured and unstructured data.
4. Veracity: Data reliability and quality.
5. Value: Extracting meaningful insights.
Technologies Used:
Hadoop & Spark: For distributed computing.
Cloud Platforms: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud for scalable storage and processing.
Databases: NoSQL (MongoDB, Cassandra) and SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL)
Applications:
Predictive Analytics
Real-time Data Processing
Personalized Marketing
