Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review
Shot and thermal noise in photodiode and TIA SNR with both p-i-n and APD photodiodes
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
Review
Fiber optic link design between points two points A and B Loss budget and SNR Dispersion and bandwidth and SNR
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
Overview
Directional Coupler
Essential component for branching out or combining optical links for making a network
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
Directional Coupler
2 port passive system Generally 2 input ports, 2 output ports 1 input -2 output or 2 input -1 output available 1 input -N output is also possible
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
Making a DC
Fusing fibers Integrated Optics
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
Optical DC
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
Integrated Optics
Making optical waveguides on glass, quartz, LiNbO3 or semiconductor substrates Planar technology Processes same as those in semiconductor device or IC manufacturing Aim is to integrate lasers, lenses, waveguides, photodiodes, in a planar substrate
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
10
Integrated Optics
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
11
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
12
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
13
P4 = (1-)Pi
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
14
Loss in a DC
Splitting Ratio , = P3/(P3 + P4) < 1 Splitting loss in dB: = -10log10 [P3/(P3 + P4) ] Excess loss = 10log10Pi/(P3 + P4) dB
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
15
Loss in a DC
Coupler Insertion loss from 1 to 3 = Splitting loss + Excess loss = 10log10(Pi/P3) dB Cross talk = 10log10(P2/Pi) dB
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
16
Loss in a DC
Connectors are used to connect a fiber to a DC port Actual insertion loss = DC insertion loss + 2 x average coupler loss
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
17
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
18
Insertion loss from input port 1 to output port j = log2(N) x insertion loss for each
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
19
From: http://www.globalspec.com/reference/13962/160210/chapter-12-4-1-fiber-optic-components-fiber-optic-couplers
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
20
From: http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=21766
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
21
Coupling in DC
Two waveguides close together Evanescent field from the modes in one excites the modes in other Coupled mode solutions
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
22
C = 21
5
a7
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
23
Fiber Optic DC
Splitting or coupling ratio depends on
Length L Wavelength Core radius and change in core radius
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
24
From: http://www.compeng.dit.ie/postdocs/qwang/Photonic%20Integrated%20Circuits.htm
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
25
= cos L
2
2 p 2 q exp(qs ) = h( p 2 + q 2 )
p=
4 2 n12
q = 2
4 2 nc2
h = width of each waveguide, s = separation, b = propagation constant n1 = refractive index of waveguide, nc = refractive index of substrate
2/4/2012 Optical Networks 26
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
27
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
28
Summary
Directional Couplers
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
29
Reading
Chapter 3.1 of the book by Ramaswami and Sivarajan
2/4/2012
Optical Networks
30